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Erinn Muller Program Manager, Staff Scientist Coral Health and Disease Program Mote Marine Laboratory Coral disease dynamics in the USVI: finding resistance in a sea of sickness a = i »< vo '* = = > J » ~» *._* \ e — & ; ct Aw =a — ww eee 77, =F x<«* oe moe = a> = ra Me ~~ Bs, Be ae = ee *;] ms were SI Ls 3 Mf 3 am, Fa es a @ é > F ** hr =e of - * */ +2 a rar —_" el >= tae Sf os ——_—>? we Af gs a Y a a - 6 Se wl “= Petes neces —. wz me —_— ie | € Te ae yh ae a <3 az - cy So x te eo je ae 74 A ‘eet oe le * -~ 4 pe @ . Ps a <> ae ee at) © te -_ -~ ~~ “—- =_= it (oo y ay ey Wm, Be Coral reefs are dying 2011 1980 Carysfort Reef, Florida Keys Caribbean is a disease hotspot Coral reef Coral-disease occurrence 8% reefbase.org 66% WHITE BAND WHITE BAND WHITE PLAGUE WHITE PLAGUE YELLOW BAND YELLOW BAND BLACK BAND BLACK BAND WHITE POX WHITE POX DARK SPOT DARK SPOT CORAL DISEASE Study coral diseases hs il i. > ao % ey Nt'y my rh 7 > fq a Ze, o a ~~ om, Ss / >» w a ES oe oe ~ a" >> Cre gti -— ate > Sy “* a Y a | a o 7. ay »> DAN A Su fe a ~ =< Zee beg yy rt & ae Sie ag Re, 4 FS ae uy Ca Fe enw Sky A RS mh aw * en* By we ie fd Uk yy He IG ,- atte ik hor im a shee b & = ay Vo * Sd heey 5 = dal 4 cai 3s ees by x - me > -—~ ~~ a ~~ ‘ se ey -. a9 >” all hy ss fe - wf a % 4 ie asta gh re a FR Oo) Healthy colony = 5 = \_ ) i White pox colony ) @ ~ > \ 4 o@ ie Omer 0.05, 0.4 | Kilometers - Disease prevalence increased with water temperatures White pox did not follow a contagious disease model 2005: warmest year on record wo on +«———— Bleaching first = observed \ \ wo oO Nh o \ @ = a be) o ® 5 28 _— i) — o a. = o Ke Np ~J Nm a | ie] oO Frislels|2|e\-|2e/9]- en ||| =|) 2-2/0] 9] x\o 2005 2006 2007 2005 Ba) » Nf ra Ne 2’ © ed NS ¥ : ¥ a ee ra =~ ee as P « “SR. > _ Ms = & ~~ at s 33 A a © Sg — ‘ha. oy = fae ~~, os. oe st “~+ ~geht he a Ry Eat ae ae Ly i? eng | ~ “re vag! WW) se es at pg YA > Sr, yy < yk -™ coe we te, on Set -. she 3 hii yh Se vist tiled ale So ie ca ' — sities o> ars ad. ee. ea fra i Cree oes ee Aare f-. an ON MO, ME i Jee TT og Je lor 2005 o> Fra a oh sais cl ae 1% *‘s £3) io ae yl é:92 3 Yr «=< ia o as - ae 7¢ = A® -- >" > he as yd . vas Fie Let an ce c- ay eS ae a we ~ 4 rk, ve anal a | ye aw ; te im! #) fe. > ~ Phe pag es fa af & 7, Abe ¥, shop y Pe - bs a te me + ey he or, are Sy As 5 <tn al wa Sn 5 Rs Oe a a ay —_. o_o ~ 2 af », ~ by ¢. i (FE ~ xe Fo. a 3 ys . yt aK —~ ay —* An, a ‘he 6a — re Meg Ss > ol Yn es — % «o. ors x. ee Wika Puy Td a net "es ns i ES Me fae e he “al. & aw. t oy Se ae 2 ayy oF a ott « os ‘> Py hey ‘ <& er pes —_= ac WwW N 206i pay x= cr ee et ie r= @) Pe ~~ ty ay i ¢ Es | q ee } ’ my vi i va f .- 7 | WY y aN ne mY “9 yr, faa or . ohe ‘ eed = te ho ‘7 gt! Oe : *& Ris ld fk, Mie (le > “* 8 + a _~i@ 1’ ’ nye = ap: N Shy > ~~ F ~ » " n r - 4 ne, ot a i ‘ pa | her ] ry! YS yt” yy ie a> i) a tre a, oN (iby * e hs > vs ‘4 * y . AV — oe Ae "I “ “4 wih we i ) ee re " : . ‘4 1 J Se yal is Ne e i? Ly ‘~ F ote at ane oe." o* aa Wis * ‘ 4 »/ * _ “oe NM “4 ». ii he | J ‘ gs x i ii ad ~ f yy Ye. | - rs “he »! ij y . | ry ir ¥ 7 q< # rs re bag Oo; i ‘., 4) 1a 4) if || ow omar i er # - ‘aS ba el oo * . i a a? "KE \ wal # wz \ HN Ae 4 yy, AC “iy AN yO at ne. | iJ > ~~ jaf. - y >60% loss in coral cover 5 Tektite Reef, Vl National Park | BH coral cover, not bleached O coral cover, pale Ol coral cover, white Lo 4 © avg. disease area - Dp Fg bh Po in | S J | Pa = | | mean percent ok cn ook, in = I eH = a, L_| | = || o oo Et. ace Keb ES =, 2 PPS PP PF SP SF PP SF a e of cs es FF SS es al oot oe = Disease prevalence was higher on bleached corals Environmental stress Coral bleaching Host-susceptibility Coral disease Stress response Stress response Stress Sickness =; oh SS at 4h, {IO mm? oe. LS 07, ‘i Caribbean yellow band disease Apparently healthy tissue Diseased tissue Caribbean yellow band disease • Typically on Orbicella spp. • May be associated with Vibrio spp. (bacteria) • Associated with warm water temperatures • Progresses ~3 cm a year, but often completely kills colony • Increased in VI after 2005 bleaching event Study yellow band within BIRNM Zz Hard-bottom habitat Lo | |__| Kilometers a 0 1 2 4 &zth —————————— ~~ ~f Gee a? “ie cal - [a og S| ee $i; +4 We xit XG; oie te Pe ne Sy — = Information gathered within sites Identify diseased corals 10 x 10 m quadrat f A A A A V V gs 4 | » oer? to 7 ig HE ars Fy x ne oF id TS me 1% e LS ay = o S Ae Ra: wd = Pol r! A) Rs ow Eee - eo aid . ee a, _ ie oe i as ih ie ee '~ A | ‘@ “ e eh? Ite’ he. we it a. bz. esp oh ie ale lers : : acres | fa et eM eae Healthy Te aie 3 coral bar i Lesh ad ee as ra bel tm al = pr Diseased 2 Sea ya Hp yg . <a coral Pe” Re a oak! Ea 10 Mm 2009 data AP , | wis = * ?* Kilometers mw 0 0.5. 7 4.’ 5 x 2014 data Q @ <3 ¢ >» =, 7 * ee <—— nd 0 0.5. 4 2 64° % Permanent Sites Pt ix alih a ApS 6) A P| ae Md oh &, ay yf a aa wt oS > ae bo ab Cre RES, 43 We A 6 we ee ™ hs. * as pigs Hh Re... ra ey ve e or -” ae * oF $i rosea NA 2 i+ ~ SI x bv & 2 AN cat ow ¥ ak a fy > “a =~ i Pa a ef "ee =e ey A i Ss 2 = re we _ =>. wil? “S ® ae #e RY Ty, .S ~s sa? m3 t = af ~ VS id “> te + Tan? <. Ww +e > & Sa N i ot & z w * —~O, ¥ ~Y ha 5 r) Nor: xA Ww Dark spot syndrome @ ca ° ce o ioe o 9 G O > 1) _% © tag y- Kilom eters as — Set up permanent sites to determine how yellow band is changing over time Are new colonies infected? Is it spreading to sites that appear healthy today? Are some corals getting healthy, or all dying? Determine what makes survivors resilient Identify differences in microbial communities between healthy and diseased colonies Test methods to mechanically remove disease from corals Mechanically stopping disease progression Before After Mechanically stopping disease progression Chisel barrier Shading ~ om a - ’ * ‘ >" af ao -“Thereishope!~ — - =e ; = ~ “> . - - ~~ = - + , 7 ~~ + * > . _ ' - See te P mad a ae r . Z " “ al Mar Biol (2014) 161:359-365 DOT 10.1007/s00227-013-2341-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Early signs of recovery of Acropora palmata in St. John, US Virgin Islands a E. M. Muller - C. S. Rogers - R. van Woesik ‘il gh" Ae ig “ii il, he pp i e hikes athe | ave a = ae Aes ») > a Se oS ay) a* 5 i Nes i bb a>? Ai % 7 _, Ce % Pa - f 4 zy a yp & é LP , nt Gare < we 8 es - ~e « Me ee ny a Mery: a cs ad \ 24 = —— ts; et i & ss or _ . * Aides ae we aa a. Fs -. 49 = eae s ~~, -= ws S. “F (z= ‘s* ~~ Pa —, BE rs. al a a - <a 72 ae, ~ ent Lf S. - —~Sa Ata a i + SiS. =< Identify resilient elkhorn corals "yy, 7 Ww ded ™. "a a F fad . % RR yy ~, st “ 4 & A ‘* . ey he 4 Lae a ae ” = * Find resilience within Mote’s coral nursery = — 4 . — ae enemetiia “ agonal -~ * -* _— <., — INE, NY A ~e 2 oem — og ~ ag ie ct So ae ~~ ae _— va ~—Z en Seah 4 fener ee _ _ a2 -——» ~~ vs - 7. _ - oe aati aa ”~ _ 3 ae oe f* i<7r bf ~ ae” *, ‘he ; SS a 1< @ rae i - % 7 ae ~ - oé — —— -_ 4 <2 —— 4» a ws waar Fig =~ roe ee oe eet > iY 7 x4 “- ow ‘dla < ab —< Ad — ‘+ Ge _ Sa a op; ~~ ~~ an , ¥ eae ysis os a y . see *% ‘ae ? ™, ee Ne ~ i? ts a s e" _—— < VA Ay & 1, ee a ad ~ | uN ~ we w * “7 = “= J ai“ ~ Ser ~~ & _ silt Test different genotypes for resilience Ocean acidification High water temperature Disease Future research: find resilience within Acropora nurseries of the Virgin Islands EARTHANGLE Thank you! Caroline Rogers Robert van Woesik Zandy Hillis Starr Ian Lundgren Clayton Pollock Tessa Code Jeff Miller Rob Waara Carly Randall Liz Whitcher Sara Williams Michael Crosby Kim Ritchie Erich Bartels Laura Mydlarz Monty Joe Clark Anthony Spitzack and many more…