USVI Public Records

Document text

COMMERCIAL PESTICIDE APPLICATORS MANUAL : AGRICULTURE - PLANT = \' ny C =—= 2 y &yh ‘ A x — —— ~~ —= [ee = /z - -—- = ee aj a a < = = ” Wy COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE ~ eCER = —~F=COLLEGE OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS VYCV 48.8: 4/8 Developed in co Ag-P Vingin Islands D OCT 1982 pee Ee COMMERCIAL PESTICIDES APPLICATOR MANUAL: AGRICULTURE: PLANT This manual was adapted for Virgin Island needs from materials furnished by the Training Branch, Operations Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. It supplements the EPA/USDA publication: "APPLY PESTICIDES CORRECTLY - - A GUIDE FOR COMMERCIAL APPLICATORS." That publication should be read first. The information herein provides a base to use in preparing for the certification examination in the category of AGRICULTURAL PLANT PEST CONTROL. Reference to commercial products on trade names is made with the understanding no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is implied by the Coklege of the Virgin Islands Cooperative Extension Service. Wikliam D. Fitz water Pesticides Training Officer, CVI Cooperative Extension Service Darshan S. Padda, PhD Director, CVI Cooperative Extension Service Oscar E. Henry Commissioner, Virgin Islands Department of Agriculture December, 1975 COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS (Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914) Agricultural Extension Service, College of the Virgin Islands and the United States Department of Agriculture, Cooperating D. S. Padda, Director V. 912979 TABLE OF CONTENTS Standards for Certification .........-.-ee cere eee eeee ] Problems with Pesticide use ..........-.++-+: Fis aon 1 |. ae eee tre een ne eo | LUNDS cng cs ss cee wcieis cere a su anies « Pee FOr 3 Respirators & Gas MaskS ......-.5+- seer reerreeeee 3 Reentry into Treated Fields ............-.++++->- 3 Days to Harvest Intervals ......-----+++eeeeeeeee 4 Hazards to COPS ..-.-.. cc ccc cect eee e rer eeertcees 4 Hazards. tO PCOS — secu 2 ree ewer 66 0 He Seat os 5 ie ke ree ee) oe ce 5 Contani nat iON dé von ds weno pa eee oe Fe ee es 6 Specific use Problems ........+--+-eeeseeereteees 6 Hav biGides (..fuec calms + kata Ss. vee es 4° 6 Growth Regulators ........---e- cere ee ee erties 7 Desiccants & Defoliants ...........-+-.....--- 7 Soi]. fumigants 0... cncesececdencsngescscsees 8 Non-volatile Soil Pesticides .......-..-.+-+- 8 Combinations/Mixtures of Pesticides ........- 8 Mixtures of Pesticides & Fertilizers ........ 9 Serial Application of Pesticides ..........--. 9 Adjuvants or Spray Additives ........--+-+-++ 9 POSTS. . s&h awwes 5s a:b bin esgic ee wine Cee rss ewes 11 Identification & Diagnosis ........---++++++-+-- 11 INSBCES .. uc secee bees s oe eee ee tee +s sss oe 11 Ways Insects Can Injure Plants .......---.. 11 DiSeaSGS .. occ cena bauuee dete eemere tes Ev) sehee 12 Ways Parasitic Diseases Injure Plants ..... 12 Nematodes. =: sissies pets meee sete ese aie aoe 4 44 12 Ways Nematodes Can Injure Plants or Crops . 12 Weeds . o> «oc edison eR ee ee ee St 12 Ways Weeds Injure Plants or Crops .......-- 13 Vertebrate Amimals .........0 02. c ccc ciae oe cicie ope 13 Economic CORE ORS piece cues oe ceo sn <> ce ape 8 Se 13 Life Cycl@S 0.7 csv eer wc cess rns sceescsceesnecs 14 Other Methods of Control ...........--eecereeees 14 Crops. & PESTS 2... ce erceccccerrcr creer cersereresesers 16 Fruit & Rut C¥ODS oc... cee ccc ee et we ese receacs 16 Corn & Sorghum ........ce cece ee cece eee eer erences 16 Grain LegumeS .........-- eee cee cece recreereceers 7 Tropical Root Crops .......--eeeeeceeeeeeeeerees 17 VEQCTADIES oo 5 cos cciee cece cewecectccneoecevenss 7 fed ote gs a a ee Pe eS Se ee 19 Neti e GOS orc F clon 5 cle piesite ts = ekee te We ees 19 Diseases ... (Tables pgs. 20-24) .......... 19 Insects ... (Tables pgs. 25-29) .........-- 19 Pesticide Application Equipment .........++-+++++e+> 30 Boom SprayerS ....-.eseeee cen ec ccc eeeccteecceee 30 Granular Applicators .........----seeeeeeeeeeeee 30 Soil Fumigation Applicators .......-.++-+-+++e+-> 30 Appendix: Suggested References .....-----++eeeees> 32 COMMERCIAL PESTICIDES APPLICATOR MANUAL : AGRICULTURE - PLANT W. D. Fitz water, D. S. Padda, and O. E. Henry STANDARDS FOR CERTIFICATION The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has set these specific standards: "Applicators must demonstrate pract- ical knowledge of crops on which they may be using restricted use pesticides. The importance of such competency is amplified by the extensive areas in- volved, the quantities of pesticides needed, and the ultimate use of many commodities for food and feed. Practical knowledge is required con- cerning soil and water problems, pre- harvest intervals, reentry intervals, phytotoxicity, and potential for environmental contamination, non-target injury and community problems result- ing from the use of restricted use pesticides in agricultural areas" Applicators must demonstrate a practical knowledge of crops grown and the specific pests of these crops on which they may be using restricted use pesticides. You must: - - accurately identify the pests - - select the correct registered pesticides - - apply the most effective, efficient and least environmentally disrupt- ing control measures. In order to minimize environmental problems you must recognize: Soil and water voroblems, such as, leaching, residues, erosion, etc. preharvest and reentry intervals phytotoxicity and votential for environmental contamination non-target injury community problems, such és, nearby housing, schoolgrounds, waterways, etc. resulting from the use of restricted pesticides in agriculture. Careless habits resulting in misuse and contamination of the environment are not only prohibited by law but may affect you, your family, your neighbors, and your Islands. PROBLEMS WITH PESTICIDES USE As a commercial applicator you are daily exposed to many pesticides ranging from low to high toxicity. You must consider their total effect on yourself. Your health and your business depends upon your knowledge and care in application to avoid the side effects of phytotoxicity, bee toxicity, drift damage, reentry, residues, tolerances, etc.. See Table 1 for relative hazards: 1 ‘9ALZRL a4 puke a2euLxoudde yioOg st sdnouh puezey OJUL UOLZeILZLSSeLD YL ‘snuoydsoyd dLuebuo *4Q pue fOuzLu ‘N SSnoauR;Leadsiw ‘pw SazewequedolyzLp “q foLueHvo payeuLyo[Yyos ‘99 ‘a zewequed *) :SMOL[O} Se pazeUublsap SL s6uo aq api piasad 3u YOLYUM 0} SSeBLD LedLWaYd aul, "spew.ue LeJUaWwLuadxe 07 Spunod -WOD ay} JO A}LILxXO} [B4O pue [PWNaP ayNde paAJasqO UO SB | [aM Se adUaluadxe asn UO paseq sue SazeULISe asay] (GQ) weaLz (G) qeuLz (W) 2385 [NS ULz (W) Peun (09) di-S‘p*2 (09) 1-S*p‘2 (09) d-v*2 (09) (UOLpal) UosLpe4ze (W) 4njyins (W) 4oqnyos (W) @pLs_nsAyod wntpos (W) (4equis) LLoeq4ez (W) auLzeuLs (9) (uLAas) [Aueques (W) auousazO4 (dd) eueyzad (W) 23LwWO (W) Lt (W) (WN) poe ILjadeaua| eYyzdeu (Ww) uopSasoW ((9) sO Lyohxoyzou (dq) qeuew (dO) uoLryzelew (W) 4ns_Ns-owt | (09) eueyz Ley (N) aueyzeuey (W) 232,949 uosL (W) ULpos 9 (dQ) euopuey (G) weques (W) (184439) uoydayye (W) ( xewuey) UouNLp (W) auoLYydLp (W) uodelep (W) (xaudXk9) auLpop (W) SsAeuds uaddoo (W) (uouose)) | Luago [YOLp (W) ueqdes (W) 2384} LU WNLD[eDd (W) (®LO47 LUy) a, OZeLuqouLwe (W) 4eLy (dQ) au0Loz (09) auaydexoy (09) (uepotyt) uey _nsopua (W) Ue4vzIE Ld (N) (@P2040W) pAuosedeutg (dO) Y-x0yshs-eqaW (09) auepuly (W) a}euasue pea] (dO) uepLuy (dO) woLyzng (W) uousee9 (W) Lepun4 (dO) uoLyze (dQ) uourzerg (dO) pus4-ag (dO) (UobAZ) azeoyZowLp (09) auepso,yo (dO) (wougig) payleu (W) a@pLydsoyd susz (9) ue43997 (dO (UoLydt4L) uo LyZOUaYydoqued (dQ) uoprweydsoud (W) zenbeved (W) euLzooLU (dO) uoLyzeueg LAY ey (09) uLupue (N) (d@Nd) qesourp (09) ULvpLarp (dO) (AeuLag) uOLUZeXOLp (9) [Lozue) (09) uLuple (dO) soydoutz (dO) (@}e404d) PeWLY? (dO) ddl (dO) (x03SAs) uojawep (W) auLuydhuzs (dO) (WdWO) uepeuyds (dO) uLupsoud (dQ) uoLryzesed (9) (@zeuuey) ,Awoy ow 2 (dQ) uozsAs-ta (9) (uepeuny) ueunjoqued SNOWFZONVG LSV31 SNOYSZSNVG SS31 SNOUSZONVG pSNOYFONVG LSOW N3WAVUdS OL STVDIW3HD AVUdS JO GUYZWH JAILVI9Y “1 3T8VL Your greatest hazard from pest- cides is from absorption through the skin as is the case of 80% of agri- cultural poisoning cases. This hazard is increased by cuts, abrasions, scratches, scuffs, or other damage to the skin. However, absorption can occur even through healthy skin. Absorption is high and rapid in such sensitive areas as the: - - scrotum - - arm pit - - ear canal - - forehead - - scalp It is lower and slower in less sensi- tive areas as the - - palm of the hand - - ball of the foot But even in these lower absorp- tive areas, penetration can be great and the rate will vary from material to material. Whether highly toxic or relatively safe, any pesticide spilled on the skin should be washed off immediately as pesticides can be absorbed within a few minutes. Waiting until a job is done before washing may be too late: Wash by rubbing the hands together or with a piece of cloth using detergent and water. Do not scrub with a brush as this may abrade the skin permit- ting more rapid absorption. Wear gloves when working spray machinery. Eyes The eyes are particularly sensi- tive to harm and should be protected with goggles or face shield. Ifa pesticide is splashed into the eye, immediately wash it with a gentle stream of clean running water while holding the eyelid open. Large amounts of water should be used and continued for 15 minutes or more. Do not use chemicals or drugs in wash water. A convenient plastic eye wash bottle and holder is now available and would be useful to carry in the field. Lungs Inhalation of pesticide droplets or dust is of next importance to skin contact as a cause of agricultural accidents. Vapors and extremely fine particles, 10 microns or less, are particularly hazardous because of the large absorptive surface in the lungs. Repirators should be worn as indicat- ed on the label or under conditions you think protection is desirable. Daily use of even moderate pesticides greatly increase exposure dangers. It is also wise to wear a respirator when using moderately toxic pesticides like malathion during the same day you are using more highly toxic pesticides of the same group. Respirators And Gas Masks All respirators must be approved by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Adminis- tration (MESA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) An approval number must appear on the box in which the respirator is packed and on the boxes in which replacement filters and cartridges are packed. These appro- val numbers will start with the letters "TC". Those bearing the letters "BM" should be discarded. A listing of appro- ved respirators as of the date of this publication will be found in the Appendix. Please check for the latest information. Reentry into Treated Fields These standards were established in 1974 and apply particularly to agricultural uses. You must follow these rules: - - no unprotected person may be in the field you are treating with any pesticide. - - no pesticide application shall be made that will expose any person to pesticides, directly or in- directly, through drift other than those involved in the ap- plication and wearing protective clothing. - - the label restriction and direc- tions must be followed. Those pesticides presently re- stricted (you must keep aware of any changes) and requiring workers to wear protective clothing when enter- ing treated fields within the following time periods are as follows: 24 hours EPN Guthion ethion phosalone 48 hours Azodrin endrin Bidrin ethyl parathion carbophenothion Meta-Systox-R demeton methyl parathion It is recommended that you notify your client any time you apply one of the above materials to avoid misunder- standing, poor public relations, and possible litigation. Tell him the name of the material, time of application, and required reentry interval. If workers must enter the field prior to the expiration of the required interval, growers are obligated to notify the workers of the necessary reentry infor- mation and furnish them with protective clothing. Fields treated with pesticides other than those listed above may be reentered without protected clothing after the spray has dried or the dust settled. New labels will indicate the necessary reentry information; old ones may not. Days To Harvest Intervals Don't confuse with reentry inter- vals. This is the time period that must pass between pesticide applica- tion and crop harvest to allow the pesticide residues in the crop to fall to the tolerance levels or below to protect the consumer. The same pesticide may have different interval: for different crops and conditions. Hazards To Crops The greatest hazard is usually an adverse reaction by the crop to the chemical. This "phytotoxicity" may be the result of direct applica- tion or drift on to the plant, runoff from a treated field, or from per- sistent soil residues. Injury to the plant may appear as poor germination, dead, burned or scorched spots on leaves, stunting, delayed development russeting or misshapen fruit, or deat! of the plant. Unfortunately, these signs usually do not appear until several days after application and then they may be confused with other problems. These clues will help you determine if the injury is due to chemicals: location of injured plants or areas on a plant nature of the injury lack of signs of other causes of injury, such as, ooze or fungus weather records cropping history - - location in relation to highways, industrial sites, cities, etc. - - sharply defined injured areas - - uniform color of injured area The likelihood of plant injury resulting from the use of pesticides varies with the chemical, the formula- tion used, the concentration, method of application, growing condtions, and the stage or conditions of the plant. Desicants, defoliants, and herbi- cides are particularly hazardous through drift to sensitive plants. - - Organophophates, carbamates, and oils are more likely to cause injury when drying conditions are poor. - - Chlorinated hydrocarbons are more injurious in hot, dry weather. - - Emulsifiable concentrations are more hazardous than wettable powders because solvents may dis- solve waxy protective covering on plant leaves. - - Mixtures of pesticides are more likely to cause damage than mat- erials applied individually. - - Applications at high pressures may cause more damage than at lower pressures. - - Row ends and field edges are more apt to be damaged because of ma- neuvering of spray rigs. - - Growing conditions (shallow soils, wet spots, etc.) may make plants more susceptible to injury. - - Differences in the sensitivity of varieties are not uncommon. - - While these are all possible even following recommendations, severe injury is unlikely and is usually a sign of other problems. Hazards to Bees Honey and wild bees are necessary for pollination, thus potential loss of these insects must be reduced by: - - not applying pesticides toxic to bees to crops that are in bloom - - selecting pesticides least harm- ful to bees (see Table I1) - - using least harmful formulations (dusts more hazardous than sprays; ECs less residual than WPs; granular formulations have lowest hazards) - - timing applications to reduce contact with bees (evening is better than morning but both are safer than daytime appli- cations) - - avoid treating near hives to reduce the possibility of drift - - contact beekeeper before spraying and request he move his bees - - mowing a cover crop in bloom just before treatment Drift Pesticides are not pollutants as long as they stay on target. Drift of pesticides from target areas is probably the most important and costly problem to commercial applica- tors because: - - possible lawsuits resulting from off-target injurv o prope q jury or unsalable - - local public relations may pre- vent an effective program from continuing - - loss of working time because of unfavorable conditions Almost any application will result in some drift, but it can be minimized by: working when there is little or no wind, if necessary in early morn- ing or evening when downwind crop calls for the same pesticides as the target crop locating areas away from houses, streams, or similar situations using good judgment to stop treat- ment when conditions are poor selection of application equipment selection of chemical and formu- lation - - adding adjuvants as thickeners or foaming agents to increase the particle size In addition to actual physical drift, certain materials vaporize producing tumes wnicn may cause damage for long distances downwind. Volatile compounds include esters of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and other phenoxy compounds, dinitros, and some carbamate herbicides. Spraying in the coolest part of the day decreases vaporization potential. Contamination Keep contamination of areas where pesticides are not wanted to a minimum by: - - confining applications to the target area - - considering drift, runoff, soil erosion, volatility of pesticide, persistence of pesticide, plant absorption, use of minimum dosages, etc. - - choosing the best pesticide that will give effective controi, per- sistent enough to do the job, and yet break down when no longer needed - - check on grazing or feeding by livestock on treated areas - - tying pesticides down in the back of the truck when transporting to prevent spills while carrying broom, shovel, and neutralizers (Clorox, lime, etc.) to take care of spills - using a separate pump with check valves to prevent back siponage when filling from a well - proper disposal of “empty” pesti- cide containers - - wearing protective clothing when mixing and applying pesticides and cleaning equipment after application - - keeping spray equipment in good repair to stop leaks and mal- functioning - - keeping alert to the dangers and using good judgment is the best preventative of all Specific Use Problems Some categories of pesticides have special problems requiring your attention over and above the usual awareness. Herbicides The use of herbicides has grown so fast they now represent the largest single group of pesticides used in agriculture. Although as a group they are relatively not toxic to humans and wildlife, they are not without danger and some are highly toxic. Biggest problem is their phytotoxic effect on non-target plants through misapplication. This can occur as: drift of spray, particles or vapor soil contamination excessive soil persistence sprayer contamination All must be avoided. While they produce readily seen effects, it is too late to remedy the cause by the time they are visible. The follow- ing herbicides, in particular, present a hazard to non-target plants through drift: 2,4-D mecoprop 2,4-DB MCPA dicamba MCPB dichlorprop paraguat dinoseb picloram fenac propanil 6 silvex 2,3,6-TBA 2,4,5-T The above pesticides are also most likely to cause sprayer conta- mination. Decontamination is a pro- blem as repeated flushings with water may not be a dependable method. Emulsifiable formulations are more difficult to remove than water soluble,.metallic and amine salts. Attempt to decontaminate by adding 1 quart of household detergent to 25 gallons of warm water. Circu- late through all parts of the sprayer, Let stand for several hours, drain, and flush with more water. Test on sensitive plants, such as, bean or tomato seedlings. Injury will usually appear in 2-7 days if the sprayer is still conta- minated. Soil persistence of herbicides is an important factor. You must consider the crops that are to fol- low. Soil persistence is dependent upon many factors including: - - rate - - formulation - - type of application - - soil type - - microbial populations - - soil temperature - - moisture - - tillage In general herbicide breakdown is most rapid in warm moist soils with good microbial growth. Growth Regulators These pesticides are used to im- prove crops by stimulating more growth, flowering, fruiting or the opposite. They may upset the physiology of the flower or fruit when applied during or after bloom causing reduction in fruit and seed production. Or they may im- prove fruit set, prevent excessive fruit drop or control fruit maturity. Because of the sensitivity of plants to these chemicals, extra precautions must be made to insure that the right amounts are applied at the precise time. Calibration of equipment is vital. Application is usually made as a foliar spray, soil drench or bark injection. Sprout inhibition is another form of growth regulation to prevent sprout- ing in storage. These should not be applied to onions intended for use as seed. Others break up dormancy of plants or parts. Fertilizers and plant nutrients are not included in this ornup. Desiccants and Defoliants Defoliant chemicals cause leaves to drop from a crop, such as, tomatoes, to make harvest easier without killing the plants. Desiccants speed up the drying of plant parts to aid in harvest- ing of some seed crops and nursery stock by killing the foliage. Frequent- ly the terms are used interchangeably Their advantages include: - - reduce disease or insect populations - - kill weeds interfering with harvest - - aid and simplify mechanical harvest- ing - - improvement of quality - - reduce moisture content of seed - - reduce disease of stored crops - - increase yields Their disadvantages may be: - - reduction in yield and quality - - presence of toxic residues Complications can result from the use of these materials due to various side effects and because treated crops cannot be generally used for grazing and many do not permit use of seed for 7 food, feed or oi] purposes. Soil Fumigants The soil is the most complex medium you will treat for the con- trol of pests. You must know the characteristics of the pesticide, the soil and the pest and their interrelationships to effectively use soil pesticides. The volatile pesticides or “fumigants” vary considerably in action and appli- cation. Dosage depends upon the concentration in the soil and the time the organism is exposed which in turn is influenced by soil conditions, such as, soil type, moisture level, etc. Recommended rates are selected to perform satis- factorily over a wide range of soil conditions. Dosage is also affected by temperature and stage of deve- lopment of the organism. Soil structure and conditions also influ- ence the effectiveness of fumigants. Aeration time (the time needed to allow the fumigant to leave the soil) is important to avoid injury to the crop. This will vary with the: - chemical soil temperature moisture texture crop to be planted Non-Volatile Soil Pesticides These vary from high to low wa- ter solubility, from non-systemic to systemic activity, and from short to long residual effectiveness. Sys- temics may translocate in the plant tissues. Other pesticides usually rely on movement to the organism through direct application, mixing with soil and/or water or depend up- on the organism to seek it out usual- ly in the root zone. Non-fumigant soil pesticides are usually more dependent upon soil moisture than the fumigants. Moisture is often needed to: - - activate or release the pesticide - - move or distribute it into or through the soil - - aid absorption into the plants. However, this need is quite va- riable as those with low water solu- bility, high evaporation rates, sen- sitivity to breakdown by sunlight, or high absorption rates on soil parti- cles, usually require mechanical mix- ing into the soil regardless of rain- fall or irrigation. Combinations/Mixtures of Pesticides The mixture of different pesti- cides to accomplish two or more objec- tives at the same time thus reducing labor costs in application is an old and widely used-method. Under present federal regulations, uses of pesticides inconsistent with (or not mentioned on) the labeling are a misuse and unlawful. The legislative history shows, however, that it was the intent of Congress that EPA be reasonable in interpreting and enforcing misuse provisions. Accord- ingly, EPA has set the policy until modified by further regulations that tank mixtures and serial applications are consistent with the label if: - - the label specifies such uses, - - there is state registration for such uses, or - - such uses are recommended by state agencies or are common agricul- tural practice. Even when pesticides are approved for use in a mixture, problems may still result. Formulations of a pesticide vary from product to product due to the different additives. Incom- patibilities are expressed in many different ways, including: - - crystalline precipitate or gela- 8 tinous masses are commonly formed - - breaking the emulsion so that different ingredients separate out - - lessened activity of the combi- nation Incompatability may be minimized by: - - using formulation produced by same manufacturer - - keeping equipment clean and well- drained - - partially filling a tank before adding any pesticides - - diluting concentrates before combining them - - mixing wettable powders with water to form a slurry before they are added to the tank un- less you have an inductor sys- tem - - making certain that agitation is adequate to maintain the sus- pension - - adding wettable powders to the tank before the emulsifiable concentrates. Mixtures of Pesticides and Fertilizers Many of the principles for using tank mixtures of pesticides also apply to fertilizer-pesticide mixtures. The most important thing to remember is that the resultant mixture is to be treated as a pesticide not a fertili- zer. The total quantity of pesti- cide in the tank may be less than the accepted variation in fertilizer appli- cation. Timing, placement and dis- tribution are frequently different for pesticides and fertilizers. Serial Applications of Pesticides These are applications in which the pesticides are applied individually but following one after another. Although the time is generally limited to a few days, it can be longer. Pro- blems arising from incompatible serial applications may include: - - plant injury - - loss of effectiveness of one or both pesticides - - excessive residues Adjuvants or Spray Additives Pesticides are formulated for general performance purposes under average conditions. For many jobs they perform satisfactorily but there are also many situations where they fall far short. The substan- ces added to a spray mixture to aid or improve the performance of the main ingredient are called adjuvants. They may be added to a spray mixture to: improve the wetting of the foliage or the pest - - change the evaporation rate of the spray - - improve the weathering ability of the spray deposit - - improve the penetration absorp- tion and translocation of the pesticide - - adjust or buffer the pH of the spray solution increasing the effectiveness and longevity of the alkalaine sensitive particles - - improve the uniformity and the amount of the deposit improve the ease of mixing or compatibility of the spray mix- ture - - increase the safety from spray injury to the crop - - reduce the drift hazard to neigh- boring crops - - improve physical properties of the mixture, such as, anti-foaming —eorrror agents. These are highly active materials. In most cases, a very small quantity Depending upon their intended use, will have great effect so use only the amount recommended. Regulations require adjuvants are called emulsifiers, wetting agents, stickers, spread- spray adjuvants, for use with pest- ers, deposit builders, film form- cides, to be exempt from the requirement ers, buffering agents, thickeners, of a tolerance or to have a tolerance penetrants, foaming agents, anti- established. Also they must be regis- tered and carry an EPA number. foaming agents, etc. 10 PESTS Accurate diagnosis of the pest and its damage is essential in deciding how to solve a pest problem. IDENTIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS While identification of the pest and the damage it causes is essential, a knowledge of the crop and its growth characteristics is important in re- cognizing the damage. a \ 2 \ ea XN 7 \ 4 g al tem “6. oct iia ‘ os > eh He GS eee - “eo hi (ih \< >’ jay ; = j -* “ae 4 w. 7: Egg Nymphal stages Egg Larvae COMPLETE iMETAMORPHOSIS (House fly) 0 Fig. 1 Careful observation often reveals the cause. An insect may be eating plant roots but the first signs appear on the leaves. So until the roots are examined, the cause may not be correct- ly identified. With careful observa- tion, knowledge of the plant's history, and a general knowledge of possible causes within the geographical area, plant ills can frequently be diagnosed. The following are some elementary aids to assist you in this diagnosis: INSECTS Most insects injurious to agri- cultural crops have a life cycle in which either (1) the newly hatched insect looks like the adult except for size and possibly wing develop- ment and feeds in the same places or (2) the adults and young are not alike going through several different life forms generally from egg to larvae to pupa to adult with differ- ent habits for each stage. See Fig. 1. GRADUAL METAMORPHOSIS (stink bug) Ways Insects Can Injure Plants - - chewing - usually leave obvious feeding wounds, such as, ragged leaves, holes in wood, wilted or dead plants, etc. - - sucking - no obvious wounds as they suck out juices causing off- color scorch or hopper burn, wilted or misshapen foliage/fruit a oviposition scars- scars formed on woody part of plants or fruit caused by egg-laying vectors - carry diseases on their bodies or inject them with their mouthparts while feeding from plant to plant resulting in wilt, dwarfing, off-color foliage, etc. excretions - honey dew deposits secreted by some insects encour- age growth of sooty mold inter- fering with plant functions gall formation - irregular growths of scar tissue may form on leaves, twigs, buds, and roots to dis- figure plants Diseases Unlike insects, you cannot see the organisms causing disease, Only the signs and symptoms of their pre- sence and these are often difficult to identify in the early stages. Some diseases are caused by non-living agents, such aS, air pollution, drought, etc. As there is no pesticide control need- ed here we are not concerned with these except to differentiate them from the damage caused by living organisms known as pathogens or parasitic plant diseases. Prevention or prevention of spread is the primary concern in dis- ease control. Ways Parasitic Diseases Injure Plants - - Damage water-conducting cells- these plug the vascular system which carries food and water throughout the plant and results in wilting and dead branches. - - Damage cells of leaves or fruit- these leave splotches or spots on the surface lowering market- ability of fruit. - - Damage roots and root hairs - these interfere with the plant's intake of nutrients and water | causing wilting, yellowing, and stunting. - - Damage to cells by overgrowths - these irregular growths occur on various parts of the plant inter- fering with normal growth processes. - - Damage to flowers, fruit and seeds - rot and molds destroy the via- bility of these plant parts. - - Damage or death of plant tissues from production of toxins. Nematodes Nematodes are small, worm-like animals. Some cause no harm but others feed on or in the roots of stems of plants. Symptoms are usually spotty and except for the galls of root knot, are not distinctive enough for definite diagnosis. Ways Nematode Can Injure Plants - - Mechanically disrupt water- conducting cells - this inter- feres with translocation of nutrients and water, causing wilt, loss of color, roots with dead spots, or dead and stunted roots. - - Damage roots and root hairs - this interferes with absorptive capability of the plant causing the same symptoms as above. - - Gall informations - these cause growths on the roots that may be confused with nitrogen-fixing nodules on legumes, bacterial, or fungal infections. Weeds Of our common pests, weeds are generally the easiest to see and re- cognize since a weed is a plant out of place. The effects of weeds are generally shown in reduced yields and small size or through contamination of the crop. There are two major types of weeds: 12 narrowleaf and broadleaf. The narrow- leaf weeds are the grasses and sedges. These are parallel veined. The broad- leaf weeds include purslane, field bindweed and many others. The veins in this group are netlike. Ways Weeds Injure Plants Or Crops - - Reduce yields - compete for moist- ure, light and nutrients Reduce crop quality - weed seeds, dockage, weeds in hay, etc. Increase production costs - require additional labor and equipment expense in tillage, cultivation, harvesting, etc. Lower land values. Carriers or hosts for insects and diseases - encourage these other pests - - Poisonous or irritating to animals or peonle - poison ivy hay fever, - Manchioneel etc. Vertebrate Animals These can become pests under local conditions. In general they attack the whale plant as in the case of the forage or the fruit and seed as in the case of sorghum. In the Virgin Islands, rats and mice cause the biggest loss to stored materials. There is some loss to field crops by birds. As deer numbers are low, most damage to forage is done by domestic browsing animals not under control. ECONOMIC CONTROLS Economic injury levels depend on the amount of damage that can be tolera- ted rather than on pest population levels. In some instances the presence of even small numbers may result in too much damage, while other cases, heavy populations may not cause signi- ficant injury. Sometimes the pest is very conspicuous but may not af- fect crop yields or quality. The number of pests that can be tolerated varies widely even for the same species in different areas on the same crop and at different stages of crop maturity. In most agricultural situa- tions, complete control or eradication of an insect is not practical or necessary. When damage to quality or yield is threatened and other factor such as parasites, predators, pathogens, weather, etc. will not prevent it, pesticides will be needed. This is often referred to as economic or damage threshold. The decision to apply a pesticide or not is usually based on the experience and knowledge of the costs or risks versus benefits related to control. In making this decision, one must consider the following questions: Is the population: approaching levels to cause economic thres- hold damage? Are natural con- trols (parasites, predators, weather, etc.) present and likely to reduce the population before economic damage results? Will costs of the pesticide and labor needed to apply it be less than the gains to be made? What effect will the pesticides have on the environment and the bene- ficial forms including non-target species? Can the crop be harvested before damage is serious? The dollar return from control should be greater than the cost of the control. These figures change from season to season and within a season, 13 as the market price of the crop changes. There is no single or simple answer. LIFE CYCLE Thorough knowledge of the life cycle of the pest is important in mak- ing the decision as to whether or not to take control measures, and if so, when? Most if not all pests, are most readily controlled at one particular stage in their development. The treat- ment for many must be applied before their damage is noticed. Most fungi- cides are protectants and must be on the leaves, stems» branches and/or fruit as a protective coating before the disease spore arrives. Most in- fection occurs under moist conditions. So, it is important to spray before the rain comes, not afterwards. Identification of the casual agent and a knowledge of the disease cycle is the key to proper application of pre- ventative fungicides. The procedure you follow may be influenced by the biology of the insect, disease, or weed. If the insect is held partially in check by parasites, you may use less pesticide for a lower degree of control to give the parasites a better chance of survival. An understanding of the growth habits of weeds is also a requirement for making judgments of chemically treating with herbicides versus culti- vation, rotation, or other such prac- tices. The weed population in a given field may be controlled by ordinary cultivation or it may be one, such as, bindweed, that is sheltered within the rows and will later emerge to affect the crop. OTHER METHODS OF CONTROL You should not ignore supplemental cultural practices which you can sug- gest to your growers. One such prac- tice is crop rotation. When a success- ful rotation program is followed, a pest specific to one crop will not carry over to the following crops. Sanitation practices, such as, cleaning up cull piles and plowing down old stubble, are a definite help in eliminating off-season sources of some pests. The use of resistant varieties of food and feed crops should be encouraged to minimize the dependence on chemical controls.~ Biological control is the prac- tice of reducing the numbers of a pest by the use of natural agencies such aS parasites, predators and dis- eases. The fundamental basis of such control is the fact that life in nature exist in a state of balance which is maintained by the competi- tive interaction of various forces. Cottony-Cushion scale is a serious pest of citrus and ladv-bird beetle known as the vedalia is most effec- tive in controlling the scale. The ’ successful solution of the scale pro- blem by the use of natural enemies has given biological methods of con- trol great prominence. The other agri- cultural pests that have been brought under control by biological methods include sugarcane leaf hopper, sugar cane borer, cocoanut moth, cocoanut scale, black scale and more recently oriental fruit fly. The use of re- sistant varieties of food and feed crops should be encouraged to mini- mize the dependence on chemical con- trols. Integrated pest management (the use of cultural practices, biological controls, resistant varieties, release of sterile pests, and other non-chemi- cal methods along with chemical pesti- cides) is the direction agriculture must go in the future. Economics and 14 ni paell ot. 37x Bei casanan rib diy 2-48 Pe Atcravedtsot fags ete - eas ont . 25079 [Bias tiaPipd 4 TS He Bos LOGnaRatssa: rare 5 rete. wo MES SAY RS reba Yane26 od & best naw: dibs sthusanée Tiaode3t Tons oy. pestle vic gag steno bla 3eht? met is possibie to zaus nde? ita; - BNF Josthod Bivens say Re copri-or sore : seul ° reahsaes ‘hot eashig avi $57 SqOO) et <i on ein Nt SE sere : ‘ s emountgens 5 Le aang dace _ «HGS oA SW obAL) 44 hte a eeeeD sans1st abi Ses a bigot iN rang be reduced by Teaving=a t jue i es, ener angc fyt ener othe : SKE ree sie tanh <ale Rime 8 ated PEP TTS, Fhoudsmey ah: abeSes itt aant = ' ns sansa a2 10 (ni 1S96R Note ied 2eTbb onds ig a SE een yosT4- oF “inete is M622 Ad. 26 Bs tuck 9 wifws 2f bes. aie "Sat qu sq 48" Faue £ cart ee ‘Ab i paar ee SvISIKT 5 of ise iti ie to nat fetsire haze Gast Taat eh FZ9V OG. pp eG0I> EMCO To" tae remnget. te 2 Pr, —- sph oF ae oe SRA RAG ress Bhat Brot 3e : Rene ace 34, Fe FRABOAETSE! se sages peasvto. t28ae crore ag oaths 5395. ebf5idasd of gfi seSo’ “giat sey oF SEeRe ait. bree sept aeen els D9, pg EsA 9 ITT eae" ‘Boot too Saneae pi Grhked & besppizgos Jo axle "snap. © “pur sts LP OUR Gal 6 ABGSe RAS Seite: ose. ats fi. G002 002 pa’>' }39)Sytsoado1g sue oe late: eit teeS-, hag 2avied, ai munoiGe IG satis 2ayse fe. ie HOD: Sitiaiad 1D en Aare, sietsd ton oa °5 By 6 UGS coverage énc — - eo ? Pr woe ¥ ay = Se iptanie - Ceo tm \ Sontre Heke ded ee Oe 3 S| Ss 4 = a ; ‘ 1 tHE Ae teary oats t | ‘ a pay tio steer rere Be? beaten SSE SRE SOSf tg bat? abbyan ot =F al ree be eer oe rec 1 =. ar er : iged ee, i ei + ey) Te 7% = ' eS: ne. * G27 f T ws Py Spt at, + 4 he ; oy th. ay. OE e % SapheY scr tte Oe = Shinai ae ie “Seataats aac eggs vey tI - met =i mabe : eee , Ota KS ee PAB, Peso 26 o3tup Jon S164 ore dP eine jeate- the ott 32y Tobiw, Seam: ond to 92 w= 2ae% SYsito Aste & \lo a aed Sizes 2f tly + NOND ois pyat tTDEE fs ee ait beth ba SF bie , “RS ds SOS gud Bh aehe 25 ‘EAT VER 1 es She? 138 oy * f 15 CROPS AND PESTS It is not possible in a manual such as this to provide detailed in- formation on all agricultural crops and pests associated with them. For more specific information and literature, you should contact the CVI Cooperative Extension Service. On the Virgin Islands we are con- cerned with the following commodities: Fruit and nut trees Corn and sorghum Grain legumes Tropical root crops Vegetables FRUIT AND NUT CROPS While the primary type of pesti- cide application equipment used in horticulture on the mainland is the air-blast sprayer, this type is not practical on the Islands. Application equipment consists solely of high (over 100 psi) or low (under 100 psi) pressure sprayers. Consequently the problem of. drift and nazards to the , applicator are not quite as extreme as with the air-blast sprayer. But as the material must be put up in the air these problems are still present to more of a degree than on ground crops. Do not apply when strong winds are blowing. Be particularly careful on planting borders with other crops that may be more sensitive or have residue problems because of food or feed involvement. Avoid drifting pesticides on yourself as the applica- tor. Wear adequate clean protective clothing as needed. Put protective glove cuffs outside your sleeves when spraying directly upwards. Do not mix oil with highly toxic pesticides be- cause oils evaporate slowly thus increas- ina the problem of drift and applicator exposure. Start vour sprav patterns so the avpvlicator will be working unwind at all times. Phytotoxicitv or sprav injurv is also a problem needing vour continuous attention. There is a areat difference in response between varieties as well as vetween different fruits. Poor fruit finish is often the result of chemical iniurv. To avoid iniurv do not sprav at temperatures of 90°F. or above and some materials. such as sulfur should not be applied above 85°F.. Avoid spraying trees in early bloom with insecticiaues whenever possible because of toxicity to dees and other pollinating insects. Avoid leaving puddles of spray material or contamina- ted water as this can be highly toxic to bees foraging for water. If you apply any of the insecti- cides calling for either a 24 or 48 hour reentry period (see paae 4) be sure vour client knows the situation and is aware of the proper reentrv intervals as well as the davs to harvest limitations. CORN AND SORGHUM One of the most widely used pesticides is the herbicide atrazine. This is of little hazard to the applicator and is generally not considered a hazard to wildlife. However, it is persistent and may injure sensitive crops plant- ed too soon on the same area after corn or sorghum is harvested. Read the label before planting a different crop. Be 16 careful not to leave puddles or permit drift to hay or pasture land. If live- stock gets sick for any reason, atra- zine will be suspected so your applica- tion technique must not be faulty. Atrazine plus oil is recommended in post-emergence treatments to provide a quicker kill of weeds. However, it is possible to cause severe damage to corn or sorghum if unsuitable oil or contaminated sprayers are used. Read the label. Some of the newer carbamate insect- icides used on corn are highly toxic and you should use care in their handling and application to protect yourself against toxic splashes or drift. In some areas runoff from cultivated fields is a problem. This can be reduced by leaving a sodded buffer strip between the corn or sorghum field and water. Also your client may wish to consider planting crops using safer pesticides near sensitive areas. GRAIN LEGUMES Runoff can be substantially de- creased by keeping sod between the cultivated area and water. This, of course, is your client's responsibi- lity, but you can suggest it to him. You can also suggest planting crops that do not require hazardous materials where runoff is a problem. Operating your sprayer at ex- cessive speeds will contribute to both drift and slopping of spray from the tank. If your client's fields are rough you may be able to get him to do a better job of leveling in the future. Excessive pump pressures also cause more drift because more fine droplets are formed as pressures are increased. Use the lowest pressure to still give good coverage and satisfactory control. Bee kill is a problem. Bees are necessary pollinators as well as honey producers and should be protected. Spraying while bees are working on bloom in the fields should be avoided whenever possible. Spraying in early morning or evening will help and choosing pesticides of low residual activity (see Table II,) is desirable. Some of the herbicides used on soy- beans can result in phytotoxicity. When applied as preemergence treatments, chloramben (Amiben) may stunt soybeans if heavy rains concentrate the chemical near the seeds. Randox, Ramrod, and Lasso may cause leaf crinkling on seedlings. Other herbicides used on soybeans can cause post-emergence phytotoxicity. Soybeans are treated with several insecticides including toxaphene which is deadly to fish in small quantities and is persistent in the bottom silt of ponds, lakes and streams. Avoid drift and runoff. Other insecticides include Lannate and methyl parathion. When using these highly toxic materials you must wear adequate protective clothing and equipment both when mixing and applying. TROPICAL ROOT CROPS Root crops commonly cultivated in the Virgin Islands include yam, sweet potato, cassava, and tannia. Root rot and leaf spots are most common fungus diseases. Black rot is a root disease caused by fungus, Rosellina spp.. No chemical soil treatment has so far been effective in controlling this condition. Rotation of crops and sanitation are the only control measures available. VEGETABLES As vegetables involve many different crops and pests, you will be working with V7 Japmod ayqnjos - gS ‘ue_nueub - 9 <4apmod a1gez31aM - gM SaWNLOA MOL eUZLN - ATM S4SNp - Gg fazeujUBoUOD BLqGeLJLS[Mue - JZ :SUOLzeLASUqgGY “SapLotBunjy pue SapLoiquay ySOW “(UOLPal) UOJLpeujaz ==, : *) yLuey Sung_Ns SauoUazOU SuNuYyyauAd SUeUZIL[d SDeJUag ==, ; *(a91wQ) a3Lbuedoud ‘(uoLuadns) sAeuds [LO ‘ueJsauoy ; *c UOLYUZeLeW Sunj_NS-awL, SaueyzZLay SaueyqZeuRy SqS Lepuny , : pue ududale9 £9 uoysAS-1qg SuexLGg *9 ZLUeSeg SH (UBPeuny =, . ueunjoqued *9 (ULAaS) [Auequed ‘9 uobAeg fuLuyzat[e : awiz Aue *(aqeAdoudouol yd) azeLeueoy *(a}eLLZuaqouo|Yyd) Uaqeuedy , Aep | 03 unoy , ‘MOT, ye Saeq 0} Snopuezey iON 1 ' ‘ : Sowly "auolOZ *(xOLAG) UOJYOLYILuZ Sauaydexoz SyeuO], fazLueYy) =, ; 9Sauz UL dunzevaduiaz ‘ddal ‘LaAsoyg *xazSOYd 9 *99 (FoWLYyL) ezeVoYyd ‘aURYyjuag =, ' yBLy yo spotuad But ‘auay ug SapLoeweN EL-IA *J9 (wWOugiq) payeu ‘apLoouoW =, ; -inp ydaoxe *Bburheuoy *y-xo7sAS-eqay SuOLyoAxouzow ‘(qs aqzeuue]) ([Awoyjow , ; you aue saaq Aauoy “99 uOLyzelew *9 uolyoseqday ‘uoLyqe ‘ULupus ‘(URpOLy|) , ; uaym BuLuuow AL uea ues{nsopua £93 uoysds-1qg ‘(AeULaq) UOLYZeXOLp *(xO4¥SAS) , Aep | ' 4O BuLuaAa uayzLa UL uOjJaWEp SaURPUOLYdS *LOZUe) *(UOLYZLUL) UOLYZOUsYdOqued ‘azeqy , 0} Sunoy ¢ fazeuspoW ss, partdde 41 snopuezey ioV “uopLweydsoyud Sutupsoyd ‘uoLyqeued *q (wOugiq) . ' payeu ‘uotyziay [Ayqaw Suoryzeueg (Ayqew *LLOe7IeW SATIN ' uoLyQe_Lew 6g UOLYZeLeW SapLUO_Yydexey suaZuaq pue suRepUuL, , : ‘uepLuy *uopyseqzday SuoLtyyng *(xeqAeg) uoLqUas ‘NdJ : *,Leyzopua ‘qasoutp ‘(uobA)) azeoy{euLp ‘(eUuodeA) SOAUOLYILP , , *yLueseg ‘(ueqsung) sojsruAduol yd S(uepeunj) ueunjoq , : owt} Aue -4ued *(uLAas) [Auequed SuLupig ‘uobAeg SuLupozy *s_eoLuasue , Syaem Z 03 Aep | ‘ybtH , 3e Saaq AauoYy 03 Snopuezey LeLuazey AYLILXO] LeNpLsay Hurzey asp S$dOUD DNIWOOTS NO SIGIDJILIW ONY SAGIDILOASNI 40 S338 AANOH OL GYVZWH ONINOSIOd “2 J18VL 18 a variety of pesticides, several of which are highly toxic. Adequate clean protective clothing and equip- ment is necessary. High pressure equipment makes fine drift and in- creases your problem as does the use of dusts. As you turn the end of the row you frequently move back through the drift so protect your- self accordingly. Many vegetable fields border sensitive areas - backyards with veq- etable gardens, ornamentals, children and toys, pastures, other crops, barn- yards, roads, etc.. Be sure not to drift hazardous pesticides onto them. Use equipment that is less likely to cause drift in sensitive situations or adjust it to minimize drift by lower pressures, larger droplets, etc.. You must be careful not to drift re- gistered pesticides from one crop onto another for which it may not be re- gistered. Similarly, the herbicide you use safely and legally on one vegetable crop may be deadly to a nearby vegetable. Check to be sure the crop following can be planted with no risk of damage from herbicide contaminated soil. While it is the grower's respon- sibility to notify his workers, make him aware of the use of any pesti- cide having the special reentry period of 24 to 48 hours (see page 4). Be sure your client is familiar with the days to harvest limitations. PESTS It cannot be repeated too often that effective pest control is based on accurate recognition of the pest causing the damage so that the appli- cator can determine the most effective and selective means of controlling the 19 damage. The following is a brief sum- mary of nematode, insect and disease pests found in the Virgin Islands. Nematodes Nematodes are microscopic round worms that require special diagnostic examination to determine the species present. Symptoms of their injury are stunted or sickly-looking plants with no visible aboveground damage. The roots may show numerous knots or galls or may be distinctly enlarged or swollen. Nearly all common vegetable crops are susceptible to nematodes and they may become a production problem in gar- dens planted in the same place each year, particularly on light, sandy soil. Problems can be extreme in soils low in organic matter, soil nutrients and moisture. The most practical control measure is rotating crops with non-susceptible crops or converting to other uses for a year or two. However, grass rotations are needed to suppress weed growth as the latter are excellent alternate hosts to the nematodes. Turning over the soil several times at monthly inter- vals during the dry season will aid in reducing nematode populations. If they become excessively damagtng, it may be necessary to treat the soil with a chemical nematicide before planting. Diseases A discussion of common, diseases will be found on pages 20-24. Insects A discussion of injurious insects will be found on pages 25-29. *skep OL-Z Ayana aprorbuny Ajddy :LeoLwey) *pLow ay} abeunooua SU0L}a49aS MAaPABUOY asoyM s}0asuL JO [0uQU0) :|eOLWeUD *sadald peas uealo que|d $sdoud azejyou $squeld paseasip Aduysag :Leunz[N9 "SOLJALULA JURYSLSOU queid fsdoud ajzezoy + Leunzng "SOLJaLUeA JURYSLSAU queid $sdoud azeqzoy = Leunzing *sapLotBuny UZLM Speas Jesu, :LedLwisy5 pees ueald jueld tsueak ¢ AsvAa SdOUd 9}2e}0Y =: LeunzLND saproiBuny yyim Aeuds : | eoLways Sdunseay [OA}U0) "pus wa}ZS ZLNuj uO $}Ods Auayzea, yueq *Swiezs SL PALb SeWLJawWwos SuayueD *peauds Asay} SP waAeub pue uabue, buLWwodeq sjods UMOUG=-MOL [3A UR [NIULD ‘| [L ewsS *queid BuLuayeem snyz sisayy -uAsojzoud YALM SavajiaqUL yey? YyIMOUH AQaALaA y4eQG *swazs 40 Sqyued punoubuapun uo SuaouRd yORIG fSuaqny uo s}zods uayuns yoe1q punoy Wags ynossoud uo afpa apiszno ueeu Guts yOeLq SSULBA yea, yoRLg abeLloy parLim ‘Bul[ path weys spunoub uweau sways uo szop y9e{q AuLy YIM pa_yoads sqods ysiAeuy *S8AR9| UOLUO UO sjods YSLZLUM ‘SwezS UO Sjzods UPR pazebuolea OJUL uaxuRep uazel yey} Suaquad uez-ystyuLd Y3LM szods uayuns punoy s.soubetg AunCuy L - SONVISI NISYIA 3HL NI SLNW1d 40 S3SW3SIG sqins4 SYLEYS Sacre) SaARd] suagn) $1004 S8AR9] saaray SW2IS SaAeay sways s}ina4 S}ueq $90} PUI] sque,d664 Auda a9 SnuzL9 03e30d33aMS 03e30d}3aMS sdoud 3[09 sdoud 3|09 $30 }ewWo] eAeded obuew sown6a] s}iqunon) eueueg Sadh] payoeyay Squeld A[4eqZ *2Y4bLLg (plow Az00s) junds yoeRLg (,ebuns) you yOeLg ( ,B14a39eq) yOu 42e1g Ba, yoRLg asoudeuy Uy aseasiq JO ouley 20 "9035 paas aauf-Y4OD JURLq :Le4nz[Ng *SaLJaLUeA queysisau que[q *al[qiydaosns aue 2eYy} Sdoud uayzO asn jou Op 3nq sdoud azezoy = Leunzlng “SOLJPOLUPA que YSLSau JUe[q :Leunzyng *yeay uO SAapLOLDUNY YILM paq pass JO JUawzeaul :[LedLWeY) *qupnoup bULUNP ALLBLIGdSa ‘WNLOLLD APLAdUd "4apUOSLp LROLHOLOLsAyg :Leunz[ng *ysaauey 0} uOSeaspLU ‘Shep OL-Z Ayana aprorBuny Addy :eoLwey9 SOUNsSeap [Ou U0) *Suaqn} Ay4OD “YyoNo] *wazs 40 JueGd UsauD UapuN anssty APOOM JO DULUMOUG :SaAe—a| 4UaMO| YLLM DULUULDAaG abeLLO4 $O DULZLLM puke DULMOL La, *4Lnuj UO S$}OGS YSLUMOug URLNIALD paduULU *‘adue, :S70QS $a, ABUD UO UMOUG :9ULL [LOS }e Swiays UayUNS UMOUg *auL,L punoub ye Ways 40 UOLZILUZSUOD payYeOS-49zeM tpunoubh 7e ways puke $jO0OU 40 BuLuayoe_q SpaXedap paas *yamMoubh snouoBLa BuLtyew auam SjzueLd ayLym A|pideu Palup LLOS duaymM yUaLeA -aid ‘“pua wosso,g ze sods AyAOD uayuNs *yxUuep fabuey “FbNas 40 Bde4ZUuNS MOLSq 3OU UMOUG Aysod Spuey “SsuLbuew seal ze sqods payeos uazem ‘Aeuy stsoubeirq Aunfuy 2 - SGNVISI NISYIA 3HL NI SLNWId 40 SASVASIC suaqny suia4s SaAPd7 sqina4 saaeay SWS SBuUL| paas spaas s}ina4 s}ina4 SWS SdAR9] Syuedg 03e30d33aMS $90} EWO] Jdaddag eux0 sjue,d663 $307} ewWO] suaddag sjue|d663 "SdLLS WOU, paslLeu asoyy Ai aelndtqued squeid Auew SUO | aWda eM $30} RWI | s ue, d664 $307 EWO] Kuaay sadk] payoezqy Sjue{d y4od [eusazUT LEM wntuesny yOu 2LNAY 4$40-BuLdueg Ou pua wosso|g aze7 *34bLLg aseasiq sO owen 21 *SOLJaLUBA-JURYSLSaY :LeunzNng *SU0}D8A JOBSUL PUR SULOAUaSaU paam Aqueau 40 [Ou4zU0) :LRdLWAaY) *saplorBbuny yzim Aeuds :LeoLwieys “AL pLdeu sperauds }L SB ueadae sWOZaWAS Se UOOS se SapLoiBuny yaLM yeaul, > edLWeY *sque,d pezeyauun YFLM UOLZEIOU dOud £SaLZaLAeA queysisau queyd :Leunzing *saprorBuny yqLm Aeuds : LeoLWeaY) ‘peas ues, pue SapeuLeup pooh {saljaLuea JUezSLSe $uoLzeqOu doug :Leunjjng *saprorbuny yim Aeuds = edLvieYyy *Butqqzods pue ‘uojod 40 SSO| *S}OaS AqqgoUuy do|sAap S}LNuj “ILJZOUDBU UO payeau3S sways {Saaea, sO HuLzuozsip §saoejuns yea, 40 But, 330W s}ina4 SW24S SdAea] *suoseas Aup ul sueaddy "Kup pue umMoug awodeq seaue pa -20ajuL 4aqe] “SadRyuns 4eda| daddn uo y3mMouh Auapmod 33L4ym Swia3S SdAR9] $}00U UO Sedue ILJOUDBU SUMOUg *j4nd pue MOL|[aA UuNn} sedejuns sea, ueddn “plow yoe,q -3{ Gund 0} 87LYM eAeY sadeRy -UNS JPal4apupn *SUOLZLPUOD aunzeusduisz-AZLpLuiny yb.y $1004 saaera] *qods sea, [eLuazoeg WOU} LL2F OF FLNILIJLG "uoLzeLLOyap pue BuLAup kq pamo,,oj ‘*umMoug uo ‘Aeub *yoeLq aq OS_e ued 3Nq Susapuog dayx4ep YFLM uey ZYBL| ‘ye_nBauit OF UeLNdULd Sabuel 0} [LL ews wous AueA szods S$3Ab27 “pueMuL SSeub0ua pue suLbuew sea, Aaplo uo puno, ‘peauds ey} sjods 4e[NIALD MOLLA OF UMOUG Udim BuLzzods sea, SL qeLueA stina4 SWd1S saaeay Sounseay LOU U0) sitsouberq Aunfuy Sued sjueid Auew sjueid Auey sjuela AueW S$iLqunony abeqqe) sjueid Auey Aud 29 squeid Auew sadk] payseaqy S3Ue ld € - SONVISI NIDYIA JHL NI SLNW1d 40 SASW3SIC De LSOW Kaapmog *MePL LW Aumog ‘Map| tw (,ebuny) qods yee (LB Luazoeg) qzods 4e97 aseasiq JO ouley 22 "abeLlOs SLLLy ALLenquaaz abe Y3LM UMOUG YSLPpau ynq *Hunok "SOLJaLUeA UaYM 93LUM AQULG ‘*Sadejsuns quezsiseu ysny :Leunjing 4ealuapun uo uoWWOd YsOW 4Nnq "SOPLoLBbuny JO asp :LedLWweYy) *squed [Le uo Saynysnd ysny *BuLque;d auojaq syaem g uapun SdOUd UBAOD MOLd :Leunz[N9 *sapLotbung ULM Spaas yeau, :[edLWaYy) ‘aseq yueld pue szoou pakedaq *sdoud 97e}0uU Ssqueid sseajou ‘abeuteup pooy :jeunqin9 "$2004 3440S uO pakedag *Burddtup you ynq Burdooup S8AP3| UBMO] *S}OO0YS-4J0 snouawnu Burdolaaap uo BuLAp Sznouds £suo|{0zS pue sjnouds uo Suayued UMOUG {S}LN4j UO szods *[LOS UBBLD UL SadaLd Baus PaxeOS-497eM BLUM £53004 -9SeaSLp JUR[q :Le4uNz[N) UO SaLpoq yoeI[q AuLys ‘*Apuey *saprorbuny *S8AePal UO S}OdS 32LYM YILM Y2tm AeudS :[eOLWeYy) pextuuajzuL sqzods ajdund shueq *sutBuew Huoje pue sdy ze Bulrquezs uoLzeuoloo -SLP MOLLAA pue BuLzi Lm uL *Saiqar Bulrzipnsau ‘Ssaaeay ut Buryeauys -APA JURISLSOY qUeLq sLeunzNg pue UOL}eEUOLODSLP YSLppay SaunseapW [Ou jU0) stsoubetq Aunfuy tb ~ SQNVISI NISYIA 3HL NI SLNVId 40 SASW3SId aaoqy swia4s $1004 $1004 $}00y s}inu4 SWA3S SdAraq SdAea] Sua1S saaea] Sqeq sawnbaq 3sny ( Lebuny) sawn6a) 304 3004 $}0OUUe) ( Le L4az0eq) oped0Ay 304 3004 $30 7ewWo] 4ayueo sue, d663 BLUOVDOZLUY SUuOLUQ yd301q a[dung eueueg aseasiq euweued sadA| aseasiq 4,0 swey payoezqy Sjueld 23 "SOLZOLUeA YURYSLSIU JUe{q :LeunzinND daddoysea, [Ouqzuo) : | edLWeYy) "SOLPILURA -JUeYSLSAA URL :Le4Nz[N “SOLJALUBA JUeYSLSEU quejd §doud a3eqoy :Leunzyng *doud 932304 *sipeB Aouysap pue aaouwey = Leunzing “SOLJPALURA ZULTSLSI4 JURLd ‘agoeid Aure SAup ul 3403s pue A,ydwoud sqing ysaAueH :Le4nz[ng *sueak ¢ AuaAa 372704 $ainuj paseastp Aoujseg = eunz[n9 *sapLoiBung yzLm Aeuds :LePoLwey) SadnNSeaW [O4}U09 *doup ea] Aq pamo, oj}, que_td 40 apis 4Jajuad UL SaAea| uaau6-MO| | a) ‘doup sea, AG pamol[Os *queld azoo Awwny uo 4O $3004 0} pULpRauds $1004 S9API] $jOuue) $O ApLsS auo uo HuLueyS SaARa| UB2UH-YSLMOL [2A SaAea7 sdoud 3109 $907 CWO] *squed 3nd suaddag WOU, S8Z0O0 aduR}Sqns MO|LaA sue, d664 $Ss}ueLd paz_LM *pazunys S3Aed] uso) *sauods yoe1{q asealjeu Suey wnybuos qzeud s_leb uepnBauat abueq S¥Le4S uso) *sqing 40 Butz qoy sqing suoLug *$}Ods wou, sapnxe *ZLnuj 4OLod S}inu4 s}iqunon) -SLP *S@APA, SLM} Sulazs Swa3s snuzly aunBLysip sjzods umOug uayuns Sard] SOped0AYy stsouberg Aunfuy $}4ed sadx] payoezzy Sjueld G - SGNVISI NIDYIA 3HL NI SLNWId 40 SAaSW3SI (SMULA) 3LEM (Lebuny) LEM (ebuaqoeq) 4LLM znuws JOU 3405 qeos aseasiq JO olley 24 *sButzsed ysLow ‘umOug “diy ueau Ayaepnoequed god 0} uMOp UsOD }O SLau4ay 723 "Suieys pue SzLnuj *spod OJUL auog SueL | Lduaze9 *sanra| UL ua}zea salou pabbey *QOPJUNSUBPUN BZLUOJSL3YS *SaARa| UL Uazea sa,oy padeys-uelnbay ‘uazea SaAra| auLqua 4O SaARa| UL Ua}ea SAO} *mapXauoy uo WO}, SPLOW *pauayeam AYLLePLA UeLd stsoubeiq Aunfuy "peoy uMOug pay ‘“Sediuzs yUuep pue 3YyBLL YydLM sue[{tduazed yoetq ALueau 03 useubh 24617 *uorjzow Burdoo, e YFIM S[Mevy “Huo, uuQy oF dp *SapPLS yIOq UMOP adLuzsS 37LYyM ULM SURL[Lduazed usaub-a|ed “sBbuLyuew y4oe|q YLLM Sal3aeq pau UO MOL [aA *‘uaeuh aue Szlpy “SueLLid -497e29 pauLds-xLs ‘MOL {aA 0} uaauh £1, eAO Aue aeAUeT *Buo, umigy 07 dn sadtuys qYBLL Y2LM Suet {tduazeo ystuaauB 03 yoeLg *Sanea| palund uo pazsebuod Ajasuap puno}, szOesulL paipoqg -37430S ‘BuLaow-mols ‘AuLy UOLZLUBOIAY 4Saq L - SONVISI NISYIA 3HL NI SLNVId sao 7ewo) P40 seadmo) uso” sueag s}ina4 Spo sueaghos saAea] sdoud ao) SdAe9] surag saiqezaban 7sSoOW wny6uos usoy SdAed] sueag szueld 7SoW wny6uos eAeded s}iqunon) si0.7 3109 S9AR9] sueeag WAOMARS U0) Jdadoo, abeqqe) sa|jaeq seal, ueag SWAOMAWAY spiudy $}uUed sada pex,oe33y Sjueld 40 S1S4! LOASNI Joesuy JO owey 25 *djnd qinujy uL aeAue, pue shh3 *$}aL[}O00u [Lews jee pueR $}00U UL [aUUNZ aeAUe “szinpe Aq aberloy ut uayzea salou punou | ews pue saaea| 40 apLSuapun UL uazea sayoy | Lews ‘Aqyqods spurs *pabbeu saaea] “sueliid -4azed BurziqeyuL-| Los Aq punoub ueau 440 43ND Ssqueid ,Lews uo saaeay "S@LZLALZOR BuLmMouung Aq payooudn shut paas *uazPe9 yinujy pue sbHulpaas PaLLty% pue petauunz sqzueyd Bbuno, stsoubetg AunCuy ‘ugwopge YSLMOL|eaA uo spueg STLYM OM} YILM ALJ LLeUS “Buoy, wwg, ‘“pua soluaque ze paqzuiod ‘szobbew a3Lym “Buo, wwg 03 dn swuom YSLZLYM “4apua[S “Sa,jeeaq Burddoy Iii Leqzow *AuLy *shba mo,,ahk ske, yzow | ews “4e[[iduaqzed usaubh * | [ews “SaLdads YLM SdaLuReA uOlOQ “Sue LL iduazes (wuigg 03 dn) pazis wntpay *$}O9SUL ButmMouung *uMOug-y4eG *LBuunjION *SzPOBSUL Bburdwnl Sumoug-yuep * UOUS *Sue_[iduayed Burziqeyur {Los ‘ystuaaub * , ews UOL}LUBODaY 4Saq @ ~ SONVISI NISYIA FHL NI SLNW1d qina4 $100y Saaray spng sanea] $1004 Swa4S SdARA] sBut | peas SpOd iN shut paas sued Huno), Syed obuey sjueid Auew $307 eUI0 | sziqunon9 sdoud a109 sueag sdoud ao) squeid Auey 240 S}iqunon) sdoud 3109 suaddad SUOLUQ sdoud 30% "97a *sa07eUO) s}iqunon) sueag wnyBuos uso) Ais 34na4 sa,}eeq eaL4 yjOow yoeqpuolieLg Sw4OM3N) aLOW *SzexILUY PLAL4 £S2ax9L49 Jassay 4auog 41 e}SuU407 sadh} payoeqay squeld 4O S1S4d LIASNI qyOesuy JO oueN 26 “Spaas ut dOjanap aeAUe] puke uOLzeUL| [Od Hutunp pazisodap sbh63 “S8ARa| 40 apts -uapun ud BuLpaay SWwuoM “Spod ueaq OjUL Seuog *aoueuradde axlL{-soe, Buraea, szobbew Aut} Aq peteuun aberjo4 "OS[e Saseasip qiwsuesy ABW “Sdiy ze Ayperoadsa Burzy_Lm uayy pazuoug uO pamo,{ah saaeaq *ZLNuj 4O SBAea] UO fuLpaas uel _tduazed abueq “Butpaay seat stsouberq Aunfuy “sydasuL ayL,-qeub ‘a,.6euj abuevo aue sinpy “aeAue, abueuod 0} yUld “4ueLLiduajzeo padiujs-aziym Suaaub-aleg “Suet {iduayed yuid * ews “S9DRJUNS 4ra, ugamjeq Butmouung wuom Aut s}oasut Burddoy ‘padeys-abpam (ume) | Lewis "4OLUaZSOd UO uoLzoaloud ayL,-Uu4oH *UMOUg 0} useaub Sue, _idueqed abueq *$19aSUL Burddoy ‘abue, Suaeuh 07 Aeug UOL}LUBODaYy 3Seaq spaas Sanray SPOd SdARd7 sways SaAea] yins4 saaea] SdAPaT Syed sasseub uayi0 wnubuos sqiqunon) sueag squeid Auey $307 ewWo] PAD s}iqunon) seadmo) sueag i TG) 99N3397] $}OUUe) sueag sao }ewo! suaddag $30} WO] Stiqunon) sueag sak} payoeaiy S3Ueld € - SGNVISI NISYIA SHL NI SLNWId 40 S1S3d LOASNI Sabpiw WA OMUO | ay J4auog pod ueaq ew SUdULW {ROT suaddoyseo) Sid OMUY OH suaddoyusseuy yoasuy 40 ouey 27 *SaseasLp ILesoU pue 3,LM Auuejy *S}OOYS Japua} pue saaea| uo pas, *uayea saneal, ajzald -wod uo sajoy abue, Auaj "uoLzezaban uo sydeuz AWLIS spnq uo sarea, 40 Buld Lim “plow Azoos 79e97e YOLYM SUOL}JaUDaS MapAaUOY 440 BALO *szoasuL JO sad} asayq 40 S49YSNLD BALPOULASLG “yoezze 0} alqiydeosns sow aue 2LNujs JO Spua xXALeg *Butzuoug Aq pauoloo -SLp pue paqgam sadra] Squed jueld uapue} Mayo $szooys Bunok 440 3ngQ s.tsouberq Aunfuy *Sal[}aeq padiuys MO, aA-y9eLg *s_ewLue AWLLS ssa, Lays uo paltays ‘sse,be7 "Huo, wwe | ynoge s}zoasuL HuLyons padeys -PLaLys SumMOug YO Uda4y (s6ngf | eau) aoueuradde Auoz}09 *azLyM (¢ (@aLeos qJOS) auow ynoge BAOW puke XeM 40 }eOD OU (Z (@Le9S pavowue) U9PSL[G B SALI XOM JO 3RO9 BAL39930Ud (| *$}OaSUL SyxLL-4apLds ‘pabba,-g ‘dLdodsoud LW 31 | -Wu0M pebba,-Auew ‘pal, Leyspuey UOLZLUBODIAY 4Saqd saaray Swa4S SOAR] Saaray S}ina4 swa4s saaea] qina4 SaAray SPiN shut | paas Squed s}iqunong 99n3307 "oye SSa0zeWO] PAD s}iqunon) sque,d Auey $307 eUWI0 | 99N3397 que, d664 uso? sueag $30} EW! al qaaq daqunond padtuys S|Leus pue sbhnls s6nq 4uUL4S aL eos vapids *sazLW sapedi Li sada} payoeyzy S}ue ld t - SONVISI NIDUIA 3HL NI SLNWId 40 S1S4d LOFSNI yoesuy JO awey 28 "@RAUR| Aq palauuny sq_ng pue sz00y "$3004 uo Burpaa, sqnub abuey "3Lnuy so spnq *‘a6e1,o4, uo psa, *“spod O}JUL au0g ‘uajzea pue __ 4943260} paqqam saneay saaea| uo sayoqoiq Auaalts *a2L4N stsoubeig Aunfuy “apaue, Autys *‘puey ‘sqnu6h padeus-f) *ysngou *yuLd 02 wee *sznous ZUSULWOUd aAeY SAa,398q F[NpYy *sqnuB yey MOLLAA uO 33L4M S,auun} paull,-yxLLS *Buo, umig,-9 *Sue_[iduazes paurey-Atasueod *pazyods *sBuim AuLey *MOuueU Fp 4o ssajburm ‘Bbuo, wwg-| *sqoasut pazebuols ‘Aull UOLZLUDODIBY Seq SqLng $}00y $1004 SaAea] spng qina4 SPOd speay saarey Saree] -$queg 29N3307 u40) 07e70d39eamMS yoeurds suaddag uso” sueeg sque,d Auey wnybuos S$iiqunon) sdoud 3109 suaddag SUOLUQ e410 99N}3207 sueag SWAOMAALM sqnu6 33L4M S| LAdaM SWUOMgamM sdtuyl sodA] payoeray Sued § ~ SONVISI NISYIA 3HL NI SINVId 40 SLS3d LOASNI $}DeSU] JO ouley 29 PESTICIDE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT The equipment used in applying agricultural pesticides varies with the crop, the type of application, the pest to be controlled, and the formulation used. There are several types - - granule spreaders, boom sprayers, soil fumigation machinery, dust pumps, etc. - - but they all have one requirement in common. They must apply the right amount of pesticide equally over the target area at the recommended rate. Too little, uneven, or too much deposit are all inefficient uses of material resulting in insufficient control, spotty control, or excessive residue, respectively. Proper adjust- ment and calibration of the sprayer prevents needless waste of pesticides. The total deposit laid down on a crop depends on: - - the concentration of pesticide in the tank - the rate of discharge through the nozzles - the speed at which the sprayer travels All of these factors must be controlled if the correct amount is to be applied. BOOM SPRAYERS Your core manual tells you about low pressure and high pressure field sprayers. While they differ somewhat in performance characteristics, both are used as agricultural boom sprayers. The methods of calibration apply to both types as well as boomless sprayers which have a central nozzle or nozzles that produce a wide swath similar to the others. There are four variables that you can adjust to govern the amount of spray delivered by boom sprayers: nozzle spacing on the boom nozzle tip orifice size pressure ground speed of sprayer Routine checks should be made to be sure the nozzles are not badly worn, have uniform output and spray pattern, and equal fan angle. GRANULAR APPLICATORS Granular pesticides must be ap- plied with precision. Application of less than 90% of the rate may re- sult in ineffective control. Applica- tions greater than recommended are costly and may injure the crop. The amount of the granules applied depends on the size of the metered opening, speed of travel, field roughness, and the flow rate of the granules. Granules flow at different rates, depending upon size, density and type of granule, tem- perature and humidity. Therefore, it is necessary to recalibrate for each different formulation. SOIL FUMIGATION APPLICATORS Some of the principle methods used for soil treatment are: 1. Injection system (fumigants and other liquid soil pesticides) a. Chisel cultivators, blades, or shanks with non-volatiles. b. Sweep-type cultivator shovels c. Planter shoe d. Plow 30 e. Transplant water 2. Surface treatment soil incorpo- ration. Use mostly for low and non-volatile materials. Mixing is usually shallow, 5 inches or less. The simplest method is to spray soil, turn it in with disks and compact with a drag, float, or culti- Packer. Rotary hoes or weeders are also used. 3. Drenching and flooding. Usual- ly used prior to planting. May also be applied by ir- rigation water. In all calibration measurements the pesticide amounts applied should be within 5 percent of the recommended dosages or you must recalibrate until they are. 3] APPENDIX: Suggested References Maxwell, Lewis S. 1974. Florida Insects. Their Habits and Control. 119p Maxwell Publ. Co., Tampa, Florida Metcalf, C.L. and W. P. Flint 1962. Destructive and Useful Insects. 1087p McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York Naylor, A. G. 1974. Diseases of Plants in Jamaica. 129p Ministry of Agriculture, Kingston, Jamaica. Winters, Harold F. & George W. Miskimen 1967. Vegetable Gardening in the Caribbean Area. 114p U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Handbook No. 323 32