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WAS YOUR SURNAME IN CHARLOTTE AMALIA IN 1803? The French Revolution started in 1789 and spread quickly to the French Antilles where the Republicans (the slaves and some free-coloreds) and the Royalists (the planters and some free-coloreds) fought each other. After the abolition of slavery was declared in 1793 by the French revolutionary government in Paris, Britain, concemed that the French freedom movement might infect the West Indies, invaded Martinique, Guadeloupe and St. Domingue in 1793 and 1794, with the complicity of the Royalists. Within a year or less, the British were thrown out of Guadeloupe and St. Domingue (not Martinique), but the political and social strife continued. All along, a fierce privateer’s war was raging between the French and the British in the Antilles. In 1795, the Republicans took over the administration of the Dutch Antilles, and, in 1799, Napoléon seized power in France, reinstituted slavery in 1802, and dreamt of rebuilding a French New World empire to rival the Anglo-Saxon empire. During this period of conflict with Britain, the French and the Dutch Antilles were greatly restricted in their ability to exchange their tropical products for needed European supplies from their respective mother countries. On the other hand, since Denmark remained neutral until 1801, sailing and trading between Denmark and the Charlotte Amalia went unabated. In 1802, after the Treaty of Amiens and the departure of the British from the Danish islands, sailings to and from Denmark and northern Germany (Altona, Bremen and Hamburg) became quite frequent again and numbered about 30 in 1803. That same year, in contravention of a Danish royal decree, about six slave ships came from West Africa with about 1400 captives on board. It was these intercontinental sailings that attracted to Charlotte Amalia as many as 350 sloops and schooners loaded with tropical products from Danish, English, Spanish, Swedish, French and Dutch Caribbean ports to be exchanged for European goods and West African captives. Some of the best-known captains of these vessels with familiar names are given below together with their port(s) of call: Captain Antillean Port(s) of Call Ethnicity BENJAMIN Porto Rico Jewish COLLIN St. Barthélemy American DOMONIQUE Martinique French DUPUY Martinique & Guadeloupe French FRANCOIS, George Curacao & Guadeloupe French HASSELL, James St. Christopher, Statia & St. Barth. Dutch HILL, Josiah Statia, St. Barth., St. Martin & Martinique Anglo/Saxon JACOB, Henrich Curagao Jewish JOSEPH Statia, Trinidad, & St. Domingue Jewish LA MOTTA, Jacob de St. Croix Jewish LEVY, Michel St. Domingue Jewish LOPEZ, Joseph Aruba, Curacao & St. Lucia Jewish MEYER, David St. Croix Jewish MEYER, Jacob Curagao Jewish MONSANTO, Wilhelm Curagao Jewish MOTHA, Louis St. Barthélemy & St. Domingue Jewish MURPHY, Josiah Grenada Anglo/Saxon PETIT Guadeloupe French/Jewish POMIE, Moses Guadeloupe & St. Domingue French/Jewish SIMMONDS, Henri St. Croix Jewish SIMON, Thomas Porto Rico & St. Eustatius Jewish It was these captains and many others who, in 1803, made Charlotte Amalia the premier emporium in the Caribbean Basin and the first choice destination for political refugees and persons seeking better economic opportunities primarily from the French and the Dutch islands, and Europe. The booming trade of Charlotte Amalia was accompanied by a great demographic growth, primarily through immigration. Thus, in 1790, the port population numbered about 2500 persons and, in 1803, it rose to about 5500 persons—more than twice as many. According to the Property and Slave Head Tax List and the Free-Colored Census of 1803, Charlotte Amalia included 480 taxable private buildings and held about 1510 (27%) Europeans, 1521 (28%) free-coloreds and 2471 (45%) Africans, and. THE WEST AFRICAN SLAVES Originally, the Danish slaves, West African natives, were brought as captives mostly from Frederiksborg and Christiansborg in Guinea by the Danish Company until its dissolution in 1754 and, subsequently, from other West African ports by private slave traders until 1807, when the British abolished the slave trade and applied the law with exactness in the Danish Islands during their second occupation. King Christian VII of Denmark had issued on March 16, 1792, an edict to abolish the African slave trade effective December 31, 1802. However, the effect of this edict was to greatly increase the slave trade in the Danish Islands from 1792 until 1803, after which it slowed but it did not stop, as many exceptions were tolerated until 1807. In addition, during the 1790s and the early 1800s, many immigrating Europeans and free-coloreds from the Dutch and the French islands brought some of their slaves with them to help them start a new life in Charlotte Amalia and to avoid losing them through the French Republican abolition of slavery in 1793 and 1794. Over time, from 1790 to 1803, the number of port slaves rose from 1545 to 2471 persons—1970 men, 448 women and only 53 children—but their percentage of the whole population decreased during the same period from 61% to 45%. The gender imbalance of the slaves only increased with time, going from 2.5 men per woman in 1790 to 4.4 men per woman in 1803. Also, the number of children per woman remained characteristically very low—0.07 and 0.12 child per woman in 1790 and 1803, respectively. Obviously, the living situation of the town slaves was not conducive to the establishment of families. This is in part caused by the fact that, during those years, the number of slaves per tax paying household or business in town decreased significantly from 5.3 to 2.8, which is an indication that the new Antillean immigrants brought fewer slaves per household. Evidently, over time these Charlotte Amalia slaves were used by the merchants less as trading commodities and more for business purposes as stockers, Stevedores, vendors and assistant or apprentice craftsmen for boat repairs and construction, as opposed to domestic servants or agricultural workers. Unfortunately, the Danish archives do not reveal the identity of the port slaves. THE FREE-COLOREDS According to the Census of 1803, the free-colored population of Charlotte Amalia, numbered only about 350 in 1790 and, subsequently, increased greatly to reach, in 1803, 1521 persons—318 men, 668 women and 535 children. Unlike the slaves, over the same thirteen-year period the population percentage of the free-coloreds doubled from about 14% to 28%. It is also striking that, unlike the adult slave population, there were many more free-colored women than men; the gender ratio of men to women increased only slightly from 0.3 in 1790 to 0.5 man per woman in 1803. And yet, only 36% of the free-colored men and 14% of the women lived with a free-colored mate. The only possible explanation for this anomaly is that the men were fighting in their respective islands, or were at sea crewing for the many brigs, schooners and slocps calling at Charlotte Amalia. The corresponding number of children per free-colored woman was low but it was much higher than for the slaves and varied slightly from 0.9 in 1790 to 1.0 in 1803. The greatest number of children per woman was attained by the native Danish free-coloreds: 1.6 children per woman. Besides being seamen, the free- colored men were carpenters, joiners, stone masons, shopkeepers, shoemakers, barbers, cigar makers, fishermen, etc., while the women were mostly seamstresses (357 women— far beyond the needed numbers for a European population of 1510), vendors, laundresses, cooks, bakers, domestic servants, etc.. . Out of the 986 free-colored adults of Charlotte Amalia in 1803, only about 370 or 38% were native to the Danish West Indies. The rest of the free-colored adults, 616 or 62%, were immigrants: 61 (6%) West Africans; 261 (26%) French Antilleans—134 from Martinique, 65 from St. Domingue and 45 from Guadeloupe; 209 (21%) Dutch Antilleans—150 from Curacao and 59 from St. Eustatius; and 84 (9%) English West Indians and North Americans—1 from Anguilla, 12 from Antigua, 5 from Bermuda, 5 from Dominica, 14 from Grenada, 4 from Jamaica, 3 from Montserrat, 9 from North America, 11 from St. Christopher, 5 from St. Lucia, 2 from St. Vincent, 1 from Tobago, 12 from the Virgin Islands. In 1803, 7% of the free-coloreds claimed to have purchased their own freedom, 26% claimed to have been manumitted, and 67% claimed to have been born free, but only 31% had documents to prove it. Most of those undocumented free-coloreds were immigrants from the French and the Dutch islands. They were the libres de savanne, unofficially freed before the Revolution, as well as slaves taking advantage of the French Emancipation Proclamations in 1793, 1794. Their reasons for migrating to St. Thomas was to escape fierce fighting, a ruined economy, and, in 1802, the prospect of having to return to slavery, as decreed by First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte. Some of the few who were able to buy their own freedom were Lucia CLARK, vendor; Anthony JACOB, carpenter; Susanna JACOB, laborer; Christian JAMES, carpenter; Simon JONAS, cooper; Magdalena LAWSON, seamstress; William MILLIGAN, tailor; Maria PETERSEN, seamstress; Julianne PIETERSON, midwife; and Johannes WRIGHT, carpenter. Obviously, these were highly skilled slaves who had a chance to earn money by being farmed out by their owner. Examples of those who were manumitted in the Danish islands and by whom follow (It should be noted that manumissions were most often granted to women by relatives, especially fathers.): Susan Margret by her father Andreas BAA; Catherine BERG by her father Christopher; Anna Johanna by her grandfather Captain Joseph B. CORNELIUS; Elisa CRAWFORD by her father John; Bess by her father Charles DAY; Chatrina by her father Hans P. FALK; Anna by her father Capt. FARREL; Betsy by her father Mr. MACKEVOY; Johannes by William ROSS; and Jonas SIMON by his father. According to the Property and Slave Head Tax list and the Census of 1803, 430 Charlotte Amalia free-colored households and businesses paid real property and/or slave head taxes. They owned a total of 696 slaves—569 men, 113 women and only 14 children—representing an average of 1.6 slaves per taxpayer. Only eleven free-coloreds owned more than six slaves and only one owned as many as sixteen slaves. They also owned 281 residential or commercial buildings located primarily in Savanne and Kronprindsens Quarter (62%), but also in Dronningens Quarter (24%) and in Kongens Quarter (14%). The total surface area of these properties amounted to 207,144 square feet, or an average of 740 square feet per property owner. Surprisingly, there were 1.4 times as many free-colored building owners as Europeans, but, of course, the average square footage of a European building was much larger—four times larger. Some Charlotte Amalia free-coloreds with familiar surnames are given below together with their age, place of birth and occupation: Free-Colored Name Age Place of Birth Occupation ALVARES, Gracia 30 Curacao Seamstress ANDERSON, Fanny 20 St. Eustatius None ANDRE 18 St. Domingue Seaman ANDREE, Jean-Baptiste 25 Martinique Butcher & Musician ANTHONY, Anna Maria 38 St. Croix Seamstress ANTHONY, Maria 31 Curagao Vendor BACHELIER, P. E. 22 Guadeloupe Tailor BAZIL, Félix 35 Guadeloupe Fisherman BAPTISTE, Joseph 38 St. Eustatius Tailor BASTIAN, Francisco 34 St. Eustatius Hair Cutter BASTIAN, Peter 54 Curagao Seaman BENJAMIN, Susanna 35 St. Thomas Vendor BENJAMIN, Charles 19 St. Domingue Carpenter BLANCHARD, Marie 38 Guadeloupe Seamstress BECK, Johs. 20 Curacao Seaman BENNERS, Polly 24 St. Eustatius Seamstress BEVERHOUDT, Anna Maria 40 St. Eustatius Seamstress BIRK, Anna Maria 24 St. Thomas Seamstress BLIDEN, Nancy 40 St. Eustatius Seamstress BLYDEN, Susanna - St. Eustatius Bed-ridde BRITTO, Anna M. 42 St.Thomas Seamstress BROWN, Anthony 30 St. Thomas Carpenter BUTLER, Elisabeth 40 St. Eustatius Vendor CARLE, Jean 40 Martinique Cook CASTRO, Allen de 34 Curacao Vendor CASTRO, Rosa de 36 Curacao Vendor CASTRO, Maria Rosa de 28 Curagao Seamstress CHARLES, Jean 23 St. Domingue Tailor CHARLES, Nicolas 32 Curacao Seaman CHRISTIAN 23 St. Thomas Joiner CHRISTIAN, Maria 29 Curagao Seamstress COHEN, Maretje 22 Curagao Seamstress COLLIN, Johanna 32 Curacao Vendor CORNELIUS 53 St. Thomas Master Mason CROW, Elisabeth DANIEL, Mathias DAVID, Christian DOMINGO, John DOMINIQUE, Wilhelmine DUMAS. Marie Thérése Ognalias EVERT, Johanna Wilhemine FAUCHETTE FELIX, Anna Bitta FLETCHER, Jane FLETCHER, Thomas FLORES, Cathrina FOX, Benj. FRANCIS, Susanna FRANCOIS, Alexandre FRANCOIS, Jean FRANTZ, Francisca FRIDERICH, Elmuth GABRIEL, Carlo GABRIEL GALISTRO, Anthony GERMAIN, Charles GODET, Adrianne GOMEZ, Frantz GOODMANN, Rachel GORDON, William GREGOIRE, J oseph GREGORY, Maria HARRY, Nicolas HARRY, Rebecca HENRICH, Anna S. HEYLIGER, Polly JACOB, Anthony JACOB, Petrus JAMES, Christian JAMES, Ishmael JEAN-BAPTISTE JEAN-BAPTISTE JEPPE, Frantz JONAS, Simon JOSHUA, Lisbeth JOSEPH JOSEPH, Jean alias SORDE, Joseph JOSEPH, Marie KUNTZ, Marie-Claire & 3 children LABORDE, Marie Anne alias SAMTE LABORDE, Pierre LAPORTE, Catherine LASSEN, Johanna LAURENTZ, Stephens LAURENTZ, Thomas LEONARD, Pierre LINDESAY, Adriana LOPEZ, Louis LORAN, Charles LOUIS, John 38 43 26 33 38 20 25 13 26 40 20 37 40 60 44 55 29 40 32 32 29 33 15 23 40 45 19 25 26 23 50 29 75 49 42 40 52 20 50 50 30 25 35 30 39 26 21 36 38 23 24 26 48 18 35 25 St. Croix Curacao St. Thomas Curagao Curagao St. Domingue Curacao Martinique Curagao St. Eustatius St. Thomas Curagao Curagao St. Thomas St. Croix Martinique St. Thomas St. Croix Curacao Martinique Cura¢gao Martinique St. Eustatius Curacao St. Eustatius St. Croix Martinique Curagao Curacao St. Thomas St. Thomas St. Eustatius St. Thomas St. Thomas St. Croix St. Eustatius Martinique St. Domingue St. Thomas St. Thomas St. Thomas Martinique Martinique Guadeloupe St. Domingue St. Domingue Martinique St. Domingue St. Thomas St. Thomas St. Thomas Guadeloupe St. Eustatius St. Domingue St. Thomas St. Thomas Vendor Tailor Carpenter Seaman Seaman Housekeeper Seamstress Seamstress Vendor Vendor & Nurse Hair Cutter Laundress Seaman Doctor Carpenter Overseer Seamstress Vendor Seaman Shoemaker Shoemaker Manager Seamstress Seaman Seamstress Tailor Tailor Laundress Seaman Seamstress Laundress Rum Shop Owner Carpenter Fisherman Carpenter Tailor Carpenter Hair Cutter Cooper Cooper Seamstress Cook Carpenter Seamstress Housekeeper Seamstress Shoemaker Housewife Seamstress Shoe Maker Joiner Tailor Laundress Servant Fisherman Carpenter MADURO LEVY, Leonora 34 Curacao Laundress MANUEL, Maria 70 St. Thomas Seamstress MARKU, Charles 31 St. Eustatius Tailor MARTIN, Henriette 15 St. Domingue Seamstress MARTIN, Jeronimo 40 Curacao Painter MARTIN, Louise 45 Martinique Cigar Maker MATHIAS, Jacob 24 St. Thomas Carpenter MATHIAS, Jerome 40 Curacao Seaman MATHIEU 21 Martinique Tailor MICHEL, Justa 26 Martinique Shoemaker MILLIGAN, William 27 St. Croix Tailor MULLER, Jean B. 38 Guadeloupe Shoemaker MURPHY alias ROSLEY, Nancy 29 St. Eustatius Seamstress MUSSENDER, James 33 St. Eustatius Carpenter PEMBERTON, Frances 39 St. Eustatius Seamstress PETERSEN, Maria 18 St. Thomas Seamstress PETRUS, Anna S. 40 St. Thomas Seamstress PETERSON, Anna 37 St. Eustatius Seamstress PHILIPPE, Marie Jeanne 28 St. Domingue Laundress PHILLIP, Johannes 39 St. Thomas Carpenter PIETERSON, Neclia 33 St. Thomas Seamstress PORTER, Maria 64 St. Eustatius Baker POUL, Francisco 20 St. Thomas Carpenter ROGER, Marie Thérése 31 Guadeloupe Cigar Maker ROSE, Anne 25 Guadeloupe Seamstress ROSS, Johannes 45 St. Thomas Wig Maker ROSS, Nicolas 31 Curacao Joiner SALOMON, Catherine 50 Guadeloupe Laundress SERAPHINE 28 St. Domingue Seamstress SIMON, Friderich 23 St. Croix Hair Cutter SIMON, Marthe 20 Martinique Seamstress SPENSER, Joseph 30 St. Eustatius Hair Cutter SYLVESTRE 13 Martinique Tailor TAMARYN, Sofia 26 St, Croix Shoe Maker TAMARYN, Susanna 33 St. Thomas Seamstress TESTEMAKER, Alonzo 42 Curacao Seaman TESTEMAKER, Manuel 36 Curagao Vendor TESTEMAKER, Maria Lucia 20 Curagao Vendor VIOLET, Maria Magdalena 29 St. Eustatius Rum Shop Owner WADE, Nancy 21 St, Eustatius Seamstress WINT, John de 21 St. Thomas Tailor WINT, Sara de 30 St. Thomas Housekeeper WOOD, Anna Lisbeth 19 St. Thomas Seamstress WRIGHT, Johannes 30 St. John Carpenter XAVIER 16 Martinique Shoemaker THE EUROPEANS According to the Tax Lists, the number of Europeans in 1790 was 423 persons. Through the 1790s that number rose sharply to 1185 persons in 1800. Due to the 1801 British occupation, the number of European taxpayers decreased significantly to 894 persons in 1802 and rose again, in 1803, to reach 956 persons, including 364 men, 244 women and 348 children. In addition, since in 1803 there were as many free-colored taxpayers as non-taxpayers, it can be conservatively estimated that about 58% of the European residents, or about 554 persons, were not paying taxes. Thus, from 1790 to 1803, the total number of Europeans rose from about 670 to reach about 1510 persons, representing a slight percentage rise from 20% to 23% of the total population. In contrast to the free-coloreds, the gender ratio of the Europeans was greater than one man per woman as it varied slightly from 1.2 in 1790 to 1.5 men per woman in 1803. Also, compared to the free-coloreds, in 1803, many more Europeans lived with a mate: 40% of the men and 59% of the women. The corresponding average number of children per women was therefore significantly higher—1.4 children per woman. From the Tax List, it is clear that European women came to Charlotte Amalia primarily as wives. The only single women were widows, unmarried young Creoles or wives of men at sea as captains and traders. Just as the free-coloreds, the Europeans were taxed for the first time in 1803 on the real property they owned. They were taxed for a total of 199 residential and commercial wooden buildings in Charlotte Amalia with a total surface area of 592,121 square feet, or an average of 2,970 square feet per building. Additionally, in 1803, 461 Europeans households and businesses in Charlotte Amalia owned 1770 slaves. This means that the average European taxpaying household or business owned 3.8 slaves, which is more than twice the average number of slaves per free-colored taxpaying household or business. About 70 Europeans owned six or more slaves and seven Europeans owned from twenty to forty-two slaves: Hercules HASSELL owned 20 slaves; Celby von HOSEA owned 26 slaves; R. D. JENNINGS, 42 slaves; Archibald KERR, 33 slaves; Mr. SCHWARTZKOPF, 21 slaves; and L. G. ULRICH, Sr., 21 slaves. It can safely be assumed that some of these Europeans, if not all, were slave traders. The other European occupations were government administrator, soldier and employees, merchant, shopkeeper, trader and member of the liberal professions— doctor, lawyer, pastor, etc.. Many, probably most, of the Europeans—Dutchmen, Frenchmen and Anglo/Saxons—came to Charlotte Amalia through the New World. However, Germans, Danes and Italians, generally came directly from Europe. Unfortunately, since no census of the Europeans was taken in 1803, their immediate origin is often not known. Given below is a list of notable Europeans, households and businesses, present in Charlotte Amalia in 1803 with surnames still in use today in the Virgin Islands of the United States, together with the composition of the households, the number of slaves, the surface area of their buildings, their origin, if known, and their ethnicity: Households & Family Slaves Prop., Origin Ethnicity Businesses Memb. Feet” ABBOTT, James T. (Capt.) -- -- 2473 ? Anglo/Saxon ANDERSEN, H. T. M,W,C 10M 8028 Denmark Danish ANTOINE, Pierre (Ref.) M 6M 204 ? French BEJAMIN, Judah M,W,3C 6M 6010 Statia Jewish BENNER M,C 3M,2C 6073 Denmark? Danish? BERNIER, Madame (Ref.) -- - -- St. Barth. French BLAKE, Joseph 3M,W,2C 10M,5W 1599 ? Anglo/Saxon BONNELY, Asto M. M,W,C 3M,W 2388 Italy? Italian BOVONY, Joseph M 8M ---- Italy? Italian BROWN, George -- -- 2782 ? Anglo/Saxon CAPPE, Simon Abraham M,W,3C 4M ---- France? Jewish CASTRO, Joseph de M 2M ---- Portugal? Jewish CASTRO, Samuel de M 2M ---- Portugal? Jewish COHEN, Helena W,2C M ---- England Jewish FEDDER, Peter GOMEZ GUMBS, Cathrine HAGART & McBEAN HART, Isaac HASSELL, Hercules HASSELL, Jat. Sen. HASSELL, Jat. Lur. HASSELL, Loury HAYNNES, Bernard HEYLIGER, Son HEYLIGER, Lucas HOHEB, Isaac HOHEB, Samuel HOLT, HOHEB, Benjamin HUBERT, Christian (Doc.) JENNINGS, Mad™ Polly (Ref.) JONES, Susanna JULIEN, Abraham KLEIN, J. Peter KUNTZ (Ref.) LABADIE & ANDUZE LANGE, Bartolomey LAWSON, Richard (Maj., Ref.) LEON, Esther de LEON, Jacob de LEON, Leale de LEON, Marie Anne LEON, Salomon LEVY, Joseph Sr. LEVY, Joseph Jr. (Ref.) LEVY, Joseph Doc. LEVY, Salomon Widow LEVY, Simmons LOPES LOPES-DUBEC LOPES & GOMEZ MADURO, Mordecai & LEVY MADURO, BRANEN & LEVY MASON, HERDON & DIXON MENDES, David MEYER, Doctor MEYER, Jacob Albrecht MICHEL (Guad. Agent, Ref.) MONSANTO & MENDES, J. MONSANTO & 5M M,C 2M M,W,3C M,W M,W,C M,W W,2C M,W,9C M,W M,W,3C M,W 2M,W M,W,4C M,W W,4C M,W,4C M,W,5C M,W,2C W,4C M,W,6C M,W,2C 7™M,2W,C 4M,3W 13M,W 7™M 4M,3W 15M,5W 11M,2W 11M,3C 5M,C 11M,4W M M,W M 10M,C 5M M 5M 6M 4M,8W 5M,2W 12M 10M 5M,C 2M,2W,C 5M 2M 5M,2W 2M 2M 4M,C 2M,W M 3M 3M 2M M M 3M,2W 4M,2W 6082 8686 9725 899 7019 339 2015 7748 441 2854 1132 572 5496 2015 6514 4402 7503 2511 5586 13855 3719 4004 11349 Denmark? England Antilles ? ? England? Statia Statia Statia Statia ? Statia Statia Statia Statia ? Statia ? ? ? St. Dom. Germany St. Dom. St. Mart. ? France ? Statia Statia Statia Statia Statia Statia Statia Statia Statia Statia Curacao? France Curacao? England Curagao Statia Curagao ? Curagao ? ? ? Curacao England England Guadeloupe Curagao Curagao Curagao Danish Jewish French Anglo/Saxon Anglo/Saxon Jewish Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch British Dutch Dutch Jewish Jewish Anglo/Saxon Jewish French British British Jewish German French French French French Anglo/Saxon Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Anglo/Saxon Jewish Anglo/Saxon Anglo/Saxon Anglo/Saxon Jewish Jewish Jewish French Jewish Jewish Jewish MOSES, J. Widow MORELLE (Hat Maker, Ref.) MULLER, Widow (Ref.) MURPHY, James MURTAGH, Peter MURTAGH, Michel OLIVIER, Isydro OTTO, J. F. PEREIRA, Adrianne PEREIRA, Widow PETIT, Margaretha PHEENIX, Capt. Cornel PIETERSON, L. S. PIETERSON, Madame QUETELLE, Sr. Armand ROBINSON, James (Ref.) ROSS, Zacharias Children RYAN, Thimetheus SALOMON, Hannah SASSO, Rebecca SIMMONDS, Benjamin SIMMONDS, Jacob SIMMONDS, Jan J. STRICKER, Mr. THIBEAU, Dr. Pierre (Ref.) ULRICH, Sr., L. J. VESSUP, Jr. W™ VIERA, Moses VINCENT, General (Ref.) VALENTIN, Tho* WALLACE, Widow WELCOME, B. D. WEICOME, Benjamin Jr. WELCOME, Sara WINT, Children de WINT, Peter de WINT, Window de WOOD, Joh. WOOD, Peter Woop, w™ WOOD & MALLEVILLE W,C 2M,W,2C M,W,6C 2M 5M 3M 8M,11W 5M 8M,5W 5M,W M 2M,W W 2M 17M 4M 2M,2W 2M 6M,8W 12M,2W 4M,W 4M M 3M 2M 2M 2M 19M,2W 4M,W 2M M 5M,W 3M,7W M 3M,3W 3M,W 2M,6W 3M,W 9M,4W 4M,2W 8M,7W,C M,W 20777 2333 865 840 8622 3240 5607 636 3740 6883 1230 1900 1633 590 2201 1031 1777 2184 7367 1094 7350 Curacao ? Germany ? Germany? Germany? ? Germany? Curagao Curagao France ? Denmark Denmark St, Barth. 9 ? ? Statia Curagao Ven./Cur. Ven./Cur. Ven./Cur. Denmark? ? Germany Denmark Curagao? St. Dom. ? ? Statia Statia Statia Statia Statia Statia ? ? ? ? Denmark Jewish French German Anglo/Saxon German German French German Jewish Jewish Jewish British Danish Danish French Anglo/Saxon Anglo/Saxon Anglo/Saxon Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Jewish Danish? French German Danish Jewish French French Anglo/Saxon Jewish Jewish Jewish Dutch Dutch Dutch Anglo/Saxon Anglo/Saxon Anglo/Saxon Anglo/Saxon Danish Legend: Ref. = Name given by a free-colored as reference for good conduct; Capt. = Captain; Maj. = Major; Doc. = Medical Doctor; M = Man; W = Woman; C = Child; St. Barth. = St. Barthélemy; St. Dom. = St. Domingue; St. Mart. = St. Martin; Statia = St. Eustatius; Ven./Cur. = Venezuela/Curagao; Anglo/Saxon = English, Irish, Scottish, or North American.