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^11 m:^[ ;;-.::.;:: ;WM^ ^hm UrM;;: iii :.-:^^:'i ^JS-f: o-i-r^^i::-^^; i ::?;S---y-^:.: '>-^^^:.i> r>>:;/^:^;:-' il; it mm0 ' wm mmmm B 52802; Wli Sifiiii ou;-^ir' ^;'--^:-^ NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES /: SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands VOLUME IX NEW YORK: POBLISHED BT THE ACADEMY 1927 CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX Page Title-page i Contents iii Dates of Publication of Parts iii List of Illustrations iv Mammals of Porto Rico, Living and Extinct—Chiroptera and Insectivora. By H. E. Anthony 1 Mammals of Porto Rico, Living and Extinct—Rodentia and Edentata. By H. E. Anthony *)T The Birds of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands—Colymbiformes to Columbiforms. By Alexander Wetmore 243 The Birds of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands—Psittaciformes to Passeriformes. By Alexander Wetmore 400 Index 57.*) Dates of Publication ok Pahts Part 1, November 27, 1925. Part 2, January 30, 1926. Part 3, November 12, 1927. I»art 4, December 22, 1927. (iii) ly .SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figures Page NoctUio leporinus mastivus X^/l ; Old Loiza, Porto Rico 14 Chilonijcteris pa7^nelli portoricensls X^?)/! ; adult $ ; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico 19 Chilonycteris fuUginosa infiata X'Vl ; adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico 22 Mormoops hlainvilUi X^/'*> 5 adult $ ; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico 26 Mormoops hlainvilUi X^/l ; adult $ ; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico 27 Monophyllus po7'toricensls XVI ; adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico 30 Monophyllus frater X-A 5 type ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico 33 Brachyphylla cavernarum X^/l ; adult $ ; Pueblo Tiejo, Porto Rico..... 36 Stenoderma rufus. Skull figures X/Vl ; dentition X^VS ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico. A, crown view of maxillary tooth-row ; B, crown view of mandibular tooth-row 40 ArUhcus jamaicensis jamalccnsis X^/l ; adult $ ; Utuado, Porto Rico... 45 Phyllonycteris major x^/l ; type ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico 49 Erophylla homhifrons X'Vl; adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico 53 Eptesicus fuscus wetmorci X^/'^'j adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico 56 Tadarida murina yS/?) ; adult $ ; Utuado, Porto Rico 60 Molossiis fortis x^/l ; adult $ ; Adjuntas, Porto Rico 65 Nesophontcs cdithw. Skulls of adult male and adult female, from Cueva Catedral, Morovis, Porto Rico. X^/l 69 NcHophontes cdithw. Skulls of adult male and adult female, from Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico. X-/1 '^l Ncsophontes cdithw. Crown views of upper dentition. A, and lower denti- tion, B. x^/l '^3 Xesophontcs editliw. Upper dentition in profile. X^/^^ '^4 Ncsophontes cdithw. Right scapula : A, external aspect ; B, anterior aspect ; C, ventral aspect. X^2 76 Nesophones cdithw. Left humerus : A, anterior aspect ; B, internal as- pect ; C, posterior aspect. X*V2 77 Ncsophontes cdithw. Right ulna : A, anterior aspect ; B, external aspect ; C, posterior aspect ; D, internal aspect. XV2 79 Ncsophontes cdithw. Left radius: A, anterior aspect; B, external aspect; C, posterior aspect. X^/- 80 Ncsophontes cdithw. Sacrum : A, dorsal aspect ; B, lateral aspect. XVl • 82 Ncsophontes cdithw. Right innominate of adult male : A, external aspect ; B. dorsal aspect ; C, internal aspect. Left innominate of adult female : I), external aspect. X'V2 83 Ncsophontes cdithw. Right femur of adult male : A, anterior aspect ; B, posterior aspect ; C, internal aspect ; I), external aspect. Right femur of adult female : E, anterior aspect. X^/l 85 Ncosphontes cdithw. Right tibia of adult male : A, external aspect. Left tibia and fibula of adult female : B, antero-external aspect ; C, external aspect ; I), posterior aspect. X-/1 87 COXTEyTS OF VOLUME JX y l*age Elasmodontomijs ohliquus. Skull, dorsal aspect. Morovis, Torto Rico. XVl 09 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Skull and mandible, laterial aspect. Morovis, Porto Rico. Xl/1 100 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Sktill, lateral aspect. T^tuado, Porto Rico. XVI 101 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Skull, front aspect. Morovis, l*orto Rico. XVl 101 Elasmodontonnys ohliquus. Skull, ventral asi)ect. ^Morovis. Porto Rico. X 1/1 102 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Mandible, dorsal asiiect. Morovis, I*orto Rico. XVl. 103 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, oblicpie aspect of superior incisor; B, oblique anterior aspect of inferior incisor; C, maxillary molar of unworn, maximum length ; I), worn maxillary molar of aged animal, showing base of tooth filled in by cement ; E, unworn mandib- ular molar; F, crown view of mandibular molars of aged animal XVl 107 Amhlyrhiza inundata. Island of Anguilla. G, crown view of tirst two maxillary molars. X 1/1 107 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, external aspect of le.'t scapula; B, internal aspect; C, posterior aspect; 1>, sr)ine of scapula ; E, glenoid surface of left scapula. X VI 110 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of left hu- merus; B, internal aspect; C, posterior aspect; I>, anterior aspect; E. anterior aspect of left clavicle; F, posterior aspect. XVl H- Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect or right ulna ; B, external aspect; C, internal aspect; I), posterior asi)ect. xl/l*. H-^^ Elasmodontomys ohliquus. I*orto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right ra- dius ; B, external aspect ; C, posterior aspect. XVl H'"^ Elasmondontomys ohliquus. I*orto Rico. Sacrum. A, dorsal aspect; B, lateral aspect ; C, ventral aspect. X^/l 1 1 ^ Elasmodontomys ohliquus. I*orto Rico. Innominate. A, dorsal aspect; B, lateral aspect ; C, ventral aspect. Xl/1 Ill) Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of left femur; B, internal aspect; C, posterior aspect; I>, external as])ect. xVl-- 1^1 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. I*orto Bico. A, anterior aspect of left tibia; B, external aspect ; C, internal aspect. XV^ 1-'* Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, external aspect of right fibula; B, posterior aspect; C, internal aspect. Xl/1 125 Elasmondontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of atlas; P», ant-erior aspect; C, lateral aspect of axis; I), anterior aspect. Xl/1- 1--"' Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, lateral aspect of tlioracic vertebra ; B, anterior aspect ; C, lateral aspect of lumbar vertebra ; D, dorsal aspect ; E, lateral aspect of caudal vertebra ; F, dorsal as- pect. xl/1 -•-<» Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. Astragulus, calcaneum, two views of ungual phalanx, and metatarsal. XVl • • ^-•'^ vi SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO I'age Ileptaxodon hidefis. Utiiado, Porto Rico. A, B, two views of skull ; C, D, two views of mandible. X^/l- K» crown view of maxillary molar ; F, crown view of mandibular morar. X^/^ • • • • 131 Isolododon porto?Hcensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, B, C, three views of skull. Plaglodontia wdium. San Lorenzo, Santa Domingo. D, view of skull. XVI 135 A, Plaglodontia wdium. San Lorenzo, Santo Domingo. B, Isolohodon portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. X^/l 136 Isolohodon portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, B, C, three views of left mandible. Plagiodontia wdium. San Pedro de Macoris, Santo Domingo. D, E, F, three views of mandible. Xl/1 137 Isolohodon portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. Lateral view of molar tooth to show striations in cement. X^/1 138 Heteropsomys insulans. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, B, C, three views of skull; D, view of mandible. xV^- Homopsomys antillensis. Ciales, Porto Rico. E, view of skull. Xl/1 148 Heteropsomys insulans. Utuado, Porto Rico. Two views of atlas and two views of lumbar vertebra. X^/l 1^2 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVI 156 Acratocnus major. Skull, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVl- 1'^^ Aci^atocnus odontrigonus. Skull and mandibles, lateral aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. X'^/1 160 Acratocnus major. Skull and left mandible, lateral aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. Xl/1 161 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, lateral aspect. Morovis, Porto Rico. XVl 16B Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, ventral aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVl 164 Acratocnus major. Basicranial region of skull. Utuado, Porto Rico. X 1/1 1C5 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Mandible, dorsal asjiect. Utuado, Porto Rico. Xl/3 16^ Acratocnus major. Mandible, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVl- 1^^ Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. Right malar. xVl.-.- 1^^ Acratocnus odontrigonus. Porto Rico. Upper and lower incisor, xl/l-* 1^^ Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. Left scapula. A, ex- ternal aspect ; B, glenoid surface. Xl/1 168 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right humerus ; B, external aspect, xVl • 170 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. Posterior aspect of right humerus. Xl/1 • • 1^1 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. Anterior aspect of clavi- cle. Xl/1 173 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. Internal aspect of right ulna. Xl/1 • 1"! Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. Anterior aspect of right ulna; B, internal aspect ; C, posterior aspect, xl/1 175 CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX yji Page Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, I'orto Rico. Anterior aspect of right radius. XVI 17(5 Acratocnus major. Porto Rico. Ribs. X^/^ I'^'T Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. P^xternal aspect of sternebrax XVI 178 Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. Lateral aspect of left innomi- nate. XVI 178 Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. Portion of expanded ilium. XVI 179 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right femur ; B, internal aspect, x^/l 1^0 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. 3*osterior aspect of right femur. X^^/l 181 Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right tibia. Xl/1. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. B, anterior aspect of right tibia. X}/1 184 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. A, external aspect of right tibia ; B, posterior aspect. X^/^ ^85 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, external aspect of left fibula ; B, posterior aspect. XVI 387 Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, right calcaneum. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. B, C, left calcaneum. XVl 188 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Porto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of of left astragu- lus ; B, metatarsal ; C, phalanx ; D, ungual phalanx. Xl/1 100 Acratocnus. Porto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of caudal vertebra ; B, lateral aspect of same vertebra ; C, lateral aspect of thoracic vertebra ; 1), lateral aspect of lumbar vertebra ; E, dorsal aspect of same vertebra ; F, cervical vertebra. XVl 302 The extinct caracara {Polyhorus latchrosus) . Broken right metacarpal (type). Natural size. From cavern depisits near Utuado 825 The extinct caracara {Polyhorus latchrosus). Right metacarpal (t.vi)e). View of articular face. Natural size 325 The extinct De Booy's rail (Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left tibio-tarsus. In- ternal view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva San Miguel 341 The extinct De Booy's rail {Nesotrochis dchooyi). Left tibio-tarsus. An- terior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva San Miguel ..', 341 The extinct De Booy's rail [Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left femur. Anterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Clara 341 The extinct De Booy's rail (Nesotrochis dchooyi). Left humerus. An- terior view. Natural size. From Cueva San Miguel 341 The extin'ct De Booy's rail (Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left hum'erus. Pos- terior view. Natural size. From Cueva San Miguel 341 The extinct Porto Rican Snipe (Gapclla anthonyi). Right humerus (type). Posterior view. About natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Catedral 361 viii SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Page The extinct Porto Kican Snipe {Capella anthonj/i). Right humerous (type). Anterior view. About natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Catedral 3G1 The extinct Porto Rican Snipe {Capellcu anthonyi). Right metatarsus. Anterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Cate- dral 361 The extinct Porto Rican Snipe (Capella anthonyi). Right metatarsus. Posterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Cate- dral 36] The extinct Porto Rican Snipe {Capella anthonyi). Right metatarsus. Distal outline of trochleje. Twice natural size. From Cueva Cate- dral 361 The extinct Porto Rican quail-dove {Oreopelela larva). Left metatarsus (type). Anterior view. Slightly less than natural size. From cav- ern deposits of Cueva Clara 406 Tlie extinct Porto Rican quail-dove {Oy^eopeleia larva). Left metatarsus (type). Proximal view of head. Slightly more than twice natural size 403 The extinct Porto Rican quail-dove (Oreopeleia larva). Left metatarsus (type). Distal outline of trochle<ie. Twice natural size 406 The extinct Porto Rican barn owl (Tyto cavatica) . Proximal end of left metatarsus (type). Anterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Toraiio 429 The extinct Porto Rican barn owl {Tyto cavatica). Proximal end of right metatarsus. Internal face. Natural size. From cavern de- posits of Cueva Torafio 429 The extinct lesser Porto Rican crow or solitario {Corvus pumilis) . Right ulnai (type). Inner face. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva San Miguel 482 Maps Map of I*orto Rico, with collecting sites indicated by black circles, .opposite 4 Map of the West Indian region to show Porto Rico in its geographical relation to other islands 239 Contour map of the Caribbean Sea. After Agassiz 240 Mai) showing distribution of the species of the genus Artihcus in the Antilles, Central America and northern South America. After An- derson 241 Map of I*orto Rico and the Virgin Islands, with Dr. A. Wetmore's route of travel indicated opposite 250 CONTENTS OF VOLUME JX [^ Plates (The plates are arranged consecutively at the end of the volume) I. Looking out from Corozal Cave. Limestone hills along road from Utuado to Arecibo. 11. Slopes of Luquillo Mountains. III. Vegetation in Luquillo Mountains. IV. Region about Morovis. V. Along road from Manatee to Morovis. Near Ciales. VI. Near Guayama. Palms near Morovis. VII. Along road from Naguabo to Guayama. River near Coamo. VIII. Rio Grande de Arecibo. IX. High mountainous region near Cayey. Cave interior of unproductive type. X. Piedra de la Cueva. Entrance to Corozal Cave. XI. A large cave near Morovis, the Cave of San Miguel. XII. Interior of Corozal Cave. Small cave near the Cave of San Miguel. XIII. Ncsophontes cdithw. Figs, la, lb, Ic, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4. Skull. Fig. 5. Mandible. XIV. Nesophontes edithw. Figs. CJa, Ob, 6c, 7. Scapula. Figs. 8, 9, 10. Rib. Figs. 11a, lib. Left humerus. Figs. 12a, 12b, 12c. Sacrum. Figs. 13a, 13b, 13c. Right ulna. Mgs. 14a, 14b, 14c. Right radius. Figs. 15a, 15b, 15c, IGa, 1Gb, KJc. Innominate. XV. Nesophontes edithw. Figs. 17a, 17b, 17c, 18a, 38b, 18c. Right femur. Figs. 19a, 19b, 19c, 20a, 20b. Tibia. Fig. 21. Atlas. Fig. 22. Axis. Fig. 23. Thoracic vertebra. Fig. 24. Fifth cervical vertebra. Fig. 25. Lumbar vertebra. Fig. 26. Caudal vertebra. XVI. Elasmodontomys ohUquus. Figs, la, lb. Skull. Fig. 2. Left mandible. XVII. Elasmodontomys ohUquus. Figs. 3, 4a, 4b. Skull. Fig. 5. Maxillary tooth-row. SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO 111 HO XVIII. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Figs. 1, 2. Mandible. Ilg. 3. Mandibular tootli-row. Figs. 4, 5. Scapula. XIX. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Figs. 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 7. Left humerus. XX. Elasmodontomys oMiquus. Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d. Right ulna. Figs. 9a, 9b. Right radius. XXI. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Figs, la, lb, Ic, Id. Left femur. Fig. 2. Left tibia. XXII. Elasm^odontomys ohliquus. Figs. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d. Left tibia. Figs. 4a, 4b. Right fibula. XXIII. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Figs, la, lb. Left innominate. XXIV. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Fig. Ic. Left innominate. Figs. 2a, 2b. Sacrum. XXV. Elasm^odontomys ohliquus. Fig. 3. Atlas. Figs. 4a, 4b. Axis. Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8. Thoracic vertebrae. Figs. 9a, 9b. Caudal vertebra. Fig. 10. Rib. XXVI. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Mg. 5. Rib. Figs. 6a, 6b. Series of five cervical vertebrn*. Figs. 7a, 7b. Lumbar vertebrae. XXVII. Isolohodon portoricensis. Figs, la, lb, Ic, 2. Skull. XXVIII. Isolohodofl portoricensis. Figs. 3, 4. Skull. Figs. 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a, 6b. Mandible. XXIX. Plagiodontia wdi^um. Figs. 7a, 7b, 7d. Skull.. Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c. Mandible. XXX. Isolohodon portoricensis and Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Figs, la, lb. Right scapula, Isolohodon. Figs. 2a, 2b. Acromion process, Elasmodontomys. Figs. 3a, 3b. Left clavicle. Elasmodontomys. Fig. 4. Ribs. Isolohodon. Figs. 5a, 5b, 5c. Right ulna, Isolohodon. XXXI. Isolohodon portoricensis. Figs. 6a, 6b, 6c. Left ulna. Figs. 7a, 7b, 7c. Right humerus. Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c. Left radius. Figs. 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d. Right femur. CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX XI XXXII. Isolol)odon portoricensis. Figs. 10a, 10b, 10c, lOd. Left femur. Figs. 11a, lib. Left tibia. Figs. 12a, 12b, 12c. Left fibula. XXXIII. Isolohodon portoricensis. Figs. 13a, 13b, 18c. Sacrum. Figs. 14a, 14b, 14c. Right imiominate. XXXIV. Heteropsomys insulans. Figs, la, lb, Ic, Id. Skull. Fig. le. Maxillary tooth-row. XXXV. Heteropsomys insulans and Homopsomys antillensis. Fig. If. Mandible, Heteropsomys. Fig. Ig. Mandibular molar series, Heteropsomys. Fig. 2. Palate, Homopsomys. Figs. 3a, 3b. Skull, Homopsomys. Figs. 4a, 4b. Mandible, Homopsomys. XXXVI. Homopsomys antillensis, Heteropsomys insulans and Heptaxo- don Mdens. Fig. 3c. Skull, Homopsomys. Fig. 5. Atlas, Heteropsomys. Fig. 6. Lumbar vertebra, Heteropsomys. Figs. 7a, 7b, 7c. Skull fragment, Heptaxodon. Fig. 7d. Premolar, Heptaxodon. Fig. 8. Left mandible, Heptaxodon. Fig. 9. Crown view of lower premolar, Heptaxodon. XXXVII. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, No. 17720, lateral aspect. Right jugal. XXXVIIL XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Mandible, two views. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skulls, No. 17720 and No. 17721, dorsal aspect. Acratocnus odontrigonu*s. Skulls, No. 17715 and No. 17722, dorsal aspect. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Right scapula, two views. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skulls, No. 17715 and No. 17720, \entral aspect. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skulls, No. 17715, lateral aspect. Acratocnus major. Fig. 1. Mandible. Fig. 2a. Fragment of skull. A (Tfl t ocn n s m ajor. Fig. 2b. I>asicranial region. Fig. 2c. Orbital section. Acratocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Figs. 6a, Ob. Fragment of sacrum, odontrigonus. Fig. 7a. Left innominate, major. xii SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO XLVII. Acraiocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Figs, la, 31). Right tibia, odontrigonus. Fig. 2. Riglit tibia, major. Fig. .*>. Left tibia, odontrigonus. XliVin. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Figs. 4a, 4b. Left fibula. Figs, oa, 5b. Left radius. XLIX. Acratocnus odontrigoniis and Acratocnus major. Figs. 3a, 3 b, Ic. Riglit Immerus, odontrigonus. Fig. 2a. Right liumerus, major. L. AcTatocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Fig. 2b. Left liumerus, major. Fig. 3. Right humerus, odontrigonus. Figs. 4a, 4b. Left ulna, odontrigonus. Fig. 5. Left ulna, major. LI. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Figs. 3, 2. Right femur. Figs. 3a, 3b. Left femur. LI I. Acratocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Fig. 3c. Left femur, odontrigonus. Fig. 4. Distal extremity of left femur, major. Figs. 5a, 5b. Left calcaneum, odontrigonus. Fig. 6. Right calcaneum, major. Figs. 7a, Tb. Left astragulus, odontrigonus. LIII. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Caudal series of vertebnie. LIY. Acratocnus. Fig. 2. Public region, odontrigonus. Fig. 3. Ungual phalanges, Acratocnus. Figs. 4a, 4b. Ungual phalanx, odontrigonus. L\'. View of arid scrub on Deseeheo Island. Taken June 34, 3932. (^rove of coconut palms and beach, a typical shore scene. Near Aguadilla, June 31, 3932. LVI, Clump of royal palms, nesting sites for Porto Rican and yellow- shouldered blackbirds. Near Yauco, May 17, 1912. Limestone formation typical of lower foothills of north coast. Near Trujillo Alto, December 26, 3931. liML Mew on El Yunque de Luquillo from an altitude of 800 feet. Taken March 0, 3912. 1^1 Yunque de Luquillo from the village of Mameyes. Taken February 36, 1932. LVI 11. Rolling pastureland, breeding ground of the Porto Rican grass- hopper sparrow. Near Yabucoa, May 10, 1912. Second growth forest in lowlands, with setting of canefield and pasture. On grounds of experiment station at Rio Piedras, December 20, 1933. LIX. lifo Santiago near Yabucoa. Taken May 6, 1912. Llume palms, with backgroimd of cane and low hills. Vieques Island, :March 20, 3912. CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX xiii' LX. Open rolling pastureland typical of Culebra Island. Taken April 9, 1912. Northwestern end of Culebrita Island, Cayo Norte in distance, taken April 15, 1912. LXI. West Indian green heron, or martinete {Butoridcs virescens maculatus) . LXII. Bare-legged owl, or mficaro (Gymnasio nudipes rnidlpes). LXIII. Porto Rican tody, or San Pedrito {Todus mcxicamis) . LXIV. Gray kingbird, or pitirre {Tyrannus dominicensis dominlcensis\. LXy. Porto Rican blackbird, or mozambique {Holoqulscalus nlgcr hrachyptcrus). Porto Rican tanager, or verdoso {Ncsospingus specuUfcrns). NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands VOLUME IX—Part 1 Mammals of Porto Rico, Living and Extinct—Chiroptera and Insectivora—//. E. Jlnthony NEW YORK: Published BY the Acadkmv 1925 MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO, LIVING AND EXTINCT By H. E. Anthony Chiroptera and Insectivora contents Vage Introduction 4 Itinerary 4 Previous work on the mammals of Porto Rico 6 Specimens received from Porto Rico subsequent to the New York Academy Expedition of 1916 6 Acknowledgments 7 Physiography 8 List of caves where material was collected 9 last of indigenous land mammals of Porto Rico 10 Probable age of the fossils 10 Order Chiroptera 12 Family Noctilionidae 14 Noctilio leponnuH mastivtis 14 Family Phyllostomidae 18 Subfamily Chilonycterinae 18 Chilonpcteris pamelUi portoricensis 18 ChUonycteris fuUffinosa inflata 21 Mormoops hlamvilUi 25 Subfamily Glossophaginae 21) Alonophplluff portoricensis 21) Monophifllus frater ?»»> Subfamily Stenoderminae »-55 Brachyphijlla caveiyiarum ^^5 Stenoderma rufus 39 Artiheus jamaicensis jamaicensis 44 Subfamily Phyllonycterinae 48 FhyJloni/ctcris major 48 Erophylla homhifrons 52 Family Vespertilionidae 55 Eptesicus fuscus tvetmorei 55 Vespertilio mangel 59 Family Molossidae 59 Tadarida murinn 59 Molossus fortls 64 Order Insectivora 68 Family Nesophontidae 68 <lenus Nesophontes • 68 4 SClEXTfFW BURX EY OF PORTO RICO I 'a go Synopsis of genus 68 Wesophontes edithae 70 Synopsis of skull characters TO Remarks 74 Table of skull measurements 75 Skeleton 76 Summary of the principal characters 00 Status of the family Nesophontidae 93 Bibliography (see Part 2). INTRODUCTION Plans for a natural history survey of the Island of Porto Rico were drawn up in 1913 by the New York Academy of Sciences, with the active cooperation of the Insular Government of Porto Rico, The American Museum of Natural History, the New York Botanical Garden, and Co- lumbia University. The plans covered work in all the different depart- ments of Zoology, Botany and Geology. The first field work was begun in 1914 and the author was given the assignment to report upon the mammals of Porto Rico. At the time this survey was planned, the known mammal life of Porto Rico was exclusively a bat fauna, no terrestrial land mammals other than introduced species being known from the island. The investigations of the anthropologists imder Dr. Franz Boas, in 1915, gave promise of most interesting and unexpected additions to the list of mammals. In exca- vating shell-heaps, and caves formerly occupied by the aborigines, they discovered fossil remains of three undescribed rodents and a new ground- sloth. This evidence of a fossil mammal fauna greatly stimulated inter- est in what had promised to be a rather narrow field of research. Active field work for mammals was begun in May, 1916, and the author was able to further increase the list of terrestrial mammals and secured a great abundance of fossil material, as well as fairly extensive collections of the bat fauna. The author was accompanied throughout the field work in Porto Rico by his wife, the late Edith I. Anthonj^, who was an active assistant dur- ing this time and found many of the specimens brought back by the expedition. Itinerary Text Fig. 1 We arrived at the port of San Juan May 31, 1916. The day was de- voted to visitino' the Government officials and arraiiainu' the variou;^ 0' 10' BT'OO' 50' 40' 66'30' 20' 10' 66*00' 50' 40' 65 30' 20' 10' 1 "' " ' tfe a*31 MAP PORTO RICO MO (A ISLAND A T L A C E A N «• - j^A ™\ .^ v^^^'3fe .^^ C ompiled from the latest Government Sources By CHESTER A.REEDS Drawbv' A.BKJESEMFJSTER 18' JO' --^kz^ """^""(^#3i,-2^^^f«a -^v^.^^^SlSy'^v^--«jjg''-'»s..._^^'" v^^^JUAN X y «^ "C '—'^'^ "" >r^ I / YtP^^^^^!^S?!1*^^ /x^w^ce inNETA^ , ^>ysd^5p^^ "'^'^^^^r^CT?^^ A.^ Published by the 1 SUi AGilM)IIJA^ / \e^--^^^ w X.- AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY <Q)^^i ^^^^feA^ 3 iF- \ >^ k^J^i^fff,/!^ ^ZMj'^'^'^^' NEWWRK Oclobw 1815 u,o ^^^t'^^T^^^^^^fr'^^ iO' ' ^^SS :^^tmi fL^MOffo^' )^^-^--ri^A^<^ ^^^>^^™J<5 C^^j\ V '^IWoiBillW CULEBRA. 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Our first move took tis to San German, near the west coast of the island, where we met Dr. Spinden, of the American Museum Department of Anthropology. Cooperative investigations were carried on for several days with the expectation of finding mammal re- mains in Indian shell-heaps and kitchen-middens. Although search was extended as far as Cabo Eojo, this immediate region did not yield very promising results and it was necessary to move on to Adjuntas. Both at San German and Adjuntas no opportunity was overlooked to collect specimens of the living mammals, namely, the bats. The third site selected was Utuado, in the interior of the island, and from this region we secured some of our most important material. Owing to the terrible condition of the trails and to a lack of understanding on the part of the natives, great difficulty was experienced at first in locating caves and favorable spots for excavation. Eventually an abundance of fossil mam- mal material was secured from caves which were worked from Utuado as a base. Several side trips were made while we were located at Utuado, one of these being to the Hacienda Jobo and another to Quebradillas. Dr. Spinden, finishing his archgeological investigations while we were at Utuado, returned to San Juan and to N"ew York. Upon completing the region about Utuado, it was necessary to return for a stay of several days at San Juan, and during this time, July 3 to July 8, several important caves in the San Juan vicinity were worked. One of these caves is the type locality for two species of bats. It is of interest to note that bats were more abundant and representatives of more species were collected about the San Juan sector than anywhere else on the island. Leaving San Juan, we returned to Utuado to pick up fossils which had been excavated on contract, and passed on west to Lares. ISTot very much was added by the visit to Lares, which seemed to be a region of rather limited possibilities, although there is an interesting deposit of fossil-bearing Tertiary limestones near San Sebastian. A delay in the receipt of funds expected from San Juan made necessary a return again to that site, and, as before, while waiting there, more of the caves of the region were visited. We then motored to Manati, and a very promising field for fossil mam- mals was located near Morovis. It was possible to work out from Manati as a base, and several caves near Morovis yielded a great abundance of mammal remains. On July 21 we returned to San Juan, and then went eastward to investigate the high mountainous area about El Yunque. Our headqiiarters were established at the Preston ranch, near Kaguabo, where we were most hospitably received by the overseer. Unfortimately, no very extended work could be carried on here because of continuous, heavy rains. A long, all-day tramp back toward the summit of El 6 SCUENTJFKJ PURVEY OF PORTO RKH) Yiiiiqiie convinced mc of the uselessness of any work in that region dur- ing the short time at onr disposal and the prohabJe negative results as j'ar m inamnials were concerned. From the Preston ranch our route took us to Coamo by the road whicli parallels tlie coast, and from Coamo we went inland as far as Cayey. The next move brought us to Ponce, where we left the automobile, took train and went around tlie coasts stopfdng oft- at Mainiti once more in order to run down several clues which we had been unable to investigate on the former visit. This completed the field work, the collecting at Manati being the last. On August 2 we left San Juan for N"ew York. 80 far as was possible in the limited time available for the work, spe- cial efforts were made to investigate each distinct type of country dm} each different ecological area. In a general way the entire island was covered, and although many regions were passed by^ it was felt that work in these places would serve only to duplicate results o!)tained elsewlierc. Pjjkviois Work on the Mammals of Pokto Rico The first work 011 the mammals of Porto IJico was done by Dr. Juan (hmdlach, who nuuU^ three trips to the island frcmi (;uba, in 1873. 1875 and 1881. The principal localities worked by (lundlmilv were Aguadilla, Guanica, Lares, Utuado, Arecibo, Quebradillas, \'ega Baja and Bayamon. I'lie results of tlie first two trips appeared in the Anahs de la Sociedad Espanola de Ifistoria Xatural for 1878. The part devoted to mammals is not very extensive and occupies only three ])ages; four species of bats comprised tlie known indigenous mammalia. Other (M)nectors did woi'k on tlie island at various times, but the total results have not greatly en- larged tJie knowledge of Porto Pican mammals, jiartly through non- publication. Mr. Alex. Wetmore, of the United States Biological Sur- vey, worked in Porto Pico from December, 1911, to September. 11)12, primarily on the birds of the island, but incidentally secured a fine col- lection of the bats, 235 specimens, among them a new form of Epfesifn.s. The Museum of (\)m])arative Zoology sent an expedition under Dr. (i. M, AUen to Porto Pico in the spring of 1917, a small collection of bats and fossil mammals being secured, none of which proved to be new. Speuimkns 1?k('eivei) miOM Poiito Pico Subsb<^iient to the Ni:\v YoiJK Academy Expedition oe 1916 Tmjiortant collections of fossil mammal remains have lieen made by Senor IL Fernandez Maceira, of Rio Piedras, Porto Pico, who apparently found the bones while digging in caves for fertilizer. Seiior Maceira has carefully saved all bones found in this manner and since 1920 has for- ASTHOXY. MAMMALS OF r<)l{T() RICO 7 wardnl three lots to the American Museiiin. The lirHt collection, which \va- the largest, and the third collection were |)urc]]ased hy the American Mnsenm and tlie second collection was acquired hy the Mnsenm of Com- parative Zoology. Tlie lots purchased hy the American Museum are ex- ehjsively ground-slotli bones and it Avill he possibh* to mount a composite skeleton of this animal from the material. Sehor Maceira writes that these ground-slotli hones all came from the same cave, at Cahachuelas, Barrio de las 'I'orrecillas, near Morovis. The l)lace goes under the local name of Cerro Hueco. .It is a large cave, ahout sixty-live meters long hy forty-eight wide The bones were found at a ile|)t]i of seven or eigld meters. AcKxowLEiHni lox^rs It is a ])leasiire to acknowledge the wide-spread interest in the Porfn liican work and the great help and assistance which has been given me l)y dilfcrent institutions and individuals. Dr. IT. E. Cranipton, <d' the Vovtil Hican committee of the TsTew York Academy of Sciences, has done (^^eryt]n*ng to make the work successful. The othcials of the Insular (h)vernment, Goxcrnor Yager, the auditor, Judge Bonner, and the (1iii*f of t])e Insular Police, Colonel Shanton, assured the success of thv field work by their cooperation. I'he insuhir jxilice were always eager to r(Mi- der Mn-y capable assistance wherever I found it necessary to call upon them. To the late Basil Hicks Dutchcr, then a Major of the I"^. vS. A. and sui'geon for the insular troops, I ow(^ a del)t of gratitude, as does each one of tlie Academy field workers in Porto Pico, who found Inni ;i close friend. The residents of Porto Pico I found always interested and hel])ful, ai]d I wisli to acknowledge especially the (*o()p(»ration in my work given by Mr. Lcopoldo Strube, of IJtuado. Mr. (h^rrit S. Miller, Jr., of tbe P^nited States National Museum, has been very generous in tln' matter of loans of West Indian bats and otlu^r mfit(»rial. Mr. Alex. Wetmorc, of tlu» United Stat(^s Biological Survey, kindly allowed nu' tle^ nse of his bat records from Porto Rico. Dr. G. M. Allen, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and Dr. Witmer Stone, of the Philadelj)bia Academy of Sciences, ha\e also assisted by the loan of lU'cded matorial. The late Dr. J. A. Allen, (*urator of tln^ DepartnuMit of Mammals in the American Museum, ga\e me the great benefit of liis long experit^uee in numerous consultations, both on the systematica work of the rejiort and on editorial matters. Dr. W. I). Matthew, C^irator of Vertelirate PalcPontology of the American Museum, and Mr. Walter (granger, of tbe same department, have assisted me in many ways, not only by c(/ntribu- t\(m of departnuuital aid but by consultation as wvdi. The Director of 8 SCIENTIFJC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO the American Museum^ Dr. F. A. Lucas, showed his sympathy and in- terest in the enterprise and did all that he could to further the work. Finally, this list w^ould not be complete without an expression of grat- itude to my wife, the late EditJi I. Anthony, who from the beginning- took an active hand in the collection of material and its preparation, the writing of notes, the copying and arranging of the manuscript, the figures and the bibliography. The text figures, with but few exceptions, were made by Mrs. Helen von Ziska, under my supervision. The bones figured were first outlined by means of the camera lucida and then the proportions checked by dividers. In connection with the text figures, I am greatly indebted to ]^Ir. James P. Chapin, at that time a co-worker in the same department with me, for the benefit of much advice and help. All of the typing and work of a secretarial nature has been done by Miss Ida Grobe, of the department staff, who has been exceedingly help- ful to me in the preparation of this report, and whose name should not be omitted from this list of acknowledgments. The color terms used in the descriptions are taken from Eidgway, Color Standards and Nomenclature, 1912, I have constantly consulted The Families and Genera of Bats, by Gerrit S. Miller, jr. (U. S. National Museum, Bull. 57, 1907), and helped myself liberally to the data therein when giving the characteriza- tions of the bats, because I know of no more authoritative source than this invaluable report. In many cases it may be noted that my descrip- tions are but slightly altered transcriptions of Miller's wording. Physiography Plates 1-1 X Porto Rico is a small island, 95 miles in length by 35 miles in breadtli, with an area of 3,668 square miles. In shape it approximates a paral- lelogram, the sides of which run in the cardinal directions of the com- pass. The island is divided by physiographic features into several very distinct ecological areas. Mountain ranges of fair elevation extend east and west for the full length of the island, reaching in the western part an elevation of nearly 4000 feet and culminating at the eastern end in PjI Yunque, of 4985 feet elevation. These ranges form the backbone of the island and the greater part of its area as well. A large part of the northwestern end of the island is limestone, which occurs as a layer of considerable thickness. The southwestern part of the island also contains limestone, but it is here widely scattered. The eastern end of the island consists of conglomerates and metamorphic rock. ANTHOKY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RWO \) On parte of the island the annual rainfall is very heavy, notably in the high mountains at the eastern end and thronghout the mountain district in general. On the southwestern end the rainfall is very scanty and desert conditions prevail. There are several good-sized rivers, the largest flowing through valleys of considerable extent. Throughout most of the island the virgin forest has been destroyed to make way for plantations, but in a few isolated localities remnants of the early forest remain. Such places may be found about Maricao, Utuado, and to the greatest extent in the Luquillo region. Close attention was paid to changes in the ecol- ogy^ of the country traversed, in the hope of finding changes in the bat fauna, but none were noted ; although, because of the short time spent in the arid southwestern region, the most likely field for such observations was not by any means exhausted. List of Caves where Matekial was Collected Plates X-XIT San Germa]i— Cave of Monte Grande. Two caves at Peiios TjcJos. One unnamed cave. Only bats and a very few scraps of Isolohodo7i se- cured at San German. Cabo Eojo Shell-mounds only; fragments of Isolohodon. Utuado Fourteen caves located at varying distances from tlu' town. Many of these caves are unnamed, but a few have local designations. Caves of Caguana. Cueva de los Golondrinos. Cueva de la Ceiba, on Hacienda Jobo. Cave on property of Don Gervacio Toraho—an im- portant cave for fossils. Cave on propert}^ of Don Sexto Tjago. San Juan IJegion—Cueva de Fari, near Pueblo Viejo—important for bats. Cueva de Trujillo Alto—a good bat cave. Piedra de la Cueva, Old Loiza, home of Noctilio. Quebradillas Two nameless caves. Lares— • Cueva de Pajita. Corozal Cueva de Corozal—a bat cave. Morovis Thirteen caves visited, eight of them nameless. Cueva Lucera. Cueva de Achatillo. Cueva de San Miguel. Cueva Clara—an important cave. Cueva de Catedral—an important cave. Cayey— • An unnamed cave with many bats. 10 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO 1\) surmiiarize results, it niiglit be stated tliat the Utiiado and the Morovis regions were by all odds the richest in fossil-bearing caves. Bats were most abundant and varied in species in the San J nan region. In all, some 54 caves were explored. List of TxnioExors Laxd Mammals of Poiito Rico Living Chiroptera Nocfilio leporinuj^ rnastiviis ( 'hiJofiycteris parnellU portori- eensLs Ckilonycteris fuKginom infJafa '^Mornioops hlainvUln '^Monophyllus porfcmcetisis '^Brachypliylla cavenuirum A rfibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis Eropliy Ila h om h ifrons '^Eptesicu.H fiiMiis tvetmorei Ta(larida inurina Molo,^.HVJ^ for /is Fossil Chiroptera Monophyllus frater S i enodern i a rufus PhyUonycferis major Insectivora NesojihonUs ediihae Rodentia fsofohodon porforicensw E las n 1 don t om ys o h liquu s lie hiaxodon hidens fleferopso niys insulans Hotnopsoni ys a/nlUlensis Edentata /I craiocnus odonfriijonus Arrafonius major PhOBAHLF A(rF OF TIIF FOSSILS A coiiser\ati\e estinnite of the age o\' the fossil s])ecies of Porto Pirn would ])lace them in the Pleistocene and probably late Pleistocene. In- (UhmI, it is more than probable that some of this fauna ])ersiste(l into the Pecent. Isolobodon we liave fonnd in the shell-heaps anti know that it was an artick^ of diet among tJK^ Arawaks. Many of tlie ])ones of tl]c otlier spcH'ies have every appearance of being fairly recent, geologically speaking. Tlie evidenc^^ would indicate that the fossil sj)ecies taken were all contemporane<ms, since they octMir in tlie same fornuition in nearly every instance. A ])ossible exception is holohodoti , which was don))tk\ss the last nninmial to become extinct on the island. Tlie fossil remains were enconntered at de])ths of a few inclies from the top down to as dee|) as nine feet. Often but little scraping wa< nec- i\^sary to uncover bones, altliough in this connection it is well to state that the natives of the island are in the habit of digging out the bat gnano from the caves and frequently take the earth from the floor of the (*aves as fertilizer, 'riuis the lieight of the earth in any cave may not always be considered with certainty as tlie maximum height of tlie de- ])osit. However, the height of the original deposit is generally betrayed * AlKo found fossil. AXrifOXY, MAMMAL^i OF PORTO RICO ]] by a (liseolored ring around the walls of the cave. The bones wei'c \ovy fresh in appearance when excavated and had not undergone any miner- alization, hi the case of the bats found fossil in th(^ Cueva Catedrjd. a niind^er of skulls were collected that prove indistinguisliable from the Jiving bats, and this formation contained the insectivore Negoph utiles as well. Fossils (collected in (;uba and in Jamaica und(^r similar conditions display nnmistakable evidence of recent deposit. As a general rule, the specimeiis were found in dry limestone ca\es in the mountainous part of the ishin(L Caves on the sides of small hills yielded the most bones, and the size of tlie cave was immaterial. The cave that contained the greatest amount of ground-sloth material ^\as a small one, with the entrance on a rather steep hillside and opening our of a sluHU- front of limestojie.. Inside, the cave did not open out xci'v wide, but had a deep fissure at the left toward which the floor sjoikmI abruptly. 'Iliis fissure was richly ])ackcd with bones of tlu^ sloth and tlu' large rodent ElasnnodonicnNys^ the bones b(\i>inning at near tlu^ surface and continuing down some irinc feet, when excavations liad to be gi\en up because of the impossibility of reaching any d(M»|)er. This cave had the appearancf* of a trap for any animal that wand(M*ed into it and rev- tainly would have proved so for any old or sick animal that had strengt'i enough to crawl \i\) thrirugh the cave entrance. Th(^ earth in this awe. which is tlie one on the property of Don (ier\acio Toraho iK^ar T^tua<lo, is reddisli in color and coni])osed completely of disintegrated limestone. It is rather coarse in texture and intermingle<l Avith it were good-sizi^d fragments of the walls. A mu(di ditferent tyj)e of cav(^ is the Cueva (^atedral, near Moro\ is. Also situated on a steep hillside, it occupies the top of a snudl hill, and the ceiling of the cave lias fallen thr(mgh, letting in considerable light. 1'his cave has two large entrance's and is a large, ojhmi chand)er filled to a depth of sevcu-al feet witli earth and numy fallen fragments of lime- stoiu^ At one side then^ is a deep de])osit of fine powdery soil, almost ])ure l)at guano in spots, slopijig rather stee|)ly down from the l)ack wall (d' the cave. Th(^ natives have removed from this ])art of the ca\-e a gre;it deal of the rich soil f(»r fertilizer. Throughout a stratum of several inc'hes to a foot or more in thicknt^ss, this dej)osit was literally jiacked with small Inmes of nuimnuds, birds, reydiles and ahiphibians. Tn some spots the bones were interlaccMl almost in liumlreds and a quart of eaiih required some minutes to pick over. Tn tin* crevices between tlie larger blocks of limestone and in the irregularities in the cave floor were espe- cially rich pockets of these bones. Farther ii|) the slope, above the fine ]•> SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO earth, a large number of skulls, some of them lime-encrusted, were found beneath a heavy, flat slab of limestone. Subsequent cave explorations in Cuba and Jamaica have indicated that owls are to be considered responsible for these large aggregations of bones of the smaller creatures. The owls spend the day in the caves, where they cast up in pellets the bones of animals small enough to be swallowed, and may carry to their perch there the larger species which must be eaten piecemeal. A cave which is thus the home of owls may, over a period of hundreds or thousands of years, accumulate an almost unbelievable amount of bones, to be judged in hundredweights or even tons in some cases. While the large barn-owl known in Cuba and Jamaica today is absent from Porto Eico, Dr. Wetmore has discovered the fossil remains of a barn-owl among bird bones collected by me at XJtuado, while the small bare-legged owl is common on the island today and probably should be considered as a factor in the creation of these cave deposits. (Wet- more, 1922, pp. 299 and 323.) Isolohodon was found on the very surface of the floor, in nearly every ease, in caves which had been occupied by the former Indian inhabitants of the island. Designs upon the walls of the cave, broken pottery and ashes attested to the occupancy, and amidst the ashes and fragments of pottery the scattered bones of this rodent could be found. Also through- out the great shell-heaps along the coast, especially at Cabo Rojo, an occasional bone of Isolohodon was encountered. It is likely that the Arawaks or the Caribs carried Isolohodon with them in their canoes as food, since the remains of this rodent have been found on the eastern end of Santo Domingo and in the Virgin Islands associated with human artifacts. Wetmore (1922, p. 300) heard stories of the natives which hint at the persistence of Isolohodon into quite recent times. Order CHIEOPTEKA Suborder Microchiroptera The first authentic list of the bats of Porto Kico was published in 1878, a paper by Gundlach in the Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Xatural, 1878. He listed only four species, Artiheus perspicillatus, Mormoops blainviUi% Chilonycteris maclemjii, and Molossus ohscurus. Later lists have all accredited three of these species to Porto Rico, but for some reason have omitted his record for the genus Mormoops, Snb- seqiient papers have added to the Porto Rican fauna, six species and sub- species being given by Dr. G. M. Allen in his Mammals of the West Indies, published in July, 1911, in addition to several other subspecies ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO i;] gi^ell as doubtful records. The first mention of any native mammal from Porto Eico not a bat is the description of Isolohodon portoricensis by Dr. J. A. Allen (1916, p. 19). Fourteen species and subspecies of bats, four of them new to the island^ were given in a paper published on the Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto Eico by Anthony (1918). Xo species have been added since this time. Four families of bats are represented on the island : the ISToctilionidae with one species, the Phyllostomidae with ten species, the Vespertilionidae with one species, and the Molossidae with two species. Porto Eico has several endemic species and several genera endemic to the West Indies. These endemic forms are found only in the family Phyllostomidae. The species of the other three families all have very near relatives on the continent or possibly occur there as the same species. ISTo less than five genera of the Phyllostomidae of Porto Eico are endemic to the West Indies. The following list of the bats of Porto Eico will indicate this relationship : Family JSTQCTILIONIDAE NoctiUo leporinus mastivus . . . . , continental species Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE Chilonycfens fuliginosa inflata. . species endemic to the West Indies Chilonycteris ]mrnellii portori- censis species endemic to the West Indies Mormoops hlaini'ilUi species endemic to the West Indies Mdnophyllus portoricensis genus endemic to the West Indies '^Monophyllus frater genus endemic to the West Indies Brachyphylla cavernarum g^i^^s endemic to the West Indies ^^Stenoderma rufus genus endemic to the West Indies Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis . continental species '^PhyUonycteris major genus endemic to the West Indies ErophyUa homhifrons genus endemic to the West Indies Family VESPEETILIOKIDAE Eptesicus fusctis wetmorei continental species Family MOLOSSIDAE Tadarida mminu species endemic to the West Indies Molossus fortis species endemic to the West Indies The endemic nature of the bat fauna is readily apparent and is good evidence of the long continued separation of Porto Eico from any main- land connection, since it is well known that bats are subject to practically the same laws of dispersal as are terrestrial mammals. (Dobson, 1878, * Found fossil only. M\\kn\ The FainilioH and Uciiem, of Ikts, |>. 95. 11107, for Si (if the linrulv: |». ilT Tor <liH«:iuwi« of the j^MroK. ^4^,.^/M.£''Jp74'^ \"«ri lli« li*|Miriniix masHvHs ilhilil) Tvxt Fig. 2 iTfiT. Vi:xpviiHU> miiMfiriiM Imht. Kkrivtw nf Natnl•lllst.^^^^»l«k:lln•t. KJJil hHvii. IV, p^ i:',2. ANTHONY, MAMMALIA OF PORTO RICO 15 18S5. NoctiUo U^porimis mastivus True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vll (1884). p. 603. 1911. NoctiUo leporinus G. M. Allen, Bull. Mus. Cornp. ZooL, IJV, p. 22:j, July. 1012. NoctiUo IcporbiUH mastivus Miller, North American T.and Mammals, p. .'>(), December 81. lins. NoctiUo Icporinus mastivus Anthony, Indigenous l.and Mtunmals of I'orto Rico, p. 340, October 12. 1024. NoctiUo Icporinus mastivus Miller, North American Recent Mammals, p. 40. Type locality.— Island of St. Oroix^ West Indies. DiHtrihution.—Ijiinits of range nnknown, but ])r()l)ably the Greater .Vntilles, the A'irgin Ishmds and St. Croix. Recorded in Porto Hieo^ OhI lioiza, i\m\ on Mona Island (Elliot). Specimens collected.—oO (20 skins and 10 alcoholics), from Old Loiza. near San Jnan^ on the northern coast. (general characters.—.V very large bat with yellowisli wliite dorsal stripe. Head large and rounded; ears liigh, narrow, pointed, tragus s(m-- rate along posterior border; muzzle simple, nostrils tubular; upper lip simple, lower lip and chin with a few dermal, wart-like growths; cheeks and (diin sparsely haired; body robust and heavy; humerus very long and mnirly straigiit; thund) large and strong; third phalanx of third digit very long; hind leg very largts witli long tibia, long metatarsus and very large claws; calcar well (l(»veloped and v(»ry long; tail short, enclosed, except for extreme tif), in \'ery wide interfemoral membrane; fnr \ery short everywhere, almost woolly; fur restricted along lower back to a nni'row median stri|), ])ractically no hair on any of the membraiu^s except for a \'vw scattered along lateral membranc^s; lateral membranes attached rather high on sides of body. Color,—Adult: Al)()^'e, snuff-brown, the hairs tipped with buff, with a narrow dorsal stripe of yellowish white running from hind neck ahnosl to base of tail; l)elow, wdiitish to yellowish or huffy, varying with indi- \idnal; females ytdlower below than nudes. One specinu^n. No. 395B)), adult, varies from nornud in being einnannni-buff" below. Young: When nearly full grown very similar to adults, but more strcnigly yellow on nnderparts. Skall.—Large ami strongly constructed ; rostrum of normal length but rather broad; misals slightly arclied, premaxilhe thin and inflated, nares opening outward, a |)air of foramiiui at the |)osterior border of tlie nasal bones: braincase roumled, globose, with high sagittal and lambdoidal ci't\sts; sagittal crest di\*iding anteriorly and continuing as shar)) ridges nearly to the maxillary root of zygoma; mastoid |)roeess large, shelf-like, subrec^tangular ; zygomatic arch strong and heavy, flaring widely j)os- K; ^CIENTIFJC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO terioiiy, Jugal meeting posterior root of zygoma at a nearly right angle ; basioccipital region very shorty slightly tilted npward from plane of palate; basisphenoid pits very faintly indicated; sphenoidal fissure very large and extensive; glenoid broad and shallow; bullae covering abont lialf of cochleae; palate long and broad^ deeply concave^ more especially from side to side; interpterygoid fossa short and broadly U-shaped; mandible very heavy; horizontal ramus straight; ascending ramus low and rising in gradual curve from horizontal portion; coronoid higher than condyle, peg-like, condyle noticeably elevated above plane of molar crow^ns; angular process strong and abruptly reflected outward; dental foramen large and conspicuous, below sigmoid notch. Dentition heavy. Skulls of males heavier, with higher crests than those of females. DentUion,---!, ^; ^^^^ Pm,^ ; M,^ = 28. Upper : Incisors unequal, inner much larger than outer pair, strongly in contact at mid-height of tooth, but divergent at root and tip ; crowns of inner pair very high, with postero-external heel ; outer incisors in con- tact with inner posteriorly, but separated by noticeable diastema from canines, small and low, with internal cusp; canine large and heavy, witli well-developed internal cingulum, but no accessory cusps; inner face slightly concave; premolar very short in antero-posterior axis, with high anterior cusp and well-marked internal heel; first two molars similar, subequal, with W-shaped molar pattern of normal type, hypocone much lower than protocone ; third molar reduced, lacking metastyle. Lower : Incisors small, crowded into and completely filling intercanine space, crowns subrectangular, concave, anterior cutting edge faintly bifid; canine large, with strongly marked internal spiral groove, tootli curved forward at base, backward at tip; first premolar small, with low cusp, crowded by second premolar and by canine; second premolar Avith crown much wider than long, crowded in tooth-row, with well-developed external cingulum, high anterior cusp and low internal cusp; first and second molars with normal W-crown pattern, teeth projecting externally considerably beyond face of ramus; third molar slightly smaller than the other two, but similar in other respects. Measurements.—Average of 7 adult males: Total length, 132 mm. (127-135) ; tail vertebra?, 28.3 (27-^31) ; hind foot, 34.4 (34-35) ; fore- arm, 86.7 (85-88). Average of 7 adult females: Total length, 124.7 (118-135) ; tail verte- brae, 26.1 (25-28) ; hind foot, 31.1 (30-32) ; forearm, 83.9 (80-85.8). Skull—Average of 5 adult males: Greatest length, 27.3 (26.6-28.5) ; zygomatic breadth, 20.26 (19.8-20.7) : interorbital breadth, 7.2 (7.1- AXTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 17 7.3) ; breadth of braincase, 13.9 (13.7-14) ; mastoid breadth, 19.58 (18- 20.7); length of palate, 12.64 (12.3-12.9); length of maxillary molar .series, 8.72 (8.5-8.9) ; length of mandible, 19.06 (18.5-19.4) ; length of mandibular molar series, 9.88 (9.4-10). Average of 5 adult females: Greatest length, 25.52 (24.9-26.3) : zygo- matic breadth, 18.86 (18.6-19.1); interorbital breadth, 6.96 (6.8-7.1); breadth of braincase, 13.4 (13.2-13.6); mastoid breadth, 17.2 (16.8- 17.8); length of palate, 11.76 (11.5-12.2); length of maxillary molar series, 8.48 (8.3-8.6); length of mandible, 18 (17.7-18.4); lengtli of mandibular molar series, 9.66 (9.5-9.8). Re marl's.—The species of the genus Nodilio are among the very larg- est of the New World bats. On the character of size alone, the Porto Eican NoctiUo may be readily disthiguished from all the other bats found on the island. There is only one other large bat found in the entire West Indies area which surpasses it or even equals it in size. This bat is Vampyrum spectrum and it luis not been rec.'orded from Porto Pico. The status of the two forms, lepormus and mastivus, has not been very satisfactorily worked out. Two specimens of lepormus from Trinidad are not very different from the series taken on Porto Eico, the Trinidad specimens being somewhat smaller and with the (h)rsal line less de\'el(if>e(l. This large bat was found at but one locality, in a cave known locally as the Piedra de la Cueva, on the outskirts of the little town of Old Loiza, on the north coast. The fact that Noctilio had not been reported from Porto Eico before would indicate that its distribution is very local. Extracts from the field journal of tlie expedition will ser\e to des('ri])e the behavior of this interesting bat. The first cave we eaiiie to, called "I'iedra de la fueva,'' was ;i very lar.ire, high cave, more a shallow oueiiiiig into the face of the small hill or hiifxe rock in which it was situated than a cave, in the usual sense of the word. On account of its height tlie light came through into all pai'ts, and so I did not ex))ect to encounter anything except a few^ Artibcus. A large pile of drop- pings underneath a darkened crevice overhead led me to tire a sliot on sns- l)icion, and I was rewarded by several specimens of the large, hitlK^rto uneii- eountered Novtilw. At the I'eport, others l^egan to move about, and investiga- tion showed that the cave had a number of these interesting large bats. They were sufficiently high up to l)e almost safe from my auxiliary, as the fine shot was not very deadly to such large l)ats at that distance. However, by p(\Lrging away at them I secured a fair number. These bats when disturl)ed flew ont into the briglit cave and moved about as surely as if the light were absolutely to their liking. Their flight was ipiite regular, and while not rapid, like that of most of the smaller species, it was a strong, well-sustained flight. The very large hind legs were stretched out behind, straight from tlie l)ody and api>roxi- mately parallel, keeping the interfemoral membrane and the posterior part of 18 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO the Jilar membrane in a flat horizontal plane, while the proiiuLsion was fur- nished by the membrane on the forearm. They looked almost like large birds, as they circled about the cave overhead, the liglit shining down through tlieir membranes and the red blood showing in the thin feet. When they alighted they seemed sure of their intention and swooped uj) directly to a hanging l)Osition and did not make several vain preliminary trials, as does Artiheihs. Their large feet proved admirably suited to hanging, and the,\ crawled about, upside down, with considerable agility, moving sometimes quite a distance ))efore they found a spot that suited them well enough to remain. From below th<*y seemed almost like big spiders crawling about on the rocky ceiling. Con- sidcral)le of the crawling was done by means of tlie feet only and the thumbs were used only about lialf the time. A mother with an almost hairless young th^w about the cave a few times, and then, as she nad been wounded, flew agjiinst the side of the cave and was later secured. The call-note was dis- tinctly different in tone from that of the other bats, being rather high i)itched for such a large bat. These bats were very tenacious and, like all the otiier si)ecics, attempted to bite when piclied up. They seemed to })e crowded in several cre\ices that led back into the ceiling out of the direct light, but were rather easily alarmed, and a shot or two invariably brouglit individuals crowd- ing out from such places. Artibeus that were found in the same cave did not mingle with these bats and ^vere dwarfed in comparison wlien flying l)eside their larger companions of the cave. A minute, reddisli parasite was found dotted o\er the inttM'fcnjoral membranes of Noctilio. It was a conspicuous feature iti spite of its small size, and was seen on no otlier species of bat taken on Porto Eico. A small ecto])arasite found in the fur has been identitied by Dr. J. Bequaert as Faradyschiria fusca S|)eiser. This species was eliaraeterize*! by a very strong, disagreeable odor, rather musky in its nature. Family PHYLLOSTOMlDAi: Subfamily CHIT.ONYCTEinXAE See Miller, The FamiHes and Genera of Bats, j). 11 G, VJO'h for diagnosis of the family; p. 118 for diagnosis of the subfamily Chilonycterinae : ]). 119 for diagnosis of the genus Cliilomjcteris. Chllonyeteris pariifillli portorieeiisis (Mil lei) Text Fig. .] 1U02. CfmlonnvteriH port(>rieen.His Miller. I*roc. Acad. Nat. 8i'i. I'luladelpliia. p. 400, September 12. 11K)4. Chilonjivterm parnelUi portonecnslH Rehn, l*roc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phihi- del|)hia, p. 101), March 20. 1911. Chilonifctcris parnelHi portorirvusis G. M. Allen, Bull. Mus. Couip. ZoiU.. LIT, p. 225, July. 1012. Chikmifvteris parnclHi portoricensis Miller, North American i.and Mam- mals. 1). .*>2, December .'»!. INTHONY. MA.MMA18 OP PORTO III On 19 1018. Chitonyeterm pamelUi portoriceiww Aiitlioiiy, ladlgeiitnis Laacl Mmii- niiils of Porto Elco, p. 34B, October 12. 1024. (JMlon-ycieris pamelMi pmiormeHms Miller, Kortli American Reeent Maiiimals, p. 42. Mtf Jft44M 3f37& w.mio AH«, Fn Typti had'iiy.— Cuovii. cle Fiiri, near Pueblo ¥icJo, Porto Rico. IHstrihiitwH. Known oiilv Itoiii tlie Islanrl of Porto liieo. l,'pc-.ir«lHi1 rroiii Cnmn tie Pari, Cueva de Trnjillo Alto iiml C'liyey (IJ. S. Biol. J^Tirvev). SpeehiiPiis ei)!!pdi'iL--'i\x(K frmii (hwxu dp Triijillo Alt<i. 20 8CIENTIFW SURVEY OF PORTO RIVO General chwracters,—Size medium; ears tall^ rather narrow and pointed, lower border extending outward in a broad shelf covered with long hairs, tragus blunt; nose simple, without leaf; under lip with a pair of transverse cutaneous lappets; forearm but moderately curved; tail short, free for the terminal half; feet of medium size; calcar long and slender; hair of sides not running onto membranes, but a few scattered hairs continuing along humerus and femur and onto the interfemoral membrane for about half its depth; hairs about nose directed forward. Color.—Above, a uniform brown, about dusky drab, the hairs grayish at base; pelage rather thinner on neck and shoulders allowing more or less of light color at bases of hairs to show through; below, light drab; the hairs of abdomen blackish brown at base, those of the throat but little darker at base than tip; membranes blackish brown; hair every- where rather long, soft and lax. SMill,—Of moderate size with high, rounded bra incase; rostrum long and somewhat inflated; a nasal concavity present; braincase tilted at an angle to axis of rostrum, globose; zygomata not flaring; interpterygoid fossa short ; palate long and narrow, widening slightly anteriorly ; cochlea large; mandibular ramus long and curved upward posteriorly; coronoid low, about as high as condyle; angular process deflected outward. Denhhon,^!,—-; ^hj-^; ^^^^'^^ M, j^=ai. Upper: Inner incisors about twice as large as outer, ci'owus with broad cutting edge; outer incisors low aud crown almost flat; incisors all in contact and no diastema in the entire tooth-row; canines typical, with large internal eingulum and coiicave internal facie; first premolar small, with high anterior cusp and prominent postero-interual basin; second premolar about twice as large as first, with a single, \ery high, sharp cusp and a wide internal basin; first and secoud luolars with normal W-shaped molar pattern composed of live cusps and four commissures; third molar less than half as large and with only three commissures. Lower: Incisors subequal, siuiple, cutting edges trifld; canines with internal eingulum and deep longitudinal groo^es on internal and pos- terior faces; first and third premolars about equal in size, second nuicli smaller; first premolar simple with single high conical cusp; second pre- molar minute and almost crowded out by first and third premolars; third premolar with high sharp cusp; three molars subequal, the third but little smaller than first two, molar pattern a widened W. Measurements,—Two males : Total length, 78, 83 mm. ; tail \ ert(»bra% 20, 20; hind foot, 12, 13; forearm, 49.5, 51. ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 21 Skull.—Total length, 20, 20.4; zygomatic width, 10.8, — ; interorbital width, 3.8, 3.9; breadth of braincase, 9.2, — ; length of palate, 9.1, 9.1: length of molar series, 6.7, 6.7 ; length of mandible, 14.4, 14.7 ; length of mandibular molar series, 8.2^ 8.3. Remarks.—There are two species of the genus ChUonycteris occurring on Porto Eieo. These two forms may be easily separated on the basis of size. C. parneUii portorkensis is much larger than (7. fuKginosa mftata. It is also apparently a much rarer species and not found in such large numbers. The nearest relative of portoricensis is C. paimelUi hoothi of Cuba, from which it differs in smaller size and more inflated skull. In addition, the ear of hoothi is more pointed and falcate than the ear of portoricensis. Only two specimens of portoricensis were taken and it was found only at one place, the Cueva de Trujillo Alto. The type locality for the spe- cies is the Cueva de Fari, Pueblo Viejo, but although this cave was visited several times and carefully searched, no portoricensis were seen there. It is evidently not a common species anywhere, as the two speci- mens secured were the only ones seen, and the cave where they were foimd was visited no less than three times and hunted assiduously in the effort to secure more. The two specimens were found in an inner alcove of the cave, off to one side of the main chamber, from whence they issued with a swarm of the smaller species of CMlonycterirS, Monophyllus and the rare Mormoops. A fossil skull of this species was also found. Among a considerable collection of fossil bat skulls and limb bones picked up in the Cueva Catedral, there is one fairly complete skull of C. p. portoricensis. This skull shows no difference whatever from the skulls of the bats living on the island today. Chilonycteris fuliginosa infiata (Rehii) Text Fig. 4 1878. ChilonycteHs Alac-Leayi Guiidlach (not of Gray), Anales Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat, VII, p. 140 (Part [Bayamon and Mayaguez, Porto Rico]). 1904. Chilonycteris maeleayii infiata Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 190, March 29. 1911. ChilonycteHs maeleayii infiata G. M. Allen, P»ull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, LIV, p. 224, July. 1912. Chilonycteris maeleayii infiata Miller, North American Land Mammals, p. 31, December 31. 1918. Chilonycteris fuliginosa infiata Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of l^orto Rico, p. 344, October 12. 1924. Chilonycteris maeleayii m^«ta. Miller, North American Recent Mammals, p. 41. SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF FORTO RICO Type locality.—Ciieva de Fari, near Pueblo Viejo, Porto Kico. Distribution,—Bestricted to the Island of Porto Eico. Eecorded as follows: Cneva de Pari; Mayaguez (U. S. ISFat. Mus.); Ciieva de Tru- jillo Alto. Specimeris collected.—79: Cneva de Pari, Pueblo Viejo, 19 (12 skins) ; Cneva de Trnjillo Alto, 60 (8 skins). Fig. 4. Chiloni/eteris fuUginosa inftata X 3/1 ; adult d ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico General characters,—Size very small; ears quite high, narrow and pointed, widening abruptly into an ample conch at base, with two or three tooth-like projections on external border about midway; tragus of moderate length, with distinct notch-like infolding in anterior edge; nostrils simple, without nose-leaf, but having a very low transverse ridge Just back of nares; nose-pad with a number of low, rounded excrescences along the margin ; lower lip with lateral lobes or folds meeting anteriorly to form a lappet, median region of lappet papillose; body everywhere furred; membranes naked; tail about one-half the length of head and body, free for terminal one-fourth; interfemoral membrane nearly twice as deep as length of tail ; calcar very long and slender ; femur nearly as long as tibia, both bones slender ; humerus strongly bowed ; hair of mod- erate length, soft, denser on back and belly than on neck, stiffer about face and directed forward ; a distinct longitudinal parting in the hair at anterior edges of ears, and hair on throat lax and radiating in all direc- tions. Color*—Two color phases are found in this species—a rich brown phase and a gray brown phase, the latter seemingly the commoner. Cinnamon-brown phase: Above, color between cinnamon -brown and Proufs-brown, the hairs of the neck lighter at base, ochraceous buff, this color showing through, making the whole general tone lighter; below, hairs posterior to pectoral region between Saccardo^s-umber and isabella ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 23 color, with hairs darker at base ; throat and under side of neck einnamon- h\\% the hairs einnamon-brown at base. The color is rich, not truty indi- cated by any single shade. Bister-brown phase: Above, bister, varying in some individuals to Prout^s-brown : hair on neck and shonlders drab-gray, crown like back ; below, breast and abdomen like back, the hairs tipped with drab-gray, throat to breast light ochraceous buff, the hairs at base bister, a few hairs on throat drab at base. Young : Individuals with the teeth sharp and showing little wear, but otherwise fully adult in every particular, have a pelage differing radically from either of the above and seem to be best accounted for by assuming an immature pelage that persists for some time. These individuals are a uniform slate-black above, with the neck pallid neutral gray, and color below nearly as dark as on back, except for throat and inguinal regions, which are lighter, like the neck above. One specimen, No. 3935?, ap- pears to be passing from the immature to the bister-brown phase. Tliese three different pelages, or color phases, while very distinct when selected specimens are compared, nevertheless gradually grade from one to the other in the series from Porto Eico. Skull.—Small and delicate ; elongate, with swollen rostrum and roundly inflated braincase ; braincase raised up or tilted to axis of rostrum ; zygo- mata scarcely ex}:^nded; nasals depressed; a sagittal crest, low but dis- tinct from interorbital region to lambdoidal crest ; audital bullae inflated ; palate normal; pterygoids divergent; mandible with a strong horizontal ramus of nearly uniform depth throughout ; ascending ramus low ; con- dyle small and higher than the weak coronoid; angular process subfalci- form, strongly divergent externally. I)entUioii.—l,^ ; C, j-j- ; Pm, g-^; M, ~-^= 34. Dentition almost identical, except for size, with that of Chilonyderis p. portoricensi^, q. v. Upper : Central pair of incisors bifid and larger than outer pair, which are appressed to sides of first ; canine long, slender, sharp ; first premolar much smaller than second ; second premolar with highest cusp of molar series and well-developed internal cingulum ; first two molars equal, with broad crowns and prominent W-shaped pattern; third molar about half as large. Lower: Incisors subequal, with bifid cutting edges; canine normal: first and third premolars equal, with simple acute cusp, second small and nearly crowded inw^ardly from tooth-row; molars of nearly equal size, with normal cusps, high and sharp. 24 HCIENTIFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO The skulls of females do not differ appreciably from those of the males, iif^ they do in the ease of the related rnacleayii of Cuba. Measurements.—Average of 16 specimens, all adults: Total length, mJZh mm. (62-70) ; tail vertebrae, 21 (19-26) ; hind foot, 9.37 (9-10) ; forearm, 38.41 (37.5-39.5) ; ear from meatus (average of 5 alcoholic specimens), 15. Skull.—Average of 10 skulls, a series of 5 adult males and 5 adult females: Greatest length, $ 14.88 (14.6-15.1), 9 14.84 (14.5-15.1); zygomatic breadth, $ 7.56 (7.5-7.7), $ 7.54 (7.5-7.6) ; interorbital breadth, $ 2.94 (2.8-3.2), 9 3.04 (3-3.1) ; breadth of braincase, $ 6.78 (6.7-6.8), 9 6.58 (6.4-6.8) .; breadth of rostrum outside of m^ $ 6.14 (6-6.3), 9 6 (6-6) ; length of palate, <^ 6.76 (6.6-7.1), 9 ^M (6.5-6.8): length of maxillary molar series, $ 4.7 (4.6-4.8), 9 4.7 (4.6-4.8); length of mandible, $ 10.26 (10-10.4), 9 10.34 (10.2- 10.5) ; length of mandibular series, $ 5.44(5.3-5.6), 9 5.44(5.3-5.5). Remarks,—Dr. G. M. Allen discovered the presence of two small spe- cies of Cliilonycteris in Cuba, describing the new one as C. torrei, which is distinguished from 0. macleayii by the presence of two or three minute tooth-like projections on the ear, and lower nose-pad with less prominent protruberances, and slightly smaller size throughout. The Porto Eican subspecies, itvfiaia, has the same assemblage of characters which mark torrei, and consequently the old designation of inflata as a subspecies of iiHicledyii had to be revised. The next name available for the small spe- cies of West Indian Chilonycteris is fuliginosa Gray, 1843, occurring in Haiti. Gray^s type is in the British Museum and Mr. Oldfield Thomas has examined it and pronounced it to be of the torrei style, while four s|)e{umens of Cliilonycteris from Santo Domingo loaned by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, as well as specimens from Haiti in the American Museum, are also similar to torrei in the details of ear and uose structure. Infiata is thus made a subspecies of fuliginosa, and the name of the Porto Rican bat should stand as Chilonycteris fuliginosa infiata (Rehn). Chilonycteris fuliginosa infiata is larger and has a longer calcar than true fuliginosa of Haiti, and also shows the extreme degree of rostral inflation for the entire group of small Antillean Chilonycteris. In addi- tion to the characters mentioned, which separate it from macleayii of €uba, infiata has a broader palate and shorter, broader ear. C. macleayii grisea of Jamaica is a larger- bat than C. f. infiata and may be distin- guished by this character. I secured tliis bat only in the northern part of Porto Eico, in the San Juan district. A specimen taken at Mayaguez (Eehn, 1904. p. 191) is ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO :^5 ill the United States National Museum, and Gundlacli (1878, p. 140) records one which he caught in his honse in Mayaguez. xilthough this species might be taken anywhere throughout the island, the field work done by this expedition inclines me to believe that normally it is re- stricted to a narrow belt along the north coast. In the Cueva de Fari and Cueva de Trujillo Alto large numbers were found, more especially in the latter. This species prefers deep, narrow fissures or holes in the walls and ceiling and does not often cluster in the more open recesses. When disturbed, the inmates pour out in a rapid stream and disappear like shadows into some other part of the cave. The flight is very swift, but, owing to the small size of this bat, may appear to be more rapid than it actually is. When frightened from a resting place, as a rule they leave the spot with very little reluctance and do not hover about or make tentative returns. This species was not found in houses, as MacLeay found the small Chilonycteri^ in Cuba. A very small bat, possibly inflata, was seen at dusk flying over the streets of Lares. No small young were noted with the adults of this species, al- though young of the other species of bats were quite common at this time (July). • Moriiioops blainvillii Leach Text Figs. 5 and 6 See Miller: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 121, 1907, for diagnosis of the genus. 1821. Mormoops hlainvillU Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XIII, p. 77, tab. VII. 1840. L[ohostotna] cmnamomcum Gmidlach, Weigmann's Arch. f. Naturg., VI, Band 1, p. .357. 1878. MormoiiH hlamvillei Gundlach, Anales Soe. Espan. Hist. Nat., VII, |). 140 (part) [Porto Rieo and Cuba]. 1902. Mormoops hlaint'iUii cinnamomea Rehn, Proe, Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadel- phia, I). 165, June 11. 1911. Mormoops hlainvillU einnamomea Q. M. Allen. P»ull. Mns. Conii). YahW., LIT, p. 226, July. 1912. Mormoops hlainvillU cimiamomea Miller, North American liand Mam- mals, p. 34, December 31. 1918. Mormoops hlamvUlU Anthony. Indigenous Land Mammals of IN)rt<> Rieo. p. 346, October 12. 1924. Mormoops blainviUii cinnamomea Miller, North xVmerican Recent Mam- mals, p. 44. Type locality,—Gasetal, San Antonio el Fundador, Cuba. Distribufion.—Cuba, Santo Domingo, Mona Island and Porto lik-o. 26 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Recorded in Porto Rico from Trujillo Alto and from *^^la parte meri- dional de la Isla^^ (Gundlaeh). Specimens collected,—Six: Eive skins and one alcoholic^ Cueva de Trujillo Alto. Fig. 5. Mormoops MainvilUi X 8/3 ; adult cf ; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico General characters,—A small or medium size bat with grotesque head and face and wide interfemoral membrane ; face very short ; muzzle with small pad, but no nose-leaf; upper lip with two small fleshy processes on either side of nostril/ and notch opposite first premolar; lower lip and chin with complex pad of fleshy leaflets, surface papillose; ears large, exceedingly broad, not Joined across forehead, lower margin of ear conch broad and shelf-like; tragus large, complex, with subterminal process; eye small and located in enclosure made by ear, a small wart-like ridge at posterior border of eyelids ; humerus of normal length, strongly bowed, pollex small and weak; femur and tibia long, hind foot small and deli- cate, calcar very long and well developed; tail long, enclosed, except for ANTHONY, MAMAIALS OF PORTO RICO 27 tip, in very broad interfemoral membrane; membranes very thin and delicate, everywhere naked; fur long, lax, and exceedingly soft and silky. Color,—^Two types of coloration are represented. Four skins are as follows : above, uniform Saccardo^s-umber, the hairs distinctly lighter basally; below, about vinaceous buff. The fifth skin, ISFo. 39558, is much darker than the others. Above, Prout^s-brown ; below, between cinnamon- brown and ochraceous-tawny. K / Fig. 6. Mormoops hlainvillii X 4/1 ; adult d" ; TrnjiUo Alto, Porto Rico 8kull.—Sm.Bll and rather delicate; rostrum about as broad as long, with median nasal depression and inflated maxillaries ; braincase globose, tilted to the axis of the rostrum so that frontal region makes an angle of almost 90° with rostrum; sagittal crest faintly indicated; mastoid process not expanded from braincase; zygomatic arches scarcely flaring; jugals nearly parallel ; palate long, narrow, shallowly concave posteriorly ; ptery- ')H HVIENTIFW HURVEY OF PORTO RICO gold processes depressed from palatal plane; glenoid large^ rather flat; bullae large, about equal to cochleaB; mandible long and narrow; hori- zontal ramus long, of good depths ascending ramus broadly curving up- ward; coronoid very low, about midway between the condyle and molar plane; condyle higli above molar crowns; angular processes flaring out- ward ; dentition strong. 2-2 1-1 2-2 3-3 Dentihon,—I, —— ; C, ; Pm, ; M, = 34. 2^2' 'l-l' '3-3 3-3 Upper: Inner incisors strongly in contact, with expanded crowns and looking somewhat as if they had been rotated slightly on the body of the tooth, cutting edge trenchant and bifid ; outer incisors very minute, sub- terete, crowded against inner pair; noticeable diastema between canines and incisors ; canine long, compressed, with keen cutting edges ; first pre- molar very low-crowned, with very sharp median cusp and low posterior concavity; second premolar with highest cusp of molar series; first and second molars subequal, normal in detail, with W-shaped crown pattern, as in Chilonycteris ; third molar reduced, lacking a cusp and a commis- sure of the W. Lower : Incisors equal, small, cutting edges trificl, forming a close row, slightly convex between canines; canine simple, sharp; three premolars subequal, second smaller than first or third, with single trenchant cusps ; three molars similar in detail, of nearly equal size, with normal cusps well developed. Measurements.—Average of o adult females: Total length, 83.8 mm. (80-86) ; tail vertebrae, 29 (28-30) ; hind foot, 10.5 (10-11) ; forearm, 16.7 (46-48). Skull.—Average of 5 skulls: Greatest length, 14.1 (13.8-14.4) ; zygo- matic breadth, 8.55 (8.5-8.6) ; interorbital breadth, 4.4 (4.3-4.5) ; breadth of braincase, 7.38 (7.3-7.6); length of palate, 8.4 (8.1-8.8); length of maxillary molar series, 6.2 (6-6.4) ; length of mandible, 12.06 (11.9-12.2) ; length of mandibular molar series, 7.36 (7.2-7.5). EemMrl's.—Mormoops hlainvUUi apparently remains unchanged over rather an extensive range, since specimens from Jamaica, Haiti, Cuba, Mona Island and Porto Pico are indistinguishable from one another. The question is complicated by the extreme variability in color shown by all the species of this genus, but the skull characters identify the Porto Pican specimens with the Cuban series. From M, b, hlainviUii of Ja- maica, M. h. einnaiKomea has been differentiated by Relm (1902, pp. 165-166). the reviser of the genus, on tlie character of tlie first upper pre- molar, "greatly expanded posteriorly." I have examined the same speci- AXTHOyy, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO -^0 mens which Rehii had, with the advantage of additional specimens (the total number of West Indian Mormoops, 31, as follows: Jamaica, 15 skins and alcoholics with 12 skulls; Cuba^ 4 skins and alcoholics witli 4 sknlls; Haiti, 1 alcoholic with 1 skull; Mona Island, 5 alcoholics with 5 skulls; Porto Rico, 6 skins and alcoholics with 5 skulls), and find that I am unable to distinguish more than one form in the lot. The shape of the first upper premolar varies somewhat wdth the individual and I can see nothing to indicate subspecific separation for the Porto Rican animal. The degree of rostral inflation varies as well. None of the Porto Rican animals show the intense ochraceous colora- tion attained occasionally by this species elsewdiere, but doubtless this is a condition due to the small size of the series, and niore extended collect- ing w^ould secure the bright individuals. Mormoops appears to be a rare bat in Porto Rico, as it was seen in but one cave, Cueva de Trujillo Alto, and then oidy in very small numbers. One was secured July 7 after several shots had been fired into a chaml)ei' teeming wdth Monophyllus, and on later visits, July 14 and 20. a very few were found to be hanging in crevices in a small, elevated chamber, to which it was rather difficult to ascend from the main floor of the (^ave. TTere it was consorting wdth the smaller CMlomjcteris and Monophylhm, being found mingled with masses of these two genera. When in fliglit, which was generally only after all the other bats liad departed, this sj)e- cies would aliglit on the first favorable spot, seemingly heedless of the light and confusion or else bewildered by such strange liappenings, wliere it could be struck with a bit of brush. It is easily the most grotesqu(3 in appearance of any of the bats on Porto Rico, because of its very ])eculiar ears and complexly ornamented lower lip. With the fossil remains of Nesophonies, SteModerma, PJiyllonycferis aiul other bats were found three skulls and two mandibles of Mormoops'. The fossil skulls differ to no appreciable extent from recent skulls of Mormoops. Subfamily GLOSSOPHAGINAE 8ee Miller: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 136, 1907, for diagnosis of snbfamily; p. 139 for diagnosis of genus. Monophyllus portoricensfs Miller Text Fig. 7 IIMK). AtonophylUiH pnrtoricenHU Miller, I*roe. Wasliiiigtoii Acad. Sci.. H. p. -M. March 30. 1911. Mimovhyllus portovkensiH G. M. Allen. l'»ull. Miis. Coiiip. Zool.. T.n'. p. 231, July. 30 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF FORTO RICO 1912. Monophyllus portoricensis Miller, North American Land Mammals, ]>. 40, December 31. 1918. Monophyllus portoricensis Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto Rico, p. 348, October 12. 1924. Monophyllus portoricensis Miller, North American Recent Mammals, p. 51. Fig. 7. Monophi/llus portoricensis X 3/1 ; adult cf ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico Type locality.—Cave near Bayamon, Porto Eico. Distribution.—Known only from the Island of Porto Eico. Eecorded from Bayamon, Cueva de Pari (near San Jnan), Cneva de Trnjillo Alto and Cayey (IT. S. Biol. Survey). Specimens collected.—125: Cueva de Pari^ Pueblo Viejo, 3 skins; Cueva de Trujillo Alto, 122 (15 skins). General characters.—Size small; nose and ears simple; tail very short, nose-leaf low, pointed; ears of medium height, about as broad as high, rounded at tip; tragus simple, straight; chin with median cleft; tail about 7 mm. long, free at tip ; interfemoral membrane very narrow and ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO ;] | attached to a greatly reduced calcar; feet small; liumeriis haired on proximal third above and below^ no hair on membranes elsewhere; hair everywhere soft and of moderate length. Color.—Adnlts : Above, bone-brown, rather lighter on sides of neck ; liair everywhere above practically nnicolor except for minute grayish tip- ping of some hairs which suggests a frosted appearance; below, hairs bister at base, vinaceous buff at tips; membranes brownish black, ears hair-brown. Young: Everywhere darker than adults; color above, blackish brown; below, deep mouse-gray. SJiull.—Long, slender and delicately constructed; rostrum very long, slender and tubular; braincase large, rounded and smooth, not rising abruptly from plane of rostrum; zygomatic arches complete, but very light ; bulla? of moderate size, but smaller than cochleae ; dentition very w^eak; palate long and narrow; basisphenoid pits distinct; mandible long, slender and nearly straight ; coronoid low ; condyle in plane of coronoid ; angular process slightly deflected outward. 2-2 1-1 2-2 3-3 Dentition.—I, ; C, ; Pm, ; M, = 34. 2 2' 1-1 ' 3-3 ^ 3-3 Upper : Incisors about equal in size, very small, simple, outer pair in- clined toward but not in contact with inner pair: diastema between incisors and canines; canine sharp and dagger-like, with internal anterior and posterior cutting edges and a poorly developed cingulum; first pre- molar with high, sharp, median cusp, the entire crown being sharp and narrow; second premolar like first, but rather larger; first two molars with sharp-cusped W-shaped crowns and extensive internal basins; last molar smaller and lacking the complete W. Lower : Incisors often lacking in adult, but when present are very minute, simple, peg-like, not in contact with one another or with canine, crowns very low; canine sharp and with posterior cingulum; premolars like those of upper series, but the first one lacking the well-developed median cone; molars similar to npper molars, but very narrow and long, with a reduced external basin. Measurements.—Average of 18 specimens from Cueva de Fari and Cueva de Trujillo Alto: Total length, 66.8 mm. (63-71) ; tail vertebrae 8.<S (7-10) : hind foot, 11.4 (11-12) ; forearm, 36.7 (36-38). Skull.—Average of 5 adult skulls: Total length, 19.8 (19.4-20.3); zygomatic width, 8.5 (8.3-8.7); interorbital width, 3.86 (3.8-3.9); breadth of ])raincase, 8.32 (8.2-8.4); length of palate, 9.4 (9.3-9.5): lengtb of molar series, 5.6 (5.6-5.6) ; length of mandible, 12.36 (12.1 - 12.8) : length of mandibular molar series, 6.38 (6.2-6.8). 42 >iriESTIFiC >iVUVKr OF rORTO RICO Reinarks.—The genus Monophyllus is known only from the West In- dies, where it occurs as different species on several islands. The genns is well characterized, and Monophyllus portoricensis is not liable to be (confused with any other Porto Rican bat. M. portoricensis differs from the species of Monophylliis on neighboring islands by its smaller size, having a forearm less than 40 mm. The Monophyllus of Jamaica has a larger skull than that of tlie Porto liican species, while the rostrum is proportionally much shorter and more tubular. M. cuhanns of Cuba is (|uite similar to Jf. portoricensis, but tlie latter may be distinguished by a smaller skull, shorter rostrum and more rounded braincase. This small bat was encountered in great numbers in the Cueva de Tru- jillo Alto, where it (mtnumbered all of the other bats. Here it was clus- tered in masses, hanging in deep crevices, or '^chimneys,^' in the ceiling of the cave, ami generally appeared to be segregated by sexes. Thus, out of 83 specimens collected on July T4, 80 were males. This species ap- ])eared to be rather loth to leave a locality, and even when disturbed flies about in fluttering circles several moments before leaving the spot for good. iVfter several shots had been fired the bats would move on into an adjacent chamber. Some individuals which were knocked down into the stream that flowed throngh the -cave lost little time swimming to the cAg^} and crawling (nit. Others, which had been knocked down by means of a bandfnl of slender branches and were not very seriously injured, crawled down into a deep fissure between the earth and the rocky wall of the cave and behav(Hl very mnch like so many mice. When this species w^as flying about in a wild and distnrbed condition, I often noted a metallic buzzing sound that seemed to be made by Monophyllus, and yet it was unlike any noise that I had hitherto heard made by bats. It was more suggestive of the droning flight of a huge beetle, and possibly may have ])een made by individuals with shot-pierced wings. 1'lie flight of this bat is strong, but not particularly erratic or angular. Monophyllus was found only sparingly in the Cueva de Fari near Bayamon. These two localities, Cue\'a de Fari and Cueva de Trujillo Alto, were the only ])laces where Monophyllus was taken l)y this expedi- tion, but an additional record from tlie United States Biological Survey gives Cayey as a third locality. Tliis species was found as a fossil in the Cueva Catedral. A siugle fragmentary skull agrees well with skulls of the present-day animal. The fossil Monophyllus was found associated with Monophyllus frater. FhyJ- lonycierk major and other species now extinct. a:stmo:^y, mammals of porto rtgo 33 Monophylliis frater Anthony Text Fig. 8 1917. Monophyllus frater Anthony, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVII, p. 565, September 7. 1918. Monophyllus frater Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto Rico, p. 349, October 12. 1924. Monophyllus frater Miller, North American Recent Mammals, p. 51. B C Fig. S.—MonopJii/Uus frater X 2/1 ; type ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico Type locality.—Cave near Morovis, Porto Eico. The type is a broken sknll with complete rostrum and palate, but with most of the braincase missing; the only teeth present are the last premolar and the three molars of the left side. Topotypes snpply a few details indeterminable from the t3^pe. Distribution.—-Known only from the Island of Porto Eico. Bpecimens collected.—Five fragmentary sknlls, only one of which, the type, shows any great assemblage of characters, but all are unmistakably of the same species. They were collected in the Cueva Catedral, near Morovis. :m- SaiENTlFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO General characters,— Ver}' similar to Monophyllus porloricoisis, but dceidedly larger. Skull.—Karrow and elongate; rostrum very long^ tubular, with shallow nasal depression in region of terminal suture, external nares snbelliptieal, opening decidedly upwards; interorbital constriction scarcely noticeable; brainease incompletely kuown, but of rounded type; zygomatic arcli doubtless complete; palate long, narrow, shallowly concave posteriorly, incisive foramina large; jnterpter\goid uotch about nridway between last molars and tips of pterygoid processes; dentition normal for the genus. Maud ible u nknown . Dentition.—Only upper dentition known from specimens, lower deuti- tioii assuiued to be normal and so indicated in followius' fornrula: I, 2-2 (\ 1-1 Pm, 2-2 M, = 34. l^lie first tooth of the series ])resent is the second premolar, but the alveoli of the incisors, canine and first premolar indicate a strictly nor- mal Monophyllus dentition, (hisp of second ])reuiolar, the highest of the molar series, triangular in outline, with trenchant edges and conspicuous anterior and posterior accessory cusp on (Unguium ; molars with flattened out and widened W-pattern, the cusps well de\elo])ed, the (X)mmissures low : third molar with W incomplete, lacking the posterior stroke : out- lim^ of posterior border of fw^^i two molars with distiiu't indentation. }f((i>iur(ni( n ts of M(m(>ph)illus< Inter- Breadth of orbital i rostrum breadth i at m'-' Leiipjth of palate Breadth of palate inside m^ Alveolar length of maxillary molar series 4 6 4.S 4 3.S 12 11 12 i 3.6 1 3.8 1 7.1 6.S 4,5 9.3 2.<) ).3 MonophvU>(i< frater 40941*..* 40944 40945 Monophyllus por- ioricenMH 39431 ___ i i • _^^_ _ i * Ty}M\ Rernwrks.—This large species of Monophyllus, while not found living today, was apparently con tern poraiu'ous witli the smaller M, porforieensi>^ at the time that the cave deposits were laid down. A typical skull of the smaller portoricensis found in the same deposit with the skull of frater would indicate that the two forms were living as distinct species. Had ANTHONY, ^rAMMALS OF POBTO RICO f)-) this material not been discovered associated, the natural assumption to iiiake would account for portoricensis as a descendant of frater. The relationship of frater and portoricensis is quite close, however, and the differences appear to be in size rather than in detail. The two may be distinguished most readily by the greater length and breadth of rostrum and palate and by the much heavier dentition of frater, M. frater appears to be the largest species of the genus MonophyUus, It is larger than M. luciae^ from the Island of St. Lucia, Lesser Antilles, luiving a longer rostrum and noticeably longer tooth-row. It is quite possible that frater may yet be found living, and only a longer period of careful and extensive collecting can definitely prove this jtoint. Subfamily STE^ODBRMINAE See Milled" : The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 149, 1907, for diagnosis of the subfamily; p. 152 for diagnosis of the genus Brachyphj/Ua. Brachyphylla caveriiarum Gray Text Mg. 9 ls']4. Brachf/phylla ('avernarum Gray, Froe. Zool. Soc. TiOTidou, f<ir 188o, No. XI, pp. 122-123, March 12. liJll. BrachyphyUa cavernarum G. M. Allen, Bull. Miis. Comp. Zool., LTV, p. 233, July. U>12. BrachyphyUa cavernarum Miller, North American Land Mammals, p. 43. December 31. nns. BrachyphyUa cavernarum Anthony, Indigenous Tiand Mammals of Porto Rico, p. 350, October 12. 1*)24, BrachyphyUa cavernarum Miller, North American Iteccnt Mammals. p. 54. Type locality,—Island of St. \Mncent, West Indies. tHstrlhution.—Islands of St. Yincent, St. Lueia. Dominica, Moniser- ri\t, Antigua, Barbuda, Porto Bico, Cuba, Isle of Pines, and doubtless "ther islands not yet closely investigated. Pecorded in Porto Pico from l^leblo Viejo, Trujillo Alto, Cayey, Corozal and Coinerio (IT. S. Biol. Purvey). Specimens collected.—19: Pueblo A'iejo, Cneva de Fan, 18 ((S skins) ; ^'ueva de Trujillo Alto, 10 (3 skins) : Cayey, 1; Corozal, 20. (reneral characters.—A large, heavy-bodied bat with rudimentary nose- '^'i\f, no external tail, and pale in color. Head large and rounded; pad ' Through the kindness of Mr. Clorrit 8. MiUer, Jr., tlie author has been a])le to borrow specimens of MonophyUus Inciae, cUneilaphus and pleUiodon from the collection of the ' nited States National Museum, and has thus, with the material in the American Mu- "••'un, examined aU the known specimens of the genus. 36 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO on muzzle, and nose-leaf represented by a low transverse ridge, faintly emarginate at middle and lacking any upright process ; ears of moderate size, not reaching to tip of nose when laid forward, tips somewhat rounded; tragus tall, broad, with two wide notches on posterior border; humerus long, heavy, noticeably bowed; pollex long and strong; tibia and Fig. 9. Brachyphylla cavernarum X 2/1 ; adult ? ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico foot of normal length, calcar present but very small ; no visible external tail; interfemoral membrane narrow; membranes very thick, heavily wrinkled between humerus and tibia; no hair on membranes except scat- tered hairs on interfemoral membrane ; pelage of moderate length, with slight tendency to be woolly. Color.—Adults : Above, tips of hairs warm sepia, greater length of the ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 37 luiir ivory yellow, the exact tone varying with the individual; patches on neck, shoulders at base of ears^ and along sides having a much lighter ;ippearance than rest of upper parts because many of the hairs lack the tlark tips; underparts wood-brown, the hairs unicolor to the base except i .11 throat, w^here they are slightly paler at the base ; membranes blackish Ijrown. Immature : Animals as large as the adults, but not yet in adult pelage, are colored as follows : above, hairs tipped with deep mouse-gray, on the rump and flanks the hairs practically unicolor to base, a patch along- Hither side of neck to shoulders white to gray basally ; below, mouse-gray. Considerable variation in the amount of dark tipping to the hairs is shown. Shidl.—Large and strongly constructed; rostrum slightly longer than hroad, flattened across nasal suture, but not excessively so, nasals slightly elevated above plane of upper border of maxillar}^, external nares opening upward and outward; interorbital constriction slight; braincase long, well rounded, greatest breadth posteriorly, well-developed sagittal crest, iiiastoid process very poorly developed; zygomatic arches wide-spread, evenly flaring; palate long, U-shaped, shallowly concave, interpterygoid notch not reaching plane of zj^gomatic root of maxillary; basisphenoid pits shallow, widely separate; bullae large and completely covering coch- !<»;e; mandible strong and heavy; horizontal ramus deep, slightly conca^e along lower border; ascending ramus broadly expanded; coronoid very wide, much higher than condyle, subfalcate; condyle slightly above phme o[' molar crowns; angular process very broad, posterior border a wide **urve ending above in an abrupt shoulder, deflected but slightly; denti- tion heavy. 2-2 1-1 2-2 3-3 Dentition.—I, ; C, ; Pm, : M, =32. 2 ^ 1-1 2-2 3-3 Upper: Inner incisors large, in contact at midpoint of tooth, cutting <*dge a high triangle, posterior cingulum present; outer incisors minute, in contact with crowns of inner pair, but not extending above their cin- uula, peg-like in shape with slightly expanded crowns; canine large and heavy, with antero-internal cutting edge, prominent posterior accessory 'US]), well-developed internal cingulum bearing two low cusps; first pre- molar small, with crown almost same in cross-section as body of tooth, • utting edge bilobed, crowded between canine and second premolar : sec- '»nd premolar with very high cusp on cutting edge, the highest cusp in molar series, with narrow internal cingulum and low cusp; first and ^'Hiond molars similar, second slightly the larger, crowms wider than long, ;>^ SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO oTeatest breadth externally, external cutting edge with two trenchant cusps; protoconule and metaconnle present but small, internal cusp or protocone of good size, crushing surface concave with a few coarse wrinkles; third molars less than half size of first, with concave crushing surface and two external and two internal cusps, all low. Lower: Incisors equal, crowded against canines and one another to form a slightly convex row, crowns flattened, and borders slightly roimded ; canines strong and sharp, with well-marked posterior heel; first premolar smaller than second, more than half as high, with triangular, trenchant cusp and internal cingulum ; second premolar with cusp much the highest of the molar row and even approximating the canine; first and second molars with broad, flattened crowns, with low cusps and wrinkled surfaces ; third molar nearly as large as first, with crown similar in appearance but with rather high metaconid. Measuremenis.~ANiird.ge of 11 adult specimens, 2 males, 9 females : Total length, 107.3 mm. (100-118); hind foot, 22 (21-23); forearm, 64.5 (63^66.4). Skull.—Average of 10 adidt skulls, 3 males, 7 females: Greatest length, 31.5 (30.1-32.3) ; zygomatic breadth, 17.13 (16.3-17.8) ; inter- orbital breadth, 6.38 (6-6.8) ; breadth of braincase, 12.53 (11.8-12.9) : length of palate, 12.86 (12.3-14) ; breadth of palate outside m^ 11.48 (11.2-11.9) ; length of maxillary molar series, 8.73 (8.6-9) ; length of mandible, 20.73 (20.2-21.4) ; length of mandibular molar series, 10 (9.8-10.2). Bemarl'S.—'l^hi^ large, robust-bodied bat may be easily identified m the field by its peculiar light coloration, narrow interfemoral membrane, its muzzle with the low transverse ridge and no upright leaf or process, and lack of a tail. I^ext to NoctUio leporimis mastivus, it is the largest of the Porto Eican bats, although it is closely approached in size by Artiheu^ jamaicemis. From Ariiheus, BrachypliyUa may be told by the lack of a nose-leaf and the much paler coloration. BrachypliyUa cavermimm ranges over a rather extensive area without any apparent differentiation. Specimens from Porto Eico agree quite well with specimens from St. Yincent, the type locality, as well as with specimens from other West Indian islands. Doubtless Brachypliylla ranges throughout most of Porto Eico, but it was found only along the north coast and the northwestern parts of the island. Usually it was found in large numbers if the cave was of any size. It appeared to be truly a cave-dwelling bat and was not found in any other situation. It is often found associated with Artiheus, since the two are very simi- lar in their habits. Both genera frequently use well-lighted caves and AXTHOXY, MAMMALIA OF l^ORTO RICO ;>() ('ve]i in exteosivo eaves are found quite elose to the entranee. Bracliii- plitfUa is deeidedly qnarrelsoiiie in disposition, and bats which are at rest show tlieir jietulant nature when a new-comer attempts to crowd in^ greeting the intruder with angry squeaks. The call-note is a strident, rasping squeak. Because of the aggressive disposition of this species, ]]\e speinmens must be Jiandled with care, for it is always ready to bite and capabhi of quite a severe nip. Xni'sing females were collected on July 5, but no small yonng were noted. Dr. Becpiaert has identified as PterelUpsis aranea Coq. parasites which Mere taken from the fnr of this bat. Considerable fossil nniterial of this species was collected in the Cueva CatedraJ. A caretnl comparison of some 2d sknlls thus found with those of recent ravenianim sliot on the island show no differences worthy of niention, and extensive measnrements demonstrate the two series to be practically identical in detail. Steuoderma rufiis Okeii Text Fig. 10 Se(^ ]\Jiller : 11u; Families and Genera of Bats, p. 105, 1907, for diagnosis of genus. IHV\/^ Hivnodrnnu rufum Geoffroy, Deser. de rK.u:yi)t(\ H, p. 114. 181 (>. ^^t\('nofli'rvui] rufuH Oken, T.ehrbuch <ler Xatnrgeseh., pt. *>. 11, p. 1)22. 1870. ^tvnotlerma rufum Pt^ters, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wisseiisch. Berlin, p. 430, I'l. 1, Fi^^s. 1-6. mil. Htvnoderma [rufum] G. M. AJlen, Bull. Mus. Corap. Zool.. LTV, p. 238. July. 1J)18. ^teiiodcrma rufum Aiitliojiy, Tiidijjjeiious Land Mammals of Porto Rico, p. 352, October 12. 11)24. ^fvnoderma ruftis Miller, Nortli American Recent Mamiiuils. p. 01. '^f/pc locality.—Unknown . Dislribntion.—Unknown, liccorded from Porto Kico, from tlu^ Cueva Catedral, as fossil. Specimens collected.—25 good-sized specimens of skidls, some nearly ('omplete, 10 mandibles and smaller fragments too small to list in detail. General characters.—"I^ez simple. Oreilles petites, laterales et isolees, (U'eillon interieur. Membrane interfemorale rudimentaire, bordant les jainbes. Queue nulle.'^ (From description of Geoffroy.) Skull.—Short and broad in general proportions; rostrum very broad, sliortened; nasal region deeply depressed and bordered laterally by high •^npraorbital ridges coming off from the bifnrcation of the sagittal crest^ 40 SCIENTIFIC PURVEY OF PORTO RICO Fig. 10.^ Stenoderma rufus. Skull figures X 3/1 ; dentition X 14/3 ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico A—crown view of maxillary tooth-row ; B—crown view of mandibular tooth-row. ANTHOXY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO [\ external iiares opening almost entirely upward, subeireiilar in outline: zvg'omatic arches lieaA^y, widely flaring; brainease liigli and inflated, but cornpressed laterally rather than evenly rounded, low sagittal crest pres- ent, mastoid process poorly developed ; palate very hroadly horseshoe- shaped with deep posterior emargination reaching nearly to plane of first molar, large incisixe foramina well separated from roots of incisors and from each other; pterygoid process short, low, triangular, int^^rpterygoid fossa U-shaped, very long; glenoid well developed^ post-gienoid process \ery heavy; basisphenoid pits large and prominent; bullae not ])resent in Porto Rican material, figured l)y Peters {I. c.) as of good size; mandible wide and lieavy; horizontal ramus very deep, rather short, ascending rajnus wide with very high coronoid, low, wide condyle slightly e[(^vated ahoxe molar plaJie and. angidar ])rocesses scarcndy deflcH'ted. 2-2 1-1 2-2 :;-;] I)entition.--I., : C, ; Pnu ; M, =^2. 2 2 1-1 2-2 '3-:^ Incisors above and below missing in Porto Rican skulls and descrip- tions of these teeth taken from Peters' figures; all other teeth described from actual specimens. Upper: Inner incisors very much larger than outer pair, with slender crowns; outer incisors about half as high as inner, with well-developed eingulum and low accessory cusp; all incisors in contact with each other and with canines; canine not very well developed, with good eingulum and very low internal accessory cusp ; greatest transverse extent of canine almost at right angles to main axis of skull; entire molar tooth-row very much crowded, the teeth tightly pressed against each other; first pre- molar nearly as high as canine, which it roughly resembles^ with a single trenchant cusp rising high on external border of tooth ; second premolar fully as high or slightly higher than canine, with tall, subtriangular main cusp, lower posterior accessory cusp on external cutting edge and with concave internal basin; first molar with main cusp as high as that of second premolar, protocone well developed, hypocone present but small, metaconule as a low, rounded cusp, paracone the main cusp, very high, with trenchant edges, metacone similar but rather lower, with faintly bilo])ed edge, internal crushing basin concave; second molar slightly smaller than first, similar in general pattern but with metacone much lower and with an internal eingulum across entire flank of paracone, outline of crown subtriangular; third molar minute, closely appressed to s(H^ond molar, crown flattened, subelliptical in outline, with two low 'Hsps, probably protocone and paracone. ^('/EXTIFJC ^URVJJY OF I'Oh'TO UJCO Leugt h of man- dibular molar series -1—t— * * (JO (JO to CO • CDCOCOCD 1 1 1 ! i Greatest length of mandible * »iO -XJ 05 • CO 13. 12. 5 13.3 Length of maxil- lary molar series 3«- * * iC Ut <>! -sDX - Breadth of palate inside m' O C; 'X^ r^ X) I-- iC ^ -i^ »0 rt^ tH 1 Length of palate from anterior border post- palatal notch to posterior border of in- cisive alveoli CD ?£> X OC GC Oi CO CO CO CO CO CO Breadth of rostrum at m' 10.3 10.3 10 10.5 10. 10. Breadth of brain- case CO ^ X 6 Inter- orbital breadth COcCrJ- lO lO iC CO 00 to >o —-— Zygo- matic br(>adth t,^ X C^J X CO X' iC iC UO lO tc iC Length from anterior border fora- men magnum to tip of premaxilla? : Greatest length exclusive of incisors r-4 CO • 05 i i III ig Os i 1 c 5 IT i a ) c 4 ir s O > C > > o r: ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO HI (JO \:\ Lower: Incisors small, equal, forniing convex row between (canines: canine scarcely larger than premolars, with internal and external cutting edges and anterior face of tooth peculiarly flattened, a decided notch at external base of crown Adhere it meets a poorly developed cingolum ; pre- molars with very flat external aspects; first premolar with high trian- gular crown having very trenchant edges and an interjial cingulum ; second premolar larger than first, with a high, sharp cusp on the anterior border of the crown which is overlapped externally l)y the posterior border of the first premolar; first molar largest of series with main cus]). protoconid, as high as main cusp of premolars, metaconid and hypoconid present as much lower cusps upon a flattened posterior l)asin, and witli antero-internal cingulum; second molar with mucli lower crown, the j)rotoconid, metaconid and entoconid as low but distinct cusps, the hypo- conid scarcely discernible, a well-developed external cingulum; last molar very small, with low, flattened crown showing protoconid and metaconid with a posterior internal cusp, possibly the entoconid. Remarhs,—Stenoderma ruftis for over a century stood as a name oidy. Tlie habitat of the species was unknown, although it was slirewdly sur- mised by J)r. G. M. x^Lllen (1911, p. 238) that the homeland of the spe- cies was in the West Indies, and this conjecture accorded with the ideas of most workers on American Chiroptera. The animal was described by Etienne St. Hilaire Geofl'roy in a work on Egypt dated 1813 (see Lyon, 1914, p. 217), but the type locality was not given. The natural assump- tion would be that the bat was African, but later workers felt that its XcAv A¥orld origin was not to be doubted. For over fifty years nothing was added to the description of Geotfroy, and it stood as an animal of unknown habitat and poorly understood characters until Peters, in 1869, \ isited the Paris Museum and examined the type. He found the type represented by a damaged skin from which the skull liad been removed nud lost. Peters was deceived by the faulty figure of GcoflProy, and as a result lie made Stenoderma out to be Vampyrops (Peters, 1869, p. 399). Later on Peters had occasion to examine the type of Ariiheus undaiuni t^ervais in the anatomical collection of the Paris Museum (Peters, 1870. |>. 132). The similarity between the skull of undaium (the type of tfndalum was a skull, the skin of wdiich was supposcn] to be lost) and the skull figured by Geoffroy at once impressed Peters, who came tx) the con- 'lusion that the skull of undaium was the long-lost skull of Stenoderma f'lffm. This interpretation w^as evidently accepted by Dobson (1878, p. •>*<^9), who wrote that the type of Stenoderma rufu.s was represented by a >kin, in bad condition, and a skull in the Paris Museum. The work of l*eters is important because lie was able to demonstrate the existence of 41: SiJrpjNTIFlC PURVEY OF PORTO RWO such an animal as Stenoderma rufus and to define its well-marked char- acters^ thus putting to an end a condition which had allowed Stenoderma rufus to be confused with Molosms rufus and Desmodus rufus. Finally, in 1916^ Stenoderma rufus was discovered as a fossil and the habitat^ in part, at least, of this species was disclosed. Some of the ob- scurity of the previous 100 years was dispelled, but there still remains this interesting condition. In Porto Rico this bat is known only as a fossil, whereas Geoffroy had an animal in the flesh. The fossil material of this bat was found associated with Nesophontes, Phyllonycteris major and Monophyllus frater, all known only as fossils, and with skulls of BracliypliyUa eavernarum and other bats still living today. Geoffroy^s type may very well have come from Porto Rico; on the other hand, Stenodei-ma may be extinct on Porto Rico and survive on some of the adJ a cent islands . The relationships of Stenoderma rufus are well expressed by Miller's (1907, p. 165) treatment of the Stenoderminae. The affinities of the genus are with Ardops of the Lesser Antilles, Phyllops of Cuba and Santo Domingo, and more remotely with Ariteus of Jamaica. Great divei^sity of development in tlie subfamily has taken place in the West Tndi(»s, specialization having run along different lines in separated locali- ties. Stenoderma, in the eliaracter of its deeply excavated rostrum, is widely different from its most closely related neighbors, and in addition it possesses a well-develoiK^d metaconide in m^ and m^ which the other geniM'a of the subfamily lack. Artibi»iis jainaiceiiHis janiaieensis Leach T(^xt Fijx. 11 See Miller: The Families aiul Genera of Bats, ]\ 1(10, 1907, for diagnosis of the genus. 1821. Artiheus jamaicen.'^iM I.eacii, Trans. Linn. Soc, XIII, p. 75. 1878. ArfilK'HH pcrHpieillafuH (iioidlach, Anales Soe. Espan. Hist. Nat., VII, p. i:]0. 1008. ArtUteuH JamaicvHsiH jamniicuHis AnderstMi. I*r()c. Zool. Soe. Lon<l()n. ]). 2(>5. 1011. A7'tibeus jnmnicentiis <J. M. Allen. Bull. Mus. Cornp. ZooL, LIV, p. 2o4. July. 1012. ArtibeuM jamaiccmh^ jamaicrnsis Miller, North American Land Mam- mals, p. 46. December 31. 1018. Artiheus jamaicensis jamfiicensis AntJbonif, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto Rico, p. 354. October 12. 1024. Artibcus jammeerms jamaieensis Miller, North American Recent Mam- mals, p. 58. AX'j'Mnyy, jiammal^^ of t'oRTO man ^ir, I'fljie loi'Ality.—Jaiuaiea. D'lsirihutum?—-'''C-enlral Aiiteiiea -,\m\ .SoutluTii j\lcx!i;o, in far iwrth ;is 3lorelo8, and exeliisi?e of Yiieatao ; St. Aiiilrews iiii<i Olil Fi*ovideiie(> IslaiJtls; Jam,aica, Porto Tlieo, Saiito T)«>min.u-o, jrnd Lcsaer Antilles sh rnrertstasSt. Kitt«/' 1,»(.<;(.r.i..<l ill :Poiio IJi^i. frt.iii ('HTey, run.zal, F.iirc^, Mf.mvi^ m\ r...izn, Fiicbht Vicjo, ()ii<4)r«<1i11iis. Baji rn>riiirtii, Trujilk. Alio, IJtnadu : -Igiiiis ['.iifiiaK. CoiJMTiu, ntiii. ("a„talina, T.ni Alta (last four rt'i-ords of V. S. Biol. Syrvtiv). >'/..'c/w^t«.s (;oJ/f>r-/7fr/.^^^^47 : Cawy, 1: iuroznl, 5; LiiivK, 8; Old Loizn. U) HVIENTIFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO 1; Pueblo \l(>jo (Ciieva de Fari), 1; San Grerman, 14 (12 skius): IJtiiado, 17 skins. ireneral rharacters.—A large bat with robiist body, narrow intej'-. feJMoral inend)Tane and eonspicuons nose-leaf. Head rather large: nmz- zl(» witli large prominent lanceolate nose-leaf, arising from an enlarged nasal |)ad ; u])j)er and lower lips normal, well haired; ears short, separate. ^\hen laid forward lacking considerable of reaching tip of muzzle, tips rounded, ])osterior border passing into the basal conch by an abrupt shoulder; tragus large, wide, notched basally, thickened internally, sluir|) externally; body tliick set; humerus proportionally short and heavy. furrcMl throughout liasal half; tibia and hind foot short, calcar present" but very short; tail vestigial and not externally visible; interfemoral iu(Mnl)raue narrow : membranes heavy and tough. Color.—A<iults: Above, nearly uniform, varying with the individual from warm se|)ia to light seal-brown, but with color of basal portion of pelage, ranging froT]i light but? to pale smoke-gray, showing tlirough on neck ami shoulders to give those parts a lighter time; below, uniform in (M>l(U'atiou witb up|)er parts, but hairs unicolor to the base exce])t for limited area on undei- side of neck, where the hairs are huffy or gra>' basally, as al)o\e : facial strif)es absent in most cases, but appearijig faintly iu souie specinu^ns, of same color as bases of the hairs on the upper side of the neck, tlu' stripes running from the nose-leaf over the eye to the auterior i)order of the ear: membranes blackish brown; ])elage rather thick, of medium length and very soft. Young: Dark numse-gray a^)o^t* and })elow, the hairs of the upper neck and shoulders lighter basally. Sku/L—Size larg(^, stnmgly built: rostrum very broad and flat acros^^ nasals, external nares opening outward and upward; braincase pro- gressively expanded posteriorly, dorsal outline strongly curved downward from parietals, sagittal crest well developed; mastoid ])rocess poorly de- veloped: zygomatic arcbes strong, wide-spread, jugals nearly parallel to one another: })alate broad, horsesboe-sbaped ; interpterygoid fossa IJ- shape(l, reacbing about luilf tbe distance from ti|)s of pterygoid processes to plane of last molars: basisphenoid pits well develoj)ed; bulla» slightly smaller tbau cocbbw, combin(Ml auditory niechaiusm rather suiall; man- dil)le strong and beavy, horizontal ramus straight and thick; ascending ramus broad, its \entral border in same plane with horizontal ramus; coronoid wide, triangular, mucb higher than condyle; angular ])rocess sbort, wide, round(»d ; dentition above and below heavy. 2-% 1-1 2-2 2--2 2-2 M 2 2 :\ ?, ANTHONY, }fAMMALS OF PORTO RICO i; Upper: liieisors small, inner about twice size of outer pair, sli^uiitly separated from each other and from canines^ inner })air with crowns slightly expanded laterally, cutting edge bilobed, outer pair with cuttimi' edge oblique, entire; canine straight, simple, with internal cingidum : fh'st premolar rather small^ ^vitll sharp, anterior cusp, chisel-like (uitting edge and ])oorly developed style ; second premolar about twice as largt; a- first, its main cusp the highest in the molar tooth-row, with broad, flat internal heel and low internal cusp; first molar with crown about twice as wide as long, with external cusps, paracone and metacone, and two low internal cusps, protocone and hypocone, the crown sloping abruptly (loAvnward from the external cutting edge to form a broad, internal basin, surface of crown covered witli fine wrinkles; last molar slightly more than half as large as first, subelliptieal in shape, with broad, wrinkled, crushing surface and postero-external cutting edge. Tiower: Incisors small, peg-like, with flattened crowns, cutting edges \'ery faintly bifid, teeth crowded into intercaniiu^ space ; canine simple : first premolar about half as high as second, with triangular, trenchant (Misp : second premolar with one very high cusp and resembling consid- erably the caniiU3 ; first molar large, about twdce as long as wide, nar- rowed anteriorly, crown low ^ith finely wrinkled surface; second molar sid)rectangular, much smaller than the first, with trenchant internal border bearing three low cus|)s; third molar minute, peg-like, closely crowded against second molar. Measurcnipuh.—Average of 2 1 adults, both sexes: Total length, lOT.'^ nun. (100-115) ; hind foot, 17.5 (17-19) ; forearm. 58.88 (56-01.9). Skull.—Average of 5 males and 5 females, adults: Greatest length. •^8.47 (27.8-29); zygomatic breadth, 17.02 (16.5-17.7) ; interorbital breadth, 7.16 (6.7-7.1) ; breadth of braincase, 12.46 (12.2-1:5) ; length i.r palate, 12.65 (12.4-12.9): breadth of palate outside m\ 12.:]6 ( 12.1-12.8) : length of maxillary molar series, 8.41 (7.9-8.8) ; length of mandible, l.S.4:5 (18-19) ; length of mandibidar molar series, 9.1 (8jr-9.6). licmarkx.—I'lie genus Artibeiis lias only one representative in l\)rt<» b'ico and consequently there is little likelihood of confusion arising over fhe determination of this well-characterized species. The slight super- Hcial resemblance which this species bears to Bracltyphi/lla cavevnarutv ^^ not mi sheading, for everi a casual comparison of the two genera shows l>ra(hj/phylla to be larger, paler in color, and with a narrower rostrum. "'VhUAi lacks a well-developed nose-leaf. Ariibev^ jiDiHilcvuHls jannnccml< las a v(rrv wide ran^e and is found undifferentiated througbont the ' Tn this siMHMinoTi m^ is lacking- on botli si<l«*s. m SCfhJXTJFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO (ireater Antilles^ with the exception of Cuba. In Cnba, Artiheus is rep- resented by another subspecies^, j, parvipes, which differs from /. jamai- censis in slightly smaller size, smaller skull and smaller teeth. Tliis species is one of the most widely distributed of the Porto Eican bats. It was found in many localities widely separated and its range doubtless covers the whole island. It was ahva5^s encountered in caves and, with one or two possible exceptions, when determination could not be made with certainty, was never seen flying at night. No especial preference for ivny particular type of cave was noticed, Artiheus ])eing fouud in deep, dark caves and in shallow, light ones. It was often found in caves so shallow tliat there was very little protection from direct day- light, and bats of otlier s|)ecies would not be present. It does not appear to be highly social aiul w^as generally scattered throughout a cave rather tlian in a single large colony. I^umbers of the fibrous cores of native fruits were found lying on the cave floors where tliis fruit-eating bat had l)rought them. Tlie flight of Ariibeus is rather heavy and steady in direction, when compared with some of the smaller species, although this bat is a strong, capable flyer. It is quarrelsome in disposition and vociferous when pres- ent in numbers. If given an opportunity, it is capable of making a painful wound, as its teeth are sharp and the jaw muscles powerful. It is not very easily alarmed and almost never left a cave when disturbed. Its call-note is a strong, strident squeak of harsh quality. Females with small young were taken June 3 and gravid females witli a single, large embryo were collected on the same day. On June 26 jialf- grown young were taken, and June 29 and July 1 young nearly the size ()( the adults were noted. The females carry the young when the latter are almost as large as themselves, and fly about with the heavv burden without much loss of speed. Subfamily PHYLLONYCTERINAE Sie Miller: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 171, 1907, for diagnosis of the subfamily; p. 172, for diagnosis of the gejius. Phyllonycteris major Aiitliony Text Fig. 12 1917. Phifllom/ctcrls major Anthony, BuH. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVII, p. 567, September 7. 1918. PhyUmiycteris major Anthony, Iiuligeiioiis Land Mammals of Porto liico, p. 356, October 12. 1024. Phyllonj/eteris major Miller, North American Recent Mammals, p. 62. .*,\TH(K\}\ :m A 'MMJ is ftF I'iiRTO RICO Tf>i>' lor.i.lUif. ^A'iwc near Mormh. Puiio JImxi. "I'll.* Ty|H' is « skull Hciirly conipli'tf. hut hiekiiig full (h'litilion; iii' !' ..i! ii'i't .-iclc, 1)1- inul m-' tin I'iyiil .»itlr jire tin* only iwlh |;im>!f'nt. /^^.v/ri7)«/;f/«.^^^^^^l\i»nni dhIv rruni the I>:1iiih1 uf Poiio ,Hi.-.,. ''"fi'al vluinicU'i's.—Closely TelatiHl tu Pkyllonyclcris jweAfl, t3iH: rm-^ '''•it^>ly JH}';4'er, with w'ulcr braincase ami heavier tleiilition. ^'^'fi'ulL ^Ito.-^truiii long, deep aiid rather tubular, external wires opyniwi: lubtly ni.wnrd. nasals marked m flattened rid.ue aloriu rostrnrn ; inter- ryi) HiJIKNTIFW PURVEY OF PORTO RICO orbital cou>triction very slight: braincase high and rounded^ not rising abruptly from rostral plane, broader than deep^ expanded posteriorly, \'ery low sagittal (*rest ; mastoid process poorly developed ; zygomatic arcii incomplete: palate very long, shallowly concave, narrowed anteriorly, small, incisive foramina present, pterygoid region very long, processes flattened, concave for half tlieir extent; V-shaped interpterygoid notch not reacliing [dane of last mohirs; very low median ridge along floor of ijiterpterygoid fossa; poorly developed basisplienoid pits; parocci])ital processes well developed; bulliB unknown; mandible (not particularly associated with type skull) long and narrow; horizontal ramus very straight, of good depth; ascending ramus scarcely elevated above hori- zontal ramus ; coronoid higli, wide, triangular ; condyle much lower than coronoid, about level with molar crowns; dental I'oramen large and con- spicuous. 2-2 1-1 2-2 3-3 DentitionJ—l, : C, ; Pm, ; M, =32. 2-2 1-1 2-2 3 3 Dentition heavier than that of P. poeyi. Upper: Incisors not present in any skull, hut alveoli indicate incisors as in poeyi, a larger inru^r pair, a smaller outer pair, all in contact, hut se|>arated by diastema from canines ; canine large, simple, with well-devel- ojK'd anterior and posterior cutting edges and narrow internal cingulum: fii'st ])remolar small, subterete : second premolar rather more than twice as large as first, with single triangular cusp,, practically no cingulum ; molars with low crowns, not reaching level of crown of second premolar; first molar with crown about as broad as long, paracone and metacone scarcely distinguishable on tlie external cutting edge, internal crushing surface broad, outline from al>ove subelliptical ; second molar wider than long, the greatest length along external cutting edge, crown pattern of raised cutting edge with two cusps aiul broad, internal crushing surface third molar about half size of second, crown flattened, subtriangular, the tooth set inside of extreme border of molar series. Lower: Incisors not present but indicated as minute, subequal: caniui* large, with ])rominent posterior notch on cingulum : first premolar not known, but alveolus as large as that of second; second premolar with well-develo|)ed triangular median cusp; first molar with crown longer than wide, flattened, outline of cusps lost; second molar subrectangidar. slightly longer tlum wide, crown flattened, with trace of shallow con- cavity, cusps very faintly indicated: third molar smaller than either first or second molars. * l)p«cription taken from t.vpe niid topotype material. ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 51 '^ ^c^ ci Iveolai ngth ndibul molar series CO CO(M <^ a> CO ^ s 'o^ ^r£ rH CO rt< >^ -Tj 5Pc 00 t- COIC d cjS r—( ipH r—' '— ^ JE Si *^ ^* 03 ^ ^ L- r^ o-a^S. 1 t- t^ 00 t^ 00 00 ^l^ pin COCO COc^OCO CO co>c '^-S £ '^ 33 (33^5 kO 00 lO CO Oi '^t^ ^ '^" ^ iC »C Tt »C CO g ftg CQ - 'o • ^ ^. c; • 1^ ^ t^ CO t^ »Cl^ ^1 o^odd dd rj C3 Oj P. H-J ' «+H QC ^ CO 00 C<l CO CO coct i^ 00 i> r^ 00 1> i> l^cO' ^ % %ro% CO rHC^-rt^ CO dd H S y-^ »-^ CQ Jr ,^-: , — i "^4:^ iQ 05 lO Oi l^ CO l> 'M CO OJ -t-^ ^^i lo »o »-o ic »c Id »o tC »c ^o^ If t^ C^ CO r-m^ w t^ .r- i^r^oct^ »OTf 01 C^1(MCV|(M OQ<M o-^ c l a .'^ .«c ^ # ^ ^ -^iCCOl^Q0050<MCO'^t^GC05 srcooooeooo s^*^ '^. ?Ji h: £: :^2 HCJEXTJFW PURVEY OF PORTO RIGO Specimens collected.—60 fragmentary skulls, only a few of which are nearly complete; 22 mandibles, mostly without any teeth, and small fragments not worth listing. Remarks . —Phyllonyeteris major is so obviously congeneric with poeyi that comparison elsewhere is unnecessary. From poeyi it may be told by its larger size, more widely expanded braincase and much larger second upper premolar. This species was found only as a fossil and in but one cave. It was' contemporaneous with Nesophontes as well as with Stenoderma rufiis and other bats to be found living today. Possibly P. major may be found as a living bat, the chances for this being very favorable, since P. poeyi and the species of the related genus Erophylla occur only in isolated localities and escape notice for long periods, as witness the rarity, till recently, of P. poeyi and E. sezehorni in collections. Heretofore, Phyllonyeteris, with but a single species, has been known only from Cuba. The discovery of a closely related species of this pecu- liarly West Indian genus upon Porto Eico is an added bit of evidence in favor of an earlier, intimate connection between the now detached islands. Erophylla bombifrons (Miller) Text Fig. 13 See Miller: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 175, 1907, for diagnosis of the genus. 1890. PhyllmiifCteru fwmUfrmu Miller, Proe. Biol. Soc. Washington, XI IT, p. 36, May 29. 1906. Erophi/lla homhifrons Miller, I»roc. Biol. Soe. Washington, XIX, p. 84. June 4. 1911. Erophylla homlnfrcms G. M. Allen, Bull. Mus. Comj). Zor>l., LTV, p. 240. July. 1912. Erophylla bomhlfrons Miller, North American Land Mammals, p. 51, December 31. 1918. Erophylla homhifrmis Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto Rico, p. 358, October 12. 1924. Erophylla hiymhifrons Miller, North American Recent Mammals, p. 63. Type locality.—Cave near Bayamon, Porto Rico. Distributioth.—Known only from the Island of Porto Rico. Recorded from Bayamon and from the Cueva de Pari, near San Juan. Specimens collected.—14: Cueva de Pari, Pueblo Viejo, 14 (8 skins), July 5 and 6. Genm-al characters.—Size medium, ears simple, about as high as broad ; tragus with notched edges ; nose-leaf rudimentary, represented by a low, ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 53 pointed, median projection upon a naked, tumid nasal-pad; lower lip with median split ; tail very short, terminal half free ; interfemoral mem- brane narrow ; calcar present but vestigial ; skull moderately narrow and elongate; zygomatic arch complete; lower molars with distinct cutting edge. J^J(uiJo3p^f Fig. in. Erophiflla homhifrons X o/l ; adult d ; Puoblo Viejo, Porto Hico ( olor,—Adults: Above, hairs distinctly bicolor, being white for ratlier "^ore than half the basal half, then tipped with chestnut-brown; from >boulders posteriorly the color is darker than on foreparts, where white "t the basal part shows through'; rather lighter on head and face, the 54 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO hairs iinicolor and shorter; below, uniform wood-brown, the bases of the hairs whitish. Yonng : Above, hairs white at base, clove-brown at tips, and coloration uniform over whole npper surface, white not showing through on neck as in adults ; below, coloration scarcely lighter than above. Skull.—Elongate, with fairly well-rounded and expanded braincase; rostrum long and with a marked concavity in the region of the nasal termination, rim of external nares thin and distinctly flaring; braincase rising abruptly from rostral plane ; zygomatic arch complete ; interptery- goid fossa very long; basisphenoid pits present; palate long and sub- rectangular; ramus very long and straight, coronoid low, condyle in plane of tooth-row, angular process well developed. 3-2 1-1 2-2 3-3 DenUUon.—I, ; C, ; Pm, ; M, =32. , 2-2 1-1 2 2 3-3 Upper : Inner incisors not meeting in midline, crowns expanded later- ally, cutting edge broad, slightly bifid ; outer incisors much smaller than inner, with oblique cutting edge in contact with neither canine nor in- cisors ; canine large, dagger-like, with small internal cingulum ; first pre- molar small and simple, with crown widened antero-posteriorly ; second premolar much larger, with wide antero-posterior crown which has nearly smooth surface and outside border raised to form crescentic cutting edge ; molars decreasing in size posteriorly; first molar nearly twice as long antero-posteriorly as wide transversely, outer border forming nearly flat cutting edge; second molar subtriangular across crown, cutting edge indented medially; third molar small, triangular, with straight cutting edge. All of the molar series very low crowned. Lower: Incisors small, inner pair the smaller, not in contact, crown? expanded, cutting edges entire ; canines large, with posterior cingulum : first premolar smaller than second, cutting edge on outer border, highest at middle ; second premolar with a carnassial shearing edge ; first molar with long, slightly concave cutting edge ; second molar smaller than first, cutting edge more over central axis of tooth than on outside border and slightly depressed at middle; third molar smaller than second, cutting edge noticeably depressed at midpoint lying along central axis of tooth. Measurements.—Average of 6 specimens: Total length, 81.6 mm. (80-85) ; tail vertebrae, 15.1 (13-17) ; hind foot, 16 (15-17) ; forearm, 48.6 (48-49). Skull.—Average of 3 specimens: Total length 34.7 (34.3-34.9) ; zygo- matic width, 11.83 (11.8-11.9); interorbital width, 4.5 (4.5-4.5); breadth of braincase, 10.1 (10-10.3) ; length of palate, 10.6 (10.4-10.7) ; ANTHONY, MAMA[AL^ OF PORTO RICO 5^ length of molar series, 6.27 (6.1-6.4) ; leiigtli of mandible^ 16 (15.8- 16.2) ; length of mandibular molar series, 7.8 (7.6-7.9). Remarlcs.—There is no other Porto Eicaii bat liable to be confused with Erophylla horiihifrons. In some characters this species has a super- ficial resemblance to Alonopliyllus porioricensis, but there are notable differences between the two in size, color and fundamental differences in tooth structure. From the other species of the genus to be fomid on other islands, homhifrons may be known b}^ the combination of complete zygomata, high, rounded, braincase rising abruptly above rostral plane,, small teeth, notched tragus, and flaring rim of the external nares. This brightly colored species was taken only in the Cueva de Fan', about two or three miles west of San Jnan, and was noted in no other locality. It w^as found as a small colony, in a chamber to one side of the juain cave, and there may have been about 35 or 40 animals altogether. After a few shots, the survivors flew out into other parts of the cave and were lost to observation. Their reddish appearance was apparent under the light of my acetylene lantern, and generally this species could be thus distinguished from the others found in the cave. Erophylla had- segre- gated itself from the other species and was found in small potholes or concavities in the ceiling of the chamber, a few in each place. Young from two-thirds grown to nearly full grown were collected. Family YESPEKTILIO^nDAE See Miller : The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 195, 1907, for diagnosis of the family; p. 207, for diagnosis of the genus Eptedeus. Eptesicus fuscus wetiiiorei (Jackson) Text Fig. 14 1916. Eptesicus wetmorei Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, p. 37, February 24. 11)18. Eptesicus fuscus tvetmorei Antliony, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto Rico, p. 359, October 12. 1924. Eptesicus tvetmorei Miller, North American Recent Mammals, p. 78. Type locality.—Maricao, Porto Eico. IHstrihution.—Known only from the Island of Porto Kico. Kecorded •lom Maricao (U. S. Biol. Survey), Cueva de Far! (Pueblo Viejo) and ^an German. Specimens collected.—51: Cueva de Fari (Pueblo VieJo), 26 (11 ^^ins) ; San German, 25 (10 skins). General characters.—From specimens taken at San German. A me- iiim-sized bat writh tail completely enclosed in interfemoral membrane, 5<) SVlENTiFIV ><UH\ 1:Y OF PORTO RfVO muzzle simple and color of fur brown. Nostrils simple, no nose-leaf, upper lip sparsely haired ; lower lip simple ; ears of moderate size, bluntly pointed, about reaching tip of muzzle when laid forward; tragus tail, slender, with rounded tip; body of normal proportions; humerus long, slightly bowed; digits normal, tibia of normal length, hind foot short, ealcar long and heavy; tail long, completely enclosed in wide inter- Fio. i4. -/Jpte^irtis fiififus wetmorei X 8/3; adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Foi-t<» Uio«> femoral membrane; no fur anywhere on membranes; color alcove auii below a warm brown, fur long and lax. Color,—Adults: iVbove, everywhere a uniform mars-brown, the liair- blackish brown at the base; below, uniform clay-color; hairs l>lackisl: brown basally; membranes black. Individuals varying from the norma coloration as given were taken. The variants resemble very closely ii color the immature pelage, although tlie animals are unquestionabl; adult. ANTHONY, 1/ U/J/ ILiS OF PORTO RW<J 5; Jiniiiaturt? : Similar in color pattern to adnlts but differing in shade : iibove, bone-brown; below, tawny-olive. Skull.—Moderate in size and normal in proportion of parts. Dorsal outline of skull nearly straight, a slight depression in nasal regi(m: ros- trum about as wide as long, very Hat, external nares opening outward and upward; brainease moderately inflated through parietal region, flat- tened dorsally; noticeable sagittal crest; interorbital constriction some- what pronounced; zygomata flaring, greatest width posteriorly; mastoid reduced; palate long, moderately concave, cut away anteriorly between incisors to form a U-shaped indentation; bullaj of medium size, about as large as cochleae; no basisphenoid pits; mandible normal; horizontal ramus straight; ascending ramus rising in gradual curve; coronoid vcu'y high and wide for a bat, much higher than condyle; angular process liook-like, ^"ery slightly deflected. 2-2 1-1 1-1 3-3 Dentition.—I, ; C, : Pm, ; M, =^?)2. 3-3 1-1 2 2 3-3 Upper: Incisors nnequal, inner much larger than outer pair; inner incisors se])arated widely by the emargination of the palate and inclined slightly toward each other, crowns high, pointed, with small accessory cusp and poorly developed cingulum; outer incisors closely in contact with inner, but separated by slight diastema from canines, with single, well-developed cusp and external posterior cingulum ; canine normal, with well-developed posterior cutting edge ; premolar with high, trigonal cusp; first and second molars subequal, with W-shaped crown pattern of five cusps and connecting commissures and single, low internal cusp: third molar about half the size of anterior molars, with two cusps and s commissure of the W-pattern well developed, two cusps poorly developed and the fiftli lacking entirely. Lower : Three pairs of incisors subequal and similar in detail, closely iu contact with canines and with each other, crowns spatnlate with an- terior cutting edge trifid; canine simple, with sharji postero-interual cut- ting edge and well-developed cingulum ; first premolar about half as large fis second, l)oth first and second with a single cus]) and well-developed 'ingulum: molars subequal, the third the smallest, all with fwe well- '^^'veloped cusps. Measurements.—Average of 15 adult females: In all the studies col- lected there were no adult males suitable to be included in th(» series for nieasurement. Total length, 119.9 mm. (114 125); tail vertebne, 18.3 ^ 13-52) ; hind foot, 13 (12-14) ; forearm, 50.4G (48.2-51.3). Skull.—Average of 10 skulls of adult females: Greatest length, 19.55 58 ^VIEXTIFIC SURVEY OF POBTO RWO (19.1-20.2) ; zygomatic breadth, 13.16 (12.8-13.4) ; interorbital breadth, -1.26 (4.1-4.4) ; breadth of brainease, 8.59 (8.3-8.8) ; length of palate, 8.59 (8.4-8.8) ; length of maxillary molar series, 5.59 (5.4-5.7) ; length of mandible, 13.73 (13.3-14.1) ; length of mandibular molar series, 6.81 (6.7-7). Ke7narJcs,—The long, lax fur and rich brown color of Eptesicus fuscus ivetmorei are sufficiently diagnostic to mark it off from all the other bats. Its closest relative, perhaps, is Eptesicus fuscus cuherisis of Cuba, type locality, Trinidad, Cuba, from which it differs but slightly. In the orig- inal description by Jackson, the Porto Bican animal is given full, specific rank. On the basis of the improbability of the actual intermingling of the Porto Eican form with the mainland fuscus or the Cuban /. cutensis, this determination is satisfactory, but on the basis of development and actual relationship the trinominal is the best expression. Examination of typical fuscus, iniradorensis, cubensi^, and ivetmorei has convinced me that the relationship is a very close one, and. to carry the expression of this relationship only to the limits of the mainland and then call the island forms full species hardly seems consistent. Eptesicus f. wetrnojr/i bears especial resemblance to /. miTadorensis from the Chiriqui region of Panama, having the same, well-built skull, heavy dentition and long forearm. This bat w^as not noted throughout the island, but appeared to be re- stricted rather to the western half. In the two regions where it was taken it was a conspicuous bat, and were it generally distributed over Porto Eico it seems fair to assume more specimens would have been taken. Both at San German and at Pueblo Yiejo it was found in caves, using deep crevices and holes in the limestone in much the same fashion as did Tadarida, being crowded into its retreats in large numbers. The several colonies located were nearly all females, and practically every animal was nursing or heavy with a single large embryo. This condition was noted June 6 and July 6, and while considerable variation in the development of the young bats was noticed, the majority of them were at about the same stage of development. At San German, June 6, most of the young were short-haired and about one-half the size of the parent. One of those taken proved to be a partial albino, differing from the others in its almost white coloration. A bat seen at dusk in Lares was thought to be of this species. A series of 9 skulls, some of wdiich are nearly perfect, and one man- dibular ramus of E. f. wetmorei were secured as fossils in the Cueva Catedral. These skulls appear to be indistinguishable from those of the living form, although associated with the skulls were skulls of genera ANTHOXY, MAMMALS OF IH)KT() RICO 59 and species now extinct, the inference being that tlie deposit is older than the very recent. \€spertilio inaugei Desmarest 1819. Vespertilio maugei Desmarest, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., XXXV, p. 480. 1018. VespertiMo maugei Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto Rico, p. 360, October 12. This bat, said to have been brought from Porto Eico by Mange, is de- scribed in sufficiently great detail to make its identification as one of the large-eared Vespertilionids certain. Very likely it is Corynorhinus, as the characters given by Desmarest fit this genus very closely, and Gray, hi Cuvier^s Animal Kingdom, vol. 5, 1827, p, 97, places it under Plc- roUis. This state of affairs gives plausibility to the hypothesis that Desmarest's specimen did not come from Porto Eico, since CorynorJiinv!^ lias never been taken in the West Indies. Probably Mauge obtained his specimen from the mainland and, as was the case so often in the early days of systematic mammalogy, the describer confused the localities. For this reason I believe that Vespertilio maugei is not truly a Porto Bican record. Family MOLOSSIDAE See Miller: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 241, 1907, for diagnosis of the family; p. 251, for diagnosis of the genus Nyctinomus = Tadarida. Tadarida inuriiia (Gray) Text Fig. 15 1827. Nyctinomus murinus Gray, Cuvier's Animal Kingdom, Griffith edition, V, p. 66, paragraph 187. 1801. Nyctinomus musculus Gundlach, Monatsber. Iv. preuss. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, p. 149. 1011. Nyctinomus hrasiliensis 7nusculus G. M. Allen, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zoi')!., LIV, p. 244, July. l'.)12. Nyctinomus musculus Miller, North American Land Mammals, p. 70, December 31. 15>18. Nyctinomus murinus Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto Bieo, p. 361, October 12. ^•24. Tadarida muscula Miller, North American Becent Mammals, p. 86. Type locality.—Cuba. Distribution,—Cuba, Jamaica, Santo Domingo and Porto Eico. Re- ' ''rded in Porto Eico from Adjuntas, Cabo Eojo, Manati, San German 'Hi XJtuado. iV) mjlENTlFlC PURVEY OF ]*()RTO RICO Hpecimefis collected.—54: x\djiiiitas^ 4 (3 vskiiis) : Cabo Eojo, 9 skins; San German, 35 (12 skins) ; IJtiiado, 6 skims. General cliaracters.—A small, free-tailed bat of dark-brown coloration, JTead small ; ears !)road, not pointed, not nnited across forehead but aris- ing from sani<* ]><>int: tragus vprv small, subrectangular ; antitragiis low and rounded : muzzle well fle\el()})ed and witlunit any excrescences except a few minute Jioriiy ])oints on u[>per margin: scattered long liairs on face: upper lip with a lunjiber of transv(U'S(' ridges: lower lip not pecu- liar: humeni< long and nearly straight: wings wvy narrow; legs short; T(ni(ii'i<la iHHrhta a<luU 9 ; rtuado, rorto Hici incnd)ranes fairly tough and leathery, not haired anywiiere except for a few very short hairs on upper surface of interfemoral membrane and along median under surface of that membrane; long hairs on feet; tail free for about half of its length: color dark brown: fur soft and velvety. Color,—:Vdults: Abov(% from ^varni Sepia to seal-brown, varying with the imlividual, the liairs light buff at the base and showing the lighter color more or less in the neck region; below", varying from cinnamon- brown to luital-brown, the hairs liglit colored at base as above; mem- branes blackish. ANTHONY, i¥AAO/AL^ OF PORTO RICO Gl Skull'—Small^ with dorsal outline nearly a straight line; rostrum i airly wide, rather fiat and of normal length proportionally; interorhital constriction not excessive; braincase rounded but not globose^ great(;st inflation through parietal region, a constriction at region of supraoc- cipital and interparietal ; no sagittal crest ; zygomatic arch well devel- ojH'd, flaring but slightly; lachrymal and supraorbital ridges present; |)alate short and concave; interpterygoid fossa wide; basisphenoid pits hardly- discernible; bulla and cochlea of moderate size; mandible normal with ramus curving slightly into ascending portion; coronoid sharp and deflected outward from plane of tooth-row; condyle slightly elevated above plane of tooth-row; angular process not conspicuously deflected I'roui plane of lower border of ramus. 1-1 1-1 2-2 3-3 Dentition.—l, ; C, ; Pm, ; M, =32. 3-3 1-1 2 2 3-3 Upper : Incisors inclined toM ard each other, but not meeting medially or filling up the intercanine s])ace, ci'own surface long and oblique ; canines sharp and simple, with practically no cingula; first premolar vestigial and visible only from outer side of tooth-row; second premolar large, with high anterior cusp and postero-internal basin; first and second molars equal, w^ith W-shaped crown pattern, of five eusps w'itli connecting commissures and two additional cusps internally ; third molar smaller, identical with second and third molars, but lacking the last ascending arm of the W and with only one internal cusp. Lower: Incisors minute, subequal, crowns slightly expanded, bifid, the teeth completely filling space between canines ; canine of moderate size with antero-internal accessory cusp and internal cingulum, first premolar about half size of second, simple in form, with single, sharp cusp; second (premolar with high median cusp, the highest in molar tooth-row; second aud third molars with normal pattern of fi\e cusps; last molar slightly smaller but retaining the five cusps. Measurements.—Average of 10 adults, 5 males and 5 females: Total length, 95.2 mm. (93-100) ; tail vertebra^ 33.8 (33-36) ; hind foot, 9.8 (9-10) ; forearm, 38.98 (38.2-40.1). Skull.—Average of 10 adult skulls, 4 males and 6 females: Greatest length, 15.9 (15.6-16.2); zygomatic breadth, 9,25 (8.8-9.3); interor- lutal breadth, 3.78 (3.7-3.9); breadth of braincase, T.v (7.5-7.9); length of palate, 5.83 (5.6-6) ; length of maxillary molar series, 4.63 M.5-4.8) ; length of mandible, 10.51 (10.2 10.7) ; length of mandil)ular 'nolar series, 5.1 (5-5.3). The name for the common Tadarida of the Greater Antilles has been Q2 SOIJ^NTIFIG SURVEY OF PORTO RICO generally given by recent writers as Nyctinomus musculits Gundlach, 1 861. This does not take into consideration the much earlier name of (^ray. In The Animal Kingdom of Cuvier, published in 1827, Gray de- scribees Nyctinomus murinus from a specimen in the British Museum, the lia})itat of wliieh is Jamaica, queried, according to Redman. In the Magazine of Zoology and Botany, vol. 2, p. 501, 1838, Gray gives another description of this species and states its range as "South America, (Brasils); West Indies, (Jamaica)." Dobson, in his Catalogue (1878, p. 43T), places niurmm in synonymy with A". hrasiUensis but lists among his specimens one from Jamaica as "Type of Nyctinomus murimis Gray/^ As Dobson had other specimens from Jamaica and was familiar also with Nyctinomus inacrotis, the only other species of Nyctinomus known to occur on .Tamaica, it seems fair to assume the validity of mnrinus and of the type locality as well. This being the case, Gray's name must stand for the small Tadarida generally distributed through- out the Greater Antilles, musculus being a synonym of it. Lyon (1914, p. 217) has discussed the use of Tadarida for Nyctinomus and it seems best to make this change in generic terms. lie marks.—Tadarida uiurina is not liable to confusion with any other Porto Rican bat with tJie exception of Molossus fortis. The distinctions between these two forms are fundamental: the high sagittal crest, the robust upper incisors completely filling up the intercanine space, the number of lower canines reduced to 1-1, and the curving dorsal outline of the sknll of Molossus serving to show a well-marked generic separa- tion, if the skulls are (compared. Superficially, however, the differences are not so apparent, and as a rule it is necessary to have the bat in hand in order to determine whether it be Tadarida or Molossus. The best external characters to distinguish between the two are the following: Molossus is appreciably the larger and has noticeable strips of fur along the humerus which Tadarida lacks; it has ears that are much lower and tliicker than those of Tadarida, a much narrower tragus and more promi- nent antitragus; males of Molossus have a gular gland; the upper lip of Tadarida is more tumid and has transverse wrinklings not to be seen in Molossus; and the fnr of Molossus is darker in color, more velvety to the toucli and much riclier in appearance. From the species of Tadarida to be found on the other islands of the West Indies, marina is distinguished as follows: from T. antillularmn of the Less(»r Antilles by the slightly smaller size of the latter; from T. bahamensis of the Bahamas by the larger size and grayer coloration of til at form, and from T. macrotis of Cuba and Jamaica by the fact that macrotis belongs to that section of the genus whic^i has 2-2 lower incisors. ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RKJO (];] This small bat is easily the best flyer of the island species. Its flight is very rapid and under such perfect control at all times that on occasion \(>ry erratic maneuvers are executed. This bat occupies much the same position among its fellows that the swifts do among the birds. The long, narrow wings give rapid strokes, and the bat rows through the air, oscil- lating from one side to the other, looking at a distance very much like a small swift. The compact, cylindrical form of the body, the long tail generally held out straight behind, so that the contour of the animal diminishes from the thickness of the body at the hips to the point of the tail behind, and the wings vibrating so rapidly that they often present a semi-transparent zone along the sides, all combine to give such a charac- teristic picture that this animal may be readily recognized on the wing, tlie closely related Molossus being the only other bat on the island with similar flight. Tfidarida murina is a dweller in both caves and houses, seeming to be one of the most abundant bats on the island. Old buildings frequently had bats to the number of several hundred spending the day packed into (lark crevices. In caves these bats chose deep fissures or holes in tlie hmestone and were packed in very closely. When disturbed they poured forth literally in a stream. The large piles of droppings beneath such holes demonstrated the fact of the great concentration in numbers. In 110 case was Tadandd ever found in small, scattered groups, the social instinct seeming to bring all of the individuals of a region into large congregations. The habit of the sexes of keeping in separate colonies is very marked. This species has a sharp, high-pitched squeak and is rather noisy when in large numbers. A very large colony was located in an old, deserted building in Sau ^Jerman. It was a typical old Spanish structure of low, rambling con- struction, made of brick and wood and with an inner court. In places it was more or less fallen in. Early in the evening, about 6:45, we en- tn'iH] the building and were greeted by a great deal of squeaking from the many dark corners. The noise was made by so many individuals that it seemed as if we stood in a gigantic beehive, and this squeaking hnzz could be heard even before the door was opened and the buildiug 'iitered, showing tliat the bats were beginning to stir about, preparatory ^<» issuing forth for the night. By seven o'clock, bats were flying about tln^ darkened corridors and rooms in small numbers. Very shortly they *'egan to come fortli in large numbers, and the interior was teeming witli lie noisy animals on the wing. Soon the bats left the interior and began '<> leave by way of the innei' court, which took on the appearance of a liirlpool of liats. Issuing from the rooms, they circled the court, all (M S<'ii:XTIFI€ HUHVfJY OF I'ORTO RICO uoiiig ill one (liriH-tioi) and at a liigli rate of speed. A few passed up and nver the eiielosiire at the completion of each Jap, luitil finally none were left. The whole building had the pronounced musky odor seemingly rliaraeteristic of the Molossidae. Tadaruki seen in other localities showed a tcndeney to circle for several moments about tlie spot where it had S|)eut the (Liy before straightening out the flight and taking a direct course for other feeding gronnds. Females taken Jnne 7, 11 and 24 contained single, large embryos nearly n^ady tor birth. N'o immature animals flying with the adults were taken. At Han German, during early June, this bat was frequently siMm to reentiu- the home crevice after having been awing about thirty minides: ponsibly this wjis for the purpose of nursing the young. MoioBsiis fort is MiUer Text Fig. IB Sec Miller: The Families and Genera of Bats, p. 2m, 1907, for diagnosis of the genns. 1878. MoloHHUH ofmmniH Giin<llaeh, Anales de Historia Natural, VII, p. 140. \m:i MalonHm fortU MiUor, I»roe. IT. S. Nat. Mus., XLVI, p. 89, August 23. 11118. MoloHHUH JortiH Anthony, IiKligenons Land Mammals of Porto Rico p im\, October 12. 1024. MoloHHHH fortiH IVIUU^r, N<irtli Amei'lean Recent ISIammals. p, 80. Type lomJiff/,—lj\Him\\(), Porto Kico. DiHlrlhufion,^ Known (mly from the Island of Porto Rico, Recorded rrom Lnquillo (IT. S. Nat. Mus.), Adjunta., San German, Utuado, A)!)onito and Mameyc^^ (last two records of IT. S. Biol. Survey). Simdmem voUecfetL---:]:]: San German, 2 skins; Adjnntas, 27 (20 skins) : Utuado, I skins. (^eneml rhararfers^^X small, free-taiUMl bat with dark pelage; head small; ears low, the joining membrane thick, meeting on forehead- tragus very 8mali, antitragus tliiek and rounded; nostrils slightly tubn- ar; a tew stitf hairs between ears and nostrils and on upper lip^ lower Iqv not jMHuiliar: hnmerns moderately cnrved; wings long and exceed mgly narrow; tail fre<. for about half its length; interfem oral mem- bnme not extensive; feet with conspicuous long hairs on the tarsals and metatarsal; fur short, soft and velvety; gular gland on males: narrow stnps of fur on unnerus, above aud below, and fur of body extendim. onto lateral membranes for short distance. ' "^ f'olor.~Adults: Above, varying with m, individual from Vandyke- brown to clove-brown, the hairs white for the basal half; below, same AXTHOXY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO (io color as above^ but fur shorter and white basal portion showing more; membranes blackish. Yonng: Pelage very short and thick; abont chaetura-black ; below, (jeep monse-gra}^ Skiill.—Sknll small, but not especially delicately constrncted ; rostrum \ery short, expanded anteriorly, external nares opening upward as well as outward; brainease expanded laterally, flattened on superior surface; 39X60 3 Fk;. ir>. M0I0S8US fortiH X '»/! ; adiiU ^ ; Ad.jimtas, Torto IJico ligh knife-like sagittal crest extending fi*oiu just anterior to tln^ greatest 'Hterorbital constriction back to the lambdoidal ci'est, and high(>r in males iban in females; lambdoidal crest high and thiu : zygomatic arches flaring •'I'y slightly; Inilla? nearly as large as cochlea^; jugal straight; palate bort, concave, narrowing slightly anteriorly; iiiterpterygoid fossa very ^ide: basisphenoid pits deep and prominent; mandibles of medium '^Igth, forming a triangle of approximately equal sides; ramus deepened i;h srn:sTiF!(' huhvi:y of porto unu> Hiitcriorly, strai/fht to last molar, tlieri ciirvea gently up into ascending ffimus; <orojioi«l n sharp, outwar(]ly doiieetecl process; angnlar process larir<' and .strongly curved outward. 1-1 1-1 1-1 :i-:) iJenfiiion.- I,—^; CL : ]*m,—--; M, ==2G. I'pper: hi<isors large, strongly in contact nuMlially and a|)j)roxinuit- ing contact with ilu^ cingnhi of the canines, crowns sul)triangular, with high c(MH» on the anterior internal angk*; canine with anterior and pos- terior internal cutting edges and a cingidum ; premolar wider than long, with a high, sharp cus)> anteriorly and a deep, internal concavity pos- teriorly; first and second molars with the ty])ical W-sluij)ed pattern and the inner pari «)f tlu^ crown {ilknl up hy a large ])rotocone; third molar represeiding in muM details halt of an anterior molar. L<»w«>r: Incisors minute with laterally expanded crowns, cutting edge hilid, in contact me<lially, hnt (-rowded forward from the n(u*mal position hclween canines: «'anines large, the cingula meeting in the midline, an ndi'rrjal anterinr accessory cnsf) on the cingulnm; first premolar small. verv cl(»sely crowded l)y second premolar, very narrow antero-posteriorly -ecnnd fu-enndar with high antero-median cus}> and low postero-internal ensp: the three molars suheqnal, third the smallest, each with 5 cusps and connecting connnissnres to form a discontinuous W-pattern, the dis- continuity due to the ahsence of the fnll num])er of commissures as found in the upper molars. Mmmin'mmfs.' Average of 10 males: Total length, 111.3 mm. (104- IIH); tail vertehra% 10.1 (llo l(i) ; hind foot, 10.9 (10-12); forearm, -IKlo (3H..V !()/>) . Average of 10 females: lV)tal length, 108.3 (100-^ Ml): tail vertehra-, .17.8 (35-11): hind foot. 10.8 (10-11); forearm, :»h.t:i (:n,ri \o.2). Skull. ~Av(>rage of lo sknlls, 5 nudes and 5 females: Greatest length. '^••*^ ('*^-'' ^^-^' ^ymnnilv hreadth, 10.: (10.2-11.3); interorhital f'readth, llAU (3.P.3.7) : hreadth o! hraincase, S.72 (8.5-9.1) ; length of J'^''^'^*'- ^••'* <^ ^•)' J^'"^^l» <>i' molar series, 5.07 (5 -5 2) •' length of ''•^•n<lihle, IPM; 111.2^12): length of nuu)dihnlar molar series 6 01 Unmtrk..^~'\\x.^vv ,s only one species of Mo\o..n. on Porto llico and eonsetpumtly ].rh. needs no spcH-itie c-omparison witli any of its imrne- dmte tu.|ghhors A very dose, superticial resend)lam.e exists, however, between the sumll uH.uhers of the related genera, Moios^u. and Tadarida, n' i " . t t 7""'^n '"''' "^ ^"''^ '^''' '^'^ ^^' b^ taken in d,stn)gi„slnng th. two. 1 he characters of distinction have alreadv heen ASTIIONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 07 oi\eu ill the treatnieiit of Tadarida niurina. From the related species of Molossus, the Porto Kican foriis is distinguished by the combination of the following characters: moderate size (forearm, 40 mm.), rostrum not heavy, color dark and molars of normal size. In addition to the localities recorded under the distribution, this bat was noted at Lares and at tlie Preston Eanch near I^aguabo, but no specimens were taken. Because of the impossibility of distinguishing between Molosstis and Tadarida when on the wing and in a poor light, (iefinite records iire gi\en only when specimens were collected or the op- })ortunities for observation were unusually good. Molossiis fortis appears to be quite well distributed over tlie island, although I have no notes for it ill the San Juan district. It was not found anywhere in caves and probably is almost strictly an inhabitant of old dwellings, which are sufficiently numerous in l\)rto Eico to afford ample quarters. For this reason it was not as oasy to collect, as it was often impossible to shoot about the buildiiigs, and in the case of old church buildings the higli ceilings where the bats were in hiding were inaccessible. Tlie flight of this bat is exceedingly swift and erratic and possibly it is an even more skillful aviator than Tadarida niurina. The flight of these two forms is so essentially identical and the size difference so slight tliat there is little to mark off the one from the other. This bat comes forth while there is yet considerable daylight, and by early dusk, if tliere is any large colony of bats in a town, a multitude of the little animals will he seen pursuing their zigzag courses about the streets. In the month of June the first bats would begin to appear about T p. m. In a quarter of an hour the number would greatly increase and probably the total bat population would be awing by 7:30. This bat was frequently seen leaving the eaves of some house in the evening and one could not fail to be impressed by the intense activity of the small crea- ture. The bat would drop out from the opening and take a downward <*ourse for five or six feet, then straightening out in the most rapid flight. Often one could see the head of the bat appear an instant before the animal precipitated itself headlong, but so quick Avere the movements tliat it was exceedingly difficult to shoot the bat, even when thus warned »'> expect its emergence. jXot infrequently the animal was not observed nutil it appeared as if sliot out from the opening in full flight. A large cohiny was located in the attic of the lodge building at Ad- Juntas. It Avas ])ossible to ascend into the attic and by poking into the 'i'eviees between the rafters dislodge the })ats. This species is not very dormant, e\en in midday, and it was not an easy task to dislodge them. A nose and ])air of bright eyes would |)eer out of a crack with a very ;h HiJlENTlFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO riiouse-like aspect and the owner would dodge back vso nimbly as to avoid all thrusts of the stick. Tobacco smoke blown into a long crevice de- moralized the tenants and they attempted to move into adjacent nooks witli much sciiiHlng and scratching^ accompanied by sharp squeaking. When animals were knocked down to the floor, if nninjured, they raii for dark corners with as much agility as a mouses This bat always at- tempts to bite if given tlie opportunity. An intensely musky odor wa? always to be noted about the buildings where Mo/osms stayed. Order INSECJTl VOKA Family N ESOPIIOI^TIDAE imri. Nesophoiitldac Anthony, Kull. Amer. ]Mils. Nat. Hist., XXXV, p. 728. uei. Nesophontinl Winge, Pattedyr-Slaegtor, I, p. 123 (under family Tal- pldae). 1024, Xf'sophontidju' ^lillor, North American Recent Mammals, p. 0. Nesophoiites Anthony mifl. Kemphonti'H Anthony, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXV, p. 725, No- vember ll». VMS. SvHophtmtvH <;. M. An<Mi, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., LXIT, p. 135, May. V,m, XmnphmitiH Anthony, Indi,tir(^n(ms Land Mjinunals of I»orto Rico p 305 October 12. l«J2:t. Nenophontes Winj:(\ Battodyr-Slnegter, T. pj). 12.'{. 14S. 1021. Xempfmntcs MWUh'. North AnuM-ican R(MM>nt Mammals, p. 1). l'ffpe.—Nesophonfes edilhae Anthony. InsiM'tivores of nuMliuni size witli nearly the full primitive dentition: ' -, ' ' •' •• •'-•> '.V,T' ^'Ta' ^"''-ri!' ^^'^-^i""'"- '"*''«'^"-'^ Mnaller tliaii canines, si.npl<>. n.Hl with n„.,linn diastema above: e«„i,ies <laoo,,,._,ik,, tw..-rooto,1 HI normal position; „pper molars triangular i„ eniss-seetion. with Y- ^haped protoeone metaeorie and paraeone-,^ lower „,olars of prin,itive .nh..renlo.sector,a t.vpe : .v.omatie arch incomplete, lackin, nu.lar: >kn 1 e|on,.,te and narrow, hasicranial reo-i,,, mod,.ratelv elonoatc nntero- posteriorly. ^^JM,,iu.n.^^^K...^n only fron. I'orto It,,.,,, ('.dn, an,l the Isle of .vr. d,.nm„strnt,-,. ,h,.. ,ho „„w„r„ ,„,„«r posV' . ""he T,'n T^'' '"''*'"''"'' '"''^' n.p>-. I-nf.,rt„„.,i,.|y. .ho m»gnoM<. of the fnni.- nr J, • implement of primaiy ..f n.ls, .•...Hvuo.l ,h.. „,i..tn.om..nt as t.. He "'„„/!!" '", '" ""'^ ''''*""^'' ^^^'' e :;7K). Th.. lie,,,.,. ..r X,,. new; pni,',.;'!.™ ""'''' '" ** ^^^e discussion I-.., .„„... • '"'"" ^"^«-. "'"0 iBdicated the presence of the AXTJfOAY, ^[AMMALS OF rORTO RICO 69 Mv.JUi Ji.^^/y^%^^ ^^o.my^ ?x| Mv.cM^A J^.^rogd $ xf M iyO(j6 $^\ "ty. 17.—Nesophon'tes edithw X 2/1. Skulls of adult male and adult female from Cueva Catedral, Morovis, Porto Rico 70 HCIESTIFKJ miRViyY OF PORTO RfCO Nesophoiites edithae Anthony Tf'Xt Figs. 17-28. Plates X[TT-X\^ IDKi. Nenophontes edithae Anthony, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nnt. Hist., XXX \', p. 725, November 10. 1018. NeHophonteH eddthae Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of I'orto Uieo, p. :](>5, October 12. 1924. Ni'Hophmites edithae Miller, Nortli American Kecent Mammals, p. 1). Type.— No. 141T4, Dept. Vert. Pal, Anier. Mus. iSTat. Hist. The type is a skull in nearly perfcx't condition, being broken only at the extreme tif) of tbe i)renuixillaries and lacking tlie auditory bulbe, dentition well worn. Type /o€rt./i/fy.--The type, as well as a large number of other skulls of this insectivore, was taken from a cave near Morovis, Porto Eico. This cave is more or less well known locally as tlie Catliedral Cave, ''Cueva Catedral.'^ J)istnhnl{on.-~Kn()\\i\ (»nly from Porto Rico. Recorded from Porto Hico from Hacienda Jobo (near IJtuado), TJtuado and Morovis (Cueva ( ' 1 a ra a nd C i le va ( 'ated ral ) . ShdL~~^{Ti^xi Figs. IT, 18.) Mah^s have skulls considerably larger tlian tliost^ of females, altbougii proportionally the skulls of both sexes are firactically identical.*' Skull <»l(»ngate and narrow, tajjering gradually h\ width from parietals to end of nasals, superior outline nearly straiglit, slightly elevated in. rr<»nto-parietal area; rostrum long, tubular, and strongly' convex from side to side, only slightly narrower outside incisors than at base of zygo- matic roots, much <hi>per than wide; misal sutures not satisfactorily ^dis- ''••nnblc bc.aus(^ of fusion, hut ap])arently nasals are very narrow; mter- nrbital n>gion with sides practi(.i!lv parallel, in males a very slio-ht widenmg anteriorly, this whoh^ region flatlv convex from side to side • bra.ncase onlv slightly intlate.l, parietals swollen, but interparietal and suprno.v,p,tal regions s^anewhat constricted, inflation generally more noticeable m fcMn.hs than nudes: very low sagittal crest, higher in males .ndmg anteriorly in noti.eahle supraorbital ridges: lambdoidal crest well <i*'veloped, especially iu nudes: noticeable fine wrinkling of bone surface over upp(T part of hraincase (best shown in tvpe, a female) Zygonudic anh in<-omplet<^ lacking jugah anterior root a pe-like pro<.ess, posterno- root a blunt process upon the expanded glenoid ; infra- dirr..no. I„ .1.. is Known .^u..:^n^.^\Z^ ^^ -^^ «- «r,.ups in ,ho s.rl.s of i'uhnn Vr.o,,/,o„f,.; . C ^^ t 'H-cmrmice of two similar aiffrn.nr.. W nor Intor b„( i„ir„-.,HMillc. "-^'i*^"^ tho im,m^ssion that the .^i/.e .LV7'7/OAr. 1/ 1.1/.)/ 1/.aV of rORTO RICO ]\ ()ri)ital foramen actv large^ lachrymal canal of <>-oo(l size: nnistoid process well developed. ]*alate lon^-, laterally concave, aJmost parallel-sided, witli a pair of small iiicisi\(» foramina, and terminatins^ jnst posterior to last molar in M: /^ J"^ M7¥ % jreJ7W%xl M.iym ^xf Fru. 18. JSH'SopliontCH vflithtv. t^kulls of ndun male and adun ftMiiah' from (^iieva Catedral, J*orto Rieo. X 2/1 a square, povstpalatal notch; palate completely ossified^ but very thin ami often with four distinct, transverse, arcuate rows of minute ])ores or foramina ; pterygoid processes well separated, low, ternrinating in small SVU'jyTIFia ^UKVI^Y OF PORTO RICO l,..k-like pn^esH at their lughent points before they slope grad^allv tn „.,t thc^ ilcr of the alisph.nioid; pterygoid fossa reduced to shallow coii- .,v.tv: basieranial region of good length, not compacted; ^^^ with' a nair of sliarp ridges bounding basisphenoid pits; glem)id with .nnnn itV h^'UMT Hhnost directly front instead of customary ventral posi- ,i,H, due to extrenu^ development of the postglenoid process; the petrosal i< .mall with a flattened anterior and rounded posterior face, and a 4,nrt thi.k posterior external wing that attaches to the tympanic; the u-mpunie is rin-sliaped, nearly circular, and placed transversely, with ,,Iv a .lioht p()sterior obliquitv; it is closely appressed to the petrosal hmI i- separated bv a considerable interval from the postglenoid process; nnther ali^pbenoid nor basisphenoid euiev into the auditory structure; ,,,,,M(.ipital process well developed; condyle large; foramen magnum ' Mamliblo vcrv strong and lieavy; horizontal ramus with lower border r„rucx, deei) and thick, deepest at m, and ra^; posterior mental foramen below the last premolar; ascending ramus with lower border continuing m the curve of luu'izontal ramus, angular process large, falciform; coro- uoui process large and high, with muscle insertion areas prominentl}' nuirked; condyle with articulating surface facing obliquely backward. 3-3 1-1 3-3 3-3 Dentition. -I, ; C, ; Pm, -;-;;; M,;;-^ =40. ':V3 1-1 '> '> '>-' <Tcxt Figs. IS, 10, 20.) r[)per: Incisors arranged in nearly parallel rows, the teeth of each row clos<dy in contact with one another, but the anterior incisors of each row >eparated from each other by a diastema equal to about half the width of th(* palate from canine to canine; first incisor the largest of the three, about thnv-quarters as high as canine, with slightly convex an- terior outline, and ])osterior outline with shallow notch or shoulder about half-wav up; second and third incisors subequal, simple in structure, witlnnit any ])osterior notch, but a noticeable posterior cingulum; all three in( isors hav(^ flattt4\ed internal faces giving anterior and posterior tutting edg(»s; all are slightly procumbent, the greatest procumbency being found in tlu^ first incisor: a distinct diastema between incisors and canines; canint^ double-rooted, large, strong, piercing, much the highest tooth in the mitire row except for first incisor, which approximates it; anterior face flat, with longitudinal groove, well-developed anterior and post^^rior cutting edges: internal face flat, with conspicuous median longitudinal groove; posterior face slightly convex, a noticeable posterior uo\ch at !)ase of tooth in the position of cingulum; first two premolars ANTHONY, MAAUIAL>^ OF PORTO BICO 7;; subequal, with simple trigonal cusps and poorly developed postero -inter- nal cingula; third premolar submolariform;, its single trigonal cusp the highest of molar series^ with low^ internal heel and postero-externa I shoulder; first two molars subequal^ wdth crown roughly triangular in outline^ well-deTelo|X'd protocone and nietacone as trenchant V-shaped i'lo. 19. NeHoi^hontcs editha'. Crown views of upper dentition, A, and lower dentition, B. X G/1 f'usps; paracone much smaller than either protocone or metacone^ low para- and metastyles; third molar slightly more than half as large as >^econd, wdiich it closely resembles -except for loss of corner of tooth bear- nig metastyle ; protocone well developed, metacone not as well developed as in m^, parastyle present. 11 H<ni:MlFIC HUm KY (IF rORTO RJCO Lower: JiK'i!>^<>r?^ not all present in any inaiidibles foiiiid, but alveoli hIiow ttiat the three are small, eloi^ely in coutac.'t and the rows nieetiiio- at tfie niaiidibiilar Hyiiiphysis ; third inei.«or reaching- about midway np (•aninc, cutting edge broadly bilobed and entire face of tootli greatly ex[>anded, a wide sniciis down inner fac(» of incisor; canine strong and '^IphunicH vditha . \'\>ih'V ih'ntiiUm in profile. X 0/1 rniieh higher than any otlier tooth of mandible, with an anterior cutting edge the outline of which is convex ; the internal face, passing from apex to root, st'cms io rotate; to the rear, so that canine appears as if twisted from right to hd't; this notation further ex])ressed by appearance of ex- ternal and posterior faces of caniiu\ a narrow^ shoulder developed at base (d* f)ost(»rior face; three premolars subequal, with trenchant triangular eusps and narrow Ihh'I : tliree molars of approximately equal size, all with high tuherculo-sectorial trigoni<l and l)road, flat talonid, the protoconid l)eing the highest cusp. In a nuindible (No. 17115) showing tnidenees of early maturity wdiat Hf>pears to he the pernunu^it caniiu' can be seen pushing up against its rrnik predecessor, which is subpremolariform in shape. Skulls roih'rhul.—m\ <,f which many are nearly complete, lacking ordy iui'isors and bvdhv. Mammies rolhrled.^V). t\w greatcs^t nund)er lacking only the in- Hsors; also, a considerable munber of fragnuMitary skulls and^ami too badly broken to be \v<irtli listing separately. nemaii's.^^T]mH^ speeies of the gt^nus Nemphontes have been de- svrilml--^ nhf/Hw <d Portn Rico. iHiaus of (^uba and Ungirosiris, also of rulm Edifhne ,s very much larger than either of tlie two Cuban species, n nM^U^ns in the size <litference. there are cranial distinctions which have been M fortfi m MM by Anthony (1919, p. 633). N micrus has the lirst antenor upper prenu.lar noticeably larger than the second, whereas m e.hfha. the anterior upper premolars are equal. N, lanq\- jvWn. has a d.stmct diasteuui between eanine and first premolar abo;e. '-*^-'*;" thc^ two ant<.rn>r premolars, .nd between the second and third premohu's. AXTHOW, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO ^ i ^ ^ c ^ >- X ^ o n "--^ £ o o^ g-o „^ ^ G G S O tN a; C j:^ G ^ ;: . r . -^5 ^ o t. Of g T3 h o ^__ COQO .- — r- j-o t^ CO 'X »0 CO CD ^o rococo. CO CO 17116 17117 17118 17119 17120 >C CO -M iC «C ^ CO rtt Tf CO CO^ •O CD Ci r-1 fM (X X' l-^ t^ QO OC W (N (M C^ 05 01 Ol ^ (N CO ^ ^rf 05 Ol (N 04 Ol l^ 1^ 1:^ t^ t^ l>- -xt Oi oi ;D cr. •O r^ iO to Ttl O 05 05 'ff(N »OcC00O4'!tttO O5C0CO0^IOJO5O5OIC0COC^ 05 01 to lO 1^ Tt^ l^ toco Oi to T-- »0 CO t^ rft »0 «0 »0 lO Tt< lO rf '^rH CO^'+Tt^Tt^Tt^^rJ^ Tfl CO t-H w t^ cc CO to to O^l rfi O-l Ol l>- t^ CO CO to l^ CO 00 00 -* coi^r^ C3i CO 00 r-i r^ Ci 1-^ CO CO to cOcOcOcOcO»OcOcOcDcOcO 33 o3 tH 62^ 03 1 o S O o 33 ?^ p o p o 55 C0 05X' o d d o ot' G ,*_J 03 >i !;C 0) S^ o '^ tfc- **-• ^ ^ 05 rH CO Ol I- »0 Ol 01 t-H to Oi Gi G^ a a cc: a Oi Oi cfxXi QOCiQC Oi to (M t»- Tfi CO 05 O^ CO CO »0 rt<lOCO'^Ttlrtl'^'?t<Tflrf 05 Oi COCO CO ^05 »OrH CO CO CO CO CO t> OOO^ Tf Tf^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^ t^XOSOCO'^ COl^XOTt^ 2? 2? ^ ^ '^ "^ *"• OiQiOSOO OOOOr-t t^ O O O -H f-l T-( rH O O O *-* f-H rH T--( 1— r-( rH 1-1 i^ t>- tN. !>. i^ r* t>. t>- 1^ i> t>. In. t>- 1>. fv. i> tN. fs. U) SCflLXTIFlC PURVEY OF PORTO RICO The SkeJeton of Nesophontes edithae ']'1h' scapula (text Fig, 21) is long and lias a breadth equal to about half its Ien<itli. Tliu spine is very liigb, the acromion and metacromion art' well (h'velojH-d and the eoracoid is very long and strongly curved. 'V\\i' axillary border is reflected outward to produce a ridge and a deep r(Hi<avity paralltdini^* the spine. The anterior superior border is smooth and regular. Srn-pnhr cDiiiirlni.— Parts of seven scapulas, of which three are fairly well pn'scrviMl jifid afford Ix'twoc^n them all the diiferent strnctures. Am Mus No 17155 F{«;- 2t. < . v.'mral aspect x 5 '2 l/.-,.s.,.v.../.. (,„„i,.,si,.. Of seapuhP., .11 ,uale.. Length over all. ,;"";-^ ''\ ';' ""'^''- '''-'' ^^^^^^ 'M^^^- through Lromion, 1: fni- '';';;''^'.^- >-,>ula 1. takou as u pn.nit.vo tvpe, the Ne.opnontc M..pnla ,> .,,.„ tn I,., rath,.,- n,o,v advanced hi several details The re llf-tion „f tl... nxilhirv l-onl.T and tl,,. ..vf,.,.,,, i , ,„,,..„:, , ' ," ^^t"^"K' development of the acro- ; Tr" "T "" '"'""^^ - "- ^''"''"'^^ Bcapula, while >l..n. > ,nu.l, d,..,,..r ,n the ease of AV..o;,AoW... A elose a^proxi- AXTHOyY, AIAMMAL>< OF PORTO RIVO 77 ination to NcsopJioHtes is noted in Solenodon. Proportionally, Seso- phontes lias carried the development of the spine fnrther, and the con- striction of the hodv of the bone at the neck is mnch more marked. Xpsophonies does not have the posterior superior border drawn out into a sliarp pointy as in Solenodon. Probably as close agreement is shown by the (Jrocidura {(U'ocidura nyansae ki'ni) seajnda, where the same de(»p. ])artially enclosed^ infra -spinatus fossa is found . The same expansion of the spine in the acromial region does }iot occur in tlie Croddura scapula. The Gyrmiura, and to a lesser degree the Erinaceus, scapuhi resend^les the NesopJtonfes scapula in most of tlie primiti\e details. XesoplwnteR ^.^T \m B XcxopJiontcs editJur. Lett Immorus : A, aiitt'rior a.sjx'ct ; V>. intonial aspect ; C, posterior aspect. X 5/2 'loes not very closely parallel Tupaia in details of the scapula, altliougli ihey have the reflected axillary border in common. The humerus (text Fig. 22) of Nesophonfes is nearly straight, ratlier "obust, and with a cons])icuous deltoid ridge. It is expanded distally ind the shaft above the expansion is rather slender. The head is large -nd broadly elliptical in cross-section; the bicipital groove is well marked tnd the greater and lesser tuberosities are well developed. Moderatc- ized entepicondylar and supratrochlear foramina are present. The 'ipinator crest is an arcuate ridge which extends onto the unex})anded ^I't ft. There is a conspicuous swelling on the internal as])ect of the rs ^viESTiFW ^i rm:y or porto Rico .Ic'lfoid rid^' to Jnark the attachinciit area ot the teres major and lafi^o^i- iHHs iiorni, //HtHeri rolleeie(l—~\'^^, iuor>t ot" them perfect. MvdHHntnrnts of Humerm <>/ NemphiwivH (dhhue a ..... . 1» (* 9 f % h \ (ireut«'Ht length 2(',.l 26 () 27.7 2() 9 20 . S 22.7 2:^ 7 22. r. 22 (> 22. r; (Jreatcst widtli distHllv (>.9 B.S 7 2 7.0 7.2 ") 7 6 2 .') . T) .>,8 ii 3 I.eaJst width of shaft 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 IS 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 Greatest depth through deltoid ridge :i.l 8.8 3.5 3.4 3 . 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.1 2 9 Transverse width of head from bieipital groove* 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.6 3 . The liunienis of Xrsophonies I)ear8 considerable resembhuice to that of Solcnodon, but is evi^i more primitive than tlie latter, retaining an un- .npeeialized form and showing litth' decided adaptation for a fossorial habit. The SoJenodon hiunenis is much heavier proportionally, and con- .sequently is muth more augidar in the attachment areas. The Haitian animal hicks the suj)ratroehh'ar foramen, the head of tlie humerus is much more elliptical and the deltoid ridge is nK)re greatly expanded. Hie ditferene(\^ for the most [)art appear to })e responsive specializations to a f(»ssorial habit. H(>lationship in primitive characters is more clearly shown by a comparison with Cenlefcs and llemicentetes, where modifica- tion by peculiar environmeid has not idayed a part. The Erinaceus iiunn rus only appro.xiuuitely resembles that of Xesophontei^ and does not show as elosc^ a resemblance as the Zalambdodonts cited, but the Gyninura himierus bears a wry striking likeness to the Nesophontes humerus. The arboreal type* oi' humerus, as exem|)liiied by TujHda, shows such a parallelism with the lumu'rus of Xesophontes that tlie evidence should not be passed over lightly. 1Mie Talpids are too highly specialized in the ror<* limb to give any clues through com])arison, except it should be noted tfuit a primitive humerus, miv\\ as that of Nesophorites, has the possibili- ties f«u- tlurl^ilpid specialization. 11ie more primitive condition of the Soricid humerus, using Croridiun as a type, hears significant likeness t(» the Xesophonff's Inimerus. .LV77/OAl\ MAirUALS OF PORTO RICO ro The ulna (text Eig. 2o ) is of the primitive pkeeiital type— long, slender and neai'ly straight. It is flat and thin for most of its length, witli a large, strong oleeranon proeess wliieh is well ridged for tendon Fk;. '211. —.\(%^ophonic fi cdithfv. ivisht ulna : A, anterior asiUH't : IJ, external asiHH't ; (', posterior aspect; IX internal aspect, X "> - attachment. The sigmoid ea\ity is ample. 'Iliere are well-defined sur- faces for tlie articulation of the i'a<lin8 and for t1ie i)isif()rm and cunei- lorm. Uhue collected.—33, most of them perfect. Measurements of Vina of XcsophonUs etlithac Greatest length o 1 . . 25 1 , 25 6 27 1 25 9 23 4 23 3 23 4 22 5 22 1 Greatest an tero- posted or width 2.3 2 2 2!? 2.4 2 3 2.2 2 2 1.9 2.0 1.9 Length of ole- cranon from horder of sigmoid cavity 4.0 4.1 4,3 3.9 3.7 3.0 3.3 3 . t) 3.0 3.0 ,sn s('ii:\TiFi(' Sim in of roirro n/co 1'Im' Scsojfhuiib'H uJna eomi)Hr('s wtvll with the shrew iihia, Crocidura, but tfien; is raTlier Jiiore speeiatization to be seen in the oh^cranon region of tlie latter. The primitive zahunbdodonts Centetes, Eemicentetes, and b'ss elosely Soleiiodon and Foicunogcde—show remarkably close simi- lai-ity to Nesophontes throughout. The Erinaceus nlna is also sutlieientlv g<"nrrali/ed to l)e elosely eompared witli Nesophontes. The ulna of Gynh tutra is \i)Y\' similar and tlie greatest diiTerenee seems to be merely in the riir\(! of the bone. The ulna of Tupaia bears out the resemblance ex- pj-essed by tlie hituieriis aud agrees, iu the main, quite well with Neso- phonfes. 3 \r.'^t,/thnnff H 'iifiia. Left ladius: A, antorior aspoet ; B, ext^^^rnal aspect (\ posrorioi- as[)«>(:t. >( '>/2 II"' I'iuhii. (irxl: Fig. 21) is moaenitcly bowed, nearly imiiorm in rr„ss-s(.ct,.,n l!.ro„ul,out, j„h1 wi'th a ^.li,crht distal expansuni. It has a .•ons|,u.u..us t„i,e,vl,> and well-,nark,.,l insertion areas for the supinator MiHl pronator mus,.kv. Tliere is a well-defined curve for the extensor l;;nd.Hi. and ti.e artienlatin,. surfaces „f the bone, both proximal an,! -Hsta . an. lar.uv. C.nsidering the small size of the radius, the muscle insertion areas are nmisualiy well inarked. l!,ulii rnUrrlv,]. ^><. most of thein i)i.rfeet. WTHOXY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO g\ Mca.suretnevts of Radius of .V<%sop/iot*ie« vdithnc (ilea test length Tijiiisverse width jit mid-point a ; 20.9 i 1.5 h 1 18.7 i 1.2 V i 18.8 I 1.2 d 20.6 I 1./) e i 19.0 i 1.1 9 ! ! f I 17.1 j 0.9 Centetes and Solenodon, while rather cloBely agreeing with Neso- j)/( antes as to radii, are not proportionally as well equipped for pronation and supination. Although the hones of these two genera are much larger^ and therefore should be more clearly marked off for muscle inser- tion, they are actually smoother than the small radius of yesophontes. Erinaceus has a radius quite similar to that of Nesoplionfes, and the Shrew radius (Crocidura and Blarina) is also similar. .ilthough several ribs of Nesophontes were found, mostly from the anterior part of the series, it is not possible to draw very satisfactory deductions from the material. The ribs are not very strongly curved and the greatest degrc^e of curving is at the proximal end. On some of the ribs the tubercle is fairly well developed, but on the longer ribs the tubercle facet is wanting or is undifferentiated from the surface of tlie rounded head. The shaft of the rib is strong, compressed, but expanded distally to form a thickened articulation surface for the costal cartilage. In most cases there is a Avell-marked groove along the shaft. Ril)s collected,-— 15, most of them perfect. MeaHuremenh.—Sex indeterminable, 9 (?). Greatest h^igth, third ( ?) rib, IS.G uim.: nintli (?) rib, 19.7; greatest breadth of shaft, third rib, 1.5. Judging from tlie curvature of the few^ ribs collected, the body of A cmpliontes must have been deep rather than broad. In the characters of the ribs themselves, considerable resemblance is shown to those of ^'rocidtira and to Gymnura. Centetes, as well, should be included in this 'omparison, although in some details, such as the more rounded shaft 'Hid the better-developed tubercle, a decided difference is displayed. The ^olcnodon rib is compressed in a plane at right angles to the plane of oDvpression in the Nesophontes rib, and this is confirmatory of the ! hypothesis that Nesophonies had a det^p body and not a widened-out one like Solenodon. i^one of the other insectivores examined have such a .., saffjxTiFic sr iniJY of rouro uico knoh-like expaBBioo for tlie eo.tal attaclnneots on the distal end of the ''^Th,. saenim (text Fi,'. To) is eomposed of three vertebn. and is nmeh ,M.r at th. .ephaU. thai, at the caudal extremity. Tlie neural spines an. ,.ot fuMMl lo forui a ecmlinuous dorsal erest and they are not very ),,.}, Th. r.pha]ie artiridar siirfaoes are of medium size, but the eauda,' .rnrnhitinns aro rath.r snialL The hiteral borders eurve gently Iron, . ,1a. to th(. thinl .aeral v.rh-ln-a. The dorsal foramina are very large ,, ^,,, ,,,,t,,u rnnuniiia aiv fair-sized. In one specimen, probably that ohi iu.livi(hial, advaiuvd fusion with the first cau(hil vertebra is .hnwn. 41ie sacrum shows no rharacters of specialization. >acm colh'ctciL— T. .)/.v/.,/;rm../..- Length through centra, S 1^.8, 9 11.9 mm., breadth mro.> ahe, 6 ^Jl, 9 H:^. Thr Xrsnphonh's samim WiuU its closest resemblaiu^e m the sacrum n, Cruriilnm and others of ihv SiM'icidae, the ]n'oportions of the diiferont <'in V\r., •_•.'•. \isrtftfiotifrs iditlut . S;»cniin : A, dorsjil ;i.s|)«m'I ; 11, Inlornl asjuH't. X 4 1 oh'inonts being, in g<uu'rab simibir. The sacrum of the primitive zalanib- ilodonts, Ceniples and lleniirentetes. is decidedly diilferent in the propor- fi(»n> of ih<' first two sacral vertebra^, Hemicentele^^ resembling Neso- phtmieH in this resptH't rather more than does CenieicR, The Solenodov sacrum, of four vertebra^ and with tlie neural spines fused to form ;i eri'st, 18 quite* dissimilar to the XesophoNfes sacrum. The Erinaceidar ha\e (piite a high sat^'um of nearly uniform width and need no detaile<l romparisou here. The sacrum <d' the ar})oreal Tupaia is much wider and of a sirueture widely diil'erent from that of the Porto Eiean iiisectivor*' Th«' iuiionuuate bone (text Fig. *^()) is simple and unspecialized. Tb • uiaiu axis <d' tlu» element is nearly straight. The ilium is long, slender and trihedral, exjianding anteri(U'ly in the transverse plane, with tb' exteriuil border a symmetrical eurvi*. The ilium probably does not enb r info ihe acetabulum, judging from a specimen which has been broke i and shows a sutural {*ontaet. 'I'he articulating surface of the ilium e - ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 83 tends from about the middle of the bone to the terminal fourth. The ischium is laterally compressed, expanding where it articulates with the ]}ubiS;, and seemingly does not have an osseous connection with the IK;. 2<>. Nesophontes edithw. Right innominate of adult male: A, external aspect; iorsal aspect ; C, internal aspect. I^eft innominate of adult female : D, external -U^xt. X 5/2 SI- SCIENTIFIC SURVEY 01 rORTO RICO HaeruBK The ischial Bpiiie is present and there is a noticeable roughen- ing for tendon attachment along the distal portion of the ischium. The pnbin is flat^ slender and straight for most of its length, with a slight inward curvature at the symphyseal region. Apparently there is either very sliglit fusion of the pubis at the median symphysis or none at alh Hiiice the {'(\^e of the bone has such a small, roughened area in the symphyseal region. The acetabulum is deep and cup-like, with a wide cotyk)id notch. The obturator foramen is a large and roughly triangular opening. The contact of the innominate bone with the sacrum occur> only along the ilia. fnnominafa collected.—59, a large part are perfect. MeiiHurvuK'^niH of fimominate Bone of Nesophontcs edithae (jf reatest length of innominate l>one :« <> 3:5.4 Anterior l)order of acetabulum to anterior end of ilium Greatest width across ischium 4- pubes Greatest diameter of acetabu- lum Greatest diameter of obturator foramen & a . b , . , , c. 19.0 18.9 16.0 16.0 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 9.8 9.3 d 35 1 20.9 32? 18.9 27.1 16.1 27.2 16.3 26,7 15.8 25.7 15.0 24 7 15.0 «* .-. ^ ... 9 f h. i. . . j 11.2 12.0 11.0 10.8 7.4 7.7 7.7 6.9 Young m' ? k I. . . t 29.7 : 17.4 2Q 5 lii w 13.2 ^^ 8.0 ! '" '^ '-^ '^ 4.1 8.0 I li.' i""o.u„>at,> Ihmu. „F Xcwphontes most nearly resembles that of the /alHinh,lo.lo.,ts, Solcnodon. Ccniete., Ilemkentetes and Microgah. Agreement with Fot,nnogah is less intimate because this structure i- more ujrhly s,K...iali.e.l in the latter genus. The simple characters ..r *he .IMrerent el..„,e„,s of the pelvie girdle, whieli lack anv of the special- ,xe,l var,at,o„s n forn, found in the higher groups of insectivores, ar. s„rtK.n>nf to d>st,ngu,sh the Ncsoph„,aes innominate from most of t!. ns«.,voru ontsule of the Zalan.bdodonta. In this respect Ermaccns Ims ,.rogressed bnt httle. if any, past the primitive condition found n, y,-.opho,Mu\. ,n the ease of niari.a and Crocidn.a a possible e.'- hitum from this condition is seen. .LV77/0.\i', 21A.UMALS OF PORTO KIVO 85 The feiiiur (text Eig. 27) is of a very generalized type with a straight, -iiiooth shaft of nearly uniform cross-section from trochanters to con- dyles. The well-rounded head represents fully half of a sphere. The /jeep constriction at the neck is continuous except at a point on the upper posterior surface, where the rounded surface of the head terminates ab- ruptly at the edge of the trochanteric fossa in a Y-shaped ridge. Both ureater and lesser trochanters are well developed and almost equal in size. Tlie posterior intertrochanteric line and the trochanteric fossa are con- spicuous and well defined. The third trochanter is present as a promi- nent, rounded process on the compressed, external border of the shaft. The ccmdylar region is normal. The femur of males is so much larger Ki<;. 27. SemiihitnU.H iMlithu. Itight femur of adult male: A, anterior a.sf)eoi : <', Itosterior aspect ; D, internal aspect ; E, external aspect. Ki^ht femur of adult female : B, anterior aspect. X 2/1. and heavier than that of females that some of the insertion areas, espe- i'ially in the region above the intercondylar notch, are more clearly ^hown. However, there are some of the largest of the femora winch are very smooth and with very little rugosity at any point. Femora collected.—144, most of them perfect. In many details the femur of a male Nesophontes resembles the Sole- fiodon femur; the disparity in size is great and the femur of the latter is i'roportionally heavier than that of Nesophontes, but the development of ^he different areas and processes in the two genera is almost identical. ^>oth have the rounded surface of the head extended toward the greater rochanter in a V-shaped ridge, but the head of Nesophontes is notice- ably the better developed and more restricted at the neck. Nesophontes 80 SCIENT/FW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO differs from Erinaceus in having a femur with better-developed tro- ehaiiters, the third trochanter of the former genus being very small, and a mo ell deeper trochanteric fossa. Compared with the femur of a large shrew, Crocidma mjansae Mru, from the Belgian ('ongo, close agreement in general structure is ob- serve<l, but thtj shrew femur lacks the trochanteric fossa and the inter- troclianteric line so well marked in Nesophontes. The [emur of Hrnlopin^ has the third trochanter greatly developed and liigh on tlie shiift, tliereby differing from Nesophontes, but in the ap- jiroximation of the eonvc^x surface of the head toward the greater tro- chanter there is similarity, The f<'mur of Xt'snphouirs, because of its primitive character, needs /no comparison with sucli genera as Rliynchocyon, Macroscelides, Cliryso- ' rltlori^ and Tupnin. In its generalized characters it agrees fairly well witli any of the primitive insectivore types, the best agreement being with tile genera dis(;ussed above. McftHHrciHvntH of Femur of Kesophontcs fdlthae Lc!ip;th Diameter of head Greatest breadth across tips of trocnant(»rs S.4 Least width of shaft Greatest width across Widtli across articular 2S.0 4.0 condyles surface •\ 2.9 6.7 3.7 h . 2n.H 3.S S 2 2.8 6.1 2.9 (' 2() (i 3 7 S 2.7 6.1 3.1 d 2<).2 4 2 s s 2.9 6.6 3.6 (* 2S 4 I S . 5 2.8 6.8 3.9 f 27 \) 3.H S 2 2.9 6.2 2.9 n. 27 S 4 4) S 3 3.0 6.6 3.4 h 27 3 7 S 7 2.9 6.1 2.8 i 27 1 3 , S S 4 2.6 6.4 3.1 j.. 2S 7 27 71 23 1 22. n 22 U 22 7 24 5 23 5 22 5 )'> 7 1 1 3 92 2 9 3,1 3.0 3.0 3.2 3 3.2 3 2 3.2 3.2 3.10 S 5 s.io t>.4 ().5 t) 5 <) 4 t>.9 2.9 6.8 3.0 \v<'rMK<'. 2.84 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.0 6.44 3.24 k !. . . ?n n o p ... 5.2 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.7 5.2 5.3 2.5 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.7 M "'!!•!"'" V s 23 1 b.o 6 3 2.5 2.3 5.4 5.4 2.7 2.7 <u*^ . o 23 05 6.5 6.52 2.3 5.3 2.5 AvtM'a^jr. . . . 2.39 5.33 2.64 AXTHOyr, MAMMALIA OF PORTO RICO The tibia (text Fig. 28) is quite long, being slender and nearly straiglit tln'oughoiit most of its lengthy with a smooth sliaft and no speeial inser- tion areas other tliaii that tor the tibialis anticus muscle. The crest of the anterior border is sharp and extensive and there is a well-marked concavity along the onter aspect where the tibialis anticns attaches. The tibia has a very flat ])roximal end with a low median ridge. The tnber- ViG. 2S. XcHopliontcf^ edithw. Right tibia of adult male : A/ external aspect. Left iil>ia and fibula of adult female: IJ. antfU'o-extmujl aspect; C, external aspect; D, pos- terior aspect. X 2/1. nsities are normal. The facet for the tibnla is small, facing directly • lowiiward and not obliquely downward. The internal malleolus is long and tlie articulating surfaces indicate that the outside keel of the astra- i^iilus is much higher than that on the inside. The sexual dimorphism is very marked in the series of tibia. Tihim collected.-— 123, most of tliem perfect. SVlKNTlFia .SURVEY OF PORTO RICO \fcaHurcmrnts of Tihiu of Nesophontes edithae h. . c. . V. . i. . h.. (Jrcatrst Least width i width (Jrcatt'.^t length across | across tuber- ! anterior osities aspect Ave. 3(>.0 33 34 t» 34.4 34 5 33.3 36 2 35 2 34 r, 33.1 34.4t» 7.3 (>.l 6.2 6.5 6 5.9 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.0 ().30 1 7 1 5 1 \ 1.7 16 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1 57 k I. m. n. . o. . P q.. r. . Ave. (ireatest i length 28.5 30.3 30.7 31.1 32.1 31.2 30.7 30.7 31.9 31.4 30.86 Greatest width across tuV)er- osities 4.8 5.2 5.6 5.2 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.5 lieast width across anterior aspect 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.5 5.27 1.43 hi tiie eliaraeter of Hini|)le, .smooth, and slightly curved shaft the tibia of Xempliontes displays its ])rimiti\e nature. Among all the Insectivora, the retention <d' an equal degree of generalization is shown only by Solenoiion, Crnfcfes, llemiernietes and Tupaia. The IU)ula H^'xt Fig. 28) is long, slender and of nearly uniform cross- section. The shaft is very straight, and fusion to the tibia is so iraper- feci that the two elemcmts were seldom foimd attached, and close inspec- tion is nei^essary to locate the area of fusion at the distal end. Expansion of the shaft at l)otli proximal and distal ends is moderate. The grooves for tendon passage at the distal end are well developed. Fihukr coJIfcfaL—^^ only one perfect. }fmsureinpffts.~~- S : total length, 29 mm.; cross-section at a mid- point, I by .9 mm. The fibula of Xesophonies, being almost free from the tibia, needs littk» eom|>arison with most of the insectivore genera. As in the case of the tibia, the closest agreement in this primitive condition is found in the members of the (Vntetoidea, Solenodo7i, Cenfefe.^, Hemuenfefes and in TufMiin. The vertel»ral column is represented by comparatively few vertebrjr. and hence cannot be described in detail, although a few vertebrae from each series are present. In most of its characters the column appears to he primitive. The atlas is of good size proportionally, with ample articu- lating surfaces and a well-developed, tubercle for the longus colli muscle. The axis has a robust spine, higher than broad, large cephalic articulat ing surfaces, peg-like transverse processes, and a strong median ridge oi ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RWO 81) the ventral surface of tiie centrum, which gives tlie posterior aspect of the centrum a subtriangular appearance. The available material indi- cates that the anterior cervicals are normal. There is no trace of the dorsal spine on the few cervicals found. The sixth cervical has the three branches of the transverse process w^ell developed, the costal element large and with an almost straight, ventral border. One of the first of the thoracic series is very short, with slender dorsal spine and well-marked articulation for the rib tubercle, but most of the thoracic vertebrae are too fragmentary to describe. The lumbar vertebrae are large, with well- formed processes and articulations. The dorsal spine is restricted to the anterior half of the vertebra because of the narrow, Y-shaped indentation wliich runs forward between the two caudal articulations. The dorsal spine is low and forwardly inclined. The caudal vertebra, wdiich is identified as that of Nesophontes, is a simple, rod-like element, with the h^ngth equal to about twice the diameter. Vertehrw collected,—Atlases, 2; axes, 4; cervicals, 2; thoracics, 2; umbars, 5: caudals, 1. .Measurements of Vertchrw o.f Nesophontes edifhae Atlas Axis Cervical (sixth) Thoracic Lumbar Caudal lipnft'th of centrum & 7.3 9 6.5 & 3.2 9 2.4 d^i5.2 6.0 (heater transverse l)readth. 0^11. 5 911.3 o^ 8.8 9 ... cf'10.5 9 S.6 d^ 7.0 2.8 The vertebral column of Nesophontes, as a whole, does not closely re- semble that of any other of the Insectivora. In most details it comes closest to Crocidura and Centetes. The Crocidiom column has the atlas very similar, except for a longer tubercle; the axis has a wider dorsal ^pine; the cervicals are very similar to those of Nesopkontes and have 'uit \ery low dorsal spines; the thoracics have a low spine, but otherwise ^Hry somewhat from Nesophontes; the lumbars have the same indenta- tion between the posterior articulating surfaces, but are rather more s|H'cialized on the ventral surface; the caudals are similar in nature. ^ entetes agrees with Nesopltontes in the characters of the axis, the cervi- ''ds (except for the presence of a pronounced dorsal spine), and the ^ln)racics, but only partially in the hunbar region and not at all in the 'Hudal series. Erinaceus, Gymnura and Solenodon all have primitive ' <'^tebral characters resembling Nesophontes, the greatest resemblances 1>0 SVIEXTIFW HUIiVEy OF PORTO RJCO Ix'ii)^- found ill the corvieals, where^ however^ the dorsal spine is found ill every ease. The specialized Tupaia lias marked resemblances in the Inu-spiued tlioracies and the postc^riorly forked liimbars. Summarv of the Principal (Characters of Nemphontes edlthae 1. The skull is primitive in chara(;ter—elongate, tubular, slightly con- si ri(.'ted interorbitally (hence with large olfactory chamber), lacking an ecto|)terygoid fossa, possessing large infraorbital foramen, large foramen magnum, incomplete zygomatic arch, ju'ominent himbdoid crest and low sagittal crest. 2. The mandible has a curving ventral outline, a high coronoid, well- <h'velo|>ed angular |)rocess and mandibular condyle with transverse ex- f)ansion and backwardly directed articulation. :>. Tlie dentition lacks only a premolar above and below of being the full, |)rimitive, plact^ntal set of 44. The milk dentition is well developed, the milk incisors persisting into early maturity. The incisors are not highly si)ecialized, the upper canine is two-rooted and large, the pre- molars ai'e of the s(*ctorial type, and the molars have the high Y-shaped cusps above (protocone, nietacone and paracone), the tuberculo-sectorial trigonid and talonid below. I. The hnmerus is nns|)eciali/ed, retaining its normal form and with hirge entepii'ondyhii- and snpratrochlear foramina. 5. 11ie iihia and radius are slender and nnspecialized. il The innominati^ in noj-mal in its development. The ilium is long, slender and trihedral, the ischia liave well-developed spines and are well s«»j)arated, and the {nd)ic el(>nu»nis do not coah^sce at tlie symphysis. T. The femur has the tliird troehanter and a well-developed intertro- chanteric line. 8. The tibia and libnla, are se|)arate, slight ossification taking place distally. i). Tlie V(»rtebra» lack any specialization. \esophrn,fps is wi^lely separated from any of the existing families of msectnores, Imt be(^ans(> of its excetMlingly ])rimitive structure agreement ni a lew eluiracters is f(,nnd with (.ich family. No living insectivore ha< such an assenddagc^ of generalized characters and the gap between auv nf them and ^ esopkonffs is apparently very great. A number of characters link the Nesopl.ontid^e' with the Centetoidea. 1 he general form of the skull with elongate rostrum, nearlv full primi- tive dentition tritubereular molars, absence of jugal, large infraorbital foramen, fused nasals, completely ossified palate and non-inflated brain ANTHOXY, MAMMALS OF PORTO 111 CO \)\ case^ indicate a degree of relationship with Such forms as Ccntetes and Solenodon. Nesophofites, however, is even more primitive than these o-enera, not onl}' in details of the skull but in the skeleton, llie proto- cone in the Nesophontes mohir is a ver}' important cusp of large size and has not begun to suffer from the reduction and subordination shown in living centetids; the incisors and canines bear the primitive relationship to each other and the skeleton in general is more primitive. Nesophontes was undoubtedly of more primitive habit than those zalambdodonts to which it bears the closest resemblances Solenodon and CeivteteH. The skeleton shows none of the fossorial ada|)tati()ns of Soleiio- (lon, and the only developments aside from the purely terrestrial are arboreal. The forearm shows marked powers of pronation and supina- tion, and, when taken in connection with the unthickened shafts of the bones, this faculty could have found expressio]i, seemingly, only when the animal climbed. Perhaps it was both terrestrial and arboreal, or semi- arboreal, for only on this hypothesis can the fundamentally generalized skeleton be accounted for. The surprising parallelism with Tupaia in the characters of the humerus, ulna, tibia and vertebrae is significant in this connection as to an arboreal habit. NesopJiontes agrees with the tupaioid,'^ erinaceoid and soricoid forms oidy in the very primitive characters. Gymnura has such a generalized skeleton that many resemblances are noted when the skeleton of Neso- phontes is compared with it; this is true of Erinaceus to a lesser degree. In its primitive type of skeleton with arboreal specialization, Tupaia shows unexpected similarities to Xesophontes. In skull characters tho differences are profound. Of the soricoid forms, the Talpidae are so highly specialized in many l)articulars that resemblance to NesopJiontes is very remote. Of the dif- ferent genera, the Old World Talpa presents the closest agreement in characters of dentition, the only part of the skeleton that may be con- sistently compared. The agreement consists in the relation of canine to incisors and the well-developed metacone. Differences equally important ure the reduced protoconc and well -developed paracone of Talpa, as con- trasted with the reverse condition in Nesophontes. The Soricidae, as far as their characters have been unchanged by spe- «'ialization, have many skeletal characters in common with Nesophontes. ^hmg large species of Crocidura as bases of comparison, agreement was ' For thf sake of complftencss, llio ]\rfnotyphla wero comi)arfMl with Nesophnntes, 'iihousii tbore can 1)o no (loubt that Nesoplioiitcs is a true inseetivore in the restricted ^ense. in S(lj:XTfF/C SURVEY OF PORTO RICO fiaiml in the i'ollowiiig cliaraeters :^ the shape of the scapula^ the devel- opment of the s})iiK'-aeromion complex and the deep infraspinons fossa; Hk* ulna and radios; the hiimeriis; the sacrum; the vertebrae; the ribs. Trie dentition, es|)ecially the incisor-canine series^ is very highly devel- ()|>cd in the shn'ws, but in the procumbent upper incisors and the bilobed lower incisors of Xc.^ijphonies a possi!)le step in the direction of soricid sfXHtializatiou is seen, and there are marked resemblances in the molar crowns. Crociihira has a high metacone and reduced paracone very sim- ilar to Nesophonh's. I'he shrew protocone, however, is greatly rednced and tlie molar has mhltH] a [lostero-intcTual spur not found in Neso- phontcH. '\'\w l>est agreenH>nt between Crocidura and Nesophontes is in the following skull characters: the wide separation of postglenoid process nnd })eriotic, the lack of outgrowths from the alisphenoid and basisphe- rio!<{ to form pnrt of the bulla, the ring-shaped tympanic, the position of the foranu'n ovale bcivve<^n the postglenoid process and the pterygoid wiu^ of the alis[)henoi(l. the glenoid cavity opening forward instead of • lowriwani, the elongate basi(a'anial region, the greatly reduced anterior and posterior zygomatic roots, the optic foramen opening into the sphen- orhital fissure in Xr.^ophotifrs (confluent with it in Crocidura) and the posterior mental foramcMi situated beh>w pm.j. Fn.m th(* lieptictichie, Xr.wphonirs (Mv.v^ radically, some of the main diU'erences being i\w {H)sses>.ion in this family of ' four premolars, as against thnv in Xrsnp/fonh'.^ : the prcNsence of a well-developed zygomatic arch, the unfused juisals and the much broader, heavier skull, with prominent lateral longitu<linal crests. It will be s<.>n from tlu.^ foregoing ])aragraplis that the N-esophontidae !s a very W(dl circuniscrilxMl family and is not immediately related to the other insect ivore families. Because of the undeveloped possibilities in Its structure, the l><>rto Kican animal might be near the line of descent of several of the nuxlern families. On the one hand, Solenodon or Cen- Irh's might have .volve<l fnun su(^h a primitive ancestor as Nesophontes. ^;'"^'' 7\^^'^^ ^^^^»^^'' ^^^^'^^1 the possibility that the Soricidae might have descendc.l from an i.xvh nesophontid must not be overlooked. Neso- Phnnirs IS such a type as might well be looked for in the Eocene and its persistence down into th<^ late Pleistocene or early Eecent may be ex- 1 amed by its msular isolation. If this interpretation of its relation- ships u; placed upon A..o/>/.^ it implies a related ancestry for the li'^ittt^n! "^"""'^"^-"-^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ady suggested by Leche .v::!:^:.::'"^^ ^"^ '^-'''"^'^ -^ '^ ^'^^ ^'-"-^^^^^-^ -^ ^^^ <^^f^^rent ..elotal elements of xyTHoyy, mammal;^ of roirro Rico 9:] Skeletons of the following species have been available for comparison with NesopJiontes: Tv/pam speciosa Macroscelides rozeti Rhynchocyon claudi (rymnura rafffesii Erinaceus europaeus Sorex personatus Blarina hrevicauda (^rocidtira nyansae kivu (-rocidura riibicunda f yfyogale moseha fa Talpa europa ea Scalopus aquaticu.'^ Fotamogale velox Solenodon paradoxus Oentetes ecaudatiis ITemicenteies semispinosus Ericulus felfairi pallescens ryzorycies fetradactylus Microgale dohmni Chrysochloris frevelyani Status of the Family NESOPHONTIDAE The difficulty in determining the relationships of the Nesophontidae hes not so much in establishing the validity of the grou]3 as a family, but rather in finding other families of insectivores enough like it to claim affinity. The characters which set the N"esophontidae apart are obvious, but the resemblances with other insectivores are not so patent, except for the many primitive characters whereby similarity may be found, to some degree, with practically any of the insectivore gTOups. The position in which I placed the iSTesophontidae in my description of the family (1916), rather nearer to the soricoids than to the zalamb- dodonts, was not accepted by Dr. G. M. Allen (1918, p. 135), who be- lieves that the true condition is the reverse. Dr. Allen advances comparisons which give strong support to his con- tention, and I freely grant that there is a deep gulf between the primitive Nesophontes and the highly specialized Soricidae or Talpidae; so, also, is there a great gap between Nesophontes and Solenodon, to bridge which Dr. Allen presupposes special development of the generalized Neso- pkonte>i condition to evolve the present-day Solenodon condition. The profound changes which would develop a Solenodon from a nesophoiitid would also carry a nesophontid well into the soricid stage, if along >^lightly different lines. The main difference in i\\e two comparisons is that the Soricidae are very highly developed as we find them today (witli respect, to some features of skull and dentition), whereas the zahunbdo- <lonts re|)resent a more primitive stage. However, the zalambdodont 'lentition appears as early as the Basal p]ocene in Palaeorycies of Matthew (1913, p. 309). Gregory (1910, p. 2()8), writing of the evolu- tion of the Centetoidea, says : Hinet* the common orij^in of the Centetoidea and Eriiiaceoidea seems well assured, from the evidence cited on pai^e 26<>, Ave nnist ])elieve that most of tl»(' 1)1 SCII'JXTIFIC siR\f]Y OF PORTO RJGO H|M'rijil (k'liretid charjictcr.s above enumerated, except possibly the V-shaped Iir<»ro<oiie of the upi)er molars, the hiek of a hypoeouid, and the position of the rMJSterior iiKnitai foramen, liave been acquired by the Centetidae after they b^'canie separ-ated from (lie foi'ermuiers of the Erinaceoidea. Ttie date of this separation can at present only be determined witliin very wide limits. It was certainly not later than the Lower Eocene, for in the IvKnnie and Oligocene the family Leptictidae had already become Erinaceoid in many cinuacters, wdiile liy the time of the Louver Oligocene the Zalambdo- donts had <ll(f(»rentiated into (lirysochlorids (p. 258) and Centetids {Apterno- dns, p. 2r>*)>, the Solenodontida<' also possibly being represented by Micropter- HinlUH (p. 2.11)). As to the lower linnt for th(» date of separation, there is still less to guide US. If the Fotanufffale upper molar be more primitive than the Microgale molar, thc^n the nun-phologicai gap between the Microgale and presumably thr^ Aptrrnodiis njolar on tlie one lian<l and the Ictops molar on the other is very profound, and tlie separate phylogenetic lines representing the Leptictidae and tlu» Centetidae would have to be i>rolonged back very far before they would run together. If, on th<' contrary (as seems on the whole more probable), the MUnHjaU' molar is the prindtive Centetid type, then the principal difference b<'tween It and the more prindtive htopH molar lies in the reduction of the l»anMM.ne and soim^times its fusion with the parastyle. In that case the lower lindt for tin* separation of the I'^rinaceoids and Centetoids might perhaps be tlic Basal Eocene or l'pp(»r Cretaceous. ('oiiHcqiuvptly, if the zalanibdocloiit molar was derived from a neso- phoritid molar the development must have taken place at a very remote time. Dr. Matthew writes of the zalambdodoiit molar in his report on Palaeon/rh's: ^'that it has ])r()bably, although not certainly, passed through a m»rnial trituhercular stage in its evolution" (1. c, p. 313). T\u> sanie author, writing in 1009 on the Insectivora of the Bridger I^asin, page olM, says: Whatever thcMiretic views may be held as to the ultimate derivation of the ddambdochmt from the zalambdodont type of molar, or vice versa, the fact renmlns that in Mesozoic as in modern times the two were entirely distinct, and that there is n<. direct evidence for the derivation of any dilambdodont tandlies of instn-tivora from zaiambdodont ancestors. The Oligocene zalamb- d<Mlonts may or nn.y not l»e related to the ChrysocWoridae. Centetidae or Noleno^huitidae, but thc^y are not related to the Talpidae, Soricidae, Leptic- tibiae, etc., and shotdd not be placed even provisionally in any of these famUies. While this nuiy be taken io show the antiquity of the distinction bo- Hveen the zaland>do<h>ut and the dilambdodont dentition, it has bearing nn the a hn,t,es oi Xesopho.ie. only in so far as to point ont the im- pn m!>.lity ot a transition from the nesophontid n.olar to the Solenodo. HHdar in the p^runl sim. the Eocene. I have conceded earlier in mv discussion of ^e.opho,U. the |>ossibilitv of evolving a Solenodon from ANTHONY, J/IJ/J/ ILaS' OF PORTO EICO <)5 a Xesoplionfes, as far as structural data is concerned. Palioontological data indicates that sncli structural changes^ if they took place at all. transpired before the Eocene. Since Nesophontes is so well dift'eren- riated from the zalanibdodonts on the one hand and the dilambdodonts on the other, it becomes more or less a question as to whether the hypo- thetical molar change of the unknown pre-Eocene should outweigh an a|)])arent (although ])ossibly unreal) affinity to the Soricoidea molar. Willie I have tried to show that the zalanibdodonts, as far back as they liave l)een discovered, are still far removed from nesophontids, it might he said with almost equal force that the same is true of the earliest known soricids and talpids. They, too, are well specialized families at their (^arliest appearance, although in their case the record does not go back to the Basal Eocene. In making tlie assumption that the line of descent of the Xesopliontidae inclines toward the side of the Soricidae, I have pic- tiuHHl the primitive soricid as combining, to a greater or less degree, tlie ])rimitive skeleton of the present-day shrew" with the more generalized (h^ntition (as compared with the Soricidae) of the moles. I would (pialify my earlier use of the term Soricidae (Anthony, 1916, p. 728) and employ now Soricoidea, in order to better include an ancestral form witli generalized dentition and skeleton. Tlie Eo<*eiie talpoid forms are probably related to either moles or shrews. but probably they combined the more primitive dentition of the moles with the more primitive skeleton of the shrews, and may have lacked certain pro- u^jessive features common to both families. (Matthew, 1909, p. 508.) Tlie Talpidae seem to be linked ancestrally with the Soricidae through the primitive genera, Mi/ogalc, Urotrichus and Uropsiltis, the first of wiiich ap- proaches the typical Talpidae, while the last is shrew-like in almost every- thing except its dentition. (Gregory, 1910, p. 265.) The Talpidae and Soricidae have very i>robably diverged from a connnon >^tom. the typical Talpidae having acquired high fossorial specializations in the limbs, while the Soricidae have developed a very peculiar and highly modi- M(m1 antemolar dentition. (Gregory, 1910, p. 2()»*5.) lint the numerous resemblances cited abov(\ as well as certain generalized <<'ntetoid features of NecrolesteH, seem only to warrant the inference that the ^teni form of the Soricoidea (which was doubtless not yet mole-like in its liml)s) is related to the stem of the Centetoidea on the one hand and to the ^teni of the Krinaeeoidea on the other, ((rregory, 1910, p. 20(».) To sum up, the choice of affinity lies between the Zalambdodonta and iHe Dilambdodonta, ami accordingly as the various characters of Neso- I'liontes are given weight tlie liypothetical line of descent of the IS^eso- 'liontidae may be diverted toward the one or the other. If the differ- 'i^'es bet\\'een Nesop]io7ifrs and Solenodoii—for example, such as tlie dif- 1M; S(IESTIFIV ^UllVFA' OF PORTO RICO fereiiee between the tliree-eusped W molar pattern of the former and the riMJiieed two-cusped V pattern of the latter—do not outweigh the resern- l)hinee8, such as '*the shape of the skull, the incomplete zygomatic arch, the long, tabular ro.^trum, early fusion of the nasals (also in Soricidae). the slight inflation of tlie frontal region, large foramen magnum, promi- nent lambdoid and low sagittal crests, the tooth-formula, the double- roote<l upi)er canine, and the transversely expanded mandibular condyle" {ii. M. Allen, 1918, p. ]*5o), which are, for the most part characters held in common by all |u-imitive insectivores, then the iSTesophontidae must have closer affinities %vith the Zalambdodonta than with the Soricoidea or- any otlier snperfamily of the Insectivora characterized as dilambdo- dont. nowev(»r, if the sjjecialized features of the Soricoidea may be consid- «'red as a later development obscuring the true primitive condition, then serious consideration must be given to such agreement in characters be- imnnx NcHophontes and Tal])a as an identical fundamental arrangement of primitive cusps (modified to different degrees, but present in both ( ases), similarity in position of posterior mental foramen (under the last [u-emolar in Nmrphontes. approaching that condition in Talpa), and upper canines in tlie same stage of development, double-rooted and with nornuil relation to the tooth-row in both genera. Other genera of the S(,ri(H)idea--~-f'ror;W///Yf, for example—are like Nemphontes in the follow- ing nvspiM'ts: high metaeone and reduced paracone, wide separation of postglenoid ]n•oc<^'^s and ])eriotic, no part of the alisphenoid or basisphe- n<ud forming ])art of thi^ bnlia, ring-shaped tympanic, foramen ovale betwccMi i)o.stglenoid process and pterygoid wing of alisphenoid, glenoid cavity opening forward instead of dowiiward, elongate basicranial region. n.Uwvd nnterior and ]>ost(»rior zygonnitic roots and optic foramen open- ing into the maigm of tlie sphenoi.lal fissnrc. From the fore-oing it may be arguc.l that the Xesophontidae have reasonable claims for inclu- sion in the D.laml.lodonta rather than tlie Zalambdodonta. Tt mav be overemphasizing these resemblances to inchuh. the IsTesophontidae in the same snperiamily with the Snricidae and th. Talpidae. For that reason, and because ot <mr present inadecpiate knowledge of Tertiary Insect!- v<.ni. f..l that a definite statement as to the immediate status of th. Nesophontidae partakers, more or less, of the nature of a guess. I believe. Imwever hat we niav expect to lin<] the ancestors of the Xesophontid.c '' '^'r <^^^^^^^^Mn.\.nt rather than in th. zalambdodont section of th^ lns(»('tivora. Pa CMS sE.\n 'Mm !X, I'l.ATi: VI :;litfHi ^ IX. 1*1.ATE XI ; i/i. I'iy-. :;;,, :u., JX. Pl.l'l L Xi i6c •"\ |6b iii 6c 8 I 93 1 10| Ml2a |l1a 11b| 13a 13b ^3c Il7a ai7b 17c 5 1 4* ii 20 cT 2oir ^ ' ZZ A 1 1^. PARTS ISSUED Part 3. Part 4. i^OLUME 11. Part 1. Part 2. Volume III. Part 1. Part 2. Volume I (complete in four parts, with index). Part 1. History of the Survey, by N. L. Britton. Geological Introduction, by C. P. Berkey. Geology of the San Juan District, with colored map, by D. It. Semmes. Part 2. Geology of the Coamo-Guayama District, with colored map, by E. T. Hodge. Geology of the Ponce District, with colored map, by G. J. Mitchell. The Physiography of Porto Rico, with colored map, by A. K. Lobeck. Geology of the Lares District, with colored map, by Bela Hubbard. Geology of the Humacao District, with colored map, by Charles H. Fettke. Tertiary Mollusca from Porto Rico, by C. J. Maury. Tertiary Mollusca from the Lares District, by Bela Hubbard. Volume IV. Geology of the Virgin Islands, Ciulebra and Vieques. Part 1. Introduction and Review of the Literature, by J. F. Kemp. Physiography, with colored map, by H. A. Meyerhoft'. Part 2. Physiography (concluded), with two colored maps, by H. A. Meyerhoff. Volume V (complete in four parts, w^ith generic index). Part 1. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta (Part), by N. L. Britton and Percy Wilson. Part 2. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta (Continued). Part i^. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta (Continued). Part 4. Descriptive Flora—Si)ermatophyta (Continued). Volume VI. Part 1. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta (Continued). Part 2. Descrijitive Flora—Spermatophyta (Continued). Part 3. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta, with Appendix (Concluded). Descriptive Flora—Pteridophyta, by William R. Maxon. Volume VII. Part 1. Plant Ecology of Porto Rico, by H. A. Gleason and Mel. T. Cook. Part 2. Plant Ecology of Porto Rico (Qontinued). Volume VIII. Part 1. Mycology, by Fred J. Seaver and Carlos E. Chardon, with contributions by Rafael A. Toro ; F. D. Kern and H. H. Whetzel ; and L. O. Over- holts. Volume IX. Part 1. Mammals—Chiroptera and Inj^ectivora, Living and Extinct, by H. E. Anthony. Part 2. Mammals—Rodentia and Edentata, by H. E. Anthony. Part 3. Birds—Colymbiformes to Columbiformes, by Alexander Wetmore. Part 4. Birds—Psiltaciformes to Passeriformes, by Alexander Wetmore. The above parts may be procured at $2 each by addressing Secretary, New York Academy of Sciences, 77th St. and Central Park West, New York, N. 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