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• .... , • ; • . '. """"••" - I • • • • : : i- T /.'rr. • ' PROCEEDINGS of a Symposium held in San Juan, Puerto Rico May 5-8,1985 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TROPICAL HYDROLOGY AND 2nd CARIBBEAN ISLANDS WATER RESOURCES CONGRESS Edited by FERDINAND QUINONES and ANA V. SANCHEZ Sponsored by AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WATER RESOURCES DIVISION WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO Co-Sponsored by PUERTO RICO ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY BOARD PUERTO RICO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY American Water Resources Association 5410 Grbsvenor Lane, Suite 220 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION TECHNICAL PUBLICATION SERIES TPS-85-1 1985 COPYRIGHT BY THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any mechanical means, without written permission by the publisher. These proceedings were published by the American Water Resources Association, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 220, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. The selection and presentation of material in this volume are the responsibility of the authors involved and do not neces sarily reflect the views or policies of the Editors or the American Water Resources Association; U.S. Geo logical Survey, Water Resources Division; Water Resources Research Institute, University of Puerto Rico; Puerto Rico .Environme.ntal Quality Board; Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources; arid the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Communications in regard to this publication should be sent to the Circulation Department of the American Water Resources Association, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 220, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. PREFACE The subject of "Tropical Hydrology" is one that has recently become more popular in the water re sources community. The importance of the tropics in the overall world hydrologic balance is now more evident in light of the potential changes in the world's climate arid hydrology from human's activities. The investigations conducted in the great tropical areas in Africa (Central Congo Basin) and South America (Amazons River Basin) have shown that the hydrologic balance of these regions is crucial to the ecological balance of the world. Great changes in the globe's climate could result if the hydrologic sys tems in these and other tropical areas are significantly altered. The only means of determining whether any significant changes are occurring is through detailed investigations of the components of the hydro- logic cycle in these tropical areas. The investigationsof tropical hydrology must include hydrologic systems smaller than the Congoand Amazons' basins. The belt of tropical regionsin the world includes many smaller regions, peninsulas and islands that contribute significantly to the hydrologic balance of the world. Additionally, these smaller regions can serve as "laboratories" where many of the processes that take place in the much larger re gions can be studied, documented, and simulated. The hydrology of the tropics is affected by many factors that manifest themselves in a series of characteristics of the tropical regions of the world. Wind patterns, temperature, humidity, insolation, physiography, geology, drainage, and precipitation are among the principal factors. The manifestations occur in the form of trade winds, monsoons, tropical storms and hurricanes, high humidity, high tem perature and evapotranspirations rates, floods, landslides and erosion. The investigations of these pro cessesinvolvestraditional methods in hydrology as well as new techniques. The organization of this "International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology" followed a pathway that resulted in a natural division of the sessions presented at the meeting. The session on "General Hydro logy*' covers topics that.bridge several of the manifestations of the hydrologic factors in the tropics. Since many islands fall within the tropical zones of the world, a significant number of papers were grouped in the "Hydrology of Islands" session. One of the principal characteristics of the tropics is the intensity and duration of rainfall, many times as part of storms and hurricanes which result in severe floods. The session on "Floods and Hurricanes" includes excellent examples of these characteristics. The rapid advancements in the area of simulation has resulted in the development of many modeling approaches toward hydrologic processes. These models are being applied in the tropical regions in an effort to better understand these systems. A cross section of models now in use were included in the "Modeling of Hydrologic Processes" session. The study of the hydrology of the tropics is still in its initial phases. Many important investigations dealing with karst hydrology, ground-water quality, sedimentation and erosion processes, geochemical interactions, evapotranspiration, acid rain, aquifer characteristics, and many other topics are not covered in these proceedings. This opens the door for future symposia on the subject. in FERDINAND QUINONES ANA V. SANCHEZ Editors U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division Caribbean District GPO Box 4424 San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The editors would like to acknowledge the assistance received from the following people that helped in the organization of the Symposium and in the preparation of these Proceedings: MS. RAQUELINE RUIZ, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Vice-Chairperson of the Symposium Organizing Committee DR. RAFAEL MUNOZ CANDELARIO, Director of Water Resources Research Institute of the University of Puerto Rico ENGINEER CARL SODERBERG, Vice President, Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board MR. FELIX APONTE, Director, Water Resources Division, Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources MS. MARISOL MORALES, Water Quality Division, Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board ENGINEER JORGE MARTINEZ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency DR. ARIEL LUGO U.S. Forest Service Arts and Drafting Section of the Library of the University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus (cover illustration) The selection and presentation of material in this volume are the responsibility of the authors involved and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Publisher or Editors. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Session I-A GENERAL HYDROLOGY Development of Groundwater in Karst Zones of Somalia —Philip Roark 3 Tropical Deforestation and Evapotranspiration —Jeffrey C. Luuall, Geoffrey G. Parker, and Carl F. Jordan . 7 Hydrologic Budgets for Undisturbed and Regenerating Tropical Rainforests on Hillslopes In Northeastern Costa Rica —Geoffrey G. Parker, Jeffrey C. Luuall, and CarlF. Jordan '.11 The Effect of Irrigation Modernization on Groundwater Balance: South Coast of Puerto Rico — Gregory L. Morris •. . 16 Heavy Metal Concentration in Sludge-Soil Systems as a Result of Water Infiltration —Lueny Morell de Ramirez, Jaime Benitez Rodriguez, and Francisco Barba . . 20 Runoff Disposal in the Limestone Region of Northern Puerto Rico —Jose C. Agrelot 26 Investigation, Analysis and Remedial Actions Taken for the Containment of Groundwater Contamination in a Karst Tropical Environment —Jose C. Agrelot and Bernabe Martir ..-...' 30 The Joint Probability Approach to Design Hydrology in the Tropics — Michael L. Choate •,.... 32 Development of a Forest Water Resources Inventory for Puerto Rico — Wade L, Nutter and Richard G. Studenmund . . -. . . . 36 Session I-B HYDROLOGY OF ISLANDS Response of Aquifer to Monsoon Rainfall in Central Java, Indonesia — Shaminder Puri . 41 General Hydrology and Water Quality of Layou River in Dominica, Buccament River in St. Vincent, and Troumassee River in St. Lucia, British West Indies —Pedro L. Diaz, Ariel E. Lugo, and William H. McDowell 46 Estimating the Capacity of a Salty Limestone Aquifer in Puerto Rico to Receive, Store, and Release Injected Freshwater Using Chloride Mass Balance —Douglas V. Whitesides, Vicente Quinones-Aponte, and Allen Zack . 50 A Brief Analysis of Tropical Rainfall Extremes and Frequencies in Puerto Rico — Robert J. Caluesbert ... 56 Water Quality and Chemical Evolution of Ground Water Within the North Coast Limestone Aquifers of Puerto Rico —Angel J. Roman-Mas and Roger W. Lee 57 The Relationship Between the Isotopic Composition of Precipitation and Hydrologic Systems inJamaica andThe Application of 222Rn inMeasuring Groundwater Discharge to the Martha Brae River, Jamaica —Katherine Kelly Ellins, Errol Douglas, H. J. Simpson, and Sally Mathieu 63 Acid Precipitation in Puerto Rico: SeasonalTrends and Chemical Composition —William H. McDowelland Roberto Trinidad 68 Development of a.Fresh Water Supplyfrom the Water-Table Aquifer on a Barrier Island —RobertE. Kiddand Michael Planert '. > 69 Hydrological Design in Presence of Limited Data —Eldon Garcia and Josefina Turbides • • 73 Strategies for Water Management on a Small Island —Owolabi Ajayi and Fernando Gomez-Gomez .....:..... •• 76 Session II-A FLOODS AND HURRICANES Hourly Rainfalls Associated withTropical Storms and Hurricanes Near the Upper Texas Gulf Coast —Jerry R. Rogers and John Grounds • •••••r•: •- : •• t....... .... . . 79 Influence ofTropical Storms on Runoff-Producing Rainfall inthe Southwestern United States —Herbert B. Osborn •-'• •• • • : •• 83 A Proposed Rainfall Classification System —James D. Belville and Gary K. Grice • • • • 87 Floods of April 18,1983, on St. Thomas and St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands —Russell E. Curtis, Jr ••• • 90 Rainfall Extremes in Central and Southern Florida —Steve S. T. Lin and Thomas K. MacVicar .. . . • 96 Effect of Change in Landuse on Design Floods of Rural Catchments of Semi-Arid North-East Brazil —Seemanapalli Venkata Kameswara Sarma 100 Quantifying Flood Discharges in MountainousTropical.Streams. —Vernon B. Sauer, Russell E. Curtis, Jr., Luis Santiago-Rivera, and Ralph Gonzalez. 104 A Hydrologic Solution for Urban Floodingin Teresina, Brazil -"Julio Sanchez and Mario Simoes Lopes 109 An Approach to Flood Simulation of Complex Floodplains —Joseph E. Gurule •• 11 vi Session II-B MODELING OF HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES A Flash-Flood Prediction System —Konstantine P. Georgakakos •.... 121 Farm Water Requirement —Shie-Yui Liong . . . . • . 125 Application of a Ground-Water Flow Digital Model in Evaluating Alternate Dewatering Systems in . the Rio Grande de Arecibo Alluvial Valley, Puerto Rico — Vicente Quinones-Aponte and Heriberto Torres-Sierra 129 Comparison of Hydrology Models in a Tropical Island — Emilio M'. Colon . . . . ..'. 135 Modeling Virgin Islands Flood Hydrology Using HYMO —James E. Scholl and Ronald L. Wycoff , 139 Homogenity of Nearshore Waters of Puerto Rico: A Contemporary Evaluation of Water Quality and Marine Biological Indicators —Robert J. Reimold, Daniel W. Donahue, Ramon M. Guzman, and Ricardo A. Crane ........ 1.43 Rainfall-Runoff Relationship in Moanalua Valley, Oahu, Hawaii —Patricia J. Shade , 146 Modeling of Solute Transport Through Ground-Water Systems - ••• ^--—;~ ,- --• —Anand Prakash and Philip Sherlock '. ; . .150 Time-Series Analysis for a Semi-Arid Region Using the Theory of Runs — Ubald Koch and Paulo R. G. Serrano de Andrade ............ ..^ : 154 Spatial and Temporal Storm Rainfall Characteristics in Puerto Rico —Ismdel Pagan-Trinidad and Walter Silva Araya . . ; . 158 Session III GENERAL HYDROLOGY Filling in of Missing Rainfall Or Flow Records in Monsoonic Climate —Andrei Filotti, Y. D. Pendse, and A. S. Dhingra ; 165 Water and Environmental Studies of the Proposed Alto Sinu Hydroelectric Power Project in Colombia —RichardC. Tucker ... . ... ..... . ; •.'.".' .169 Recent Developments in Hydrologic Instrumentation — Vito J. Latkovich . . . 173 vn