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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY A study of Bacillus cereus distributions and ten water extractable ions from soils on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands By R.E. Tucker , J.B. McHugh , and H.V. Alminas Open-File Report 89-626 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the USGS. *U.S. Geological Survey, DFC, Box 25046, MS 973, Denver, CO 80225 1989 CONTENTS Page Abstract.................................................................. 1 Introduction.............................................................. 1 Study area................................................................ 2 General geology........................................................... 2 Sample col lection......................................................... 4 Analytical procedures..................................................... 4 Geomicrobiology...................................................... 4 Water extraction of soils............................................ 9 Results and Discussion.................................................... 9 Geomicrobiological study............................................. 9 Water extraction of soils study...................................... 15 Conclusions............................................................... 21 References Cited.......................................................... 28 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Index map, U.S. Virgin Islands study area...................... 3 Figure 2. Generalized geologic map of St. Thomas and St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, with site localities of samples collected for K- Ar whole rock dating................................................. 5 Figure 3. Geochemical anomalies identified on St. John, U.S. Virgin I siands.............................................................. 6 Figure 4. Sample site locality map for St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands..... 7 Figure 5. Structures of naturally occurring B-lactam antibiotics......... 11 Figure 6. Distribution of IL cereus in A-horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands.................................................. 14 Figure 7. Distribution of EL cereus in A-horizon soils from detailed sampling on Bordeaux Mountains, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands........ 16 Figure 8. Distribution of elevated water-soluble sulfate concentrations in B-horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands.................... 20 Figure 9. Distribution of water-soluble calcium concentrations in A- horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands......................... 22 Figure 10. Distribution of water-soluble calcium concentrations in B-horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands....................... 23 Figure 11. Distribution of water-soluble chloride concentrations in A-horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands....................... 24 Figure 12. Distribution of water-soluble chloride concentrations in B-horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands....................... 25 Figure 13. Distribution of elevated water-soluble silver and copper concentrations in A-horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands..... 26 Figure 14. Distribution of elevated water-soluble silver and copper concentrations in B-horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands..... 27 TABLES Table 1. Selective egg yolk agar used for (L cereus population studies.............................................................. 8 Table 2. Procedure for the preparation of samples for EL cereus culture plate assay.......................................................... 8 Table 3. Analytical methods used for determining the concentration of water-extractable ions............................................... 10 Table 4. Microfungal genera forming penicillins and (or) cephalosporins....................................................... 10 Table 5. Microorganisms digested by a lytic strain of Bacillus cereus.... 12 Table 6. Basic statistics for water-extractable ions from A-horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands................................. 17 Table 7. Basic statistics for water-extractable ions from B-horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands................................. 17 Table 8. Correlation matrix for water-extractable ions and B^ cereus populations from A-horizon soils, logarithmically transformed, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands........................................ 19 Table 9. Correlation matrix for water-extractable ions from B-horizon soils, logarithmically transformed, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands.... 19 APPENDICES Appendix 1. Data results for water-extractable ions and EL cereus populations from A-horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands...... 31 Appendix 2. Data results for water-extractable ions from B-horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands................................. 41 Abstract A biogeochemical survey using Bacillus cereus and examination of ten water-extractable ions was conducted on A-horizon soil samples collected from St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. The biogeochemical data showed a large natural population variability and no correlations with water-extractable Cu, Ag, and Zn. B^ cereus population variability depends on a set of complex factors which need to be more fully examined before population variability can be successfully utilized as a mineralization predictor in this region. The distribution of water-extractable Ag, Cl, Cu, SO*, and Ca ions clearly depict areas of mineralization previously detailed in soil and rock samples. The data suggest that considerable transport of dissolved ions is occurring. The distribution of Cl suggests a significant seawater component to the extensive hydrothermal alteration. A water extraction of soils is an effective method for delineating areas of hydrothermal alteration. Introduction The U.S. Geological Survey began multidisciplinary studies of the U.S. Virgin Islands in 1983. These studies are being conducted to assist the Territorial Government of the Virgin Islands by providing necessary information for future planning and resource appraisal. The initial phase of this geochemical study was designed to examine the regional geochemical characteristics of the islands and to identify possible minerals potential. The mineralized areas may also represent environmental hazards due to elevated concentrations of heavy metals. The search for metals often incorporates new techniques or technologies that utilize a variety of subtle chemical or physical characteristics associated with the mineralization process. The distribution of metal tolerant plant and fungal species has been utilized in mineral exploration with some success, although there are numerous environmental and physiological characteristics that are not well understood (Cannon, 1960; Brooks, 1972; and Kovalevskii, 1979). One of the newest assay techniques developed for geochemical exploration is the use of bacterial populations to indicate mineralization. A biogeochemical study was, therefore, conducted in conjunction with the other geochemical studies of St. John. The use of bacteria as a mineral exploration tool has been investigated near sulfur, gold, and copper mineralized areas and indicates that increased populations of Bacillus cereus may occur over mineralized areas compared to adjacent, less mineralized areas (Miller, 1983; Watterson and others, 1983, 1986; Parduhn and Watterson, 1984; and Parduhn, 1987). The use of B^ cereus population densities in metals exploration depends on the microbial ecology and the physiological responses caused by heavy metals in the environment. Geomicrobiological investigations over mineralized areas have focused on the genus Bacillus because: (1) the bacteria form spores that are long lived in the soil and geochemial samples, and (2) B^ cereus is easy to culture and to identify using an egg yolk agar. The focus of this report is an examination of the data for ten water- extractable ions from A- and B-horizon soils and the distribution of the bacteria Bacillus cereus from A-horizon soils on St. John. Study Area The U.S. Virgin Islands are located in the Greater Antilles Island arc some 40 miles east of Puerto Rico (fig. 1). The major islands include St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas. There are about 40 smaller islands in the study area concentrated near St. Thomas and St. John. The British Virgin Islands are within a few miles of St. John Island. St. Croix is the largest of the U.S. Virgin Islands, containing 84 square miles and is located 35 miles south of St. Thomas. St. John Island contains 19 square miles and St. Thomas Island contains 30 square miles. The topography of the islands is mountainous. The coastline of St. Croix is regular. The coastlines of St. John and St. Thomas are irregular with numerous bays. Small fringing coral reefs are common in shallow water. The climate in the Virgin Islands is maritime tropical. The average annual rainfall is 50-60 inches per year in the higher elevations and 20-30 inches per year in the lower elevations. The East End and most of the coastal regions are characterized by cacti and (or) drought resistant plants. There is no well-defined wet or dry season. The temperature is generally constant between 80 and 85°F. The vegetation is generally not native to the islands and consists of thorny brush and Hurricane grass in the formerly cleared areas. The uncleared portions of the more mountainous areas are covered by dense tropical forest with a few large trees and a dense undergrowth of brushes and vines. There are only a few free-flowing streams and these are frequently intermittent. General Geology The natural history and geology of the Virgin Islands have been studied by many naturalists and scientists over the years (Shomburgk, 1837; Cleve, 1881; Quin, 1907; Meyerhoff, 1926; Cederstrom, 1941, 1950; Donnelly, 1959, 1966; Helsley, 1960; Whetten, 1966; Alminas and Tucker, 1987; Tucker, 1987). Most of these studies have focused on the stratigraphic sequences and rock types. St. Thomas and St. John are composed predominantly of volcanic rocks. The southern portions of both islands are composed of felsic flows, mafic dikes and thin beds of radiolarites, collectively called the Water Island Formation (Donnelly, 1966). Uncomformably overlying the Water Island Formation is the Louisenhoj Formation. The Louisenhoj Formation is a thick sequence of andesitic ejecta and coarse tuff beds. The Outer Brass Limestone overlies the Louisenhoj Formation. This unit is predominantly siliceous limestone with about 10 percent interbedded crystal tuffs. The Outer Brass Limestone is overlain by the Tutu Formation. The Tutu Formation is composed of fine- to coarse-grained volcanic wackes made up of weathered Louisenhoj rocks. Thin limestone beds are inter!ayered with the wackes. The Tutu Formation on Grass Cay, Mingo Cay, Lovango Cay, and Mary Point is a garnetiferous skarn. Numerous iron veins cut the skarn. The Coki Point megabreccia lithofaces of the Tutu Formation are composed of large fossileferous limestone blocks. The fossil evidence suggests an Albian age (113-93.5 Ma). The Congo Cay Limestone Member is coarsely crystalline limestone that is exposed only on Congo Cay in the U.S. Virgin Islands. The Hans Lollik Formation crops out on the two Hans Lollik Islands. This unit is very similar mineralogically and texturally to the Louisenhoj Formation. It should be noted that the geology of the British Virgin Islands LJ 8 oh- z i\ <7 ?C I o S;. e; ^r ANTILLES UJ W < S $ oc< U £ o =; 9 wSr^ u T3 C c r «/) en (U -C O O. E X c I I I r O> en CO as described by He!sley (1960) is not a simple continuum of the layered sequence set forward by Donnelly (1966). A generalized geologic map is given on figure 2. In conjunction with the geochemical study, five rocks from the Water Island Formation and two rocks from the Louisenhoj Formation were dated. The felsic rocks range in age from 30.9 to 65.8 MA. The andesitic rocks were dated at 38.6 and 42.1 MA (fig. 2). The Water Island and Louisenhoj Formations were dated at approximately 100 MA, based on one K-Ar whole rock date and the age of fossils in the Coki Point Megabreccia (Donnelly, 1966). The new dates indicate these formations are much younger than previously believed. Accretionary processes are undoubtedly responsible for the addition of the older sedimentary rocks onto an existing felsic platform. Felsic activity has continued over an extended period. Interpretations of the data from stream-sediment concentrates, rocks, and soils indicate extensive mineralization occurs throughout the study area (Tucker and others, 1985; Alminas and Tucker, 1987; Tucker, 1987). The mineralization consists of precious-and-base metals associated with sulfide- rich igneous bodies and zones of hydrothermal alteration. Throughout the study area, the mineralization transects the major rock units. The geochemical anomalies identified on St. John are given on figure 3. Sample Collection Geochemical sampling was conducted from 1983 to 1988 on the three main islands of St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas, and numerous smaller islands in the region. Over 1,500 rock, soil, and stream-sediment samples were collected and analyzed for 31 elements by 6-step D.C.-arc emission spectrography (Hopkins and others, 1986; McHugh and others, 1989a). Gold analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy is presented in McHugh and others (1989). Data for ten water-extractable ions from St. Croix and St. Thomas are presented in McHugh and others (1989b). Sample collection was conducted by H.V. Alminas and R.E. Tucker. B-horizon soil samples were collected throughout the study area in conjunction with stream-sediment and rock-chip sampling. The B horizon or a zone of rather distinct reddening generally occurred at a depth of between 12 to 18 inches. In cases where no distinct B-horizon soil was present, such as in the graben infilling, on St. Croix or Bordeaux Mountain on St. John, a sample was collected at a depth of approximately 18 inches. A-horizon soils were collected on St. John as part of an extensive follow-up study. The leaf litter was cleared from an area approximately 12 inches in diameter. The top 4 inches of soil was loosened, hand mixed, placed in a cloth bag, and allowed to air dry. Approximately 1.5 pounds of soil were collected at all sample localities. The sample locality maps for St. John, is given on figure 4. Duplicate site samples were collected at eight sites to examine the site variation. The duplicate samples were collected approximately 40 feet apart. One sample was designated as the site duplicate sample and analyzed two times. Analytical Procedures A. GeoBicroblology The culture plate tests for Bacillus cereus were conducted using a nearly species specific egg yolk agar culture medium (table 1, Watterson, 1985). The culture method is summarized in table 2. All water blanks, agar medium, and 09' Mm Alluvium 2*_oJHans Lollik Fm. iZIJTutu Fm Outer Brass Lm. Louisenhoj Fm. * *! Water Islana Fm \JLA\ Intrusive 0121 MILES 1 O I 2 3 * HllOMf IERS ST115 ST120 SJ765P1 40.7 ±1.1 Ma 65.8 ± 2.9 Ma 30.9 + 0.3 Ma SJ48 50.2 ± 5.7 Ma SJ685 37.7 + 1.1 Ma SJ747R1 42.1 ± 0.6 SJ748 38.6 + 0.8 Ma Figure 2 Generalized geologic map of St. Thomas and St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, with site localities of samples collected for K-Ar whole rock dating. Ba, Mn, Cu, /- -^ ^Pb, Ag, Au, ^ wry-^ Te f Y, REE ^^ CRUZ ^n Ba,REE,Zn 1 ^O Pb, Mo, S1 >C Au,Ag,T ^-\^~i & c» 'pyrite, *Ag,Au Ag,Mo,Au Te,Cu CAHBMANSEA 21' 3O" ia*i9' MLES 1 S 0 Figure 3 Geochemical anomalies identified on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands = metal sulfide rich intrusives metallized hydrothermal cells and zones 64°5O' 46' 42 38' t .»____o KILOMCTfHS Figure 4. Sample site locality map for St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands Table 1. Selective egg yolk agar used for B. cereus population studies 1.0 g K2HP04 0.2 g MgS04 7H20 0.01 g Fe2S04 7H20 0.01 g CaCl 2 1.0 g glucose 1.0 g NH4C1 0.1 g yeast extract 5.0 g tri sodium citrate All ingredients added to 1 liter of deionized water, stirred well, then divided equally into 250 ml glass bottles containing agar. Add 3 g agar to each of 4, 250 ml glass bottles. 5 ml egg yolk per 250 ml agar, added at the time of plate pouring. Table 2. Procedure for the preparation of samples for B. cereus culture plate assay Step 1. Add 1 g of soil to 9 ml sterile DI water blank. Step 2. Place tubes in a mechanical shaker for 10 minutes. Step 3. Place tubes in a 90° C water bath for 1 minute. Step 4. Remove tubes, quickly invert and place in cool water. Step 5. Centrifuge at 1200 rpm for 3 minutes. Step 6. Make 10-fold serial dilutions in distilled water, usually 3. Step 7. Beginning at the lowest dilution, add 1 ml of solution to a petri dish. Step 8. Add approximately 8 ml of egg yolk agar to the petri dish directly on top of the 1 ml inoculum. Step 9. Allow agar to solidify, invert, and allow to develop at 22-29° C for about 18 hours. Step 10. Count colonies: plates with less than 30 CPU or greater than 300 CPU may not accurately reflect the population density of B. cereus in the soil sample. Step 11. Average the number of CPU from the serial dilution plate counts. egg yolker were autoclaved at 121° C for 15 minutes. The agar was kept in a 45° C water bath and used within a few hours of preparation. The eggs were surface sterilized with 70 percent ethanol, aseptically added to the yolker in a sterile, laminar flow hood. The egg white was removed and 5 ml portions of the yolk were slowly added to 250 ml portions of agar medium. Culture plates were prepared using 1 ml aliquot of the 10-fold serial dilutions in distilled water. The test solution was added to the center of a petri dish, gently swirled and some 8 ml of agar was poured directly on the solution and again swirled gently. The agar plates were allowed to cool, inverted, and incubated at room temperature for 18 hours. Population counts or colonies are a measure of one spore or one clump of spores that form single colony, termed a colony forming unit. The colonies are easily counted because they form diffuse white zones in the egg yolk agar due to extracellular enzymatic action. The population of EK cereus in the A-Horizon soil samples is given in Appendix 1. Positive tests have been noted for some strains of B^ anthracis and fb. thuringiensis (Watterson, 1985). These two bacteria may be variants of B^ cereus (Gordon. 1973). EK anthracis and B^ thuringiensis are rarely found in nonagricultural soils. In rare instances, B^ cereus can cause ocular damage and is a causative agent of gastroenteritis (1). All cultured plates should be considered a potential biohazard and were autoclaved before disposal. B. Mater Extraction of Soils A water-leach extraction of the soil samples was conducted to examine the ionic concentrations of some metals and anions that could be readily available within the secondary environment. The technique involved placing 1 g of soil in a test tube with 10 ml of deionized water. The soil was thoroughly mixed and the tube was placed on its side. The samples were hand mixed every other day. Time phased dissolution experiments indicated equilibrium was reached in 5 to 7 days (Tucker, 1987). At the end of 7 days, the samples were centrifuged and the supernatant was placed in a clean test tube. The concentration of dissolved ionic constituents was determined by atomic absorption and ion chromatography (table 3). The concentration of Mg, Na, Ca, K, Cl, S04 , F, Zn, Cu, and Ag was determined in each sample. The analytical results for the A- and B-horizon soil extractions from St. John are given in Appendices 1 and 2, respectively. Results and Discussion A. Geonicrobiologlcal Study Soil is a complex ecosystem dominated by numerous fungi and bacteria (Brock, 1974). Many kinds of fungi and bacteria compete for the same substrates (Brock, 1974; and Subba-rao and Alexander, 1985). Fungal-bacterial competition in a typical organic-rich soil mayi be minimal due to the large variety of substrate choices. However, in a stressed environment, competition for substrates will increase. Highly mineralized areas are examples of a stressed environment where metal concentrations in the soil generally reach or exceed toxic limits for most organisms. Elevated concentrations of most heavy metals within a soil greatly disrupts the natural ecology (Brooks, 1972; Kovalevskii, 1979; Tuovinen and others, 1971; and Watterson and others, 1986) and may frequently cause environmental stresses (Brock, 1974; Ehrlich, 1978; Gottschalk, 1979; and Table 3. Analytical methods used for determining the concentration of water-extractable ions Constituents Method Reference S04 , Cl, F Ion chromatography Fishman and Pyen (1979) Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn flame atomic-absorption Perkin-Elmer spectrophotometry Corp. (1976) Ag, Cu Flame!ess atomic- Perkin-Elmer absorption Corp. (1977) spectrophotometry Kuznetsov, 1963). Yet, many plants, fungi, and bacteria can, through adaptation, tolerate or even thrive in areas with elevated concentrations of heavy metals (Ballard and Grass!e, 1979; Baross and Deming, 1983; Brier!ey, 1977, 1978; Cannon, 1960; Gottschalk, 1979; Lyalikova and Levedeva, 1984; and Tuttle and others, 1968). In highly stressed environments, such as arctic tundra or deep sea fumaroles, only a few types of organisms tend to make the adaptations necessary for survival, but tend to occur in vast numbers (Ballard and Grassle, 1979; Baross and Deming, 1983; Kushner, 1978; and Nielson and Beck, 1972). A few species of bacteria have been observed to graze on fungi (Mitchell and Alexander, 1963). The fungi have been able to produce many chemical and physical defensive strategies to ward off bacterial attack (Pollock, 1950, 1967; and Reading and Cole, 1977). The production of antibiotics is one of the most important of these strategies. Penicillin and several other antibiotics contain the e-lactam bond. Many fungal genera produce e-lactam compounds with various side chains and functional groups (table 4 and fig. 5). The various functional groups modify the chemical and physiological activity of the compounds. Table 4. Microfungal genera forming penicillins and (or) cephalosporins (Ogawara, 1981). Aspergillus (7 species) Cephalosporium D Emericellopsis D Epidermophyton Malbranchea Paecilomyces PeniciIlium (23 species) Streptomyces D Trichophyton D = dermatophytes 10 Benzytpentcillin 1929 (D) HOOC-CH-iCHj),- NH Ceptulotpohn C 1966 2 Pemollin N 1962 Ophjjnycm C 1971 MC-696-SY2-A 1973 (MM-4650) Nocftrdidn A 1975 Cbvuluuc acid 1976 Thknunycin 1976 HOOC-CH-(CH) -CO-NH H- (CH2 ) 2-0-X V|-CO-NH " S-CH2-CH 2-NH 2 Sulfaiecin 1981 HOOC -CH-CH2-CH 2-CO-»-CH-CO-NH Figure 5. Structures of naturally occurring B-lactam antibiotics (Ogawara, 1981). 11 The production of e-lactam compounds seems to give the producing organism a slight edge in the competition for organic substrates in its environment by decreasing the numbers of susceptible and often competing bacteria. The 6-lactam compounds may have several physiological reactions in the susceptible bacteria but one end result is the inability of the affected bacteria to divide and lysis often occurs (Ogawara, 1981). Some species of bacteria produce e-lactamases, enzymes which break the e-lactam bond, which greatly reduces the effectiveness of the antibiotic (Pollock, 1950, 1967; Ogawara, 1981; and Watterson and others, 1986). Research has shown that e-lactamase varies in physical and chemical characteristics between the various producing organisms. The e-lactamase molecule may be an example of co-evolution from a variety of initial starting points to a single end activity, inactivation of the e-lactam bond. EL cereus produces at least two varieties of e-lactamase which is undoubtedly related to the wide variety of fungal species upon which they graze (table 5). It was noted in early research that if certain metal cations were added to a solution containing penicillin, the antibacterial properties were lost (Abraham and Chain, 1942). The metals Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd had the greatest inactivating effect, but Ni, Hg, and U also caused inactivation. The active complexing form of penicillin is the degradation product penicillamine (Watterson and others, 1986). The penicillamine-metal complex may eliminate potentially toxic concentrations of heavy metals from the immediate environment. Table 5. Microorganisms digested by a lytic strain of Bacillus cereus (Mitchell and Alexander, 1963) Organism lysis Fusariurn oxysporum f. cubense + Fusariurn oxysporum f. conglutinans + Fusari urn solani f. phaseoli + Penicillium spp + Aspergillus spp + Rhizoctonia spp + Thielaviopsis spp + Pythium debaryanum Stemphylium spp + Alternaria spp + Mucor spp + Rhizopus nigricans + Neurospora crassa + Zygorhynchus spp + Saccharomyces cerevisiae Streptomyces spp Agrobacterium spp Pseudomonas spp 12 Several species of bacteria that are tolerant to high concentrations of heavy metals are also resistant to the effects of many antibiotics (Marques and others, 1979; Timoney and others, 1978; and Watterson and others, 1986). Studies conducted over two mineralized areas showed an increase of Bacillus species and particularly EL cereus in soils from over the intensely mineralized zone as compared to nonmineralized areas (Watterson and others, 1986). The B^ cereus populations inhabiting the most mineralized soils were also resistant to concentrations of up to 5 yg/ml penicillin in the culture medium. A study of minus-80-mesh stream sediments collected from basins near a buried molybdenum porphyry in Utah found increased numbers of EL cereus spores in drainages near the mineralized zone (Watterson and others, 198377Genetic coding for heavy- metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance are often found on a single plasmid. The occurrence of these two genetic coding factors on a single plasmid may reflect ecological adaptations (Watterson and others, 1986). The results of the culture tests from soils on St. John show a wide range in EL cereus population densities. Sample 722 from the White Cliffs, has less than ten colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of soil. Sample 664 from the western site of Coral Bay, has over 10 million CFU/g, which is higher than any other reported soil population of EL cereus (Watterson and others, 1986; Parduhn and Watterson, 1984; Barkey and others, 1985; and Tucker unpubl. data). Population densities of EL cereus greater than 1 million CFU/g of soil are rarely encountered in natural soils. However, in the study area, 17 samples have EL cereus populations greater than 1 million CFU/g. The very high populations of |L cereus reflect optimal growth conditions, such as high soil moisture, temperature, and abundant nutrients. On St. John, soil samples with EL cereus population densities greater than 700,000 occur along Bordeaux Mountain, in the Ajax Peak and Fredriksdal vicinity, and several sites between Gift Hill and Camelberg Peak (fig. 6). Soils with very low EL^ cereus population densities occur at several sites on Bordeaux Mountain, Fredriksdal vicinity, Gift Hill, the White Cliffs, and from areas of intense alteration along the west coast of Coral Bay. There is no observed correlation of B^ cereus populations with rock type, elevation, or vegetation zone. The IL cereus populations could be affected by very localized metal-rich veins or altered zones (Parduhn, 1987; Parduhn and Watterson, 1984) or larger scale mineralization (Watterson and others, 1986). The distribution of bacterial populations has been shown to be affected by changing ecosystems. Several order of magnitude changes in B. cereus populations have been observed between pine forests (with 10 CFU or less) and meadows (with over 50,000 CFU) within a small area underlain by a uniform rock type (Tucker, unpubl. data). The natural variability of |L cereus may also be a factor for determining sample spacing. Replicate samples were obtained by preparing two pour plates from a sample. Replicate culture assays are within the 50 percent precision of the assay technique for all samples except sample 651. The replicate assays for sample 651 gave population densities of 4 and 12 (X10 ) CFU/g. The large population variances may be related to factors such as extremely bacterial rich microenvironments within small clumps of soil, or counting errors due to clumping of colony-forming units. With the exception of sample 651, the minus- 80-mesh fraction appears to be an adequate size fraction for EL cereus studies. The between sample variations of B^ cereus populations are much greater. Four of the eight duplicate samples have population differences greater than four fold, which is greater than the highest variation observed within a sample. The largest between sample variation occurs in samples 642 and 643 13 64*50' 21'3O" 18C19' 1 .5 0 Figure 6. Distribution of £. cereus in A horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. with populations of 550 and 12 (X10 ) CFU/g, respectively. These samples were collected near Cocoloba Point in an area that is mineralized. The geochemical data for these two samples (Hopkins and others, 1986) and the water-extraction data (discussed later) show only minimal variations. It should also be noted that sample 739 shows a marked increase in Ca, Sr, Pb, Zn, and Sn soil concentrations compared to sample 740 (Hopkins and others, 1986\. However, the B._ cereus populations are virtually identical, 2.8 and 4.0 (X10 CFU/g). To further examine the natural variability of B^ cereus. a detailed sampling of the mineralized crest of Bordeaux Mountain was conducted (fig. 7). The area is covered predominantly with Bay Rum trees, which are found sparingly throughout the rest of the study areas. Over most of Bordeaux Mountain, the leaf litter exceeded 7 inches. The leaf litter found throughout the rest of the island rarely exceeded 2 inches. B^ cereus populations range from 2 to 150 (XHT) CFU/g. Samples 13 and 14 were collected within 15 feet of each other, but have population densities of 8.3 and 150 (X10 ) CFU/g, respectively. The metal concentrations (Hopkins and others, 1986) and the water extractable ions (Appendix 1) from the soils show no significant concentration differences. There is a two order of magnitude natural variability of B._ cereus in this series of samples. This large variability virtually precludes the utilization of B^ cereus as an indicator of mineralization within this region, without first understanding more of the ecological and physiological responses to a greater number of geochemical and biological factors. B. Mater Extraction of Soils Study To further examine the effect of soil-metal concentrations on B^ cereus populations, a water-leach extraction was performed on the soil samples. A water-leach extraction was used because water-soluble metals would be readily available in the moist soil environment found over most of the study area. The soils on the East End of the island were much drier than the soils in the heavily vegetated areas but receive considerable rain during the wet season. The basic statistical data for the A- and B-horizon water-extractable ions are given in tables 6 and 7, respectively. The data were logarithmically transformed. Cohens technique for mean calculation within a truncated data set was used (U.S. Geological Survey Statpac Files). The results show that a wide range of ionic constituents occur within the data set. The concentrations of Na and Cl show the widest variation in the A-horizon site duplicate soils (Appendix 1). The water-extractable concentrations of Ca and K show the widest variation in the B-horizon site duplicates (Appendix 2). The concentrations of K, Mg, Ca, and Ag are higher in the A-horizon soils than in B-horizon soils. Sodium, Cl, and Cu have higher mean concentrations in the B-horizon soils. Zinc shows no distinct preference in soil-horizon concentration. The small number of detectable concentrations for F and S04 precludes adequate comparison. The highest concentrations of K, Mg, and Ca in the A-horizon soils may reflect a release from decaying vegetation or upwards transport due to transportation and capillary action. The A-horizon soils have higher soluble Ag concentrations than the B-horizon soils. The high Cl and Fe concentrations of the B-horizon soils would be expected to entrap mobilized Ag ions. The enigmatic characteristics of Ag mobility suggests a strong organic complexing agent is affecting the mobility of Ag in the entire soil column. 15 meters Figure 7 Distribution of J3. cereus in A horizon soils from detailed sampling on Bordeaux Mountain, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands sites 1-27 are prefixed as SJ767 in Appendix 1. 16 Table 6. Basic statistics for water-extractable ions from A-horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Ionic species Na mg/L Cl mg/L K mg/L Mg mg/L Ca mg/L Zn mg/L Ag yg/L Cu mg/L* F mg/L* S04mg/L* Concentration range 35 21 25 8.0 2.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 5.0 40 - 1500 - 2100 - 620 - 440 - 780 - 9.5 - 100 - 8.0 - 57 - 150 * statistical calculation Table 7. Basic Mean 180 160 170 140 160 0 2 2 15 81 .62 .9 .2 on valid Geometric mean 130 78 140 120 120 0. 1. 1. 11 75 27 6 8 Standard Geometric deviation deviation 210 330 100 75 130 0 7 1 13 33 .99 .6 .8 2 2 2 1 2 5 2 1 2 1 .0 .6 .0 .8 .4 .5 .3 .9 .2 .5 Valid 215 213 215 215 215 181 159 56 35 15 values only statistics for wat er-ext ract able St. John, Ionic species Na mg/L Cl mg/L K mg/L Mg mg/L CA mg/L Zn mg/L Ag yg/L* S04 mg/L* Cu mg/L* F mg/L* Concentration Mean range 29 12 4.0 3.0 1.0 0.2 1 40 1 5 - 1550 - 1600 - 270 - 260 - 330 - 31 - 97 - 450 - 54 - 18 330 450 71 80 48 0 3 84 4 7 .83 .7 .3 .3 U.S. Virgin ions from B-horizon soils, Islands Geometric Deviation mean 260 230 52 56 22 0. 0. 76 2. 6. 43 95 1 5 220 410 58 56 51 2 11 51 10 4 .7 .6 Geometric Valid deviation 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 1 2 1 .1 .8 .2 .8 .6 .5 .4 .5 .6 .6 185 185 185 184 172 146 90 83 27 9 * Statistical calculations are for valid values only 17 The correlation matrix for A-horizon soil data is given in table 8. In the A-horizon soils, Na has statistically significant correlation with Cl, K, Mg, and F. The highest correlation is with Cl, suggesting NaCl is a dominant species in the soil. Magnesium has statistically significant correlation with Na, K, Ca, and F. The highest correlation is with Ca, suggesting a carbonate or possibly a silicate mineral. Silver, Cu, and Zn have statistically significant correlations with each other but show negative correlation with S04 , approximately 0 correlation with Cl and slightly positive correlation with F (table 8). The absence of a highly correlatable anion suggests that organic complexing anions may be affecting the solubility of these metals. EL cereus has statistically significant correlation with K, Mg, and Ca, but no correlation with Cl, Ag, Cu, Zn, and SO^. These correlations are the reverse of what would be expected if heavy metals are contributing to the selectivity of |L cereus over a mineralized zone. The data suggest that other factors than just metal concentrations are affecting the populations of B^ cereus. High concentrations of a suite of ions may have a synergistic effect on the survival of B^ cereus. The presence or absence of an ion for which there are no data may have a greater impact on EL cereus populations than those ions examined in this study. The correlation matrix for B-horizon water-extractable ions is given in table 9. In the B-horizon soils, Na has statistically significant correlation with Cl, K, Mg, Ca, and SO^. The very high correlation coefficient with Cl suggests a NaCl association. The high correlation of Mg and Ca suggests a mineralogical association. Silver and Cu do not show a statistically significant correlation. Copper and Zn do have statistically significant correlation. There is a change in anionic correlations with Ag, Cu, and Zn from the A-horizon to the B-horizon soils. In the A-horizon soils, SO^ shows strong negative correlation with Ag, Cu, and Zn, but positive correlation in the B-horizon soils. Chloride shows no correlation with the three metals in the A- horizon soils but has a statistically significant correlation with Cu in the B horizon. These relationships indicate changing chemical parameters and complexing agents within the soil column. The presence of $64 is a reliable geochemical indicator of the weathering of metal sulfides. The distribution of elevated SO^ concentrations coincides very well with areas of postulated sulfide mineralization and intense alteration of Bordeaux Mountain, White Cliffs, and Maria Bluff (fig. 8). Elevated SO^ concentrations also occur in the Gift Hill to Fredriksdal altered zone. The SO* concentrations may be a reflection of localized sulfides at depth and (or) the overprinting of soluble sulfate minerals, such as I^SC^, that were present in the hydrothermal solutions. The SO^ distribution is not restricted to a particular rock type or rainfall patterns, but follows the mineralization and alteration trends previously delineated (fig. 4; Tucker and others, 1985; and Tucker, 1987). The distribution of Ca concentrations in the A-horizon soils is given on figure 9. The elevated Ca concentrations occur in the highlands from Gift Hill to Ajax Peak and on Bordeaux Mountain. The elevated Ca concentrations on Bordeaux Mountain seem to reflect secondary calcite veining. The Ca distributions do not suggest that the presence of caliche is a dominant factor, except for a few sites on the East End and perhaps along the northern coast. There is a possibility that biogenic carbonate could be formed via oxidative reactions or the dissolving of land-snail-shell fragments. However, the high Ca concentrations coincide with the zones of alteration, indicating a greater contribution from the altered source material than biogenic sources. 18 Table 8. Correlation matrix for water extractable Ions and B. cereus populations from A-horizon soils, logarithmically transformed, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands Na Cl Mg Ca Ag Cu Zn Na Cl K Mg Ca Ag Cu Zn F I** B cereus ** 213* 215 215 215 159 56 181 35 15 214 .82 ** 213 213 213 157 55 179 35 15 212 .24 TT8 ** 215 215 159 56 181 35 15 214 .27 .13 .56 ** 215 159 56 181 35 15 214 -.04 .00 .31 .70 ** 159 56 181 35 15 214 .10 .05 -.08 -.10 -.20 ** 49 155 26 11 158 .01 .11 -.03 -.38 -.52 .51 ** 55 14 3 55 .10 -.02 .26 -.15 -.30 .37 .50 ** 28 14 180 .37 .02 .53 .57 .39 .16 .11 .30 ** 2 35 -.31 -.24 -.11 -.41 -.29 -.19 .31 -.29 1.00 ** 14 .07 -.01 .35 .46 .32 -.05 -.20 -.05 .31 -.14 ** *Number of pairs used for calculating the correlation coefficients. Underlined correlation coefficients are significant at the 95 percent confidence level. Table 9. Correlation matrix for water extractable Ions from B-horizon soils, logarithmically transformed, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands Na Cl K Mg Ca Ag Cu Zn F so4 Na ** 185* 185 184 172 90 27 146 9 88 Cl .88 ** 185 184 172 90 27 146 9 88 K .43 .48 ** 184 172 90 27 146 9 88 Mg .39 .48 .43 ** 172 89 27 145 9 88 Ca .22 .27 .40 .74 ** 78 22 133 8 86 Ag .04 .00 .11 -.03 -.14 ** 23 77 4 35 Cu .28 .08 -.05 -.21 .29 ** 26 2 17 Zn -.12 -.16 .02 -.44 -.46 .48 .46 ** 7 71 F .04 .30 -.30 -.23 -.58 .00 .00 -.11 ** 4 so4 .39 .45 .06 -.05 -.14 .29 .66 .33 .38 ** *Number of pairs used for calculating the correlation coefficients. Underlined correlation coefficients are significant at the 95 percent confidence level. 19 6 A' 50' 46 42 ro Explanation S04 in ppm O>80 BOVOCOAP POINT CARIBBEAN SEA 21'30" MILES 1 .5 0 KILOMETERS Figure 8 Distribution of elevated water soluble sulfate concentrations in B horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. The distribution of very low Ca concentrations cluster in areas of postulated sulfide mineralization or acidic alteration, such as Bordeaux Mountain, White Cliffs, and Maria Bluff. The Ca depletions can be attributed to acid leaching (pyrite weathering). The areas of high S04 concentrations generally coincide with the areas of Ca depletion. There is no distinct correlation of Ca concentrations with rock type, although the rocks of the Louisenhoj Formation contain a much higher Ca content than the rocks of the Water Island Formation (Tucker, 1987). The distribution of Ca concentrations within the B-horizon soils is given on figure 10. The elevated Ca concentrations cluster in the L'Esperance and Fredriksdal areas. These areas also show a significant hydrothermal imprint in soils and rock samples (Tucker, 1987). The distribution of elevated Ca concentrations is more extensive in the B-horizon soils than in the A-horizon soils. The high Ca concentrations in these areas may represent a movement of Ca ions upwards from a deeper source region. The distribution of Cl concentrations in the A-horizon soils is given on figure 11. The elevated Cl concentrations cluster in the altered zone between L'Esperance to Fredriksdal and near Lameshure. The sites with elevated Cl concentrations transect the Louisenhoj-Water Island formational boundary in the central highlands. The distribution of low Cl concentrations cluster in the Bordeaux Mountain vicinity, near the west side of Coral Bay and near some zones of intense hydrothermal alteration. The low Cl concentrations may reflect a more sulfide-rich parent source or hydrothermal alteration with minor Cl content. The distribution of Cl concentrations in the B-horizon soils is given on figure 12. In the Bordeaux Mountain area and the L'Esperance to Fredriksdal zone, both high and low Cl concentrations occur in close proximity. These relationships are difficult to interpret geochemically. Elevated Ag and Cu concentrations in A-horizon soils occur on Bordeaux Mountain, Maria Bluff, and in the Cocoloba Point vicinity (fig. 13). Silver occurs sparingly in the Gift Hill to Fredriksdal altered zone. The highest Ag value in the study area is 100 ppb from site 619, located northwest of Battery Gut. This site is in the Louisenhoj Formation. Elevated Ag and Cu concentrations in B-horizon soils occur on Bordeaux Mountain, Maria Bluff, and the White Cliffs (fig. 14). Soils with elevated Cu concentrations seem to be restricted to areas of intense mineralization and hydrothermal alteration. The distribution of elevated Ag concentrations are more widespread, suggesting extensive overprinting by circulating hydrothermal waters. Conclusions The biogeochemical results show a very large range in B^ cereus population densities throughout the study area. A natural variability of two orders of magnitude occurs in the B^ cereus populations from soils in an apparently uniform ecosystem. The concentration of water-extractable Ag, Cu, and Zn show no correlation with B^ cereus populations. The concentrations of other soil metals and water-extractable ions cannot account for the population differences observed in closely spaced samples. This study indicates that complex geochemical and physiological factors other than those examined have a pronounced affect on IL cereus populations. Until these factors are more closely examined, the distributions of EL cereus cannot be successfully utilized to define mineralized zones in this region. 21 64*50' 46' 42' ro ro BOVOCOAP POINT Explanation Ca in ppm O 400 60 CARIBBEAN SEA (7 21'30" 180 19' i .5 0 MILES .5 0 Figure 9 Distribution of water soluble calcium concentrations in A horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands 64° 50' 46' 42' ro ~?s° ^-NX^J BOVOCOAP POINT Explanation Ca in ppm O<120 O > 11 CARIBBEAN SEA <7 21'3O* i .5 o MILES 1 .5 0 KILOMETERS Figure 10 Distribution of water soluble calcium concentrations in B horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands 64° 5O' 46' ro 42 ~ - - _ uifcreo, BOVOCOAP POINT Explanation Cl in ppm O<700 O <150-699 > 35 CARIBBEAN SEA 21' 30" 1 .5 0 MILES .5 0 KILOMETERS Figure 11 Distribution of water soluble chloride concentrations in A horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands 64*50' cn Explanation Cl in ppm O>1500 O >1 000-1499 - 21'30* - 18*19' KLOMETERB Figure 12 Distribution of water soluble chloride concentrations in B horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. 64*50' Explanation Ag in ppb 0>3 - 21' 3O" 18*19' I .5 0 KILOMETERS Figure 13 Distribution of elevated water soluble silver and copper concentrations in A horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. 64°5O' 46' 42 no Explanation Ag in ppb 8OVOCOAP POINT CARIBBEAN SEA 21'30" MILES .5 0 KILOMETERS Figure 14 Distribution of elevated water soluble silver and copper concentrations in C horizon soils, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. The distribution of water-extractable ions in soils coincides nicely with other analytical data from rock and soil samples (Tucker and others, 1985; Alminas and Tucker, 1987; and Tucker, 1987). The distribution of S04 , Ag, and Cu coincides with areas of sulfide mineralization. Silver forms an extended enrichment zone around the sulfide mineralization zone. Silver also occurs in some hydrothermally altered zones, suggesting a pulsing of metal-rich solutions into the hydrothermal cells. Calcium has been leached from within and near zones of sulfide-rich rocks and from most zones showing hydrothermal alteration. Calcium enrichment, as veins, has also occurred in some zones of hydrothermal alteration, suggesting pulsing or changing compositions of the hydrothermal solutions. Extensive Cl enrichment occurs within the altered zone extending from Gift Hill to Fredriksdal. The Cl distribution cannot be readily correlated with rainfall patterns. The Cl concentrations are undoubtedly related to movement of soluble salts into the A-horizon soils from an enriched source at depth, such as, fluid inclusions or alteration phases. The elevated Cl concentrations associated with many hydrothermally altered areas or hydrothermal cells suggests a possible significant seawater component in the hydrothermal solutions. The Cl distribution transects all rock types indicating that at least one phase of mineralization occurred after the postulated accretion of material onto the original platform. The upward migration of ionic constituents within the soil column appears to reflect the mineralization characteristics of the underlying rocks. The examination of water-extractable constituents may be a valuable tool for geochemical exploration in areas of extensive soil or alluvium cover. 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McHugh, J.B., Tucker, R.E., Hopkins, R.T., Roemer, T.A., and Alminas, H.V., 1989a, Gold, silver, tellurium, and spectrographic analysis for rock and soil samples from the U.S. Virgin Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report 89-355, 64 p. McHugh, J.B., Tucker, R.E., and Alminas, H.V., 1989b, Analytical results for ten water-extractable ions from by B-horizon soils on St. Thomas and St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands and K-AR ages for seven rocks from St. John and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-563, p. 19. Meyerhoff, H.A., 1926, Scientific survey of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands: New York Academy of Sciences, v. 14, parts 1-2, p. 71-219. Miller, C.L., 1983, The geomicrobiology of sulfur occurrences in west Texas: Colorado School of Mines Masters thesis, 198 p. Mitchell, R., and Alexander, M., 1963, Lysis of soil fungi by bacteria: Canadian Journal of Microbiology, v. 9, p. 169-177. 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Watterson, J.R., Clark, J.R., Leatham, S., Tucker, R.E., Parduhn, N.L., and Elliott, S.S., 1983, Bacillus cereus. a metal-indieator organism; possible applications in prospecting (abs.): Abstracts, 10th International Geochemical Prospecting, Espoo/Helsinki, Finland. Whetten, J.T., 1966, Geology of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands: Geological Society of America Memoir 98, p. 177-239. (1)_____1980, Bacteriology: Academy of Health Sciences, U.S. Army Subcourse 856, 193 p. 30 APPENDIX 1. DATA RESULTS FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS AND B. CEREUS POPULATIONS FROM A-HORIZON SOILS, ST.JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS CN, not detected; <, detected but below the limit of determination shown; >, determined to be greater than the value shown.] Sample LAT LONG NA(PPH) CL(PPH) K(PPH) HG(PPH) CA(PPM) 84SJ601A SJ602A SJ603A SJ604A SJ605A SJ606A SJ607A SJ608A SJ609A SJ610A SJ611A SJ612A SJ613A SJ614A SJ615A SJ616A SJ617A SJ618A SJ619A SJ620A SJ621A SJ621AD SJ622A SJ623A SJ624A SJ625A SJ626A SJ627A SJ628A SJ629A SJ630A SJ631A SJ632A SJ633A SJ634A SJ635A SJ636A SJ637A SJ638A SJ639A SJ640A SJ641A SJ642A SJ643A SJ643AD 18 19 43 18 20 5 18 19 29 18 19 24 18 19 47 18 21 14 18 21 33 18 21 27 18 21 41 18 21 58 18 22 2 18 21 59 18 21 57 18 21 35 18 21 14 18 21 11 18 21 10 18 20 55 18 20 39 18 20 34 18 20 34 18 20 34 18 20 19 18 19 54 18 20 1 18 20 3 18 20 17 18 20 55 18 21 25 18 19 38 18 19 40 18 19 10 18 19 4 18 19 17 18 19 24 18 19 12 18 18 53 18 19 12 18 20 38 18 20 44 18 20 44 18 19 12 18 19 12 18 19 12 18 19 12 64 46 23 64 46 24 64 46 26 64 46 0 64 45 55 64 45 13 64 45 2 64 44 54 64 44 23 64 44 11 64 44 29 64 43 41 64 43 12 64 44 16 64 45 45 64 46 6 64 46 38 64 46 59 64 46 SO 64 47 14 64 47 14 64 47 14 64 47 36 64 47 56 64 47 15 64 47 1 64 46 42 64 46 23 64 44 10 64 47 39 64 47 8 64 47 23 64 47 19 64 47 11 64 46 53 64 46 56 64 46 56 64 46 36 64 46 24 64 45 57 64 45 30 64 45 33 64 45 25 64 45 25 64 45 25 170 200 100 170 150 92 92 89 75 55 58 -- 68 75 140 60 48 99 110 72 71 58 86 110 64 82 100 92 100 210 78 150 82 120 130 130 190 190 60 60 98 130 110 101 90 55 54 34 72 45 42 37 47 21 26 <10 -- 37 31 34 25 49 61 45 42 38 38 42 42 37 35 69 53 39 85 34 74 60 75 27 171 64 40 43 33 51 70 60 81 37 250 110 160 260 120 170 190 180 250 84 120 -- 200 170 250 110 300 190 75 230 172 160 98 210 69 86 130 99 250 130 140 300 140 240 110 140 170 200 180 110 150 200 260 184 186 190 200 90 200 98 140 180 200 90 64 90 -- 130 114 98 94 110 200 76 160 130 140 160 78 160 140 150 100 160 110 120 140 24 190 94 46 150 140 120 120 150 300 190 192 180 460 68 86 240 38 150 260 240 100 54 120 " 440 320 78 86 300 184 60 160 160 170 130 78 130 76 84 110 240 42 320 92 16 130 64 38 110 64 500 150 120 200 280 240 190 31 APPENDIX 1. DATA RESULTS FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS AND^B. CEREUS POPULATIONS FROM A-HORIZON SOILS, ST.JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS--Continued Sample AG(PPB) S4SJ60U SJ602A SJ603A SJ604A SJ605A SJ606A SJ607A SJ608A SJ609A SJ610A SJ611A SJ612A SJ613A SJ614A SJ615A SJ616A SJ617A SJ618A SJ619A SJ620A SJ621A SJ621AD SJ622A SJ623A SJ624A SJ625A SJ626A SJ627A SJ628A SJ629A SJ630A SJ631A SJ632A SJo33A SJ634A SJ635A SJ636A SJ637A SJ638A SJ639A SJ640A SJ641A SJ642A SJ643A SJ643AD <1.0 3.1 <1.0 2.8 2.6 1.0 1.2 <1.0 1.6 2.0 1.0 -- 1.2 <1.0 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 100.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.6 2.2 2.0 <1.0 1.0 1.4 <1.0 15.0 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.6 3.0 1.2 <1.0 1.2 CU(PPM) 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 3.7 1.2 2.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 N 1.1 1.9 3.0 <1.0 1.0 2.2 2.2 1.1 ZN(PPM) .9 .3 .9 .5 .4 .4 .5 .3 1.0 .7 .2 .5 .3 .6 .6 .4 .3 .8 .9 1.0 .5 .6 .8 .2 .2 .6 .6 .4 1.0 .4 2.1 2.4 .7 .8 1.1 .8 1.5 .2 .4 .7 .8 1.2 .4 .7 F(PPM) <5 <5 <5 7 <5 <5 <5 . 24 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 15 27 17 S04(PPM) <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 56 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 B.CEREUS CF^/gXIO* 2.000 75.000 6.500 16.000 4.400 5.700 7.600 8.000 171.000 3.400 1.900 .870 7.400 1.700 35.000 7.300 58.000 6.500 2.900 20.000 32 APPENDIX 1. DATA RESULTS FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS AND B. CEREUS POPULATIONS FROM A-HORIZON SOILS, ST.JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS--Continued Sample LAT LONG SJ644A SJ645A SJ646A SJ647A SJ648A SJ649A SJ650A SJ6S1A SJ651AO SJ652A SJ653A SJ654A SJ655A SJ656A SJ657A SJ658A SJ659A SJ660A SJ661A SJ662A SJ663A SJ664A SJ66SA SJ666A SJ667A SJ668A SJ669A SJ670A SJ671A SJ672A SJ673A SJ674A SJ675A SJ676A SJ677A SJ678A SJ679A SJ680A SJ681A SJ682A SJ683A SJ684A SJ685A SJ686A SJ687A 18 19 22 18 19 56 18 20 18 18 20 44 18 21 4 18 21 17 18 21 30 18 21 30 18 21 30 18 21 28 18 21 14 18 21 4 18 19 44 18 19 52 18 19 50 18 19 44 18 19 40 18 19 47 18 19 51 18 19 36 18 21 25 18 21 13 18 21 25 18 21 19 18 21 0 18 20 59 18 20 48 18 20 49 18 20 42 18 20 34 18 20 29 18 20 20 18 20 19 18 20 11 18 20 4 18 20 6 18 20 14 18 20 7 18 20 5 18 20 10 18 20 15 18 20 8 18 20 30 18 20 52 18 20 37 64 45 45 64 45 55 64 40 29 64 40 27 64 40 51 64 41 13 64 41 40 64 41 40 64 41 40 64 42 2 64 42 22 64 42 50 64 46 55 64 46 48 64 47 47 64 46 51 64 46 37 64 46 37 64 46 28 64 46 30 64 42 46 64 43 8 ,, 64 43 27 64 43 55 64 44 13 64 44 35 64 45 1 64 44 21 64 44 15 64 44 11 64 44 2 64 43 51 64 43 45 64 43 39 64 43 38 64 43 29 64 43 44 64 43 40 64 43 33 64 43 20 64 43 16 64 43 33 64 43 27 64 43 17 64 43 19 NA(PPM) 140 190 69 52 73 110 73 54 69 100 120 100 120 120 72 86 160 87 110 83 91 150 170 120 140 120 170 230 100 170 110 110 190 340 120 84 340 88 120 160 86 130 160 100 130 CL(PPM) 52 82 43 22 34 48 38 26 53 41 41 56 51 63 36 65 50 43 40 53 74 76 48 76 130 130 91 73 86 39 54 92 190 44 32 240 43 41 85 21 60 37 32 60 K(PPM) 150 210 130 180 33 450 250 290 300 120 230 190 130 110 300 150 210 170 140 89 460 360 300 200 290 620 250 190 350 190 68 140 390 310 97 240 380 88 100 180 260 150 100 92 220 MG(PPM) 150 170 78 60 16 170 58 100 80 130 150 150 100 120 220 100 220 170 180 190 300 300 400 130 150 260 130 340 80 220 130 100 300 46 120 110 440 40 150 120 110 170 160 120 120 CA(PPM) 82 150 480 86 14 98 56 84 50 360 150 96 180 200 540 94 140 320 120 360 460 380 540 440 92 300 70 150 42 110 62 360 220 16 30 130 460 20 62 54 CO 54 54 42 150 33 APPENDIX 1. DATA RESULTS FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS AND B. CEREUS POPULATIONS FROM A-HORIZON SOILS, ST.JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS--Continued Sample AG(PPB) SJ644A SJ645A SJ646A SJ647A SJ648A SJ649A SJ650A SJ651A SJ651AD -SJ652A SJ653A SJ654A SJ655A SJ656A SJ657A SJ658A SJ659A SJ660A SJ661A SJ662A SJ663A SJ664A SJ665A SJ666A SJ667A SJ668A SJ669A SJ670A SJ671A SJ672A SJ673A SJ674A SJ675A SJ676A SJ677A SJ678A SJ679A SJ680A SJ681A SJ682A SJ683A SJ684A SJ685A SJ686A SJ687A 2.8 2.8 1.6 2.2 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.8 1.8 <1.0 1.2 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.8 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.6 1.0 1.4 2.6 2.2 1.4 3.6 2.0 1.2 22.0 28.0 20.0 2.8 1.6 5.2 10.0 2.6 2.4 1.8 4.8 1.8 1.4 2.6 CU(PPM) 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 2.0 3.8 7.6 1.1 1.2 3.0 2.2 ZN(PPM) .7 .3 .6 .7 .5 .5 .8 .4 .6 .4 .6 .4 .4 .3 .2 .9 .4 .3 .4 .2 .3 .6 .3 .4 1.0 1.3 1.3 .6 1.0 .7 .2 9.0 1.4 3.8 .8 1.6 .9 3.2 .7 .6 1.1 .9 .7 .5 .6 F(PPM) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 25 <5 <5 <5 17 <5 <5 <5 37 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 57 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 S04CPPM) <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 117 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 B.CEREUS 7.000 11.000 130.000 .940 .380 13.000 11.000 4.400 12.000 2.900 8.500 8.200 7.400 8.400 20.000 19.000 179.000 8.600 1.700 16.000 194.000 1,130.000 140.000 16.000 28.000 23.000 15.000 12.000 1.800 191.000 41.000 167.000 26.000 2.300 32.000 14.000 174.000 7.800 27.000 14.000 17.000 100.000 8.200 2.100 16.000 34 APPENDIX 1. DATA RESULTS FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS AND B. CEREUS POPULATIONS FROM A-HORIZON SOILS, ST.JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS--Continued Sample LAT LONG NA(PPM) CL(PPM) K(PPM) MG(PPH) CA(PPM) SJ6S8A SJ689A SJ690A SJ691A SJ692A SJ693A SJ694A SJ695A SJ969A -SJ697A SJ698A SJ699A SJ700A SJ701A SJ702A SJ703A SJ704A SJ705A SJ706A SJ707A SJ708A SJ709A SJ709A SJ710A SJ711A SJ712A SJ713A SJ713AD SJ7UA SJ715A SJ716A SJ717A SJ718A SJ718AD SJ719A SJ720A SJ721A SJ722A SJ723A SJ724A SJ724AD SJ725A SJ726A SJ727A SJ728A 18 20 23 18 20 10 18 20 7 18 20 0 18 20 16 18 21 6 18 20 40 18 20 29 18 20 14 18 19 56 18 19 42 18 19 20 18 19 6 18 19 8 18 20 2 18 19 51 18 19 41 18 19 25 18 19 21 18 19 33 18 20 5 18 19 55 18 19 25 18 19 36 18 19 23 18 19 34 18 19 34 18 19 34 18 19 43 18 19 15 18 20 33 18 20 47 18 20 47 18 20 47 18 20 37 18 20 12 18 19 56 18 19 13 18 20 42 18 20 42 18 20 42 18 20 40 18 19 52 18 19 59 18 20 13 64 43 12 64 43 42 64 43 50 64 43 40 64 43 41 64 43 40 64 42 56 64 42 50 64 42 43 64 42 26 64 42 3 64 42 3 64 42 23 64 42 57 64 43 57 64 44 8 64 44 15 64 44 17 64 44 30 64 44 45 64 43 1 64 42 46 64 42 29 64 44 5 64 43 52 64 43 29 64 43 29 64 53 29 64 43 15 64 43 14 64 44 45 64 44 45 64 44 45 64 44 45 64 44 32 64 44 24 64 44 30 64 44 25 64 45 15 64 45 15 64 45 15 64 45 35 64 45 5 64 45 35 64 45 41 210 140 170 200 180 48 86 110 78 140 210 84 300 190 92 120 150 95 140 200 110 130 130 100 440 480 660 640 800 900 370 480 130 110 75 120 77 150 110 110 125 100 280 150 120 54 69 82 120 100 24 31 32 32 55 130 78 200 86 62 49 140 33 95 100 70 130 130 62 520 460 820 990 1,500 1,400 400 630 58 58 51 32 29 140 58 76 68 70 180 140 91 230 300 170 320 210 160 170 150 180 380 190 340 210 230 200 340 440 180 290 150 130 180 180 150 69 160 150 140 230 300 250 100 140 145 240 190 120 44 130 110 110 120 180 180 160 200 280 190 170 260 130 150 180 30 220 340 150 76 90 140 260 280 220 220 180 58 88 88 200 46 120 130 120 260 300 200 54 78 74 140 200 140 8 220 160 168 150 220 170 160 52 140 160 60 380 84 120 120 18 22 140 120 40 68 60 420 340 130 100 72 30 52 52 140 14 64 58 44 280 320 180 32 26 30 96 120 100 2 180 158 150 76 280 170 80 35 APPENDIX 1. DATA RESULTS FOR UATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS AND B. CEREUS POPULATIONS FROM A-HORIZON SOILS, ST.JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS--Continued Sample AG(PPB) SJ688A SJ689A SJ690A SJ691A SJ692A SJ693A SJ694A SJ695A SJ969A SJ697A SJ698A SJ699A SJ700A SJ701A SJ702A SJ703A SJ704A SJ705A SJ706A SJ707A SJ708A SJ709A SJ709A SJ710A SJ711A SJ712A SJ713A SJ713AD SJ714A SJ715A SJ716A SJ717A SJ718A SJ718AO SJ719A SJ720A SJ721A SJ722A SJ723A SJ724A SJ724AO SJ725A SJ726A SJ727A SJ728A 9.0 8.0 2.2 4.2 12.0 <1.0 1.0 1.8 13.0 3.0 1.0 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.0 1.0 1.6 2.2 2.4 2.2 <1.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.2 <1.0 <1.0 1.6 <1.0 1.8 2.4 1.4 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.6 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 CU(PPH) 1.0 3.0 1.2 1.1 8.0 1.4 1.0 7.7 4.4 1.0 1.0 ZN(PPH) 1.3 .4 .5 .3 1.1 .3 .6 .3 9.5 .9 .7 .5 .8 .9 .6 .2 .9 .8 1.5 .7 .3 1.5 1.5 .5 .5 1.6 .8 .7 .3 .6 .6 .7 .4 .5 .4 .9 .7 .4 .5 .6 .3 .5 .4 <.2 .4 F(PPH) <5 15 <5 <5 34 <5 <5 <5 <5 10 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 «5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 14 <5 <5 18 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 32 <5 <5 <5 <5 10 8 <5 <5 S04(PPM) <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 41 <40 <40 44 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 154 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 B.CEREUS 2.900 14.000 22.000 287.000 10.000 2.300 16.000 18.000 I.400 II.000 23.000 .860 3.300 1.800 12.000 9.500 23.000 20.000 75.000 9.800 31.000 14.000 14.000 3.900 1.400 6.200 2.100 1.700 7.600 17.000 19.000 3.200 12.000 14.000 8.600 9.100 2.100 <.001 140.000 20.000 17.000 19.000 110.000 '51.000 20.000 36 APPENDIX 1. DATA RESULTS FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS AND B. CEREUS POPULATIONS FROM A-HORIZON SOILS, ST.JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS--Continued Sample LAT LONG NA(PPM) CL(PPM) SJ729A SJ730A SJ731A SJ732A SJ733A SJ734A SJ735A SJ736A SJ737A SJ738A SJ739A SJ739AA SJ740A SJ740AO SJ741A SJ742A SJ743A SJ744A SJ745A SJ745AO SJ746A 86SJ747A SJ748A SJ749A SJ750A SJ751A SJ751A1 SJ751A2 SJ751A3 SJ751A4 SJ751A5 SJ751A6 SJ751A7 SJ751A8 SJ751A9 SJ751A10 SJ751A11 SJ752A SJ753A SJ754A SJ755A SJ756A SJ757A SJ758A SJ759A 18 20 34 18 20 36 18 20 28 18 20 31 18 20 40 18 20 58 18 22 14 18 20 50 18 19 5 18 21 31 18 21 38 18 21 38 18 21 38 18 21 38 18 21 13 18 21 21 18 21 22 18 21 12 18 21 12 18 21 12 18 21 7 18 20 52 18 21 30 18 21 33 18 21 32 18 20 24 18 20 24 18 20 24 18 20 24 18 20 24 18 20 24 18 20 24 18 20 24 18 20 24 18 20 24 18 20 24 18 20 24 18 20 36 18 20 46 18 20 41 18 20 23 18 20 20 18 20 19 18 20 27 18 20 16 64 45 33 64 45 40 64 45 15 64 45 24 64 45 25 64 45 27 64 44 55 64 44 35 64 44 0 64 44 0 64 44 7 64 44 9 64 44 7 64 44 7 64 44 15 64 44 15 64 44 8 64 44 22 64 44 22 64 44 22 64 44 38 64 46 40 64 43 47 64 43 52 64 43 59 64 44 54 64 44 54 64 44 54 64 44 54 64 44 54 64 44 54 64 44 54 64 44 54 64 44 54 64 44 54 64 44 54 64 44 54 64 44 58 64 44 57 64 45 2 64 45 53 64 45 42 64 45 36 64 45 32 64 45 30 88 160 130 440 900 1,100 720 450 400 850 290 290 160 145 900 630 1,500 670 840 840 1,000 49 60 80 116 130 41 124 96 112 65 116 104 108 180 84 54 45 84 49 56 100 57 77 76 80 180 150 590 1,600 26 88 620 460 1,400 310 310 190 176 1,500 910 2,100 1,000 1,300 1,480 1,700 52 74 56 68 46 82 76 81 155 62 67 77 65 74 71 87 74 48 75 47 52 50 48 41 K(PPM) 250 300 170 57 110 120 86 120 94 270 250 250 260 156 290 120 140 290 410 420 150 40 155 83 66 52 178 86 225 330 200 126 115 157 108 117 165 53 30 120 59 42 28 42 25 MG(PPH) 140 280 140 90 220 280 130 120 16 180 120 120 110 116 190 140 240 280 220 220 200 37 140 88 260 87 160 118 310 360 200 125 135 120 135 185 250 58 75 67 96 125 120 58 76 CA(PPM) 190 440 340 86 180 300 130 120 14 200 320 320 340 340 170 80 120 180 84 200 190 65 490 205 345 85 245 100 455 780 220 120 160 140 125 235 335 68 100 450 330 205 250 120 105 37 APPENDIX 1. DATA RESULTS FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS AND B. CEREUS POPULATIONS FROM A-HORIZON SOILS, ST.JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS--Continued Sample AG(PPB) SJ729A SJ730A SJ731A SJ732A SJ733A SJ734A SJ735A SJ736A SJ737A SJ738A SJ739A SJ739AA SJ740A SJ740AD SJ741A SJ742A SJ743A SJ744A SJ745A SJ745AD SJ746A 86SJ747A SJ748A SJ749A SJ750A SJ751A SJ751A1 SJ751A2 SJ751A3 SJ751A4 SJ751A5 SJ751A6 SJ751A7 SJ751A8 SJ751A9 SJ751A10 SJ751A11 SJ752A SJ753A SJ754A SJ755A SJ756A SJ757A SJ758A SJ759A 1.0 1.4 2.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 2.2 <1.0 1.2 <1.0 1.0 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 5.6 3.4 4.0 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.8 <1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 CU(PPM) 1.2 <1.0 <1.0 1.3 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ZN(PPM) .6 .2 .3 .6 .4 .4 .6 1.4 .3 .5 .2 .2 .5 .4 .5 .6 .5 .6 .7 .4 .3 F(PPM) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 32 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 *5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 6 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 S04(PPM) <40 <40 <40 <40 59 68 71 <40 120 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 110 <40 100 <40 <40 48 68 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 B.CEREUS 19.000 25.000 16.000 2.200 14.000 7.900 14.000 1.200 .059 83.000 2.800 2.800 4.000 6.100 6.400 4.200 14.000 22.000 23.000 21.000 5.400 1.100 1.800 1.000 2.600 3.700 5.500 8.900 9.600 75.000 5.400 4.700 2.700 2.900 6.500 9.600 15.000 23.000 5.700 13.000 2.600 8.500 4.500 6.100 4.000 38 APPENDIX 1. DATA RESULTS FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS AND B. CEREUS POPULATIONS FROM A-HORIZON SOILS, ST.JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN lSLANDS--Continued Sample LAT LONG NA(PPM) CL(PPM) K(PPM) MG(PPM) CA(PPM) SJ760A SJ761A SJ762A SJ763A SJ764A SJ765A SJ766A SJ767A1 SJ767A2 SJ767A3 SJ767A4 SJ767A5 SJ767A6 SJ767A7 SJ767A8 SJ767A9 SJ767A10 SJ767A11 SJ767A12 SJ767A13 SJ767A14 SJ767A15 SJ767A16 SJ767A17 SJ767A18 SJ767A19 SJ767A20 SJ767A21 SJ767A22 SJ767A23 SJ767A24 SJ767A25 SJ767A26 SJ767A27 SJ768A SJ769A SJ770A 18 20 35 18 18 41 18 19 3 18 19 9 18 19 36 18 19 55 18 19 59 18 20 16 18 20 16 18 20 16 18 20 16 18 20 16 18 20 16 18 20 16 18 20 15 18 20 15 18 20 15 18 20 21 18 20 15 18 20 15 18 20 15 18 20 15 18 20 15 18 20 15 18 20 15 18 20 13 18 20 13 18 20 13 18 20 13 18 20 11 18 20 11 18 20 11 18 20 11 18 20 11 18 20 49 18 21 14 18 21 59 64 45 35 64 42 55 64 42 14 64 47 25 64 45 28 64 44 30 64 42 31 64 44 34 64 44 34 64 44 34 64 44 34 64 44 34 64 44 34 64 44 34 64 43 37 64 43 37 64 43 37 64 43 38 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 43 42 64 43 42 64 43 42 64 43 42 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 40 47 64 45 43 64 44 17 68 109 190 160 200 59 130 128 116 165 75 110 91 86 73 113 72 80 35 63 80 128 76 85 85 59 185 94 84 160 100 132 128 135 92 73 50 45 114 94 97 41 36 111 92 60 150 55 59 49 89 55 116 99 52 39 47 66 73 88 71 75 50 140 78 49 93 40 50 64 112 46 57 33 60 51 54 86 32 42 130 370 200 48 39 28 26 155 50 156 52 45 26 98 145 220 98 43 42 48 78 64 43 58 55 32 38 62 40 112 52 92 54 68 72 97 108 49 195 225 130 70 64 48 130 63 57 32 64 48 160 180 155 70 53 18 49 160 66 115 120 125 135 113 62 62 130 93 240 79 90 30 100 245 68 325 260 160 96 125 84 225 105 86 36 57 32 155 140 180 40 55 8 42 125 70 170 130 82 125 70 60 96 275 180 39 APPENDIX 1. DATA RESULTS FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS AND B. CEREUS POPULATIONS FROM A-HORIZON SOILS, ST.JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS--Continued Sample AG(PPB) SJ760A SJ761A SJ762A SJ763A SJ764A SJ765A SJ766A SJ767A1 SJ767A2 -SJ767A3 SJ767A4 SJ767A5 SJ767A6 SJ767A7 SJ767A8 SJ767A9 SJ767A10 SJ767A1 1 SJ767A12 SJ767A13 SJ767A14 SJ767A15 SJ767A16 SJ767A17 SJ767A18 SJ767A19 SJ767A20 SJ767A21 SJ767A22 SJ767A23 SJ767A24 SJ767A25 SJ767A26 SJ767A27 SJ768A SJ769A SJ770A <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 24.0 1.0 <1.0 2.3 2.2 3.4 6.5 3.8 3.2 3.9 2.1 5.2 3.7 2.2 4.2 6.2 2.1 1.7 2.3 5.4 2.6 3.5 8.0 3.6 3.6 2.6 2.2 6.6 2.5 2.5 4.0 1.2 <1.0 <1.0 CU(PPH) 5.8 ZN(PPH) 2.5 3.6 2.7 3.8 1.5 6.9 1.0 1.2 <1.0 1.4 2.0 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 .2 .2 .2 .2 .3 .2 .4 .3 .2 .2 <.2 .3 .5 2.0 .3 .2 .2 F(PPH) <5 5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 <5 25 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 «5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 5 6 5 <5 40 5 5 6 5 <5 <5 <5 S04(PPH) <40 <40 <40 67 <40 <40 94 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 B.CEREUS 14.000 9.800 6.600 1.400 12.000 2.800 5.300 20.000 15.000 8.700 5.500 6.700 5.900 12.000 3.000 4.100 32.000 2.500 3.400 8.300 150.000 7.500 5.800 96.000 5.800 3.900 75.000 9.300 8.700 9.400 4.700 5.400 4.600 5.500 2.300 8.000 2.000 40 APPENDIX 2. DATA RESULTS FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS FROM B-HORIZON SOILS, ST. JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS [N, not detected; <, detected but below the limit of determination shown; >, determined to be greater than the value shown.] Sample LAT LONG NA-PPM CL-PPM K-PPM MG-PPM CA-PPM AG-PPB CU-PPH ZN-PPM F-PPM S04-PPM 84SJ601B SJ602B SJ603B SJ604B SJ605B SJ606B SJ607B SJ608B "SJ609B SJ610B SJ611B SJ612B SJ613B SJ614B SJ615B SJ616B SJ617B SJ618B SJ619B SJ620B SJ621B SJ621BD SJ622B SJ623B SJ624B SJ625B SJ626B SJ627B SJ628B SJ629B SJ630B SJ631B SJ632B SJ633B SJ634B SJ635B SJ636B SJ637B SJ638B SJ639B SJ640B SJ641B SJ642B SJ643B SJ643BD 18 19 43 18 20 5 18 19 29 18 19 24 18 19 47 18 21 14 18 21 33 18 21 27 18 21 41 18 21 58 18 22 2 18 21 59 18 21 57 18 21 35 18 21 14 18 21 11 18 21 10 18 20 55 18 20 39 18 20 34 18 20 34 18 20 34 18 20 19 18 19 54 18 20 1 18 20 3 18 20 17 18 20 55 18 21 25 18 19 38 18 19 40 18 19 10 18 19 4 18 19 17 18 19 24 18 19 12 18 18 53 18 19 12 18 20 38 18 20 44 18 20 44 18 19 12 18 19 12 18 19 12 18 19 12 64 46 23 64 46 24 64 46 26 64 46 0 64 45 55 64 45 13 64 45 2 64 44 54 64 44 23 64 44 11 64 44 29 64 43 41 64 43 12 64 44 16 64 45 45 64 46 6 64 46 38 64 46 59 64 46 50 64 47 14 64 47 14 64 47 14 64 47 36 64 47 56 64 47 15 64 47 1 64 46 42 64 46 23 64 44 10 64 47 39 64 47 8 64 47 23 64 47 19 64 47 11 64 46 53 64 46 56 64 46 56 64 46 36 64 46 24 64 45 57 64 45 30 64 45 33 64 45 25 64 45 25 64 45 25 450 550 340 390 330 290 100 210 84 100 71 77 510 77 390 160 440 230 450 380 270 270 600 500 450 88 460 480 380 370 130 350 350 310 360 710 500 460 200 160 270 330 160 200 200 454 776 436 532 402 462 48 92 39 19 44 1,004 872 46 394 102 776 304 888 658 424 462 1,210 1,022 776 46 648 706 556 262 150 482 742 482 614 1,360 484 482 204 126 394 514 88 136 146 160 80 90 150 43 40 88 23 150 20 50 19 130 130 48 60 54 93 34 50 68 66 44 79 52 26 56 55 120 31 56 120 50 110 27 55 57 58 34 40 37 110 39 75 71 120 190 100 200 23 48 140 15 71 4 37 48 65 110 32 100 55 170 120 76 76 72 190 110 130 79 74 160 100 100 86 65 53 87 71 98 74 57 44 91 50 110 36 50 43 140 <1 .0 <1 .0 38 1.1 <1.0 63 <1 .0 <1 .0 110 <1.0 <1.0 4 1.0 <1 .0 30 1.1 <1.0 110 - 1.0 <1.0 5 4.0 <1.0 39 1.5 <1.0 <2 1.2 <1.0 18 1.0 <1.0 81 2.4 <1.0 110 <1.0 <1.0 110 <1 .0 <1 .0 14 <1 .0 <1 .0 28 <1.0 <1.0 130 2.9 <1.0 89 <1.0 <1 .0 79 , 7.5 <1.0 42 <1.0 <1.0 38 <1.0 <1.0 34 <1.0 <1.0 120 <1.0 <1.0 78 <1.0 <1.0 40 <1 .0 <1 .0 20 < 1 0 <1.0 12 <1 .0 <1 .0 120 1.0 <1.0 82 <1 .0 <1 .0 30 <1 .0 <1 .0 110 <1.0 <1.0 32 10.0 1.7 14 1.4 <1.0 46 1.1 <1.0 30 <1 .0 <1 .0 55 1.4 <1.0 9 <1.0 <1.0 13 1.9 1.0 75 <1 .0 <1 .0 85 <1.0 <1.0 20 1.3 <1.0 31 1.1 <1.0 8 1.1 <1.0 20 <1.0 <1.0 20 <1.0 <1.0 .2 <.2 <.2 .2 .6 .3 .2 .4 .7 .7 .5 <.2 .2 .8 .5 .3 <.2 .2 .3 .4 .3 .4 <.2 .3 .3 .2 .4 .6 .3 .6 <.2 2.0 1.0 .2 .8 .6 .2 .7 .2 <.2 .4 .6 .4 .4 .6 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 <5 12 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 6 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 50 <40 <40 <40 54 62 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 108 112 <40 44 <40 96 <40 68 64 <40 52 <40 102 86 <40 88 48 108 <40 <40 86 82 <40 62 148 64 68 <40 <40 60 76 <40 <40 <40 41 APPENDIX 2. DATA RESULTS FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS FROM 8-HORIZON SOILS, ST. JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS--Continued Sample LAT LONG NA-PPM CL-PPM K-PPM MG-PPM CA-PPM AG-PP8 CU-PPM ZN-PPM F-PPM S04-PPM SJ644B SJ645B SJ646B SJ647B SJ648B SJ649B SJ650B SJ651B SJ651BD SJ652B SJ653B SJ654B SJ655B SJ656B SJ657B SJ658B SJ659B SJ660B SJ661B SJ662B SJ663B SJ664B SJ665B SJ666B SJ667B SJ668B SJ669B SJ670B SJ671B SJ672B SJ673B SJ674B SJ675B SJ676B SJ677B SJ678B SJ679B SJ679S18 SJ680B SJ681B SJ682B SJ683B SJ684B oJ665B SJ686B 18 19 22 18 19 56 18 20 18 18 20 44 18 21 4 18 21 17 18 21 30 18 21 30 18 21 30 18 21 28 18 21 14 18 21 4 18 19 44 18 19 52 18 19 50 18 19 44 18 19 40 18 19 47 18 19 51 18 19 36 18 21 25 18 21 13 18 21 25 18 21 19 18 21 0 18 20 59 18 20 48 18 20 49 18 20 42 18 20 34 18 20 29 18 20 20 18 20 19 18 20 11 18 20 4 18 20 6 18 20 14 18 20 13 18 20 7 18 20 5 18 20 10 18 20 15 18 20 8 18 20 30 18 20 52 64 45 45 64 45 55 64 40 29 64 40 27 64 40 51 64 41 13 64 41 40 64 41 40 64 41 40 64 42 2 64 42 22 64 42 50 64 46 55 64 46 48 64 47 47 64 46 51 64 46 37 64 46 37 64 46 28 64 46 30 64 42 46 64 43 8 64 43 27 64 43 55 64 44 13 64 44 35 64 45 1 64 44 21 64 44 15 64 44 11 64 44 2 64 43 51 64 43 45 64 43 39 64 43 38 64 43 29 64 43 44 64 43 41 64 43 40 64 43 33 64 43 20 64 43 16 64 43 33 64 43 27 64 43 17 320 180 320 160 320 390 430 330 350 370 430 320 511 460 340 520 290 280 280 130 280 380 170 260 130 84 180 340 340 130 210 110 160 170 230 120 170 380 68 210 180 170 240 86 140 348 156 598 206 416 556 568 566 532 592 562 424 794 752 588 870 106 330 308 80 284 588 44 70 34 30 54 106 28 20 28 58 122 94 208 60 172 622 40 166 58 154 122 44 36 55 110 77 77 18 170 250 160 180 44 55 30 35 30 190 79 30 34 41 27 260 140 100 90 17 250 30 60 44 32 12 43 28 74 190 60 140 15 32 32 34 41 22 82 17 120 180 49 57 23 120 61 46 50 120 59 67 62 68 180 130 81 58 110 81 66 220 110 61 3 110 20 4 14 7 3 140 8 110 4 25 140 28 6 18 25 10 60 20 3 23 78 160 49 6 57 21 24' 27 56 30 22 92 75 170 68 22 82 38 71 . 64 100 44 67 <2 40 3 <2 2 <2 <2 28 2 15 <2 14 58 3 <2 3 5 4 5 4 <2 1.2 <1.0 1.0 1.1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.2 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.4 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 2.0 1.8 2.7 2.0 1.6 10.0 2.8 5.2 3.5 2.4 1.9 <1.0 1.5 1.0 3.0 <1.0 6.0 1.9 1.4 <1 .0 .7 <1.0 <.2 <1.0 <.2 <1 .0 .3 <1 .0 .3 <1.0 <.2 <1.0 <.2 <1.0 .6 <! .0 ,5 <1.0 <.2 <1 .0 .4 <1 .0 .6 <1 ,0 .2 <1 .0 .6 <1.0 <.2 <1 .0 .3 <1 .0 .2 <1.0 <.2 <1 .0 .5 <1 .0 .2 <1 .0 .3 <1 .0 .3 <1 .0 .6 <1 .0 .2 <1 .0 .3 <1 .0 .5 1.1 .8 1.7 4.4 <1.0 .8 <1.0 1.2 <1 .0 1 .6 1.2 5.8 6.0 5.3 <1 .0 1 .7 6.1 31.0 <1 .0 1.1 1.0 .4 <1 .0 1.5 3.1 4.0 <1 .0 1.1 <1.C 1.2 <1 .0 1 .4 <1 .0 1 .3 M 1.: <1 .0 1.1 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <40 <40 66 <40 <40 50 62 58 70 66 54 48 72 88 <40 <40 <40 66 <40 <40 66 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 126 <40 108 <40 <40 62 <40 <40 <40 <40 44 <40 <40 42 APPENDIX 2. DATA RESULTS FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS FROM B-HORIZON SOILS, ST. JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS--Continued Sample LAT LONG NA-PPM CL-PPM K-PPM MG-PPM CA-PPM AG-PPB CU-PPM ZN-PPM F-PPM S04-PPM SJ687B SJ688B SJ689B SJ690B SJ691B SJ692B SJ693B SJ694B SJ695B " SJ696B SJ697B SJ698B SJ699B SJ700B SJ701B SJ702B SJ703B SJ704B SJ705B SJ706B SJ707B SJ708B SJ709B SJ709S1B SJ710B SJ711B SJ712B SJ713B SJ713BD SJ714B SJ715B SJ716B SJ717B SJ718B SJ718BD SJ719B SJ720B SJ721B SJ722B SJ723B SJ724B SJ724BD SJ725B SJ726B SJ727B 18 20 37 18 20 23 18 20 10 18 20 7 18 20 0 18 20 16 18 21 6 18 20 40 18 20 29 18 20 14 18 19 56 18 19 42 18 19 20 18 19 6 18 19 8 18 20 2 18 19 51 18 19 41 18 19 25 18 19 21 18 19 33 18 20 5 18 19 55 18 19 25 18 19 36 18 19 23 18 19 34 18 19 34 18 19 34 18 19 43 18 19 15 18 20 33 18 20 47 18 20 47 18 20 47 18 20 37 18 20 12 18 19 56 18 19 13 18 20 42 18 20 42 18 20 42 18 20 40 18 19 52 18 19 59 64 43 19 64 43 12 64 43 42 64 43 50 64 43 40 64 43 41 64 43 40 64 42 56 64 42 50 64 42 43 64 42 26 64 42 3 64 42 3 64 42 23 64 42 57 64 43 57 64 44 8 64 44 15 64 44 17 64 44 30 64 44 45 64 43 1 64 42 46 64 42 29 64 44 5 64 43 52 64 43 29 64 43 29 64 53 29 64 43 15 64 43 14 64 44 45 64 44 45 64 44 45 64 44 45 64 44 32 64 44 24 64 44 30 64 44 25 64 45 15 64 45 15 64 45 15 64 45 35 64 45 5 64 45 35 280 220 500 660 620 280 220 610 350 210 350 250 370 840 510 560 680 790 560 570 660 330 470 320 120 410 660 460 470 810 770 130 100 83 92 340 130 150 950 140 450 440 530 620 260 346 122 810 1,190 1,142 426 342 1,146 504 188 352 126 572 838 782 1,042 1,128 1,546 844 916 1,266 390 788 370 124 652 776 520 522 1,622 952 136 64 66 88 568 42 144 1,578 36 782 836 1,034 858 320 40 88 100 40 49 140 42 30 50 58 26 73 90 180 50 42 200 200 47 100 37 130 28 160 38 38 77 77 80 100 94 88 33 71 70 63 130 27 30 14 36 37 53 61 53 58 140 260 160 130 13 130 74 97 28 9 200 100 7 45 87 160 230 130 93 200 5 38 84 83 54 120 130 130 190 120 130 34 53 56 92 7 50 64 8 50 47 170 220 83 21 15 110 77 37 3 39 14' 36 7 <2 14 51 <2 11 18 150 120 64 24 . 64 <2 8 78 42 8 24 28 31 110 33 66 6 16 16 48 <2 19 6 2 15 14 110 150 50 1.1 <1 .0 3.5 <1.0 2.8 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.5 <1.0 3.2 6.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 <1.0 97.0 1.8 1 .3 <1 .0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 2.2 1.1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.2 <1 .0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 <1 .0 15.0 6.5 <1.0 <1.0 2.2 1.1 <1.0 <1.0 10.0 1.0 1.7 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.5 <1.0 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.3 <1.0 1 .0 <1 .0 1.2 <1.0 1.2 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 3.0 <1.0 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 54.0 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 .5 .6 .6 .2 .2 1.5 <.2 .5 <.2 3.5 .6 <.2 .3 2.9 .8 .5 <.2 <.2 .4 1.4 <.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 <.2 .4 .9 .4 .3 <.2 .4 .3 1.6 .6 .5 .7 3.3 1.0 3.2 .5 .7 .4 <.2 .3 .7 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <40 <40 <40 54 <40 94 <40 126 60 <40 <40 <40 74 114 54 88 148 <40 52 106 72 <40 94 <40 <40 92 <40 <40 <40 96 94 <40 <40 <40 <40 46 <40 <40 454 <40 100 90 <40 <40 <40 43 APPENDIX 2. DATA RESULTS FOR UATER-EXTRACTABLE IONS FROM B-HORIZON SOILS, ST. JOHN, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS--Continued Sample LAT LONG NA-PPM CL-PPM K-PPM MG-PPM CA-PPM AG-PPB CU-PPM ZN-PPM F-PPM S04-PPH SJ728B SJ729B SJ730B SJ731B SJ732B SJ733B SJ734B SJ735B SJ736B ~SJ737B SJ738B SJ739B SJ739S1B SJ740B SJ740BO SJ741B SJ742B SJ743B SJ744B SJ745B SJ745BD SJ746B 86SJ747B SJ748B SJ749B SJ750B SJ751B SJ752B SJ753B SJ754B SJ755B SJ756B SJ757B SJ758B SJ759B SJ760B SJ761B SJ762B SJ763B SJ764B SJ765B SJ766B SJ767B6 SJ767B23 SJ767B24 SJ767B25 SJ767B26 SJ767B27 SJ769B SJ770B 18 20 13 18 20 34 18 20 36 18 20 28 18 20 31 18 20 40 18 20 58 18 22 14 18 20 50 18 19 5 18 21 31 18 21 38 18 21 38 18 21 38 18 21 38 18 21 13 18 21 21 18 21 22 18 21 12 18 21 12 18 21 12 18 21 7 13 20 52 18 21 30 18 21 33 18 21 32 18 20 24 18 20 36 18 20 46 18 20 41 18 20 23 18 20 20 18 20 19 18 20 27 18 20 16 18 20 35 18 18 41 18 19 3 18 19 9 18 19 36 18 19 55 18 19 59 18 20 16 18 20 11 18 20 11 18 20 11 18 20 11 18 20 11 18 21 14 18 21 59 64 45 41 64 45 33 64 45 40 64 45 15 64 45 24 64 45 25 64 45 27 64 44 55 64 44 35 64 44 0 64 44 0 64 44 7 64 44 9 64 44 7 64 44 7 64 44 15 64 44 15 64 44 3 64 44 22 64 44 22 64 44 22 64 44 38 64 46 40 64 43 47 64 43 52 64 43 59 64 44 54 64 44 58 64 44 57 64 45 2 64 45 53 64 45 42 64 45 36 64 45 32 64 45 30 64 45 35 64 42 55 64 42 14 64 47 25 64 45 28 64 44 30 64 42 31 64 44 34 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 43 39 64 45 43 64 44 14 500 380 720 480 390 600 570 210 180 270 340 520 1,550 690 780 760 260 570 350 790 770 550 102 55 70 315 136 41 75 55 75 245 135 60 80 69 102 195 205 330 130 112 147 29 72 87 60 45 100 112 758 586 1,206 722 536 1,138 1,070 158 202 418 296 1,050 1,020 1,284 1,354 1,330 188 894 576 1,386 1,456 1,022 32 41 19 31 40 40 29 24 20 24 27 17 23 30 78 65 129 280 30 67 137 27 30 50 40 31 16 12 97 83 94 52 26 62 55 35 53 41 92 270 35 130 190 200 26 37 67 270 270 67 12 68 58 22 74 31 14 15 20 12 10 8 11 22 30 48 60 60 25 16 200 14 15 4 15 14 14 11 140 98 130 110 29 110 94 120 61 32 33 140 13 120 120 180 <2 100 140 170 180 94 35 49 61 125 80 42 44 32 75 38 47 24 115 58 46 58 65 210 46 30 88 10 10 20 17 13 31 29 27 1.0 <1.0 77 <1 .0 <1 .0 110 <1.0 <1.0 140 <1 .0 <1 .0 7 <1 .0 <1 .0 48 <1 .0 <1 .0 40 <1 .0 <1.0 110 " <1 .0 <1 .0 24 1.0 <1.0 9 2.6 <1.0 12 1.2 <1.0 130 < 1 . 0 < 1 . 0 4 <1.0 <1.0 84 <1.0 <1.0 80 <1.0 <1.0 110 <1 .0 <1 .0 <2 1.2 <1.0 28 <1.0 <1.0 82 1.2 1.0 100 . 1.1 <1.0 110 1.1 <1.0 50 <1.0 <1.0 40 <1 .0 <1 .0 145 <1.0 <1.0 115 1.8 <1.0 170 <1.0 <1.0 22 1.8 <1.0 42 < 1 . 0 < 1 . 0 50 <1.0 <1.0 330 <1.0 <1.0 250 1.5 <1.0 28 4.1 1.0 44 1.2 <1.0 19 1.0 <1.0 180 <1.0 <1 .0 150 <1.0 <1.0 52 <1.0 <1.0 8 <1.0 1.0 10 40.0 4.0 13 1.0 1.2 15 1.0 <1.0 10 1.1 <1.0 6 5.2 6.0 2 <1.0 1.2 1 <1.0 1.4 1 <1.0 <1.0 1 2.4 2.1 1 1.0 1.3 9 1.2 <1.0 42 2.0 <1.0 .7 .2 <.2 <.2 .2 .3 .2 .2 .2 .9 .8 .3 .4 .4 .5 .3 1.0 .9 <.2 .6 <.2 .3 <.2 <.2 <.2 <.2 .8 .2 <.2 <.2 <.2 .2 .2 <.2 <.2 <.2 <.2 .8 3.8 1.5 .8 .3 .9 .4 .5 .7 .7 .5 .2 <.2 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 18 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <40 56 96 48 46 126 76 <40 <40 64 <40 94 124 86 <40 52 <40 96 <40 <40 46 106 40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 177 109 <40 55 44 49 146 145 70 43 <40 <40 44