USVI Public Records

Document text

i i I / I I I f i NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES /: SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands VOLUME IX NEW YORK: POBLISHED BT THE ACADEMY 1927 ^ei')ef©f CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX Page Title-page i Contents iii Dates of Publication of Parts iii List of Illustrations iv Mammals of Porto Rico, Living and Extinct—Chiroptera and Insectivora. By H. E. Anthony 1 Mammals of Porto Rico, Living and Extinct—Rodentia and Edentata. By H. E. Anthony *)T The Birds of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands—Colymbiformes to Columbiforms. By Alexander Wetmore 243 The Birds of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands—Psittaciformes to Passeriformes. By Alexander Wetmore 400 Index 57.*) Dates of Publication ok Pahts Part 1, November 27, 1925. Part 2, January 30, 1926. Part 3, November 12, 1927. I»art 4, December 22, 1927. e (iii) [y .SCUJNTIFiC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figures Page NoctlUo lepormus mastivus X^/l ; Old Loiza, Porto Rico 14 Chilonycteris im7^nclli portoricensis X^/^ '•> adult $ ; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico 19 Chilonycteris fuliginosa inftata X-Vl ; adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico 22 Mormoops hlainvillii \S/?y ; adult $ ; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico 26 Mormoops hlainvillii X^/l ; adult $ ; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico '. 27 Monophyllus portoricensis y?)/l ; adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico 30 Monophyllus ff^ater X-A 5 type ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico 33 Brachyphylla cavcrnariim X^/l ; adult $ ; Pueblo Tiejo, Porto Rico..... 36 Stenoderma rufus. Skull figures X/Vl 5 dentition X^VS ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico. A, crown view of maxillary tooth-row ; B, crown view of mandibular tooth-row 40 Artihcus jamaicensis jamaiccnsis X^/l ; adult $ ; Utuado, Porto Rico... 45 Phyllonycteris major x^/l ; type ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico 49 Erophylla homhifrons X'Vl 5 adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico 53 Eptesicus fiiscus wetmorei X^/'^j adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico.... 56 Tadarida murina X^/**^ 5 adult $ ; Utuado, Porto Rico 60 Molossns fortis x^/l ; adult $ ; Adjuntas, Porto Rico 65 Kesophontcs cdithw. Skulls of adult male and adult female, from Cueva Catedral, Morovis, Porto Rico. X^/l 69 Ncsophontes edithw. Skulls of adult male and adult female, from Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico. X-/1 '^l Kesophontes cdithw. Crown views of upper dentition. A, and lower denti- tion, B. x^/l 73 Ncsophontes edithcc. Upper dentition in profile. X^/l T4 Ncsophontes cdithw. Right scapula : A, external aspect ; B, anterior aspect ; C, ventral aspect. X^/^ T6 Ncsophoncs cdithw. Left humerus : A, anterior aspect ; B, internal as- pect ; C, posterior aspect. X*V2 77 Ncsophontes cdithw. Right ulna : A, anterior aspect ; B, external aspect C, posterior aspect ; D, internal aspect. XV2 79 Ncsophontes cdithw. Left radius : A, anterior aspect ; B, external aspect C, posterior aspect. X^/- ^ Ncsophontes cdittiw. Sacrum : A, dorsal aspect ; B, lateral aspect. XVl • 82 Ncsophontes cdithw. Right innominate of adult male : A, external aspect B. dorsal aspect ; C, internal aspect. Left innominate of adult female : I), external aspect. X'V2 83 Ncsophontes cdithw. Right femur of adult male : A, anterior aspect ; B, posterior aspect ; C, internal aspect ; I), external aspect. Right femur of adult female : E, anterior aspect. X^/l 85 Ncosphontes cdithw. Right tibia of adult male : A, external aspect. Left tibia and fibula of adult female : B, antero-external aspect ; C, external aspect ; I), posterior aspect. X-/1 ^7 COXTEyTS OF VOLUME JX y l»age Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Skull, dorsal aspect. Morovis, Torto Rico. XVl 09 Elasmodontomys obliquus. Skull and mandible, laterial aspect. Morovis, Porto Rico. Xl/1 100 Elasmodontomys ohUquus. Sktill, lateral aspect. T^tuado, Porto Rico. XVI 101 Elasmodontomys ohUquiis. Skull, front aspect. Morovis, l*orto Rico. XVl 101 Elasmodonto^nys oMiquus. Skull, ventral asi)ect. ^Morovis. Porto Rico. X 1/1 102 Elasmodontomys ohUquus. Mandible, dorsal asiiect. Morovis, I*orto Rico. XVl. 103 Elasmodontomys ohUquus. Porto Rico. A, oblicpie aspect of superior incisor; B, oblique anterior aspect of inferior incisor; C, maxillary molar of unworn, maximum length ; I), worn maxillary molar of aged animal, showing base of tooth filled in by cement ; E, unworn mandib- ular molar; F, crown view of mandibular molars of aged animal XVl 107 Amhlyrhiza inundata. Island of Anguilla. G, crown view of tirst two maxillary molars. X 1/1 107 Elasmodontomys obliquus. Porto Rico. A, external aspect of le.'t scapula; B, internal aspect; C, posterior aspect; 1>, sr)ine of scapula ; E, glenoid surface of left scapula. X VI 110 Elasmodontomys obliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of left hu- merus; B, internal aspect; C, posterior aspect; I>, anterior aspect; E. anterior aspect of left clavicle; F, posterior aspect. XVl H- Elasmodontomys obliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect or right ulna B, external aspect; C, internal aspect; I), posterior asi)ect. xl/l*. H-^^ Elasmodontomys obliquus. I*orto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right ra- dius ; B, external aspect ; C, posterior aspect. XVl H'"^ Elasmondontomys obliquus. I*orto Rico. Sacrum. A, dorsal aspect; B, lateral aspect ; C, ventral aspect. X^/l 1 1 '^ Elasmodontomys obliquus. I*orto Rico. Innominate. A, dorsal aspect; B, lateral aspect ; C, ventral aspect. Xl/1 Ill) Elasmodontomys obliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of left femur; B, internal aspect; C, posterior aspect; I>, external as])ect. xVl-- 1^1 Elasmodontomys obliquus. I*orto Bico. A, anterior aspect of left tibia; B, external aspect ; C, internal aspect. XV^ 1-'* Elasmodontomys obliquus. Porto Rico. A, external aspect of right fibula; B, posterior aspect; C, internal aspect. Xl/1 125 Elasmondontomys obliquus. Porto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of atlas; B, ant-erior aspect; C, lateral aspect of axis; I), anterior aspect. Xl/1- 1--' Elasmodontomys obliquus. Porto Rico. A, lateral aspect of tlioracic vertebra ; B, anterior aspect ; C, lateral aspect of lumbar vertebra D, dorsal aspect ; E, lateral aspect of caudal vertebra ; F, dorsal as- pect. xl/1 ^'^* Elasmodontomys obliquus. Porto Rico. Astragulus, calcaneum, two views of ungual phalanx, and metatarsal. XVl • • ^'^^ vi SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO I'age Ileptaxodon hidefis. Utiiado, Porto Rico. A, B, two views of skull ; C, D, two views of mandible. X^/l- K» crown view of maxillary molar ; F, crown view of mandibular morar. X^/^ • • • • 131 Isolododon porto?Hcensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, B, C, three views of skull. Plagiodontia wdium. San Lorenzo, Santa Domingo. D, view of skull. XVI 135 A, Plagiodontia wdium. San Lorenzo, Santo Domingo. B, Isolohodon portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. X^/l 136 Isolohodon portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, B, C, three views of left mandible. Plagiodontia wdium. San Pedro de Macoris, Santo Domingo. D, E, F, three views of mandible. Xl/1 137 Isolohodon portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. Lateral view of molar tooth to show striations in cement. X^/1 138 Heteropsomys insulans. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, B, C, three views of skull; D, view of mandible. xV^- Homopsomys antillensis. Ciales, Porto Rico. E, view of skull. Xl/1 148 Heteropsomys insulans. Utuado, Porto Rico. Two views of atlas and two views of lumbar vertebra. X^/l 1^2 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVI 156 Acratocnus major. Skull, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVl- 1'^^ Aci^atocnus odontrigonus. Skull and mandibles, lateral aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. X'^/1 160 Acratocnus major. Skull and left mandible, lateral aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. Xl/1 161 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, lateral aspect. Morovis, Porto Rico. XVl 16B Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, ventral aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVl 164 Acratocnus major. Basicranial region of skull. Utuado, Porto Rico. X 1/1 1C5 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Mandible, dorsal asjiect. Utuado, Porto Rico. Xl/3 16^ Acratocnus major. Mandible, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVl- 1^^ Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. Right malar. xVl.-.- 1^^ Acratocnus odontrigonus. Porto Rico. Upper and lower incisor, xl/l-* 1^^ Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. Left scapula. A, ex- ternal aspect ; B, glenoid surface. Xl/1 168 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right humerus ; B, external aspect, xVl • 170 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. Posterior aspect of right humerus. Xl/1 • • 1^1 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. Anterior aspect of clavi- cle. Xl/1 173 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. Internal aspect of right ulna. Xl/1 • 1"! Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. Anterior aspect of right ulna; B, internal aspect ; C, posterior aspect, xl/1 175 CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX yji Page Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, I'orto Rico. Anterior aspect of right radius. XVI 17(5 Acratocnus major. Porto Rico. Ribs. yc}/\ 177 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. P^xternal aspect of sternebrax XVI 178 Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. Lateral aspect of left innomi- nate. XVI 178 Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. Portion of expanded ilium. XVI 179 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right femur ; B, internal aspect. xV^ 1^0 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. l*osterior aspect of right femur. X^^/l 181 Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right tibia. Xl/1. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. B, anterior aspect of right tibia. X^/l 184 Acratoc7ius odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. A, external aspect of right tibia ; B, posterior aspect. X^/^ ^85 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, external aspect of left fibula ; B, posterior aspect. XVI 387 Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, right calcaneum. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. B, C, left calcaneum. XVl 188 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Porto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of of left astragu- lus ; B, metatarsal ; C, phalanx ; D, ungual phalanx. Xl/1 100 Acratocnus. Porto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of caudal vertebra ; B, lateral aspect of same vertebra ; C, lateral aspect of thoracic vertebra ; 1), lateral aspect of lumbar vertebra ; E, dorsal aspect of same vertebra F, cervical vertebra. XVl 302 The extinct caracara {Polyhorus latchrosus) . Broken right metacarpal (type). Natural size. From cavern depisits near Utuado 825 The extinct caracara {Polyhorus latchrosus) . Right metacarpal (t.vi)e). View of articular face. Natural size 325 The extinct De Booy's rail (Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left tibio-tarsus. In- ternal view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva San Miguel 341 The extinct De Booy's rail {Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left tibio-tarsus. An- terior vievr. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva San Miguel . . ; 341 The extinct De Booy's rail {Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left femur. Anterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Clara 341 The extinct De Booy's rail {Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left humerus. An- terior view. Natural size. From Cueva San Miguel 341 The extin'ct De Booy's rail {Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left hum'erus. Pos- terior view. Natural size. From Cueva San Miguel 341 The extinct Porto Rican Snipe {Capclla anthonyi). Right humerus (type). Posterior view. About natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Catedral 361 viii SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Page The extinct Porto Kican Snipe {Capella anthonj/i). Right humerous (type). Anterior view. About natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Catedral 3G1 The extinct Porto Rican Snipe {Capella. anthoniji). Right metatarsus. Anterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Cate- dral 361 The extinct Porto Rican Snipe (Capella anthonyi). Right metatarsus. Posterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Cate- dral 36] The extinct Porto Rican Snipe (Capella anthonyi). Right metatarsus. Distal outline of trochleje. Twice natural size. From Cueva Cate- dral 361 The extinct Porto Rican quail-dove (Oreopeleia larva). Left metatarsus (type). Anterior view. Slightly less than natural size. From cav- ern deposits of Cueva Clara 406 Tlie extinct Porto Rican quail-dove (Or^eopeleia larva). Left metatarsus (type). Proximal view of head. Slightly more than twice natural size 40a The extinct Porto Rican quail-dove (Oreopeleia larva). Left metatarsus (type). Distal outline of trochlcie. Twice natural size 406 The extinct Porto Rican barn owl (Tyto cavatica) . Proximal end of left metatarsus (type). Anterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Toraiio 429 The extinct Porto Rican barn owl (Tyto cavatica). Proximal end of right metatarsus. Internal face. Natural size. From cavern de- posits of Cueva Toraiio 429 The extinct lesser Porto Rican crow or solitario (Gorvus pumilis). Right ulnai (type). Inner face. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva San Miguel 482 Maps Map of I*orto Rico, with collecting sites indicated by black circles, .opposite 4 Map of the West Indian region to show Porto Rico in its geographical relation to other islands 239 Contour map of the Caribbean Sea. After Agassiz 240 Map showing distribution of the species of the genus Artihcus in the Antilles, Central America and northern South America. After An- derson 241 Map of I*orto Rico and the Virgin Islands, with Dr. A. Wetmore's route of travel indicated opposite 250 CONTENTS OF VOLUME JX Plates (The plates are arranged consecutively at the end of the volume) I. Looking out from Corozal Cave. Limestone hills along road from Utuado to Arecibo. 11. Slopes of Luquillo Mountains. III. Vegetation in Luquillo Mountains. IV. Region about Morovis. V. Along road from Manatee to Morovis. Near Ciales. VI. Near Guayama. Palms near Morovis. VII. Along road from Naguabo to Guayama. River near Coamo. VIII. Rio Grande de Arecibo. IX. High mountainous region near Cayey. Cave interior of unproductive type. X. Piedra de la Cueva. Entrance to Corozal Cave. XI. A large cave near Morovis, the Cave of San Miguel. XII. Interior of Corozal Cave. Small cave near the Cave of San Miguel. XIII. Ncsophontes edithw. Figs, la, lb, Ic, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4. Skull. Fig. 5. Mandible. XIV. Nesophontes edithw. Figs. CJa, Ob, 6c, 7. Scapula. Figs. 8, 9, 10. Rib. Figs. 11a, lib. Left humerus. Figs. 12a, 12b, 12c. Sacrum. Figs. 13a, 13b, 13c. Right ulna. Mgs. 14a, 14b, 14c. Right radius. Figs. 15a, 15b, 15c, IGa, 1Gb, KJc. Innominate. XV. Nesophontes edithw. Figs. 17a, 17b, 17c, 18a, 38b, 18c. Right femur. Figs. 19a, 19b, 19c, 20a, 20b. Tibia. Fig. 21. Atlas. Fig. 22. Axis. Fig. 23. Thoracic vertebra. Fig. 24. Fifth cervical vertebra. Fig. 25. Lumbar vertebra. Fig. 26. Caudal vertebra. XVI. Elasmodontomys ohUquus. Figs, la, lb. Skull. Fig. 2. Left mandible. XVII. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Figs. 3, 4a, 4b. Skull. Fig. 5. Maxillary tooth-row. SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO IllilO XVIII. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Figs. 1, 2. Mandible. Fig. 3. Mandibular tootli-row. Figs. 4, 5. Scapula. XIX. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Figs. 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 7. Left humerus. XX. Elasmodontomys oMiquus. Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d. Right ulna. Figs. 9a, 9b. Right radius. XXI. Elasmodontomys oMiquus. Figs, la, lb, Ic, Id. Left femur. Fig. 2. Left tibia. XXII. Elasm^odontomys ohliquus. Figs. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d. Left tibia. Figs. 4a, 4b. Right fibula. XXIII. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Figs, la, lb. Left innominate. XXIV. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Fig. Ic. Left innominate. Figs. 2a, 2b. Sacrum. XXV. Elasm^odontomys ohliquus. Fig. 3. Atlas. Figs. 4a, 4b. Axis. Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8. Thoracic vertebrae. Figs. 9a, 9b. Caudal vertebra. Fig. 10. Rib. XXVI. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Mg. 5. Rib. Figs. 6a, 6b. Series of five cervical vertebrn*. Figs. 7a, 7b. Lumbar vertebrae. XXVII. Isolohodon portoricensis. Figs, la, lb, Ic, 2. Skull. XXVIII. Isolohodofl portoricensis. Figs. 3, 4. Skull. Figs. 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a, 6b. Mandible. XXIX. Plagiodontia wdtum. Figs. 7a, 7b, 7d. Skull.. Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c. Mandible. XXX. Isolohodon portoricensis and Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Figs, la, lb. Right scapula, Isolohodon. Figs. 2a, 2b. Acromion process, Elasmodontomys. Figs. 3a, 3b. Left clavicle. Elasmodontomys. Fig. 4. Ribs. Isolohodon. Figs. 5a, 5b, 5c. Right ulna, Isolohodon. XXXI. Isolohodon portoricensis. Figs. 6a, 6b, 6c. Left ulna. Figs. 7a, 7b, 7c. Right humerus. Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c. Left radius. Figs. 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d. Right femur. CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX XI XXXII. Isolol)odon portoricensis. Figs. 10a, 10b, 10c, lOd. Left femur. Figs. 11a, lib. Left tibia. Figs. 12a, 12b, 12c. Left fibula. XXXIII. Isolohodon portoricensis. Figs. 13a, 13b, 18c. Sacrum. Figs. 14a, 14b, 14c. Right imiominate. XXXIV. Heteropsomys insulans. Figs, la, lb, Ic, Id. Skull. Fig. le. Maxillary tooth-row. XXXV. Heteropsomys insulans and Homopsomys antiUensis. Fig. If. Mandible, Heteropsomys. Fig. Ig. Mandibular molar series, Heteropsomys. Fig. 2. Palate, Homopsomys. Figs. 3a, 3b. Skull, Homopsomys. Figs. 4a, 4b. Mandible, Homopsomys. XXXVI. Homopsomys antiUensis, Heteropsomys insulans and Heptaxo- don Mdens. Fig. 3c. Skull, Homopsomys. Fig. 5. Atlas, Heteropsom,ys. Fig. 6. Lumbar vertebra, Heteropsomys. Figs. 7a, 7b, 7c. Skull fragment, Heptaxodon. Fig. 7d. Premolar, Heptaxodon. Fig. 8. Left mandible, Heptaxodon. Fig. 9. Crown view of lower premolar, Heptaxodon. XXXVII. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, No. 17720, lateral aspect. Right jugal. XXXVIII. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Mandible, two views. XXXIX. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skulls, No. 17720 and No. 17721, dorsal aspect. XL. Acratocnus odontrigonu^s. Skulls, No. 17715 and No. 17722, dorsal aspect. XLI. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Right scapula, two views. XLII. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skulls, No. 17715 and No. 17720, \entral aspect. XLIII. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skulls, No. 17715, lateral aspect. XLIV. Acratocnus major. Fig. 1. Mandible. Fig. 2a. Fragment of skull. XLV. AcTatocnus major. Fig. 2b. I>asicranial region. Fig. 2c. Orbital section. XLVI. Acratocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Figs. 6a, Ob. Fragment of sacrum, odontrigonus. Fig. 7a. Left innominate, major. XI SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO XLVII. Acratocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Figs, la, 31). Right tibia, odontrigonus. Fig. 2. Riglit tibia, major. Fig. .*>. Left tibia, odontrigonus. XliVin. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Figs. 4a, 4b. Left fibula. Figs, oa, 5b. Left radius. XLIX. Acratocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Figs. 3a, 3 b, Ic. Riglit Immerus, odontrigonus. Fig. 2a. Right humerus, major. L. AcTatocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Fig. 2b. Left Immerus, major. Fig. 3. Riglit humerus, odontrigonus. Figs. 4a, 4b. Left ulna, odontrigonus. Fig. 5. Left ulna, major. LI. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Figs. 3, 2. Right femur. Figs. 3a, 3b. Left femur. LI I. Acratocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Fig. 3c. Left femur, odontrigonus. Fig. 4. Distal extremity of left femur, major. Figs. 5a, 5b. Left calcaneum, odontrigonus. Fig. 6. Right calcaneum, major. Figs. 7a, Tb. Left astragulus, odontrigonus. LIII. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Caudal series of vertebnie. LIY. Acratocnus. Fig. 2. Public region, odontrigonus. Fig. 3. Ungual phalanges, Acratocnus. Figs. 4a, 4b. Ungual phalanx, odontrigonus. \j\. View of arid scrub on Deseeheo Island. Taken June 34, 3932. (^rove of coconut palms and beach, a typical shore scene. Near Aguadilla, June 31, 3932. LVI, Clump of royal palms, nesting sites for Porto Rican and yellow- shouldered blackbirds. Near Yauco, May 17, 1912. Limestone formation typical of lower foothills of north coast. Near Trujillo Alto, December 26, 3931. liML Mew on El Yunque de Luquillo from an altitude of 800 feet. Taken March 0, 3912. VA Yunque de Luquillo from the village of Mameyes. Taken February 36, 1932. LVI 11. Rolling pastureland, breeding ground of the Porto Rican grass- hopper sparrow. Near Yabucoa, May 10, 1912. Second growth forest in lowlands, with setting of canefield and pasture. On grounds of experiment station at Rio Piedras, December 20, 1933. LIX. lifo Santiago near Yabucoa. Taken May 6, 1912. Llume palms, with backgroimd of cane and low hills. Vieques Island, :March 20, 3912. CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX xiii' LX. Open rolling pastureland typical of Culebra Island. Taken April 9, 1912. Northwestern end of Culebrita Island, Cayo Norte in distance, taken April 15, 1912. LXI. West Indian green heron, or martinete {Btit07'idcs virescens maculatus) LXII. Bare-legged owl, or mficaro {Oymnaslo nudipes nudipes). LXIII. Porto Rican tody, or San Pedrito (Todus mcxicanus) LXIV. Gray kingbird, or pitirre {Tyrannus dominicensis dominlcensis\. LXy. Porto Rican blackbird, or mozambique {Holoqutscalus nigcr hrachypterus). Porto Rican tanager, or verdoso {Ncsospingus specuUfcrus). NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands VOLUME IX—Part 2 Mammals of Porto Rico, Living and Extinct —Rodentia and Edentata—f/. E. jlnthony NEW YORK: Published BY thk Acai)km\ 1926 MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO, LIVING AND EXTINCT^ By H. E. Anthony RODENTIA AND EDENTATA CONTENTS Page Order Koaeiitia 98 Family Dinomyidae 98 Genus Elasmodontomys 98 Synopsis of genus 98 Elasmodontomys ohliquus 98 Synopsis of skull characters 100 Tables of skull measurenu^nts 105 Remarks 107 Skeleton 109 Relationships of Elasmodontomys 129 Family Heptaxodontidae VM) Genus Heptaxodon 180 Synopsis of ufenus 130 Ileptaa^odon bidcns 130 Synopsis of skull characters 131 Remarks , 132 Skeleton 133 Relationships of Heptaxodon 134 Family Echimyidae 134 Genus Isolobodon 134 Synopsis of genus 134 Isolohodon portoriccnsis 134 Synopsis of skull characters 136 Table of skull measurements 139 Remarks 140 Skeleton 140 Relationships of Isolobodon 146 Genus Heteropsomys 147 Synopsis of genus 147 Heteropsomys insulans 147 Synopsis of skull characters 148 Table of skull measurements 150 Genus Homopsomys . . : 149 Synopsis of genus 149 Homopsomys antillensis 149 * For Chiroptera, Insectivora and the Introduction see Part 1 of this volume. (97) 08 ^Vll':\TIFia HURVI^Y OF PORTO RICO Syiio{)8is of skull elianicters 151 'l\'ihl(' of skull measurements 150 Remarks 151 Skelefoiis of Heteroi»soiiiys and Homopsomys 152 Relatlousljips of Meteropsomys and Homopsomys 154 ()r<]er Ed(^ntata 155 Family ^lepiloniehidae 155 (leiius Acratocnus 155 Syjioi>sis of i^enus 155 .\('r((to<ni(H odontf if/onus 155 Syiio[»sis of skull eliaracters 157 .1 <'rnt*KnnH nia jttr 151) Synopsis of skull eharacters 159 Tables of skull measurements 162 Skeletons 108 Ilelntionslui»s of Aerntoenus ID.'J ()i-i^'in of Ihe Mjnunialia of Poi1o l{ico 1<)4 lUhlio^raphy 224 List of illustrations 2M1 Older hM)l)|^]N4MA Faniily DINOMYIDAK IIMS. |>i[i«.myida<^ Miller an<l (;idley, .lourn. AVasli. Aead. Sei., VIH (l.*;), j). lit;, July v.). Elasinortmitoiiiys Anthony 1*.)10. fJfasnffKlifntonufs Anthony. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., XXVII, p. 199, August 9. 1924, Flasniodontomifs Win^ixe, Patt(Mlyi--Sla(»gter, II, p. 65, 103. Ttj/)f>.—Ehh^h) 0(1on 1 01}) i/s oh lie/ ims An tliony. A large liysti-ieoinorph rodent with extremely liypsodoiit rootless molars, composed of alternating enamel plates and bands of dentine: five, ami often six, enamel plates in eacli molar; largo infraorbital fora- men; heavy zygomatic^ areh : and massive mandible. I)isfrihNlio}K-~-]\mnyn only from Porto liieo; fossil. ElasiiKMloiitoiuys obliqiiits Anthony IVxt Figs. 29 17, Plates XVI--XXyi, XXX 1916. FJiiHmoiUyntomiiH obUquKs Anthony, Ann. New York Aead Set XXVI I 1). 199, August 9. . ., - - 1918. Elasmodontonn^s ohlUinus Anthony. Indigencms Land Mammals of Torto Rieo, p. 380, October 12. AXTHONY, MA^JMALS OF PORTO RICO 1)0 Type.—No. 14171, Dept. A'ert. Pal., ximer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A fairly well-preserved skull lacking complete zygoma, the nasals, and with al- most half of the posterior skull broken away; only one tooth, m^ on the right, is missing. ^^'"Z'huJ^^.jfo, ^7/^.r Fid. 20. Elasmodontomys ahiiqHus. ]Mor<)\is, Porto llico. X 1/1 Type locality.—Utuado, Porto Rico. Distribution.—Known only from the Island of Porto Rico. Recorded in Porto Rico from Utuado, Morovis and Ciales (Ciales material in Mus. ^omp. ZooL). (fpnerfd cliamciers.—A very large hysti'ic()mor])h rodent with 1iy|)so- JOO SCIENTIFIC HVRVKY OF PORTO RICO (lout, rootless inolars, the crown patterns of whieli are made up of five to six enamel plates and connecting dentine. Skull— (Text Figs. 29-33.) Large and strongly constructed; superior outline nearly straight; rostrum short and heavy, much deeper than wide; nasals long, widening slightly anteriorly, well arched laterally above plane of maxilla?; premaxilUiry suture with frontal in same plane as nasal suture; interorl)ital region very broad, writh strong, wdde, post- jUn^J^^M ^yuj V\<\. ;?0, Elas}iin«I(nit(nnifs oblujmis l/oyor/.s*. Porto Ilico. X 1/1 orbital processes; [in abrupt postorbital pinching-in of braincase, which is const fiet(Ml and compressed throughout parietal region: a stronii' ( liilv leveloped sagittal crest with well-marked anterior bifurcation, whicli runs out, as a ridge, on either side into the postorbital process; higli lambdoidal crest; infraorbital foramen large; zygomatic arch very strong and broad. Malar very broad, ivith lo.w, rounded, postorbital eminence, and entering into glenoid as a deep, square shoulder ; posterior zygomati< root massive; part of orbit reserved for eyeball exceptionally small; root AXTHONY, MAAIMALS OF PORTO RICO 101 ol incisor producing a slight swelling across face of preniaxilla and maxilla ; palate of moderate lengthy closely constricted anteriorly by con- \'erging tooth-rows; diastema of good length; incisive foramina large and Fig, 31. ElasmodontomyH obliqinis. Utuado, Porto Rico. X 1/1 opening from side, postpalatal notch wide and deep, reaching nearly to line of anterior border of m^, a median ridge along palate between molars, and six noticeable palatal foramina; pterygoid processes heavy \\\\ I i j^i.jUxjK^.rmy Fig. 'i2.~Ehismo(hmtomys ohliquus. Morovis, Porto Rico. X 1/1 *"d broad, with deep, extensive pterygoid fossa; bulla? of medium size, '*»Hewhat compressed; paroccipital processes long and strong. Mandible.— (Text Fig. 34.) Like the skull, the mandible is strong ^'<l massive; horizontal ramus deep and thick, its ventral border nearly \()'! H<ii:\Tir](' ,s( in i:\ or rouTO uico sinii.u'lit ; ascend iiiii- r;mni> jiari-owcr: corouoid well-formed but narrow and j-ather wealc jn'oporiionally, condyle as Jiigli as coronoid. with well- rcunded and exten>i\r In^ad ; an,LMdar ])roce*-s very broad and massive; a I'm. :i:;. i:i,i-^i)u>,/niilai,ii/s <,},rniinis. .Moro\is, \\)v 1() Hi CO. X 1/1 very good .ittacdinient inr the Internal pterygoid mnsele provided by i-^- \yAmUH\ low(M- border (d' ranuis and angidar process. J)eniihon.^~^^l, ^^ ; Vui, -^-^ ; M, ^-^^ :=.. 20 (Text Mg. 35.) I'PIht: InrisorK lon^. cnrving and of rather small size proportional U',. -'.<'l-r aMf,M-o-pusl,.riorlv than wi,lo,, with faint, modian, loTi<.itndir, .1 ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF J'ORTO RIVO \ {);} concavity on face of enamel, tips notclied rather squarely; premolars aiul molars all liypsodont, deeply set into maxilla, rootless, and each tooth of ]iearly uniform cross-section from crown to base; molar series inclined to rear and each row divergent from the other at crown and base, but curv- iiio' inward about middle; the individual tooth made up of five main eiianud lamina^ with alternating- layers of dentine, tins nnnd)er of lamina* oficii inereHS<Ml to six ])y a small, posterior plate; lainiiue a])|)roxiinateiv Fi<;. M4. ElaHmodoniomiiH ohWinuH. ]\foi"()vis, I'orto Kico. X 1/1 parallel to one another in the tooth, but decidedly oblique to long axis of palate; premolar roughly trigonal in cross-section, molars subquadrate to subcircular. Lower : Incisors not as strongly curved as above, with well-marked longitudinal groove and tips chisel-like; molar series as above, but enamel alternated with dentine in the reverse order, the teeth not curved from (Town to base, but inclined forward to ramus; number of lamina} four. lOl SGIENTIFW PURVEY OF PORTO RICO Thii Elminodonlomys molar is a liigbly specialized development from the more primitive, infolded crown pattern. Doubtless the early condi- tion of the molar was something like that seen in typical Echimyidae— Proechiniys, for example. With the progressive invasion of the enamel loops wliich eventually completely crossed the crown transversely, the uiecbanies of nuistication, possibly, have produced the thickening of one wall of the loop and reduced tlie other. Jiegardless of what the cause may liave been, the anterior enanud wall of each loop in the upper molars aiul the j)osteri(>r wall in the lower uiolars is greatly tliickened and the respective o[)|)osiMg walls of tlie loop are so reduced as to be visible only under a uiiirroscope. In sligldJy weathered specimens the molar lamime |)art readily from one another, the line of parting being between tlie thickened enamel wall of one plate and the reduced, semi-obsolescent enamel wall of its neighbor. Hkulls collected.—16, of which 3 are almost complete; 15 good-sized fragments, aiul a nund)er of teeth and smaller broken portions. Mandibles collected.—39 rami, of which a few present nearly all the characters; and a large number of fragments and teeth. ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RJCO 105 5S o o o Bjinq I'B^ipnB ]o suoisuaniiQ o X o 05 gUi JO suoieuaraip ^sa^^ajr) 7.4x7.8 7.4x8.6 6x7 7.5x8.9 8.4x10.2 7.2x8.7 6x7.6 b-Q0»O X X K M^cO-* sin JO suoisuaraip -jsa^^ajr) 7.8x9.1 7.4x8.9 7.5x9.5 7.7x8.1 7.2x8.3 6.9x8.4 7 1x11 7.2x8 7.2x9 7.3 X 10.4 ixa JO suoisuaraip ifsa^Bajf) 00 X 00 X 00 CO 7.2x8.3 6.9x7.6 7.9x10? 7.3x7.7 7.6x8 7.5x8.8 ^md JO suoisuaraip :)8a!^B8ir) 00 X 00 8x8 8x9? 7.7x7.4 7.8x8.3 7.5x8.7 sauas j«{oni Ajbj -{ix'Bxn JO 'q-jauai jBioaAjy 33.5 34. 35.4 36.5 38.6 34. 33.5 33. 32.6 34. 34.6 eraa^SBip jo q'^Suaq^ 30.5 28. 30.5 33. 37.5 ^^ ^ gin apisui 'd'\'B{Bd JO q^peajq (jsai^a'jf) 00005 00 16.7 20. 21.5 17.1 »OTd apisui 'a^Bj'ed JO q^p^ajq "(jWaq »0»OeO 00 •* "-^^ csi CO M 00 -^ ^COCO COOOrfi qoaAiB aAisiDui jo aapjoq joua^sod 6(j'qo!>ou {B!}'B|'Bd -^8od 'a'\ts\Bd JO q^jSua^f C<1(M >0 >0 »0 CO t^ CO l«3nr JO q(>pt;ajq (jsa^uair) si^SBU JO q^pBajq '^sa'^BajQ »o «oo CO <Mr-ICO loosed s|B8BU JO q^Suai u 00 CO CO «*< CO co«oo» CO^!"*** ajn-^ns j?j'Bi|ix'Bia-AjBj|ixBra -aid (JB ufn^soj jo q:jda(i 34? 30. 30.8 32. 38. COUO coo CO CO CO ^ cocor>^ ABAvpira ^noq« nrnj-jsoj JO q!^pBajq ijsBaq »C»r5(MCO ^ ooJcci aseauiwq jo q^p^ajq ^s^a^ 00 CO sassaDOJd ftJ'jiqjo-^god ssojOB q^peajg coi-^ s CO t^ sassaa -ojd j'B!)iqjo')80d 0) joi -ja^us q^'peajq iBijiqiOjajuj <0 05IM "<*«eo-* (MOO ^ o q^pcajq ai^'Buio8^2 a«nixBraajd jo di% 0% uinuSBUi uauiBJOj ia'pjoq joua^ufe raojj q^^Suaq CO aBipxeraajd JO di^ 0^ ^sajo" i«piop -qni«j niojj q'^guaf ^saq^cajr) isi X3o|o;uoaB -|Bj a^Bjqa^jaA jo ^uara -jiBdaQ 'jaqran^ 8oib:jb3 1 s I cr 1 'cc cc 2r g t- B ^ g 02 >> f) ^1 X3 '0 'rrt . a ^ m 4J 04 'O u >J !ii «j H Oi H Oh IOC) H(JII']\T/FIC SUnVI'JY OF PORTO RICO 9 ^ ^ Q"- CQ ..^ a'^ o 2 o43 '-^ ii S o ^^ J ^ r s g — ? o;^ S w' t ^ t^ CO C<1 o^ rfi CO CfOzO Ci X X t^ X X O^ X X X X, X X X X X UOO COiO»0^ X XCD l>cO CD O t^ CD CD CD CD »-0 CO 1> OS >o 9.8 8.4 10.3 8.6 8.3 •X X OC t-^ GO X X ;^ X X y. X X X X X X rh C^? r-^ lO CO C^l Oi CO CD t^ t^ r^cD t^ r^ CD t^ CD t^ CD cot-- X r- CD X t- X X X . X 01 r-^ >o '. ^^ t^ 1- •x> CD XCD X t^ • X X X . X X t- •tH »OiO •CD X CO (N CO 1—• r-f CD X r- ai r- CD X X X X X X 't CO I- »o X 1-H CD CD CD CD CD CD Ci -ri^ '^ CD O O^ X Ci X X X X X X lO CD »0 »-0 »-0 •O "O X ».0 t^ »0 CO X 0-lr-H(MOO^C0XT-Hr-H(MO O-l C^l C^a (N «M CM (M rH Ol C<) (M (M »-0 CD UO Oi »0 CO (M to CO Tfi Tt^ CO CO O T-i ^ CSI rt^ (m' cococococococococococo ANTHOXY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO liVi Ii em arks.—The molar (text Figs. 33^ 31^ 35) of Elasmodonioinijs ap- j)eai*s to be on the peakof rodent specMalizatioii. The extreme length of ihe iooth and tlie perfeetion of its mechanical construction demonstrates ihe high plane of (hmtal development readied by this hystricomorph. The table of measuremeiits reveals a great amount of individual varia- tion. N'ariaiion in the form of the skull is slight tliroughout most of the A B jtrn/.o^.Mii8S1 Ik;. '^~K-JJIasn>o(lon1oinys ohliqiiKS. lV)rto Rico. A, obnquc aspect of superior in- ^"1" : I>, <)l)H(}ne nnterior aspect of inferior incisor ; C, maxillary molar of unworn, 'Nimuiii Icn.uM) : I), worn maxiUary molar of ag(Hl animal, showing base of tooth filled I'v <'<'nicni : E, unworn mandibular molar; F, crown view of mandibular molars of '1 nriimal. x 1/1 ^ I'ifiliirJii.za iniiiuldfa. Island of Anguilla. G, crown view of first two maxillary ''=n-s. X 1/1 '^<'^- ex(>ept for two notable examples, N^os. 17129 and 1y132. The first t ^kiill miicli larger in nearly every dimension and with a decidedly -'VKT rostrum tlian the otliers. The second has very unusual dentition, I the difference in form of the skull is the result of this. The denti- n, ]towe\er, is the most variable feature of tlie genus and scarcely any 108 HCIESTIFW SURVEY OF FORTO RICO two tooth-rows are Just alike. The variation in the size of the teeth is great and is well shown by the table of measurements. In addition, there is a renuirkable age variation that has been very puzzling until it became ])ossible, througli the abundance of material available, to trace the dif- ferent steps in the growth of the molars. In the younger animals the molars arc very long, from 31-36 mm. in length for the longest maxillary molars, the second and third, and from :U) 39 mm. for tlu; longest numdibular molar, the third. In fact, m^, in two skulls, almost touches the under surface of the frontal, having pene- trated tlie full deptli of the skull. In this early stage the laminae extend the full length of the tootli and the base is open, appearing as a cylin- drical shell of enamel al)out a bundle of parallel plates. Later, as the crown wears, the tooth pushes up from the base to keep a constant height ul)o\(' the alvtM)lar border, and cement is deposited about the base. At the immediate base there is ti slight constriction in the envelopin^^ enanu'l, and when cenu'nt is added the base is still further constricted. 11u3 alveolus (doses and shortens with the w^ear of the enamel, and in advanced age the cenuMit reaches tlie plane of wear. At this stage the crown has a boniogeneous structnre, with perhaps a snuill hole down the center, and the teeth are weak and brittle. Most of the teeth in this con- dition are l)rok(Mi off at the border of iha alveolus. At first, only 1 hiinina^ show at the l)asal end of the nuixillary molar, and as there are (! latnime appearing in the crown, the extra two are developed from the ariku'ior and posterior w^alls of the basal enveloping cylinder of enamel. I'he cross-section of the normal tooth is approximately constant at all stages oC wear except possibly in very young animals, where the crowns arc* constrict(Ml when thc^y lircnik through the alveolar border. Several s|>ecinu»ns with the third nudar only sliglitly worn show this tooth witli a (*rown smaller than the cross-section at a third of its length. In very ohl animals the (n-own surface is much reduced when the cement enters the w^earing plane. Tlie teeth shorten progressively, the premolar, as might be expected, wearing out first, followed in rotation by the molars. The greatest amount of w^ear in the upper series apparently must come upon the second and third molars, as these teeth are so much the longest. The third molar appears to be rather aberrant in its relation to the mohw series. Normally a tooth of large size and great length, it is also found ni difTtvrent stages of apparent reduction to the point of disappearance. ^'^• IT 132 lacks the last upper molar and, as on one side the bone is broken away next to the second molar, it would be possible to see the third moi:^' (*ven if it were greatly underdeveloped. In connection with the lack *>i lu*^, the other three molars are greatly enlarged, being the largest of i^''\ ANTHO]\Y, MAMMALB OF PORTO RICO 109 entire series of specimens. The unusual size of the roots of these par- ticular molars has expanded the side of the maxilla and restricted the infraorhital foramen so that it is considerably smaller than in the other s|)ecimens. Yet this specimen has a youthful appearance^, and this fact, in conjunction with the reduction or lack of development of the third upper molar shown by otiier specimens, restrains me from describing as a new genns a specimen that undoubtedly would be so described should it be found unassociated in a series. This specimen is interesting as a |)ossible example of the evolution of a new form through discontinuous ^'a^iation. The mandibular teeth vary in a similar manner. In some specimens the last molar is just breaking through the jaw, and doubtless in these cases tlie tootli would, with age, assume the full normal size. It is rather iiinisnal with the hystricomorphs, nu)re especially those w^ith unrooted molars, for the last molar to be so long in reaching a functional stage. With animals like Hydrochoenis and Capronvys, the last molar, both above and below, is functional at a much younger period. Skeleton of /^Jlds'iHodoNloniys The skeletoij of' Efasniodonloinys is similar, in some respects, to that <»r Dinomys.^ The length of each particular bone is greater in Dinoinys, as may be noted in the tables of measurements, but in special instancies tile elements are more robust in Elasmodontoniys, as, for example, the fenuir. The ratio of length of tibia to length of femur is of the same order; that is, the tibia is shorter than the femur in both cases, but more so in FjlaKmodontoinys. The calcanenm is much shorter in Elasrnodon- loinys and proportionally broader. The bones of the fore limb are shorter in the Porto Eican rodent. The ilium of Dinomys is considerably heavier and stronger than in Ehismodmiiomys, but the ilium of the latter genus is wider distally. Xo perfect scapulas (text Fig. 36) were collected, but the aggregation '>t' fragmentary specimens show that the glenoid cavity is large and the 'oracoid process strong and well developed; the constriction at the neck '"^ sliglit and the body of the scapula is of good thickness, especially along ^be borders. The spine is strong, but not very extensive; it reaches its greatest depth about midway and then passes into a long acromion. The " No skplptal material of Dinomys was available at the time that the skeleton of !l<if^uio(lontoiii}fii was described, in 1918, but since then the American Museum has re- vived a complete specimen of Dinomyn which "died at the New York Zoological Park. • 'ifortnnately, the effects of a long captivity are sliown in the dentition, but the skele- ">" appears to be little affected. \i) HCIESTIFIC ^IJK\ i:y OF PORTO RICO acromion is a strong process, rod-like in sliape, without inetacromioii, Icrniiiial bil'iircaiion or conspicuous expansion. The infraspinous fossa is (lc(»|), producing a niarked coinexity on the inner aspect of the bhido and throwing into reHef as a concavity the superior half of the inner aspect. (See Plate XXX.) r-. Xuu—-*— Am.Mus. t- Mo.t7144e>c| I'Hi. ;'.(i. NldsiiinihiiilouniH (thliqiiiiH. Porto Kico. A, oxternal aspect of loft scapula; P.. interna J aspocl ; <\ posterior aspect; 1), si)ine of scapula; E, glenoid surface of left^ scapula. X 11 Hcapuhv roUecled—;]() fragmentary bones, mostly the articulating ex- tremity, l)ut a few acromion |)rocesses are included in the series; no part of the extreme distal border is present. Al^THO^'Y, MAMMALH OF FORTO RICO H Measurements of Scapula of Elasmodontomi/s ohliquus Breadtli of head Length of head + coracoid Breadth of neck Length of free acro- mion along under side Elasmodontormjs obliquus 17144 a 10.7 10.2 10.3 10.6 10.9 11.5 11.0 19.2 18.2 18.0 18.0 18.7 20.7 20.7 14.9 14.3 . 13.4 14.3 13.2 14.3 15.6 17144 b 17144 c. . . 17144 d 17144 e. 17144 f 17144 2:.. 17144 h 32.5 17144 i 32.3 17144 j 36 3 Dinomys branickii 70354 11.0 10.1 9.9 27 . 16.7 19.5 16.8 11.7 32.0 Myopotamus coypu 1994, U. S. N. M.. .. Erethizon dorsatus 15678 35.0 17.6 Tlie clavicle (text Fig. 3?) is a strong, well-developed bone, curved at liie proximal end and expanded distally into a trnni pet-shaped terniina- lioii. l'l)o sliaft approximates a circle in cross-sectioii. (See Phile X.W.) Clavides collected.— 1, right, in perfect preservation. Measurements of Clavicle of Fjlasmodoiitomys ohliquus Flasmodontomys ohliquus 17145..; IMnomys branickii 70354 ^h/opotamus coypu 1994, U. S. N. M . . f'^Mhizon dorsatus 15673 (;rea.test length 41.6 50.0 44,8 40.3 1 ransverse breadtfi proximally 5.4 9.0 6 . 6 . () ( Jr-eatest breadth (list allV 7.1 8.6 7.3 7.4 (b'eatest breadth niidwav 4.4 5.4 4.1 3.7 ^bdy one element of tbe sternal series has been fonnd^ the presternum 1' inanubrium. Anteriorly it is somewhat expanded into a subrectan- 'ilar plate with a low, median 'keel on the anterior hall* and shallow, 't'^ral concavities for the insertion of the first costal cartihiL^es. The 112 SGIEM'IFIC SURVHY OF PORTO RICO ^ .2 o o 5 .LV77/O.Vr, MAMMALH OF PORTO RICO 1.1;; posterior half deepens into a ronglily trihedral facet for the next stern ebra. Sfernehrcv collected.— 1^ a presternnm. Measurements.-'—G reatest lengthy nini.; greatest breadth^ 15.3; l)readth at posterior facet, 9.8. The hnnierus (text Fig. 37) is sliort and somewhat lieavy. The liead is well ronnded and of good size^ the deltoid crest wcdl developed, tlie sliaft practically straight, and the supratrochlear foramen may or may not be present. The expansion of the condylar termination is very moderate. Humeri collected.-—45, of which more than half are perfect or nearly so, and a nnmber of fragments. Measurements of Humerus of Elas^iwdonfomi/s ohUquus (Jreatest length Breadth across head from bicipital groove Depth through deltoid ridge Breadth across condyles KlaHnwdonUymys ohliquus MUX a." 17141 1) 88.6 83 . 8 83.8 8,5.4 88 . 8 86.0 83.2 88.2 75.9 16.1 15.4 14.4 16.3 16.4 15.6 16.4 15.7 14.5 18.0 19.0 14.5 17.2 18.5 17.0 15.1 17.8 17.0 16.4 18.9 17.8 15.4 19.6 19.0 18.4 15.0 21.0 20 5 17141 c 20.7 17141 d.. 24 17141 (V. . 22 6 17141 f 20 8 17141 g 21 17141 h 21 2 17141 i 20.8 17141 j Dinmnys hranickii 70354 109.0 75.3 87.7 27 Myopotamus roypu 1994, U. S.N. M. . .. Erethizon dorsatus 15673 19.8 25 'Hie nina (text Fig. 38) is strong, robust and portion to the humerus. The olecranon process is the sigmoid cavity is large and deep; the coronpi iind belo^y it is a small, deep, longitudinal fossa nietacarpi pollicis; the distal articulating surfaces 'h(^ sliaft is slightly curved, the convexity facing ( liim collerfed.—Ahowt 30, jn varying degrees "Hipletely ])reserved, others lacking only the (1 '''•'^if»er of broken ends and fragments. of good length in pro- large and very strong; d process is very high, for the extensor ossis are well developed and- outward. of preservation, a few istal epiphysis; also a 11 i HCWXTIFIC HURVEY OF PORTO RICO lfi(i. '*•.*>. Ela^miulvntomifH ohiiquit.<<. Porto Kico. A, iiiiterior aspect of liglit ul^^-' l\, external aspect; C\ internal aspect; I>, posterioi- aspect. X 1/1 A^^THONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO Measiiremc7its of Ulna of Elasmodontomys ohliquus IIT) Greatest length Length of ole- cranon from border of sigmoid cavity Gross-section of shaft midwa}^ Elnsmodontoinys ohliquuH 17142 a 17142 I) 109.7 99.4 100.8* 97 . 8* 19.0 17.7 19.9 19.5 20.0 18.3 20.7 21.0 23.0 17.0 9.3 4.8x8.0 4.7 x 6.9 17142 e 5 3 X 8 () 17142 (I 5 .5x9.1 17142 e 5.2 X 8.3 17142 f 99.0* 4.7 X 8.4 17142 s 5 5x7 8 17142 h 5 4x87 DinomyH hranickii 70354 123.0 104.0 106.7 4.8 X 10.6 Myopotanius coypu 1994,11. S. N. M Ereihizon dorsatus 15673 4.3x7.7 4.7x6.6 * Lacking the distal epiphj^sis. f i :50. Ehismodtntomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right radius; P», external aspect; C, posterior aspect. X 1/1 116 HOIKNTIFW HURVEY OF rOKTO RICO The radius (text Fig. 39) is similar to the ulna in its proportions, heing strong and well developed. The shaft is evenly curved throughout the proxirrnil two-thirds of its length and each termination is expanded into a large, articulating surface, the distal termination being especially heavy and club-like, l^he tubercle is not present, but in the region it should oci^upy tliere^ is found a dee]), tendon insertion fossa. The muscle insertion ari^is ar(. exeeptionally well didined. A large, median, longi- tudinal fossa in the; proximal third oC the com^ave face of ilie shaft is possibly for attac^lmu'nt of th(^ supinator brevis and perhaps the flexor |,n)fundiis digitoriim; the pronator teres appears to be a strong muscle wrai)i)ing about the distal third of the convex face. Iladii vnlkcled.-—K\)(mi 30, of which three are complete and many olliers ncnirly so; in addition, many uncleaned and unlisted fragments. Measurements of Radius of Elasmodontomijs oUiquus Klasmodontomyii ohliqn us 17148 a 17143 1) 17143 c 17143 d . . 17143 17143 f 17143 g... . Diriorn ys bra iiickii 7{)354 Myopotimius coyp 1994, V. S. N. M. . . Ercthizon dorsatus 15073 Greatest length S7.7 83.7 8S . 76.9* 95.0 82.1 90.0 Dimensions of head 7.4 X 12.5 6.9 X 10.8 8.2x 12.2 7.1 X 11.4 7.2 x 13.1 Greatest breadth of distal extremity 10.5 10.5 11.8 Dimensions of shaft midwav 8. Ox 13.5 7.0x9.7 9.6 X 11.9 10.0 11.0 13.5 10.0 15.1 5.2 x6.2 4.2x5.7 4.3 x6.8 5.1 x7.3 4.4x6.4 5.2 X 5.9 4.8x 6.7 4.9x6,5 5.7x5.7 4.7x7.6 * hnckfi (lls(al epipl»y«ls. The ribs are normal in all respects. The head and tubercle are well (h'veloped and the sliaft throughout most of the series is not strongly cnrved. The tubercle is the highest point on the curve, as the shaft doe-^ not curve upward beyond the tubercle. Judging from the way the rii>^ fit the vertebne, the thorax of Elasmodontomys is large and broad and the strength of the ribs would support a thorax of this type. The fii^t rib is especially heavy. Ribs coUecied— 60, a number of which are complete. Memurements.—First rib: Total length, 34.3 mm.; breadth acr*' liead and tubercle, 12.9; greatest breadth midway of shaft, 5.2. Si>-^i ANTHONY, MAMMAIM OF PORTO RICO 117 rib: Total length, 75.3 mm.; breadth across head and tubercle, 14.2- greatest breadth midway of shaft, 3.7. ' The sacrnm (text Fig. 40) is a strongly fused unit of four vertebrse Ossification has not only .united all the sutures, but has built up a con- Am. Mus.No.i7i47aLxl ffeJ^^ Fig. 40.-~^E!asmodoutom.ys ohliqans. Porto Kico. Sacrum. A, dorsal aspect; B lateral aspect; C, Ventral aspect. . x 1/1 118 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO tinuous dorsal ridge of great strength. The connection of the last ver- tebra to its fellow has the least advanced ossification. The alae are strong and heavy, and while well expanded are not much wider than the transverse processes of the posterior vertebrae. The articulating surface for the ilium extends backward onto the second sacral vertebra. The dorsal outline of the sacrum curves evenly downward posteriorly and presents a condition that can be associated only with a very short tail. There is a marked reduction in the contra from the first to tlie last ver- ter])ra. Tlie foramina are all large. Sacra coUected.—22, all rather fragmentary, among which arc three that give practically all the characters of the complete sacrum. Measurements of Saerum of Elasmodontomys oMiquus Length of the sacral vertebra? Greatest breadth across anterior edge of articulation for ilium Depth through dorsal crest and second vertebra Elasmodontomys obliquus 17147 a. . 17147 b 72.5 63.5 46.3 20.0 23.0 17147 c 47.5 47.1 54.0 39.0 42.0 17147 d Dinomys hranickii* 703.54 63.0 65.0 55.0 29.0 Myopotamus coypu 1994, XL S. N. M Ereihizon dorsatus 15673 25.0 25.5 * This part of the Dinomys skeleton is articulated and measurements of the in- nominate are only approximate. The innominate (text Fig. 41) bone is very long in Elasmodontomys. The ilium constitutes about two-thirds of the total length of the innomi- nate and is widely expanded distally. The articulating surface of the ilium is oblique, between the vertical and horizontal planes, and the greater part of the expanded portion forms a broad, shallowly concave shelf adjoining the sacrum. The unexpanded ilium is trihedral in cross- section. The ischium is broad, heavy and curves evenly downward to the pubis. The tuberosity of the ischium is large and the posterior border thickened noticeably in some specimens for tendon attachment. The pubis is not completely represented in any specimen, but appears to be a rather slender element. The pubic symphysis is short and possibly the connection is only ligamentary, to judge from the parts of the pubis preserved. The acetabulum is deep and the cotyloid notch narrow; the obturator foramen is of medium size and oval in shape. AyTHONY, MAMMALS OF l*()RTO HI CO \2i) SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO o £ g c3 ;3 >^ ^' o i -S ^^^ c 9 fl G ^^^TT ffl h3 + ^ c^a 'X) r-^ ^O 'TO CO CQ Tt^ '-H X' O LO CO CC rfl C^l -rf! »0 C-J o CO )<D CO ^ 0; coco bC-Jd. o O T-H CO CO o o '^ ^ 5^ >.--_ , ROCOCO CO -O ^ tH-^ Tf< Tt^ TtH cckO '-< rH fH r—( rH ?: In, O CO Q ^ ANTII01\^Y, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 121 Irmominate hones collected.—About 60 good-sized pieces, a very few of which present nearly all the characters, and many additional frag- ments. The fenmr (text Fig. 42) is proportionally robust, tlie breadtli being jibont one-seventh of the length. Tlie liead represents a lieniispliere and I'KJ. 42. Elasmodontomys ohliquuH. I'orto Kico. A, anterior aspect of left femur B, iiiternul aspect; C, posterior aspect; I), exteriuil aspect. X 1/1 \m ^(Jl/^NTIFW HVRVllY OF PORTO RICO is sharply marked of! by the iicek. Tlie greater trochanter is very well developed; the digital fossa is capacious and deep; the lesser trochanter is large and the condylar region normal^ with deep trochlear groove. There is a well-de\'eloped fossa immediately anterior and distal to the lesser trochanter, evidently for attachment of the pectineus and perhaps one of the adductor muscles. This hone is of the type that forms a power- ful, well-muscled liind limb. Femora col feefed.—About (10, in good to fair condition; very many are [H'rfccfly c(>fn|)1elo, and there ai'ennniy broken pieces and much uncleaned ni ale rial. McasNn tncHls of the Femur o/ Flasm()d()ntom}/s obliquus Eld stnodonUnnyH obliq ii lis 17138 a..' . (1 real est l(*n^th 105 4 17138 1) 98 () 17138 c 111 7 17138 d 17138 e 17138 f 102.0 108.5 105 5 17138 g 17138 h 110.0 105 5 17138 i 106 8 17138 j DinonujM hrmackii 70354 Myopoiarn us co i/pii 1994, V. 8! N. M. . . . Erefh izon dor.sa tus 15673 104.7 130.0 96.3 104.7 Breadth Breadth Breadth across head across midwav of to trochantei' condyles shaft 31.2 25 . 14.5 28 . 24.5 13.2 34.8 26.5 14.6 32.2 25.3 13.6 29.1 25.2 14.0 29.5 13 6 32.2 26,8 13.3 33 . 1 26.7 14.0 32 . 26.7 13.2 31.2 23 . 12.1 32.0 29.0 12.8 28.8 24.3 12.2 29.1 23.4 10.7 11ie tibia (text Fig. 4:j), in por|)ortion to the femur, is very short. It is in actual length shorter than tlie femur—a rather unusual condi- tion. It is somewhat straigldvr than most rodent tibia}, the external border being only slightly curved, the crest of the anterior border with a prominent tuberosity about midway, l^he proximal end is widely ex- pandcHl into the two tub(vrosities and th(^ distal expansion is normal. The intermil malleolus is I'atluu' lon^r Tihim collected—40, of which the grc^ater ])art are well preserved, and a number of unlisted fragments. ANTBOXY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO Measurements of Tibia of Elasniodonfonii/s ohliqtius 123 Elasmodonfo?}! ys obliquus 17139 a. .' 17139 b 17139 c 17139 d 17139 e 17139 f 17139 g 17139 h 17139 1 17139 j Diriomys hranickii 70354 Myopotamus coypu 1994, U. S. N. M . . . Erethizon dorsat us 15673 (J renters t Breadth Depth through length a(;r()H8 tui)erositv on tuberosities anterior border 91.1 25 . 2 11.8 89.8 23.5 12.6 91.8 24 11.6 100.1 26.3 13.5 89.7 22.9 10.9 89.0 22.8 11.0 92.9 24.5 12.7 89.8 25.6 11.3 84.1 23.9 11.0 94.0 22.9 11.8 118.0 28.0 11.7 117.0 22.4 11.9 90. 24.0 10.0 ^A/^!^'''^' WE a'W/ ir;. 4:> Eiai^mofhtnfomyH ohlic/fius. I'orto Rleo. A, anterior aspect t)f left tibia ; B, external aspect; C, internal aspect. X 1/1 I2i ^CIENTIFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO 111 the mature animal tlie fibula (text Fig. 44) is firmly fused witli tlie tibia proAimally, but is apparently always free distally. In young individuals tlie proximal articulating surface on the tibia for the fibula is well shown. The fibula is a strongs slender element with a broad and fairly thick ])roximal terjnination and a heavy^ thickened distal end. The shaft is nearly straiglit, and in young specimens is laterally concave along tlie internal face^ especially proximally; in mature adults the shaft is roughly circular in cross-section. Fibuhr collei led.—2 complete^ and proximal ends of several others. McdHurcmcnts of Fihula of Elasmodontomys ohliquus EI/isnifHlonfotnys ohliqn us 17140 a. 17140 f) (; real est length 87 . 71 cS 17140 (• I)i n ') ni i/s bra tiickii 7();i54 9S M yopotaw u<s co }/p u 1994, U. S: N. M Erclhizoti tl.orsdins \mT.\ 99 . f) s:^ . s Greatest Greatest |)roxiiiial breadth transverse breadth midway 17.0 13.9 18 3.7 5.3 4 5 14.0 3.5 14.6 4.1 12.7 ;j . s The vertebral scMvies is quite well represented. Athis.—Hie atlas (text Fig. 45) is large and strongly built, with wide, transverse processcv^, a well-developed tubercle for the longus colli and no pronounced dorsal spine. AlhuvR collecicd,— 11, of whicli 3 are complete. Axis.—-(Text Fig. 45.) 41iis vertebra is conspicuous for the high (hu'sal spine, only slightly directed backward. The odontoid process is of good size and moderate height. A.re^ collecfcd.— 11, of wliicdi G are complete. ('(M'vicals.---^11ie cervical series is normal in every respect, containing five vertebra^ exclusive of the atlas and axis. The most noteworthy features are the thick, transverse processes and the poorly develops! dorsal spines. The third cervical has a fairly well-developed dorsal spin* and the sixth has the customary two branches of the transverse p^ocess(^- 14ie |)osterior ventral surface of fho cenirum of the fourth cervical, an^' lo a. lesser ih^n^x^ of ihe third, is built out to form a faintly indenti^' {datform quite* different from the median ridge along the centra of tl^ other cervicals. The transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth ar. ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO \2: I'l';. 44. J]l<i^in(KhtntomyH ohli</iiiiH. Porlo Uico. A, exienial nspccl. of ri.yht libula ; r>, posterior aspeci ; C, iiilenial aspect X 1/1 Am. Mus. No. 17148c ^>-- Elasmodoniomys ohliquus. I'orto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of atlas; B, anterior aspect; C, lateral aspect of axis; D, anterior aspect. X 1/1 \'li\ HCIESTIFKJ t^UKVEY OF PORTO RICO sixili ccrvicals bear a grooNc along the anterior face running from the vei'ieljral canal to the tip of the j)roceHS. Ccrvicals co/leclcd.—37, most of wliich are complete. A complete si't of live ('ervicals was found still connected with one another. Thoracics.—The first thoracic (text Fig. 46) has a very well-developed dorsal s[)in(», which is, however^ soincnvhat slender. The transverse process has an inaisiially deep concavity for the tubercle of the rib. The second thoracic lias a tall, thick dorsal spine expanded at the tip and Am.Mus.No,17148x7 Am.Mus.No.17l48fxT Fi<;. 4(;. i:in^m.u}untom;,>> nhUqnus. Porto Kico. A, lateral aspect of thoracic ver tehra : I?, anterior aspect: i\ lateral as^pect of lumbar vertebra; D, dorsal aspect; K. lateral aspect of caudal vertebra ; F, dorsal aspect. X 1/1 slightly l)ilid. A wide range of individual variation is expressed by tlb seri(^s of second thoracic V(^rtel)ra>. This vertebra has the highest spir?- of the series, and it is also the thit^kest from side to side, although sui' passed in antero-posfei-ior breadth by some of the vertebrse caudad ii tht^ seri(\s. 11)(^ remaining thoracics gradually reduce the bright of the dors;i spine, decreas(> the angle betwtvn it and the vertebral axis (so that th ANTHONY, M/iMMALS OF PORTO RICO !<>? actual length appears even less) and widen the spine antero-posteriorly. Tlie concavity for the rib tubercle appears to l)e deeper at the anterior end of the series. The transverse j)rocesses^ from about the second ver- tebra candad, are curved conspiciionsJj forward, iu some vertebrae form- ing a decided liook. The inter-centra facets for the heads of the ribs are about evenly divided between each pair of adjacent centra. Tlioracics collected.—88, the most of which are complete or nearly so. Lumbars.— (Text Fig. 46.) The lumbar vertebrae are rather large in proportion to the other vertebrae. The centrum is heavy and the processes short and thick rather than long. The dorsal spine is not very high, but is of good breadth; the mammillary process or metapophysis is short and thick; the transverse process on none of tlie series is very long, on some it is almost vestigial. There are two sets of accessory processes; the firsts in the normal position on the posterior walls of the pedicle, are long and slender; the second, above the posterior articula- tions and appearing as bifurcations from the dorsal spine, are shorter and thicker. Afcasuremcnts of Vcrtchrw of Elasniodontomi/s ohliquiis {from the Vertebra' of Numerous Individuals, Mostly y\ dulls, as far as 771a ij be Determined) Lcnijjjth of ('(uitruni \'(Tti('al dc^pth through dorsal spiue and centrum Breach h across \ I'ansverse proc(\sses -Vilas 17148 a ().7 5. 1 7.2 20.7* 20.4* 22 . ()* 8.8 8.8 7.0 8.1 7.6 7.5 8.0 9.2 9.3 8 . () 10.3 17.3 15.3 14.0 12.4 21 4 18.8 2.3 . 2 35 1 37 35.3 22.0 22.5 18.0 18.8 20.0 18.7 28.8 38.4 35.7 33.0 27.5 31.5 35.3 15.2 14.0 40 5 Atlas. . 17148 b . 41 2 Alias... Axis Axis. . .17148 c . .17148(1 17148 e 40,0 23. 0(?) 2() 0(V) Axis. . .. . . 17148 f 17148 g. . Third cervical. rhird cervical i*'ifth cervical ^'ifth cervical '^ixth cervical . . 17148 h . . 17148 i . .17148 j . .17148 k 27.8 30.9 31.3 31.0 '"^ixth cervical . .171481 27 . 8 1; irst thoracic "^ccond thoracic "^(H'ond thoracic ^ixth (?) thoracic ^Avelfth (?) thoracic. . . . ^ list (?) lumbar 5 ifth (?) lumbar.. . . . .17148 m . .17148n . . 17148 p . .17148 q . . 17148 r ..17148 s 17148 t ' 29.2 29.7 25.5 25.1 23.2 23.lt 28. 3t ' '1st or second Caudal . . " a u . . 17148 u . .17148 V 29 . * Includes odontoid process. t Breadth taken across accessory processes, instead of transverse processes. •^s K(Ui]XTiFi(j Hum ijv OF poirro uico humhars roiiechiL-m. <i (Vw ot wlniay arc perfect and others lack only tips of the processes. Sacrals.— DescrilxMl nnder sacrum. (VuHlals.-^(l\^xt FijLC. t(>.) The cauiUils are reduced in structure and arc^probablv few in number. ^Ilie transverse processes are broad but <hort, th(> dorsal si)ine is a low, thickened crest: tlK3 centrum is not ,l,Hi-ate and tlu^ anterior zygopophyses are very thick, extending forward fiom the ceutnnn as a broad \'. Cauddls coUcclcd.—0. T\h^. tarsus is re[)resented by s[)e(dinens oC tlie astragalus and cal- (-aneuni. ^Fhe astraguhis (text Fig. 4?) has a long neck and tlie articu- lating surrac(>s are all uornnd aud widl developed. The calcanenm (text I-^io-.'ir) is large and heavy and evidently ol' the jdantigrade type. Tlie ("xtcrnal portion has considtn-ahle depth and the plaidar surface is exceed- I'k;. (T. i:if!si)in(hi)i!niin/H ohliiiHiis. I'orlo Ifico. Aslnigulus, cnlcaiuMiii). two views nl lui^nial phalanx, nnd mcta lafsnl. X 11 inoiv broad, because (d' the wide (expansion of the surface that articulates with the bend of ihe astraguhis. Other bones of the tarsal series ]iav(^ not Ixmui found. , 1 sfnujnfi (•(illcclrd.— (». ( 'iihuucd col lee led.— 1 v. }fr(isinrfiie)ifs.— Astragulus: (rrt'atest. lengtli througb head, 16. t mm.: great(\^t breadth aci'oss trochlear surface, ll.T: greatest deptli tliroiigh j i-oehlear n^uion, 9.'). Calcaneum.—Oreaiest length. '29. 1 mm.: greatest breadth, 10; dei>ili of tviH' portion, IS: (vxtrena^ dcptli through articular region, 20.9. Apparently there is very little dilTerence l)etween the metacarpals and metatarsals (t(vxt Fig, !») u( Eht^iiiodonloDiys. The bones considered as metacar|)als are slightly shorter and wider than those judged to !)< nudatarsals. This animal seemingly had a generalized manns and ])e- id* five t(H>s (nich. In ])i"()|)ortion to the size of Elasniodontoinys, tbes« biincs are very short. They are not straight, but curve slightly, and th' distal articulating surfaces bear a well-develo|)cd median keel. AXTJIOXY, MAM.]fALS OF I'OHTO lilVO l->() Melacarjxjh and m efahtrsais coUe(ylhd.—15. McdsurentcfiLs,—JV'h^inhu'sal : (irecitcst Jciigtli, 25 inni.; broadtli of sluil't midway, 1.4; brcadtli ol' distal teriniDation, G.5. Tlio [)lialaiige8 (text Fig. 17) are very sliort aJid |)ro[)()rtionaUy broad. Tlie articulating surfaces are perfectly smooth, without auy median keel: tliey are concaYe proximally, convex distally. The ungual phalanx is short, broad and deep, with the termination entire, not bifid. FJiaJanges collected.—16, most of tliem perfect. Meii^fireineufH.—Dimensions ol' a sul)terniiiial phalanx, 5.4 mm. broad by 8.2' long; of an ungual phalanx, 1.7 hroad hy 5.8 dei^p by 1(1.8 long. Relationships of Elasmodontomys Miller and G id ley (11)18, ]). IIG) in their Synopsis have plac(Ml h'l((.suiodonioiiiys in the family Dinomyidae, a small group which in- < bides the fossil genera Ainhlijrliiza, Megan/ys and Telrns/yhh'^, among others. 4'his classification is a sonnd one, and nn(loid)tedly the closest relatives of Elasniodonfoniys are to be found with the Dinomyidae a-' constituted by these autliors."^^ Dliioiinjs and Ehts^Hodorilofiiys nrv alike in tlie hypsodont dev(doi)ment of tbe molars and quite similar in the lamellar striictur(^ ol' their cheek Iceib. 11u' laminated, bypsodoid mohir has l)een in(lej)endently derived in many groups, and for ihat I'cason ibis type of tooih may or may not !)(' diagnostic of relationshi]). This highly developed type ol' molar is seen in Megamys, Anihlyrhiza and Tefrasiyhis, while in slightly modified form it is found in tlu^ Januiican genera, ('lidomy.^, Spirodonloiii]j>^ and >^/)e(j.refiiis, in Pryloinoinys and in ('asloroides. In the last mimed we liave an obvious case of ])arallelism, but all the other g(Miera, with the possible ex(*eption of T)ry(oiiioniy>i, arc; ])robably within tlie same family. It may be noted, from a comparison of tlie measurements of Dinoiiiys and Kla.^inodonioniys given in the various tables, that the two are quite dissimilar in most characters, notably in the much greater breadth and 'uassiveness of the former. ^leasurements of Myocasior and Erelhizon have been included in the cables given throughout tlie treatment of the Elasmodontomys skeleton. Ilu^se two genera were selected not to imply relationship, but to serve as "* 'riie Synopsis appeared after my previous report (Memoirs, American j\riisenm of '>nt(iral History) lijid s(>i>(^ t<> press. In that report I follo\v(Hl tlie general classitica- "u as given by l»almer, North Ameriean Fauna, No. 2\\, p. <S44, 11)04, i)lacing Elaamo- '"litomi/f^ in the Chinchillidae, but reserving for it a separale subfamily. The older "Milling of genera under the rhinohillidae is well shown by Miller and Gidley to be '"tiatural. Furthermore, tlie Ameriean Museum has ae(piired material of Dhwmifs, so ' -n: an opportunity is afforded for a direct comj)arison between it and Eldsmodofifoniji.^. 130 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO types for comparison Myocastor as a normal-bodied^ semi-aquatie rodent^ ErcUiizon as a lieavy-bodied terrestrial and semi-arboreal rodent. 11i(; agreement in most eases is witli Ercthizon ratlier than witli Myocas- tor, sliowing that Elasinodontomys must liave been a heavy-bodied rodent. As to whether it was semi-arboreal^ little may be said except that the short phalanges and sliort, non-curved claws would be poor climbing devices. The indication of a short tail can not be taken as evi- dimce of any particular liabitat. Nowhere in the skeleton do there ap- |)ear to be any ])ronounced aquatic adaptations. Family IIEPTAXODONTIDAE 1017. Heptaxodontinae Aiitlioiiy, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVII, p. 180, January 29. 1918. Heptaxodoiitidao Miller and Gidl(\v, Synopsis Supergeneric Groups of llodeuts, Journ. Wash. Acad. ScL, VIII (13), p. 447, July 19. 1918. ITeptaxodoutiujje Anthony, Tndi.wnous Land Mammals of Porto Rico. p. 397, Octohor 12. Heptaxodon Anthony 1917. Ilvplaxodan Anlhony, Hull. Amei-. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVII, p. IS::, January 29. 1921. Jlcpfa.rodan Wing(\ Pattedyr-Slnegtor, 11, p. lO:]. Type.—Ileplm'odon hidens Anthony. A liystricomor[)li rodent of medium size with highly specialized denti- tion ; molar series reduc(Ml to two tectli in each jaw; molars with lamellar, redu[)licated slriictnre, sev(Mi (Muunel plates present (at least in anterior molar). Disfribulion.—Known only fi-om Porto liico; fossil. Heptaxodon bidens Anthony Text Fh^. 4S, Plate XXXVI 1917. Ilvptaxodon hidens Anthony, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVIl. p. 183, January 29. 1918. Hrpfaxodon hidm^ Anthony, lijdigenous Land Mamals of Porto Rico. p. 397, Oetoher 12. Type.-~-^No. 17101, De{)t. Ycrt. Pal./ Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. A skuJi fragment comprising palate, two molars with part of a third, and maxil lary roots of zygoma. Type localify.-~~TJtm(\o, Porto Rico. Specimens collectrd.-m,e typo skull and two hroken mandibles, eu' of which came from the Cueva Clara. ANTHOl^Y, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO \:\\ Distribution.—Known only from the Island of Porto Rico. Recorded from IJtuado (cave on property of Don Gervacio Torafio)^ from near Morovis (Cueva Clara), and from Ciales (record of Mus. Comp. ZooL). General chm'ctcters.—A good-sized rodent with two molars in each jaw, ilie molar crowns composed of seven laminae. Arr^.MuS.No.lTIOIxy Fi(i. 48. Ileptaxodon hidens. iwo views of mandible. X 1/1. 'uandibiilar molar. X S/n Utiiado, Toi-to liico. A, P>, two views of sluiU ; C, D, E, ci'ow^n view of maxillary molar ; F, crown view of t^hull.— (Text Fig. 48). Upper part of skull nnknown. Palate short, ^ -shaped, with deep postpalatal notch reaching nearly to phme of postc- 'ior borders of first molar teeth; deep median furrow in floor of maxilla} i''ading down into incisive foramina; maxillary roots of zygoma rather '^ank ; infraorbital foramen probably not very large. Mandible large and heavy; horizontal ramus deep, posterior ventral '^»r(ler expanded internally and externally. yy, sdiJxTiFic sum ijy OF roirro rico /) /•/• J ^'^ ' i>,n ^""^ • M ^--V> (Text Fig. 48.) M 1-1 1-1 Kpper: IiiciHorH inikiiowu; premolar with crown greatly elongated ant(u-o-|)08teriorlY and eomposed ol' seven parallel plates of enamel sepa- rated by d(^ntiiie, the teeth being iiieliiied outward slightly from eacli other and toward IIh^ r(^ar oi* tln^ sknll; nudar not yet functionah but e\i(lently similar to pr(^molar. Lower: Incisor very W(>ak ; ])r(Mnolar similar to upper, hnt witli six ,,,;,in enauMd lamina' ; thesc^ lamina' are so obli(pie to the tooth-row as to lie almost parallel i(» iis main axis: molar not suilicientiy np to he worn, but indicated as similar io prenudar. Mnisiir('i,i('n/s.^^~\Uvi\i\\h ol' ])alat(; at jjoint inunediately anterior to zygomatic roots, 1:; mm.; length of palate I'rom postpalatal notch to ante- rior alveolar border, 1 I mm.; length ot prenndar crown, 11.5 mm.; trans- verse breadlh <d' same loolh, 5.5 nun. ; length ol' mandible from posterior border of ineisivi' alveolus fo anterior Face oT condyle, 38 mm,; depth ol ramus + prenu)lar, Ki.l mm., 15.:}, and IT; greatest length of premolar (at alveolar plane), 1^.5 nmi., 1 l.b and \2:i; transverse breadth of same tooth, 5 mm., 1.8, and 5.3. h'cnufrL-s. II vpliLvxIon is a very highly specialized type, presenting in the character ol' its deidition a conditioti that is found in no other hvst riconiorj)h. The re(luccd dentition, only two molar teeth in each jaw, and the highly de\idoped molar in which tlie lunnher of lamime has l|een incrt>as(Ml and the ci'own (dongatcd, so that in actual space occupied the two molars are t>(piival(>nt to four, are characters of very considerable importance*. The available uuderial is scanty and it is possible that some of the eontdusions based upon this material go too far. In the tyiH* skull, the anterior tooth has a well-worn crown surface and the fragnient of the skull has th(* a])pearanee of maturity. However, the second nudar tooth lies with its crown below the alveolar border, tlic assumption being that the tooth was not yet [unctional, although we must consider as a possibility that its pn^tud; position in Wm jaw may be dis- pbuH'ment after the death of the animal. The inference that the molar sei'ies is <'ompi'ised of only two t(Mdh simmus sound enough when one make:- allowance' f(»r tlie size of the individual tecdh and the space they occupy in tlu^ jaw. The position of the inter pterygoid fossa or the postpalatal notch indicates with reaso.na))le certainty about how much of a tooth-rov we could ex|)ect to find in a pertVct skulk The condition of the speci nuMis <d' nuu)dil>le leads to a sinular line of reasoidng, namely, that th' second tooth of the molar series, although not up through tbe mandible. WTUOXW .1/1.1/ 1/. I LaS of PORTO RICO ] ;>;; is to be the last one of the row. {Stiidying the iiieehaiiieal features cle- nianded of a rodent dentition, we find that the two molars in eaeh jaw will give ample grinding surfaee and more would l)e supertluons. In fact, tlie late appearance of the scn^ond mohir tootli, to judge from the specimens, may follow^ as a result of the mechanical perfection of the first molar tooth., with its seven com])lete transverse enanud plates, which alone would seem to give snfficient 'grinding surface for the aninuil. In some ways this mnlti lamellar molar recalls features seen in the dentition of the caj)yl)ara and in the elephant, where one tootli by reason of its largcu' size takes over the major paid: of tlu^ work to he done by the molar (h'ntition. The npper premolar contains stnen distinct and separate parallel lamina^ of strong enanu^l. The cN'olution of the tootli from a ])rimary pattern of external and internal reentrants would* leave enamel on both the anterior and posterior faces of (^ju'li transverse loop. This condition is still, discernible ujider a strong nuigni lying glass, but \he anterior enanud ])late has greatly thickened, while tlie posterior has dwimlled away to the merest slieet. Idie dentine that fills in the inter-enamel s|)ace, being softer, wears a^^'ay to form a concavity, and the upstanding transverse plates of enamel act as keen shearing edges. IMie direction of tliese plates, oblique to the main axis of the tooth-row;, is matched by an obli(piity in the lower nu)lars which brings the plates above and l)elow |)arallel with each other. The lower premolar is constructed on the same scheme as the npper, witli the usual re^'ersal that is called for ])y the lower jaw^ The enamel is thickened posteriorly instead of anteriorly, aiul there are six instead of se\en plates. The anterior two plates of the lower premolar, like the posterior tw^o of the ir})per, are connected by a eontinuous, partially encircling band of enanud, indicative of the earlier ^lage throngli wdiicli tlie otlier plates passed. Sk(deton of TJepta.rodon hidcns The only part of the skeleton of this species collected is a tibia, found in the t^ave w^here the skull was fonnd. Tliis hone does not agree w^ith ^ihia of the other rodents and is conseqnently assumed to belong to f/cpfd.rodnn. The tibia is robust and rather short. In most details it resend)les 'lie tibia of EJasinodonlomySy bnt it is mnch smaller, the shaft is ^traigliter, the cnemial crest is very poorly developed, and the articula- 'ion for the fibnla is proportionally narrow^er. The bone has every ap- pearance of maturity, the epiphyses being firmly fusinl to tlie shaft, and d> size is such as to match w^ell with the sknll of Hepla.rodon. J 31 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Measurements.^-Gie^Gst length, 68.5 inm. ; dimensions of proximal termination, 12.8x16.8; dimensions of distal termination, 7.3x10.2; dimensions of shaft at a mid-point, 5 x 5.5. Iielationsliips of lleptaxodon Miller and (iidley in the SjTiopsis (1918, p. 417) erected a full family for //epfm-odon, i\w. IIe])taxodontidae, which stands as a monotypic^ ^^roiip, imlcss Morenia from the Miocene of South Auierica shonld provs^ to b(^ a iruMuher. The Jivailable material of Morcnla, isolated teeth only, is too inadcMfuaie to serve as a basis of comparison. Hie lleptaxodontidae is founded npon the mechanical dominance of the first tooth of tlie maxillary series, the reduction in the number of cheek teeth and multijaminar enamel structure, with reduplication in the anterior tootli. In. relationships tliis family approaches the Dinomyidac atid (hini(!ididae in some (characters and is placed next to these groups hy Miller and Oidli^y. I^^amily ECIIJMYIDAE 11)18. Eehiinyidae Miller and GidU'y, Supergeneric Groups of Rodents, Jourii. Wash. Acad. Sei., vril (13), p. 445, July 19. Subfamily ECITIMYINAE 11)18. Keliiiiiyinat' Miller and Gidley, 1. c, p. 445. Isolobodoii J. A. xVllen IDIG. Isolohodon J. A. Allen, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., XXVII, p. 19, Jan- uary 25. 1924. iHolohoilon IVIiller, North American Recent Mammals, p. 443. 1924. iHolohodon Win.uje, Tattedyr-Slaegter, II, p. 02. Tifpc. Jsolohodon par to lieen sis el. A. Alien. Most like Fhujiodoniia and somewhat like Caproinys; characterized by molar })attern in which external and internal reentrants are simple and only slightly oblique to the long axis of crown; molars finely ridged transversely. I)v<lnbunon.- Known only from l\)rto Ivi(H), Santo Domingo, St. Thomas, and St. Croix; fossil. Isolobodon portoricensis Allen Text Fi^s. 49^ 52, Plates XXVII-XXXIII 1910. Isohjhodon portorivoisis J. A. Allen, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., XXVM p. 19, Pis. TV, January 25. ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO l;55 191G. Isolohodon portoricemis Miller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., LXVI (12), p. 4, December, 7. 1918. Isolohodon portoricensis Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto Rico, p. 400, October 12. J.S.NcLi.Mus. No.2l7ll2x Am.Mus.No.38409 1-10. 4^.-~^Isolohodon portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, B. C, three views of skull. PUwiodonihi aulium. San Lorenzo, Santo Doniinso. D, view of sknll. X l/l \:U] HCii:\T/r/c siin rjy of roirro uico 1!HS. I.solohodon poi lariccnsi.^ Miller, Vvoc U. S. Nat. Mns., LIV, p. 507. October LI. 11)22. 1 Holohoilon pinloricvnHiH Miller, SiiHtiisoJiinii Misc. Coll., LXXIV (3), \). 3, October IG. 1!)24. I H(^l()h(Kl(>n portoricoi'^is ]Miller, North Aniericaii Recent Mammals. 1). 44;;. Ti/pe.— So, 38409a, Dept. of Mainiiuils, Anier. Mus. Nat. ITist. Jlcj)- reseiited by a skull in coinparatively good condition, lacking- the nasals and l)asio(H;i|)ital j'cgion and with oidy two tcctli (molars) present. " /V//^*" h)adUij.—('iie\a d<' hi Ceiha, near lliiiado, Porto Tvico. /hshihu/ioH. Poi'io Itico, Sanjo Domingo, St. Hionnis, and St. (h'oi.v. Fm. r»(>. A, ri(((/io(/(iiifia adhnn. S.-iii I^oronzo. Sanlo Domingo. B, Inolohodou portorh (Hsis. rtiiiido, I'orlo Uico. X t /I K(>c(.rdcd in Porto Rico from Uinado, C^abo Rojo (American Mu- seum) ; specdmens in the Musenm oT ( V)mparative Zoology from (^iales. Salinas, San (lernuin and Mamiti. (Inun-al r/iarnclrrs. ~ A lai'ge rodent about the size ot Capronri/s hichanini, idosidv rehd(Ml to rhitjifH/on/ia iVilniiH F. (^ivier and also io ^'''""- -('''''^t ''i.ii-^- I''. "'•»•) 'I'.vpically livsfTiiM.niorpli in eliavachM'; rostnini of iiiodcrate leiic;tli, (l(>(>|)er tliuii broad, nasals arched from sid'' io siile. only sliobtly cnrvcl downward From frontal plane, ascendin,'; IKirtion of proinaNilhr and nasals torniinatinp in about 'the same plane: froiitals wide and almost flat, making a broad, interorbital region witf^ searecly anv constrietion. Mctl-dexeloped postorbital processes on frontals AXTJlOXy, MAMMALS OF I'OUTO in CO \:\'] ,sinalJ, narrow Icielirymal project iiiu' aljoNo orbit as a j'oinKltMJ. ])rooi^ss: parietals at first a goiitly convex coJit in nation of frontal surface, then abruptly compressed and depressed, so that the higher portion of parietal surface is a broad \^ in shape; interparietals indistinguishable; a low hnnbdoidal crest and tlrin median vertical crest on supraoccipital. Superior outline of skull a gently curving line; depth of skull propor- tionally very shaUow; zygomatic arcli lieavy; liorizontal portion ol maxil- lary root strong, with flattened ventral face, ascending jiortion wide; jiigal wide, with broad ventral angle and terminating above in square-(;ut I'k;. 51. iHolohodon poriorii cn'^ifi. Tliiado. Torto Uico. A, ]'. C, tltrco viows of left '"iindibh*. PI(i(/io(hnrti(i <r<lii(iii. Sail Pedro dc Macoris, Saiilo Doinin.uo. D. E, V, i'htc views of niaiidiblo. X 1/1 dioulder on veidral face of ])osterior zygomatic root to form ])art of uhMioid; a, ]()w^ ronnded, ])ostorbital proc(\ss on zygomatic arch: infra- "'hital foramen large and insertion an^a ol* tlie muscle that j)ass(»s 'hrougli it (branch of masseter) well marked on maxillary; root of in- ^^nr producing a large swelling on lateral face of maxillary. Palate of moderate length, greatly constricted between premolars, ^^Hlening posteriorly; incisive foramina large, with palatal groove enter- i'^g from hetween tootli-rows; inter])terygoid notch TT-shaped with small 1 :^><s ^GIEXTJFJC SURVEY OF PORTO RJCO iiuulian spine and extending almost to anterior border of m^; interptery- goid processes low ; pterygoid fossae deep ; basioccipital region missing in specimens and cotisequcntly unknown; bulla medium-sized, rounded, nearly as broad as long. Mandible (text Fig. ol) large and strong; rami diverging broadly from symphysis ; horizontal ramus deep, with well-developed ventral margin ajid greatly prolonged angular process; symphysis long; ascend- ing rain us narrow, rising at an angle of about 45° witli molar plane; corouoid very slemku' aiid jjroportionaliy liigh, almost reaching plane of (M)n(lyle; condyle with well rounded aJid expanded surface; attacliment areas for masseter, temporal and pterygoid muscles well developed. 1-1 1-1 3-3 DetililiorL-—I, —- : Pm, —— ; M, 1-1 1-1 '3 3 : 20. (Text Figs. 50, 51, 52.) Teetli unrooted, with persistent pulp. Upj)er: Incisors simph^, ungroovcd, rattier weak; premolar with simple ci'uwn patterji, an internal reentrant angle, which meets an external reentrant, the inner somewhat deeper than the outer, and an additional smaller (external r(\hitrant, the enamel covered by cc;m(vnt witii nmnerous fine, parallel ridges transverse to the long axis of tlie tooth ; nudars similar to premolar, but with only one reentrant from eitlier sid(^ dividing tooth into halves, the plane of iliese divisiojis inclined forward froiu right angles to axis of tooth-row. Lower: Similar to upper; incisors weak; premolar with one main reentrant from external and internal sides, smaM anterior external reentrant and small anterior internal ])rojecting spur; molars witli one deep external and two shallower interiial reentrants; cement on enamel of lowi^r molar series finely j-idged, as on upper molars. Sk-uUs colhvU>d,~~~U more or less complete skulls, of which 10 arc in fair (condition, and numy fragments of broken skulls. Mandibles colleded.-~~^00, the greater number of which are nearh complete, and uidisted fragments. 1''h;. rrJ.- {'<(>l<^hoih)}i ]}()> lorivcnsis. UhuKh), Torto llico LaU'r.-d view oC luolai' tooth to show stflutions in ceinont. X 1 ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO VM) S.)Uv)S jtqotu JOWl,) -ui JO JAisn|.)x-) 'ojqipuinii jo 'jaquinu an3o{ sauo8 iv,\oxu K.xv,\\i\'Xi\n JO q^SU9{ JB|08A1Y 121119'^ -STjip JO q'j3u9''j lj09A[B 9AIS -loui o^ qo^jo'u 1 B '4 Ti } TJ d 4 S O (I 'r)?BjT;d JO q:)Sua'i ain'jns ^jiqilxBursid 'Jt; Tiinj jsoj JO q^doQ s*[T,'Kt;(i JO qjSua-j o.in4 -SO.I JO q^pt?9JH aui[-piiu 'nnoye sjuc^iioijjo i{;pt?ojq q^pHOjq oijTUUoSA^;^ otq|ixTJui -ojd JO di) o^ S[T!c>tdioooTJjdns a' QOiOOOO iM O QO C<1 Tf CO Tt^ Tf 10 lO lO iQ «0 COCO 'Mrf (M fO lO 'O >0 CO Oi r~> t>. r^ t- 1>. i> r- 1^ t^ ^ , ^- 1^ fi O lO lO lO »0 «0 lO lO lO to --< ^5 ^-^ QOOOOOOOOOOU^OCC COC^JC^ CD(M OtOO O50Ot^t>Ci000000 O O -^ 00 'O o»oo >0»Ort*Tj<Tf •O Tj^ .O O O 00 CO t- ot-o t^ CO O t^ CO lO CO »o to r^ -t 00 ^ ic ' 00 <o . . -^ -^' • • Ol C^J : O I- <>\ c h CO CO'l^C OOTt<0!MKCS|iO O O O O lO lO <o lO o OOOOOQOOOOOO 1) c; Cm v^ 10 t<Cli:STIFI(J HUR\ IJY OF PORTO RICO f!('i„(irks, fsolohodori fiiKls its closet relative in F. Cuvier's Flagio- fhnifla; iype loealiiy Santo I)()niin<!:o, from, whieh it diO'ers as follows: PhH/iodoHllH has iioiie(nihly heavier (leiititioii aiul the molar crowns ahove, while containiii<^ the same elements as those of Isolo'bodon, have them arrang(>(l (liHerently, the reentrants of Plagiodontia being much more oblique to the tooth-row axis and the external reentrant passing by the internal inst(^a(l of meeting it sqnarel}', as in IsoJohodon; the molars of ri(((/i()d()t>ll(i show none of the peculiar transverse ridging of cement on their (Miamel. riHijiodonUa lacks the conspicncms swelling on the maxillary caused l)y the root of the incusor; the incisive foramina are more |)inche(l together ])osteri()rly than in Isolohodon; the niandible of riaglodoniin is dcM'idedly the h(^avi(-r and stronger; the lower teeth are larger, but tlu^ crowJi })atlerns are very sin)ilar, except that the lingnal r(('ntrants an' i\vv.\n^v in Plaglodonlui: the root of the incisor produces a rounded swi^lling on tho inside of the mandible near the first molar, and the angular process is shortc^r and mnch broader than in Isolohodon. l*rol)al)ly Plagiodonlid was a- I'ather larger animal throughont tlian lsohd)odon. (See Tlate XXIX.) Idle teeth of Isolohodon, like those of CnproonjR arid some other hystri- e(>morj>hs, underg(^ very considerahlc gro\\dh from tlie time they hrst appear. The full ^o\, of molars is present in very young aninnds and the tccih are exact duplicates of the adult molars exce[)t for size. I'hey show wear Viuw eai'ly in life, and conseipierdly an immature specimen may very easily ])ass for a, full-grown adult. Fliis is especially so in tlie casc^ of the nunulibula. As the animal grows older the teeth not only maintain their Indght aboxc the ramus, hut increasii in cross-section as w(dl Tlu* o|)en base of tlie tooth, with its ])ersistent pulp, permits this growth to occur. Sk«deton of Lsoloffodon porloricensis (See riates XXX XXXllI) 11ie scajHila is sinnlar to that of Capromys pUoridc.s, except that tlu» latti^' is al)out 50 ])er cent largcu- and proportionally heavier. The Ixxly is very wide, the s})ine is nearly median in position, the acromion process is very long and the coracoid is well developed. The acromion is fre(^ from attachnuvnt to the blade for a distance ecpial to about half the length of the scapula. J/>'((-s";/rr'///f'///.s.— (ireatest length, II mm.; greatest breadth, midlin* of spine to inferior angle, 18.; greatest breadth, midline of spine to anb^- r'io?' .superior l)order, \l\ : length of a<'romion and free })ortion of spine, "3'». AXT/f()\\\ MAMMALS OF POHTO RICO 1 Malcridl coHccicfL—8 iK^nrly coniplote seapnljr, 1 G rra|»niontai*y. Two hones, incoinploii', suspccii'd of heiiiu' chniolos, pro\(^^ too inado- ([(laio to l)(^ (]est'ril)CMl with ('(M'titudo. The hiimeriKs has a practically straii^ht Hliaft, a full, nearly spherical liead, dee]) bicipital groove, gix^atly dcNcloped deltoid crest, slightly ex- panded condylar region, and small, snpra-trochlear foramen. Tlie hu- merus is })ro]iortioually stout, but it is surprisingly short for an animal with such a large skull. Idu^ deltoid ridge shows a marked posterior dellection of the l)order. ffunicri colh'cfcd.—22, of which 5 ar(> nearly conndete. .]f('<fsui'CHK'nfH of Hnmcrus of if^(>loJ}o(lon portoriccnsis (; rout est leng-fh Breadth of liead from hicipital jrroove / .solohodon portoricensi :^84()9 1 40962 a 4()9(V2 b 4()0()2 (' 4()1)()2 (1 / ^Idqiodontia acdi uni * '217127 ( V/ pro tny.s piloriflcs 41054 ( 'npromys ihoroc(iin>^\ 128"l6 1 45 7 8.4 ! 4() . 7 9.7 1 4.*^ . S 9 . j 50 . 1 9.2 59.:^ 1 10.9 {y.\ . 1 12.8 41.7 1 8.2 Breadth aci'oss deltoid ri(}g(^ 9.8 8 . 9.0 9 . 11.4 13.:^, 8 . I^readth across condylar region 12.0 12.3 11 .0 14.4 1 2 . 15.2 18.4 11.4 = <'<)ll(H'(i()n of V. S. Nat. :\rus. Concctioii oi* Mns. fomp. Zo()l. The fsoloho(/uii Irumerus carries out the impression of the size given '.V the femur, although it is (piite short for an animal with a skull the size '!' ^'(iproinj/s iiielanuru.^. The measnrenu^iits will show tlie greatest dif- ' lence Ixdween tlu^ hunu»rj of Jsio/ohodon , Flaf/iodoiifia and (jajyromys, ';"n(*!y, that of siz(^ ; the details of structure^ are identical, wdth tlie exeep- "11 <d' the marked deflection of the deltoid ridge in IsoJohodon, not to be '5111(1 in the other genera. The ulna has a long, gently curving shaft, a heavy olecranon process ''I ii W(dl-de\(do|)ed styloid ])rocess. lluu'e is a well-denned fossa just "w I he coronoid process. ^ hi(v coHf>('f(>d.~~-il], nu)st of which ai'e in a fair state of |)reservation, '''' of tliem ])ractically complete. 142 ^CU^JNTIFIC HURVf^Y OF PORTO RICO MeaHuremcnts of Ulna of Isolohodon portoricensis length Isolohodon portoricensis 38409 m * 40963 a 40963 b Capromys pilorides 41054 51.7 72.8 Length of ole- cranon from border of sigmoid cavity Greatest antero- posterior depth about midwaA- 4.7 4.0 4.8 5.8 The ulna varies considerably in length with the individual in- the series collected . It resenibh^s the ulna of Capromys pilorides down to minute (h'tails. The radius is proportionally rather robust, Avith a well-curved shaft, moderately expanded at eitluu- end for the articulating surfaces. UadM coUecled.—21, of wliicli one is j)erfect and several lack only the distal epiphysis, Mcitsuroitmts of Radius of Isolohodon portoricensis (ireatest length Isolohodon porlorircti .s/n 38109 n 409(J4a. . 1,7 40964 b. . . 409()4 (• Coprom f/s pilorides 41054. 57 . ( rHMitest length minus distal epiphysis 41,5 40.7 42.2 39.4 53.0 Greatest trans- verse breadth of proximal articulation 6.5 6.2 6.4 5.9 8.2 The radius of Isolohodon is practically a diminutive of the Capromiis radius, resembling it in.every way. Tlie ribs indicate a compressed and deepened tliorax and are perfectly normal. 41iey liave well-dmeloped heads and tubercles and the greatest amoutd: of curve is sil uated proximally. 41u' shafts are of good strength. with a cross-section widely oval ratlier than flattened. Ribs cdleded.---~^o, a great many of which are complete. Measurements.~-^A vxh from about tbe middle of the series is 47.3 mm. long by 2.5 wide at a mid-point; a similar rib of Capromm pUorid^'^ measures 54.3 by 2.7. ^ ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 143 'Jlie ribs^ while not showing as many characters as the other bones of the skeleton^ appear to agree well with the ribs of Caproniys. Tlie sacrum presents no peculiarities of specialization and is composed of four vertebra*^ the anterior three very firmly ankylosed, the posterior one not completely fused with its neighbor. The alae are wide, the ex- panded transverse processes form a continuous lateral sheet, the neural spines are rather low, and the main axis of the sacrum is but slightly curved. Sacra collected.—Only one; this one, however, in nearly perfect con- dition, Ko. 38409 h. Measurements.—Breadth across ala^, 31.3 mm.; length through cen- trum, 39; greatest transverse extent at third sacral, 16.7; greatest depth at third sacral, 11. The sacrum of Isolohodon resembles tliat of Caproniys piloridcs very closely, the greatest differences being the liigher neural spines and the slightly larger size of the latter. No sacrum of Plagiodontia is available for comparison. Ilie innominate shows no characters of unusual import. I'his bone in holohodoih is practically identical with that of Flagiodontia and is very i'losely approximated in living rodents by Caproniys pilorides. Tlie ilium is widely expanded at the surface for attachment to tlie sacrum ; tliis surface is bounded externally by a high, sharp crest along the ventral border of the ilium; there is a noticeable tuberosity for tbe rectus IVmoris. Hie ischium is broad and well developed and bears a prominent spine. The pubis apparently is quite variable in breadth, but in most of tlie specimens is rather more than half as Avide as the ischium; it also Ix^ars a spine. Ossification at the symphysis a})pareirtly does not tak(^ :)la(^c. l'lu> ac(itabulum is large and well cupped; the obturator forann^n is rougldy oval in outline. The resemblance, except for the matter of size, between the innomi- iiates of Jsolohodon and a small adult Caproniys pilorides is very close. The proportions are nearly the same, Isolohodon having somewhat the longer, more slender bone. Innominate hones collected.—(j6^ in varying states of completeness, a H'w in very good shape, and many fragments. II mjn:xTJFic hvryey of porto rico MvuHurcmcnts of Innominate Bone of Isolohodon portoricensis fsolobodon portori- censis 3S409 j 40958 a 40958 b 40958 c 40958 d riogioiiotitid onliirni'^ 200414. . 217127 (^((pntftn/s piloriffrs 41054 Greatest length of ilium from border of icetabulum 46.5? 48.8 49-2? 49.0? 54. S Greatest breadth of ilium 19.0 20 . 4 Least transverse breadth of ilium 7.5 7.5 8.0 6.9 8.0 7.6 8.3 S.3 Breadth of ischium -f- pubis 26.2? 29 . 3 84.8 Dimensions of obturator foramen 10 X 17.3 — X 18.8 11 X 19.5 11 X 18.0? 10.3 X 19.2 1 1 . 8 X— 11.8 X--- 13.2 X 24.0 * Collcclion of r. S. NaL Afiis. V lioiios souH^whiit l)n)k«'ii, but moasureiiieiit eini bo taken with considerable degree of iiccuraey. 1'he femur of fsolof^ot/oN is like tliat of Capronu/s in its shorty tliiek shaft and \s\iU\ greater trochanter. 'I1ic liead is almost a lictnisplierc, the (li<j:ital fossa is (hn^p and extensive, tlie greater troehaiitor is very well (lev(»lo})e(l and rngose, the ](\sser trochanter is a h)W tubercle, th<> posterior and interior aspects are well marked for inusclo attachnient, the condyles are heavy and the trochh^ar surface is long and narrow. FcNiora col lee led.— 10, a few of winch are practically complete, beside^ unlist(Ml fragments. ]f('OHUi'(ni('nts of Femur of l.^olahnflnn porlorieenniji Transvers( (h'eatest length iHolobodon portoricenms 38409 1 40959 a 40959 b. 40959 e Plagiodontia aedi urn* 217113. Capromys pilorides 41054 young adult . breadth across greater trochanter and head 65,3 ()0.3 20.0 16.2 74.1 78.0 18.8 18.6 23.7 Transverse breadth of shaft midway 8.8 6.8 8.8 7.3 6.6 10 Transverse breadth across condyles 15.2 14.1 14.5 15.7 19.2 Collection of V. S. Nat. Mm ANTHONY, AfAMAIALS OF PORTO RICO 1 It will be noted I'roiti the measiirements that the feiuur of* Plagiodontia is much longer and proportionally more slender than in Isolohodon. In this respeet the hitter genns nuieh more closely reserid)h^s Capronn/s, and in view of the close resemblance in other cliaracters between Tsolo- hodon and Plagiodontia, it is rather surprising to find such a differeuce in the femora. The range of variation sliown by the series of Isolohodon femora is qnite extensive^ the points of greatest variation being tlie length and thickness of the shaft, doubtless age characters. The smaller bones are apt to be fnlly as rugose and showing nuiscle attachment areas as distinctly as tlie larger^ but the adult characters seem to a])])ear at snch an early stage that size and incompletely ossified epiphyses are considered to be the only criteria of age. The tibia is long, slemler and with a noticeabl}' bent shaft. The bead is well (^xpan(hMl and tbe difh^-ent grooves for tendons and areas for inuscle attaclnn(^id. are W{dl marked. Tihiiv collected.—51, in a fair state of ])!'eser\'ation, sotnc^ conrpleie, and many broken fra<?ments. ]\tcasuremcHt8 of Tihia of I solohodon portoriccnsij^ • (;rran\s< lonKtl) Ilr(\a(hli ;i('r()ss 1uhrr()siti(\s (< rent est doptii from ciTst thi'ough to j)()sterior face I solohodon portoricensis 38409 k 40960 a 40960 h . 68 . 70.8 15.4 15.0 6.5 6.9 7.7 409()0 c ... 8,0 / *l(iqiodonlia a edi tint * 217113 72 3 71 4 78.5 16.0 1().0 19,0 6,4 217127. 9 ' 'dpromys pilorides 41054 8.S * CoHeetion of U. S. Nat. Miis. 1'he Isolohodon tibia is very similar to that of FlagiodorUia, bearing 'Ut, however, somewhat tbe same difference expressed in the femur, the !"nger liind leg of Plcigiodontia. Caprowys pilorides has a tibia of the - nne type, but proportionally more robust. The fd)ula is a long^ xavy slender bone, terminating proximally in a idely expanded, fan-sha]KMl sheet, and distally in a thickened and o^ved knob. A thin, sharp crest ex teiuls along the greater part of the ternal surface. ^46 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO FUmlw collected.—lo, of which i are nearly complete, lacking only a, |)ortion o(' eitlier termination. ]\lcaHur('fnei}ts of Fihuhi of Uolobodon porlorlccnsis 1mlohodo n porUmcc n n / -s 4()9(>1 Ji 409()1 h 40901 (' (Uiprom i/x pilon'dcs 41054 . (i real est length Breadth of proximal termination Greatest breadth of distal termination 5S 5.8 11.0 6.0 68.7 15.7 .8.4 Xo fihuln of riaf/iodouHa is available bnt a comparison of the Isolo- hoiIoN fibula Willi the (ibiila of Capromys pilorides shows agreement in nil the ess(Mi1iai>, the latter animal, however, having a thicker and slronger fibula. Relationships of Isolohodon Isolohodoih is iiiH[uesti()nably one of the Capromys group, close reseiu- bhiiuM^s Ixang obvious throughont tlie skeleton. The relationship seems to be more with the larger s|)ecies, such as Capromys pilorides and C. iiuddiniras, tliaii with the stnaller, such as Geocaproniys thoracatus. In j)oiiit of size Isolohodon is intermediate between the two gronps coming the (dosesf, in size of the sku)], to C. melanurus. The Porto Eican animal is also related to riafjiodtjnlia. The latter is somewhat larger than Isolohodon and appears to be more slenderly ])roportioned bnt tlie two genera lia\'(^ a nund)er of characters in common. Isolohodon })orloricensis gives evidence of heing the last mammal to IxH^ome extinct on Porto Pico. Its hemes are fonnd on the surface in many undisturbed ca\es and are a common find in the shell-heaps along the coast ami inland where the Indians were wont to congregate. That it was a common article of diet among them, there is no doubt, as in the shell-heaps and in caves where the bones are mingled with broken pottery and ashes the association is unquestionable. Some of the bones show signs of having been burned. Probably the fact that the Indians fed on Isolohodon porioricensis explains its rather wide range, since it may easily have been carried from one island to the other by them, and for this reason it may be difficult to assign to it its true original habitat. If more extended search proves it to have been common on Santo T)<^ mingo, this island may be shown to have been the original center of (lis ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 117 persal. It is unlikely that its pririiitive range included both Santo Domingo and Porto Rico, becan.se no differentiation between specimens from the two places is seen. Family ECIIIMYIDAP] 1<)1S. Ecliimyidae Miller and Gidley, Supergeneric Groups of Rodents, Jonrn. Wash. Aead. Sei., VIII (L3), p. 445, July 10. Heteropsomys Anthony lt)H>. HcUyropHOiuys Anthony, Ann. New York Aead. Sci., XXV'II, p. 202, August 9. 11)24. Heteropsomys Winge, Pattodyr-Slaegter, IT, p. 103. Tijpe.—Heteropsomys insulans Anthony. A fair-sized hystricomorph rodent, with rather full, rounded brain- case, postorbital process on frontal, proportionally small infraorbital fora- men, rooted molars with simple crown pattern of reentrant angles and en- closed enamel lakes, incisive foramina small and opening laterally into a specialized area surrounded by a thin wall of bone, and large foramen magnum. Distribution.—Known only from Porto Rico; fossil. Heteropsomys insulans Anthony Text Figs. 53, 54, Plates XXXIA^-XXXVI 11)10. Heteropsomys insulans Anthony, Ann. New York Acad. Scl., XXVI I, p. 202, August 9. 1016. Heteropsom,ys insulans Miller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., LXVI (12), n. 1, and passim in text. l-MT. Heteropsomys insulans Anthony, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVIl, p. 187, January 29. 1->1-S. Heteropsomys insulans Anthony, Indigenous I.and INIammals of Porto Rico, p. 407, October 12. Type,-~l^o. 14172, Dept. of Vert. Pal., Araer. Mns. Nat. Hist. The ^^|)e is a skull in a good state of preservation, lacking one incisor and i<'iir molars, the nasals, one zygomatic arch and a bulla. A mandible is 'i^^ociated with the cranium and several other bones ot tlie skel<;ton, as '•^Hows: 3 vertebra^ an ulna and a femur. /'///>c locality.—Near Utuado, Cueva de la Ceiba, Hacienda Jobo, Porto i:n-o. IHstrihution.—Known only from the Island of Porto Rico; found at ^ iiado and at Morovis. 'General characters.—Skull roughly resembling that of Capromys ' ^^I'nii in size and appearance. 1 18 ^CINXTJFIC Hl'in i:)' OF rOJlTO RICO SlnilL— (Text Fig. oo.) IJursal oiitiiiie gcjitly curving Itoiii tip uf Jiasals to |nirii'tal region^ then abruptly eur\'uig downward; nasals un- kjiown; ascending portion of preniaxilla not reaciiing to nasal termina- tion ; iaclirymai indicated as iarge^ i'rontai witli well-developed postor- bital process, interorbital constriction sliglit; parietals strongly convex; siipra-occipitals with low^ sharp^ sagittal crest. Zygcmiatic arch strojig rn;. :»:;. Ih f, run.^owns iiiKiihniH. T^tuado, Porto Itico. A, B C three viewf^ Kkull: !>, vi.nv or nmn.lihlo. < 1 i. nowon.omifH antillcn.,!.,. Oiales, Porto Kico. vws\ (.r Mviiii -11 AXTHOXY, MAMMALS OF rORTO RICO 149 and lieaAj; jngal with a ])r()iiiiiHMit posterior ])i-ocess and a low sii[)erior postorbital proee^^s ; zygomatic root of squariiosal lieavv; mastoid process not developed; infraorbital foramen oi' medium size. Palate short, ])arallel-sided, posterior ematgination \''-sliaped, reacliijig almost to pos- terior plane of first molar; incisive foramina set in a large median ex- cavation into wliicli tlie_y open obliquely from tlic sides; pterygoid processes fairly strong; })ulla; of medium size, slightly compressed; i)ar- occipital processes large; foranum magnum very large. ]\landible of fair size, with well-developed muscle-insertion areas; coronoid low and W(nd\, about as higli as (M)ndyle; angular ])rocess long jiimI slender. 1-1 1-1 3-;^ Dentition.—J, • Pm, • M, ==: ;i?0. (Text Fig. 5:]. 1-t 1-1 ;]-:] Upper : Incisors rather weak but very long, the roots being seated at base of anterior zygomatic root, ihe course of tlie tooth discernible as a s\^'elling on face of premaxilla^ and maxilbc; premolar and molars similar, with a single internal median reentrant and three eiiclosed lakes; crowns short, roots short and bhmt. Lower: Similar to npper, Avitli weak incisor and four molar teeth of identical pattern; molar crowns with a shallow, median, external re- entrant and two lakes. Skulls collected.—2, the i\]H} and the palatal portion, of an innnature skull. Mandibles collected.— 1, com])lete except for m... and tip of angular j)rocess. Honiopsomys Anthony V.)\l. Homopsomys Anthony, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI I, p. 187, January 29. li>24. Homopsomys Winge, Fattedyr-Slaester, IT, p. 104. Type —Homopsom ys an tillen sis An thon y Similar to Ileteropsomys, but differing in the diaracters of longer palate, flatter interorbital region and heavier incisors. Pistrihfflion.—Known only from Porto Pico; fossil. Homopsoniys aiitilleiisis Anthony Text Fi^^ r>:i, Platos XXXV-XXXVr *''17, Homopsomys antillensis Anthony, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVIl, p. 187, January 29. •*1'S. Homopsomys antillcyisis Anthony, Indigenous Land Mammals of Porto Rieo, p. 408, Octoher 12. 150 8GIENTIFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO S9TJ9S jLV,\oin j^pqip -u-Bui JO q')3u9j j[T?|09A|y 9[^p -1109 JO J9pjOq J0U9JU1S OJ Sn|09A{'B 9AlSpUI uiojj ©{qiptreul JO *qiSu97 mm JO qjplJ9J(| 9S.19ASU"BJX S9IJ9H .iu[<)m JO i|)i^u9{ .iiqo9A|Y i?ur9>'Kq) JO ({|.fia9^[ ,U1 9[)!K -til oviqud JO qq)i;9.i^| Siq09Ap? OAjSU) -ui o; ij,)|oa pj|iqi.'d -^sod '9Mqi.'(i JO ijji^ihyf ajtijlis' A.nq|ixinu \\i um.iJH(U JO qjpT?9.i^j 9Hn.)uri?j(| JO qj[n?9a^{ ij q)ii9.[t| JijinuoxfA'^ q)pt?OJ(( [r^H{.K)J9juj siqo -9AJW t)Aisi.)iH o^ lunu 'jiinu uoiuiuoj .lop.KXj jou9Mn; uKuj q|iiu,Kj ^K.u,) p?p -H)p(jun5| o\ yr.\[i\\nu -9.[d JO di\ UKUJ q|!(iuoq Alveolar length of mandi- bular molar series OCvJ 00 00 . 10 iO TtJ tH • rH rH T—t >— ) f-i 03 , ^ 03 ~ c CO •OC C> CO Breadth of palate inside m^ Alveolar length of maxillary molar series 10 t-O Lengthof dias- tema CO 00 Length of palate from postpalatal notch to incisive alveolus CO Inter- orbital breadth 000 000 Breadth of brain- case -^" --- --"-- Zygo- matic breadth c T— ( * c3 2 1-H 42 T— ( c ANTHONY. MAMMALS 'OF PORTO RICO 151 Type.—No. 17102, Dopt. Vert. Pal., Ainer. Mus. Nat. Hist. The broken anterior half of a skull with no teeth. Type locality.—Utuado, Porto Eieo. Distribution.—Known only from the Island of Porto Eico. Eecorded from the type locality, cave on the property of Don Gervacio Toraiio, and from Ciales (record of Mus. Comp. ZooL). General characters.—A good-sized rodent witli sliort-rooted molars, (•losely related to Heteropsomys insulans. Skull.— (Text Fig. 53.) Very miicli as in the genus neteropsoniys. .Hasals unkjiown; iiiterorbital region fiat, })ostorbital processes well de- veloped; parietals convex; jugal lieavy, with posterior ventral process and a short posterior process where jngal meets squamosal; palate parallel- sided, posterior emargination V-shaped, reaching posterior plane of m^; palate at diastema but slightly concave; zygomatic root of maxilla broad and strong; bulla small; foramen magnum large. Mandible slightly larger than that of Ileteropsoniys; root of incisor producing a large rounded swelling on external face of ascending ramus. Dentition.—As far as known, identical with that of Heteropsomys except for slightly heavier incisors. 8IcuUs collected.—1, the type. In addition I have been loaned a skull with a mandible of this species found near Ciales by Dr. G. M. Allen, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Mandibles collected.— 5, more or less fragmentary; one is perfect ex- cel )t for the loss of three molars. Remarlts.—llomopsoinys is very closely related to lIeteropso}tiys. In- deed, it may be that the two forms should be considered congeneric, and I would make them so but for the fact that the material at hand is rather inadequate. Additional collecting may bring to light more specimens and disclose cliaracters now unknown. To avoid confusion and an un- necessary shifting of names, the status of lloinopsoinys is left unchanged. The ditrerences between the two genera, such as the length of the naJate, the noticeable size difference, the incisors heavier in Homopsornys (han in Ileteropsoriiys, and the more convex frontals in the latter genus, <!!'e borne out by tlie skull collected at Ciales and loaned to me by Dr. G. d. Allen, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. These differences are nch, however, as may well be included within the limits of a single genus. i'iie amount of variation due to age being unknown for this restricted -i'oup, due allowance must be made for such changes, although the differ- ices noted appear to be beyond the ordinary range of age variation. be few parts of the skeletons of these two forms are described without ly attempt at distinction, as it is very doubtful if distinction is possible. 152 i^O/HXT/F/C HUn\ FY OF PORTO RICO A few ol" tlu' boiH'H were (Icliriiicly associatrMl with tho type skull and are so Jii(lieat(Ml in the following desc'riptions. Skeletons of Ifeferopsoinys and If oniopsouiys Text Fi^. 54 On aeeouni of the scarcity of material of these two genera, it is not possible at present to go into great detail. The fev\^ limb bones col- \^^^\i^\— femora, innominate, ulna and radius— vrn fortunately do not give anv great insight into the tru(^ mitnre of tlie animals' skeletons. They do not show any highly specialized characters and agree as well with ('(iproinys as with Pasj/proclfi or any other hystrieoniorpli having general- ized iijyper lind) bones. The ^erteb^e, liowever, agree significantly with ihosc of tlie Dasyin'octidae. Because of a suspected relationship between l,',(j. 54. IleivroitKomyH ifisulatiM. rtundo, Porto Uico. Two views of atlas and t\v<» views of liunhar v<M'tel)ra. X 1/1 these two gc^nera and the l)asy|)roctidae, on tlie basis of skull characters, additional chines were sought in tlie skeleton, but the material is too in- adiHpiate to |)ermit ot conchisivt* statenuMits. A further difficulty lies ni tlie im|)ossibility of establishing definite^ associations in a cave fauna, nuiking the idi^ntification of unsjiecialized bones a ])robleni. The ulna is about equal in length to the femur. The olecranon process is very strong and widely expanded distally; the sigmoid cavity is excep- tionally larg(^; the styloid ])rocess is well developed; and the shaft is slightly en rvcd. Mnsclc attachment arenas arc conspicHums. I'but' roUechuL— o, two of which are perfect and appear to be asso- ciated with the type skull of neleropHonii/s. Measurements.—(ireatest length, ()7.3 mm.; length of olecranon from sigmoid cavity, 10.3; dimensions of shaft at a mid-point, 3.6 by 5.6. The radius is well proportioned, with well-developed articulating sur AXTHOXr, 1/ IJ/ 1/,1/vaV of PORTO JllCO 15;] faces. Th(^ shaft is but sliditlv ciir\e<l and .its sni-race is stron«:ly marked by teiidoiis and innseles. Radii collecfed.— 1, in perfect condition. Measurenients.—Greatest length, 48 mm.; dimensions of articulating surfaces, proximal, 4.2 l)y 6.8; distal, 5.7 by £}.(^', dimensions of shaft at a mid-point, 2.5 by 3.2. 4'wo innominate bones provisionally referred to this group are normal in character. The ilium is abruptly expanded along the intermil margin and the articulating surface is deeply nurrked. The ischium and ])ubis ai'c incomplete, but aj)parently arc^ unspt^cialized in any way. The acetabulum is deep. Innoniinata collecfed.—^^ both fragmentary. Measuremenis.—Transverse breadth of ilium near acetabulum, re- spectively, 8.5 mm., 9.7; transverse breadth of ilium at expanded portion, 14.2, 13; greatest dianu^ter of acetabulum, 11.3, 10.1. The femur is a strong bone, rather more slender than in iJapromys piloridcs. The head is full and symmetrical, the trochanters are very well developed, the lesser projecting as a noticeable process from the inter- trochanteric ridge, the digital fossa is deep, the condyles are heavy and the third trochanter is faintly indicated on the shaft. The muscle inser- tion areas on the posterior face of the femur are well nuirked. Femora collecicd,—5, one of which is perfect and is associated with the ty|)c skull of Jfeferopsoivys. Two fenu)ra loaned by the Museum of ('omparative Zoology are referrcMl to this group; they were collected ru^ar Ciales. Measurements o/ Femora of Heteropsomys insulans and Honiopsomi/s antiUensis Length, heacl to condyles Diameter of head Transverse breadth of shaft at mid-point Breadth across condyles 17157 a 17157 b... 7i.3 68.8 68.5 9.3 8.5 8.2 8 5 9.8 7.8 7.6 7 (\ 16.9 15 17157 c 14 5 10133*. * Collection of Mus, Comp. ZoiH. Three vertebra^, from the cave where the type skull of Heteropsomys was taken are provisionally associated with the type. They are an atlas, <i thoracic and a lumbar vertebra. 151: SCIENTIFIC mjRviyy of forto rico Tli(} atlas (text Fig. 5i) is of ample proportions, with broad, strong transverse processes and a well-developed tubercle. The foramina are all large and the two vcaitral foramina on each side open outward in a com- mon foramen, as in Dasyprocta, MeasuremGrUs.—BYenilth across transverse processes, 27.8 mm.; ver- tm\l depth through tubercle, 14.6. Hie vertebral series is represented by scanty material. Thoracic verlehra,—The. thoracic is rather small, with a well-developed dorsal s])ine, strong transvcM'se processes and tlie posterior zygopophyses ingb up on thi^ expanded base of Die dorsal s])irie. Meaj^iireiHcii/s.- \h-(^iu\\h across transverse processes, 14; length of ('('id: rum, 5.4. Lumbal- vertebra.-— (Ti^xi Fig. 54.) The lumbar is of good size with well-developed processes. The mammillary processes are long, but some- wliat narrow, tlie dorsal |)rocess is low, tlie zygopophyses are robust and the ac^cessory processes are sboi't. Agreement witli the lumhars of /)((>iiffH'()c(a is readily a|)parent. Measuremenls,—Lmg\^l of centrum, 11.8; vertical depth through (lorsal spine, 14.6. Relationships ol Ileteropsomys and Ilomopsoinys In disc'ussing the relationships of Ileteropsomys and Homopsomys in a |)revious paj)er (Aidliony, 1917) 1 pointed out the strong resemblances betw(H^n tliese genera and the Dasyproctidae, creating the Heteropsomyi- nm as a subfamily of Dasyproctidae. Since then, Miller and Gidley's al)le paper on the Supergeneric Groups of Rodents (1918) has appeared and olfers a g(*neral classification more iu keeping witli available matcfial than ibe looser grou])ing of earlier workers. Accepting their bases ol classification, I have reconsidered tlie relationsliips of the Ileteropsomyi- nae and can no longer believe tbat tliese two genera are Dasyproctidae. Miller and Gidlcy liave used in their key for the Hystricoidae the de- \(4opment and importance of tlie lachrymal bone. In Ileteropsomys ih^"^ lachrymal appears to be (pnte typically of the Bchimyidae pattern and so much rmlikc^ the lacbrymal of tlu^ Dasyproctidae as to more than offset ih(» converging characters. However, wliile 1 have included these two genera of Porto Eican fossils in the Echimyidae, I still tbink tbat they are rather widely distinct from many of the genera iTicluded in Miller and Gidley's Echimyinae, the sub- family where tliese authors have included Ileteropsomys and Homop- somys. Aside from a general similarity in the structure of the molars, ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 155 tlie lachrymal^ the bullae^ etc.^ there are very striking differences between llu^se two genera and any of the s])iny rats, siicli as the hirge foranu^n itiagiinni, the we]l-deveh)ped postorbital process on the frontal, the in- cisive foramina oj)ening into a specialized area and the rounded brain case—characters not seen in Proechimys, Loncheres and their allies. A hint of the specialized incisive forapina is seen in the skull of Loncheres grandis. The many resemblances between Heteropsomys and Homopsomys and the Dasyproctidae are probably best treated as parallelisms. OiiDETi EDENTATA Family MECxALONICHIDAE 1889. Megalonyeidae Amegliino, Mam. Fos. Rep. Arg., p. 665. Acratocnus Anthony n)1(». Avruiovnui^ Antlioiiy, Aim. N(nv York Acad. Sei., XXVIF, p. 195, August 9. 19l'.*J. AcratocnuH AVing(\ Patl(Hlyr-Sl;H\gt(M\ T, p. ?A1\, Ti/pr.—/( crafocnus odoufrujofi us Antliony. A small, gronnd-slotli relat(Ml to llapulopH of tlu3 Santa (h'uz and Mvcpilocniis of (hd)a, and cliaracterized l)y trigonal canines, largi^ preor- hital fossa^, sagittal crest, synrphyseal tongue on mandible, small size and light limb bones. Distrihufion.—Known only from Porto Pico; fossil. Acratocnus odoiitrigoniis Anthony Tvxt Figs. .55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64 70, 72. 74, 77 S4, riates XXXVI I -XLIII, xivvr-Lrv 1916. Acratocnus odontrigonus Antliony, Ann. New York Aead. Sci., XXVIT, p. 195, August 9. 1I>18. Acratocnus odontrigonus Anthony, Indigenous T.and Mammals of Porto Rico, p. 412, October 12. Type.~N^o. 14170, Dept. Yert. Pal., Amer. Miis. N"at. Hist. The type '^ the anterior portion of a skull extending to the interorbital region ' )ove and to the first alveolus of the molar series below. The riglit ' nvine is the only tooth present. Three fragments of the mandibular ^nri are associated with the skull. Type locality.—Cueva de la Ceiba, Hacienda Jobo, near Utuado, Porto «'C0. fdistribution.—Known only from the Island of Porto Pico. Pecorded ir)(; i^iUEXTiFia sum fjv of roirro rico froiri I Ituado, Morovis and Ciales ((Jial(38 is the record of tlie Museum of (Comparative Zoolo^^y). Skulls rollrrlrd— 14^ five of whieli are iu>arly e()iiij)lete;, tlie other speei- nieiis l)eiii<^' broken rostra) portions. A mini[)(M' of loose teeth and Fr<5. rtr,. AvrutoouLs o<ffiiitri(jonu8. UtuacJo, Forto Uico. >X 1/1 MU'dlkn- ])i«^ees M' skull eolleeted iindoubtedlv are to be associated will! these. Mandibles rolled ciL-~~\:^ s|ieeirneiis, of whieli none arc perfect, but sev(>ral ha\e ])oth ranu f)res(>rved in part and the assemblage gives most ui' the characters. ANTirOXY, M.iMMALS OF PORTO RICO |57 (fcneral deHcriiilion.—A siiiall ground-slotli rcLitcMl to MegalocnuH of Cuba, but a iiiueli lightor-liiubed, smaller animal. Skiili."— (Text Fig8. 55, 57, 59, (JO, (>2, U,) Hostnim sbort and very wide, strongly eon \ ex from side to si(b^, broader tbaii dee]), greatest m Mus No.l7l69x:f Fi<;. nu. A( raloimix iiuijor. Utiuulo, I'orto Kico. X 11 " Tlio acipiisitJoii of additional material luis oiiablcd me to add to the original de ^'iptioii and to (M)rr<H't Unpressiun.s wliicli were ))aKed uiion inadequate specimens. 158 HCIENTlFiC 8URVI'JY OF PORTO RICO breadth across canines, nasals completely fused with each other and with the maxilla'; frontals broad and sliglitly convex, with thickened, sub- terete, })ostorl)ital processes; parietals mncli depressed below frontal plane and witli a marked postorbital constriction; a high, stroiig, sagittal crest from frontals to the high lambdoidal crest. Sujierior ontline (text Fig. 59) a well-curved line with highest point over parietal region ; lachrvmal dnct with a large, external opening walled a})Oiit 1)V bone; maxillary with a well-marked articulation for malar; malar (text Fig. 64) a large element with long, high, postorbital process and hicking a posterior articulation with skull; posterior zygomatic root a, strong, thick process; ventral outline with palate sloping downward from canines. Palate parallel-sided throughout region of cheek-teeth, but Widening out abruptly to meet tlie caniiu^s in front; a deep, subelliptical constric- tion from ea(;h side in the palate, the preorbital fossa, between the first <)f tlie cheek-teeth and the canine; postpalatal notch reaching about to the fourth cluH^k-teeth ; |)terygoid regi(m apparently similar to that of Unnhipn^; glcnoi<l broad and o()en ; occii)itaI condyles large aiul ])ro- tru<ling. Maiulible (text V\ii:^. 57, 62) strong and heavy; horizontal ramus dee]) and nearly straigbt, with rouruhnl swelling on ventral surface due to root of last tooth of molar series; a small, but well-developed, symphyse^d fongue presi'id ;'- ascending ramus broad, with a strong, high condyle greatly (wpanded transvers(dy and a low, wide coronoid process; angular pnx^ess broad and rounded. 1 1 d-^t Dentihon. i\ ---; clK^ck-tcH^th, ==: 18. (Text Fi^s. 59, 02, Or>.) 1 1 ':)-:] Upper: Cainne heavy and trigonal, strongly curved, with face worn to give shar|), triangular cutting edge; cheek-teeth all similar, with long crowns. o]>en roots and elliptical cross-section, the enamel forming trans- viu-s(» anterior and posterior cutting edges with a concavity between them. liower: ("anine strong and straight, with flat, internal face, rest of tlie periphery convex, the cutting edge worn flat and producing a sharp- poiided tooth ; molars similar to those of upper series. MrasarrnicNls.— Svv tabhss, pages 162, 167. "Al iho time Ajralornns oiJontrigoniis was described (1916) the fragmentary maii- flthulnr mjitoria! avnUal^Io led nie to suppose this .i,^eniis lacked a symphyseal tongue on tlie niaiHlihle nn erroneous conclusion, as disclosed by material acquired later. ANTHONY, MAMMALt^ OF PORTO RICO 159 Acralocnus major Anthony Text Fi.Jj:s. 56, 58, ()1, (n], 71, 1?,, 75, 70, 71), 82, Plates XLIV XLVII, XLIX-^I., IJl, \A\ 11)18. Acratocntis major Antlioiij^ Iiidigeiious Land Mammals of Porto Rico, p. 412, October 12. Type.—'No. 17169, Dept. A^ert. Pal., Amer. Mns. N'at. Hist.; repre- sented by a broken skull and mandible, part of a scapula, fragments of both humeri, both uln^e in perfect condition, part of a radius, a badly broken pelvic girdle, a broken femur, one tibia nearly perfect and part of the other, end of a fibula, both calcanea, one of them perfect, an astragulus, a number of phalanges from manus and pes, and a number of vertebrae. The skull represents the posterior parts of the braincase and basicranial region nearly to the posterior nares; a fragment of the frontals and maxillary is present; and the mandible comprises both liorizontal rami with all the teeth present, but badly fractured. One upper canine, loose, was collected. Type locality.—Cave on the property of Don Gervacio Toraho, near IJtnado, Porto Eico. Distrihuiion.—Found only at the type locality. Specimens collected.—Only tlie type. (jeneral characters.—Very similar to Acralocnus odonlrUjonus but larger and heavier and with different skull characters. Slcull.— (Text Figs. 56, 58, 61, 63.) Large and very massive; frontals broad, with ])eg-like ))()st()rbital processc^s; laclvrymal aiul maxillary fused wiili root of malar ;^-' zygomati(^ root of scjuamosal very thick aiul strong and sending back a proniineut ridge to the laml)doidal crest; sagittal crest high and thick; glenoid with a broad, longitudinal concavity; basioccipital elevated noticeably above plane of basisphenoid. Mandible very heavy and strong, with a short but thick symphyseal buigue; very similar in general structure to mandible of odontrigonus. Dentition.—Similar to that of odontrigonus, but considerably heavier; dipper dentition represented by canine only. Measurements.—See table of measurements given for Acratocnus. I'^ige 162. ' Possibly due to advjinced age. 160 ^CU^NTIFIC SUUVi'JY OF PORTO RICO AXTHOKY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 161 \()2 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO SOlJtJS JtJjOlU jjjmqipurnii jo !{)jiiTio| it?[O0AiV' j • ooooc ^ S0U9S ai?|Oiu JO tnu,n8T?ip aw]nqiput;ui jo q^Su^J'-j 12.4 11.7 12.5 12.3 10.8 6 5? 10.0 9.0 15.0 12.0? 12.5 o siR^qduii^s p q-^Sua^j 40.5 '38;6' 35.8 33.7 lO iC O »0 O CD •»OCD(NO(MI^ • Tt^ CO rt^ "^ lO CO o ssojjt? ajqiputnu jo qVp'BOJj^x t^ . . . CO ... . 38"4 35. 5 36^0 44.0 35.0 CO sauas j^{oio jo q^oo^ piiooas \v, mmv.j {T?:)uozijoq jo q^claQ anauo!j p?asA:qduj^s jo dij o% a|i?p -uoa tuojj ajqipuTJiu jo q-jguaq ajqq)iit3ui jo joqmmi anSop?^T:Q [ ,Ov!i|lxinu JO qjauo] j;rjo>)v|\ piouaqds-i^^iiq pm; jsoa.) qjo ))-^{a,»q.> xasii in Ttiua^ft'i.q) jo qjSua'i q)0()}->[aaqo pt{o.),)« apisui a^tqini |o q^pRaaj] q)00)->fooqj piiojos apiKjno ajiqtid jo q^ptiajj.} t{.>)ou jouajm: o; (j.^ou pmq»;d-)«(Hl '.)).!p;d jo i})Suaq Kj.nq) piuiAji|,)t!{ ()) joijajscxi sp:)ti<).ij )() qqiisaj^j s.Hiuni.) S8()j.)n tuiva:>soj p q)pi;,)i}.{ aAoqt? asB.iiiuuq jo "q^peaj^ iioijoujsuo.) |K}iqio -)8()d vw asuatriHjq jo qVpuaj^f sassaa -ojd prjtqj(i|«od ssoj.>»? mpuajj^j saj.^puoa prjidraoo >l ttinjjsoj JO dij tiiojj ' q'^Suoq 1^ lO CO C^ • t^ O O »0 to CO cc rf<OCDt^caO(NCCTtl>OOOi COCOCOCOCO'—Ii-Ht—It—It—IrHr-l — C-. cr. c --M -t O 'O X c; CCCcOO rc -*" CsJT) ^ >0 (M :0(MC; (M «0(M .0 >o '- t- "OOO^ • O to CO • (M • O O CO -f O5C0t>- '00 -0000000 ot^o -co ^ o c c; 'O CO ci • O 'O OC' CO CO O -ro tuniuuja |o jaquinii anaopni:j Vj "r" p OC Ci C — ' C>J ro iC O -H (N ^^KOiCcOCOCCCCf^CMCMC^ ANTHONY, MAMM iLS OF PORTO RICO 1G3 1 (5 1 ^CIIJXTIFia SURMJY OF PORTO RWO Mus.No. 17158x4- '''" '"><'. AcrdhxHHs t>ih>iifri</(nnis nouns, riundo, I\.iM(» Ric* ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO \{^:^ Am.Mus.No.l7l69>c Fig. C)1.—Acrcitocnus niajor. Utuado, Porto Rico. X 1/1 Am.Mus.Nd.l7l64x-j- Via. (52. Airatocnus odontrigouKS. Utuado, Porto lUco. X 1/1 1 ()G ^OIICXTIFIC /^IJUVKY OF PORTO RICO ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 167 o t» _c! cocr. oco o-d o dc50-H "m.- ° G^ t* X X X X Oi -M fc- Q H OCOXO X'odt-id e -fi oo CO 00 ill C<3 r^ d-H X X X X 5 = 1 .Or- COf>i « ^ t^ COCO C *-' c^ o a OOO ^ £S g^t X X X o oo QC t-ac' « a 5 CO o C-l o cc c-~ o CO o 4,-z: • CO CO CO or !0 » a ^ l^ gcf X X X X X X S c ^ COOCOCOCOO 5^2 d c; d 05 c; 05 a^'t; a; 3 ^^ III Ol CO 't^ t-. (/"' o t^ t, t^l^i^r^ r- t^ r^ t- r^ r- *-- C ri 53 3 "'" O c - 22 -C CNl^CO §^o dood •s t- ^ O u XXX l>OcO .o>o«o M X cooN-q c +^ o-d c OCoi^ •- (-; C h'xi *'' X X X X S"*; — >0 'O t- x .5 o o Q a CO CONOCO M X! >oeo o C-rt^ .2 c g (M '-"-' ^ ^ 9-.T X X X 0) <U >-i 1 M Ci CO't CO so -G OCOt^Tf C 4J O +-; o oroooi •^ tn O "2 «H 4J g«^ X X X X Q S OCOOl^ t^ CO r- CO s.sg _0 (y- >0C0 05 r-idoj GO G O G'G 0) 0; S w} XXX a 6 i ooco 5^2 doox o tx 0) JO il ss ir c (M ^t r-^C^OlCVI o r^ h, (^ r^ t^i^r>.t^ !:!3o 1 IG8 HaiENTJFlC PURVEY OF PORTO RICO Skeleton of Acratocnus Both species^ odonirigon'Us and major, are treated in the following description. The scapula (text Fig. ^^, Plate XLl) is large and strong, the blade divided into two nearly equal parts by the well-developed spine. The prescapidar fossa is about equal in extent to the postscapular fossa. A lnt'";(* eoraco-scapuhir foi'juneii is ])resent. I^he eoracoid is strong an<l '''Jf = - <><> Ao-atocniis odontriffonN.^. Morovis, rorto Itico. r.eft seapnla. A, exteiMial aKjH'ct ; l\, glenoid snrfjicc. X 1/1 heavy. The glenoid cavity is spacious and well cupped; the articulatiug surface for the clavicle is extensive. Tlie large subscapular fossa, i\w well-(k'velo})cd ridges and muscle insertion areas, all indicate a very powerful fore lind). Acralocnus odontrigonus has the scapula consider- ably smaller tlian in major, but tlie structures appear to be identical. Scapulcv conecled.~-~A. odonfrigonus, 15, of which one is perfect; A. major, the proximal ends of botli scapuhe. ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO Measurements of Scapula of Aeratocnus 16!) Dimensions of glenoid 15 x23 14 x21,6 13 X . . 16 x24.0 16.8x24.0 16 x25.5 Breadth of neck from coraco- scapular foramen Greatest breadth of coracoid process Greatest length, coracoid to edge of blade Greatest breadth of blade at right angles to spine A . odontri- qonus 17360 a.. . 28.0 23.7 25.0 30.0 29.6 31.0 17360 b 1 7360 e 17716 a... 17716 b... 20.0 16.5 125 m 73 A. major 17169 ''J'lie luimeriis (text Figgi. 67^ G8, PLites XLIX, L) is a stroiig, heavy boiie^ very liigiily developed tlirougliout. The head is inoderatelj full and spherical^ the tuberosities are strong and the position of the bicipital groove is occupied by twin grooves. The deltoid ridge is greatly de- NX'loped and is expanded to form conspicuous internal and external crests, the former ending distally in a strong tubercle. The distal termination of the bone is broadly expanded and a wide flange for the supinator ex- tends proximally almost half way up the sliaft. The entepicondylar foramen is large and there is a small supratrochlear fossa. The internal condyle is very large and promim^nt. Tlie entire bone is deeply marked by attachment areas. The humerus of major is much the larger of tlie two species^ but pre- s(^rves practically the same details of structure. Ilumeri collected.—A., odonirigonus, 25, of wliich several are perfect and others nearly so; .1. major, the proximal end of one, the distal end of another. 170 BGIENTlFfO HIWVEY OF PORTO RICO WAi\ i!'l B 'ill! «'i(i. {\J,~~A<r(tto<'nHH odontriffomi.s. ITtimdo, Poito Itico. A, aiilerior aspect of IniirHnnis; li, o.vternal asp^ntt:. X 1/1 ANTHONY, MAMMAL8 OF PORTO RKJO 171 Fir,. OS.—Acratocntis odontrigatius. Utuado, Porto Rico. Posterior aspect of riglit humerus. X 1/1 \n HCUyNTlFIC PURVEY OF PORTO RICO 1-S P3 ^ QJ east breadt shaft, tak posteriorly O CO ^ C: «0 O l^ >^ O t^ O Ti^ rrJrC'^"'-<r:cO(NCOCOCOr^»C o r-i ^'^o t bre nded trem o o o o o xoi> CO C<J (X) ^ !^ ^ ocdcN c^ ?? C3 X IQ »C »-C -^ lO »0 LO CO CO ^ a<3^ ^ >< — oj <i; « 1^.^,1^ 5 a; 'T3 bC ^'^ I'C ^ Tt<t->.0:OOC^CO».0»Ot^OCO CO lr "o O 'X O"- Tt^ C^ C: QC r-H r-^ 'X O OC' Tt^ CTJ 4^ /^4^^„^JrHr-HfMC^rHfM^ CM !l; ^ -M CL cS-O c^U **-! o=' »0 O X' o o o >c CO X O CO »o O T-^ LO t^ J-- CO CO CO CO CO x: > H bC C -! o 0^ O & a; X3 p-4 +-i '^ C3 'd. P 0) x: o a O X t^ X o o ox LO O LO LO o cj -O o TJ a; t*-.' &CX3 .^ 0'T3 Qj ^cOcocOcOcCcocOcOcO»—It—<i— I gCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOt^b-l^ ^co ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 17; J 1Mic clavicle (text Fig. 69) is short and thicks with a curved, twisted .<ha('t and. hirge sternal articuhition. Clavicles collected,—2, one of them perfect. Measurements.—Greatest length, 56 mm.; dimensions of sliaft mid- way, 4 X 7.7. The nlna (text Figs. 70, 71, Plate L) is a strong, heavy bone, regu- larly curved from tip to tip, with the convexity directed posteriorly. The olecranon is short and thick, the sigmoid cavity large but shallow, and the distal articulation nearly flat, with scarcely any concavity. The pos- terior l)order is broad tliroughout its extreme length and slightly convex Fi(3. GO. Acratocnus odontrifjonus. TJtuado, I'orto Kico. Anterior aspect of clavicle. X 1/1 from sid(j to side. There is a deep, longitudinal fossa along the proximal tlir(H3-quarters of the internal aspect, and, in some individuals, a strong longitudinal ridge along the middle portion of the external aspect. The idiia of major is much more massive than that of odonlrigonus and is tiiori^ rugose throughout the attacliment areas. T\\q sliaft is decidedly concaAe along both the external and internal faces. IJhm collected.—A. odon trigonus, 23 and a number of smaller frag- ments; seven ulnae are perfect and others are nearly so; A. major, two idiia^ in a perfect state of preservation. MeaHitrcmenis of IJlrui of Acnitooru.H Cireatest length Length of olecranon from sigmoid cavity Dimensions of shaft at a mid point Diameter of sigmoid cavity mlontriqoniis 17362 a . 160.0 138.0* 20.0 24.0 25.5 25.5 10. Ox 17.0 7.3x 17.6 8.6x 19.0 7.3 X 16.2 8.5 X 18.0 7. Ox 19.4 7. Ox 13.7 7. Ox 18.0 13.4 X21.6 21.0 17362 b 20.5 17362 c 21.0 17362 d 19.0 17362 e 17711 a 17716 150.5 139.0 156.6 171.0 18.0 18.0 22.0 26.0 23.0 18.8 17716 g . 20.0 tnafor 17169 25.0 racking distal epiphysis. l?t ^(JIENTIFKJ ^VR\ I'^Y OF PORTO RIVO I'm;. 70. Amilociuis odonir\(jnnufi. T'tuado, Porto Rico. IiUornal aspoet of right iiln; X 1/1 ANTHONY, MAMMALIA OF POBTO RICO 1T5 /J^''/ ;# m\ \'k ''' l\% \\ ,-.\» B \\\ m mm l\.-~A<r„U,mm>> major. Ctaado, ro>-«, Itic. A, iu.t,n-ic„- aspei't of lisUl ul li, intcrnul iispect ; C. poslciioi- iisiiccl. X 1/1 ire SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO The radius (text Fig. 72^ Plate XLVIII) is a broad, flat bone with a strongly bowed shaft. The proximal termination is nearly circular and evenly concave^ the tubercle is large and the distal extremity ends in a long, suboval concavity. The shaft is broader than deep throughout the proximal third ; at this {)oint it expands rather abruptly to a considerable ii Fio. Tl. Avratocnus odontrUjonuR. Morovis, Porto Kico. Anterior aspect of rigU" radius, x 1/1 breadth and this breadth is maintained to tlie distal extremity; pos teriorly this expanded portion is concave. This bone is well marked h} muscle areas and tendon grooves. The radius of A. major differs only in its much greater strength. Radii collected,~^A. odonirigonus, 37, of which 12 are practical)^ perfect; .4. major, a proximal and a distal portion. Al^^THO^Y, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO Measurements of Radius of Aeratoenus Greatest length Dimensions of proximal Dimensions of distal Least trans- verse breadth Greatest transvers(^ termination termination of shaft })readth of shaft A. odpntri- gonus 17364 a... 128.8 15.0 X 18.0 11.6 23.5 17364 b. . . 112.0 13.0x16.0 13.0 X 19.0 10.0 14.0 17364 c. . . 113.0 13. Ox 14.4 14.0x21.0 9.6 19.0 17716 h... 119.0 13.6 X 14.5 15.7x23.0 10.7 18.0 17716 j... 120.8 12.0x14.2 15. Ox 19.6 10.7 16.0 17716 k... 131.0 16.0x17.5 18.4x26.3 12.0 21.8 A. major 17169 •• 16.5x20.0 13.7 The ribs (text Fig. 73) are very strong and heavy, with broadly ex- panded shaft. The sliaft curves evenly tliroiighont most of its length and there is no apparent angle. The head and tubercle are botli well developed. Pig. 7.3. Aeratoenus. Porto Rico. Ribs. X 1/1 Ribs collected.—392, many of them badly broken. Measiirements.—1st rib: length, 65 mm.; dimensions of shaft midwav, A portion of the sternum (text Fig. 74), with parts of 4 sternebra? nd costal attachments, shows that this part of the skeleton was lieavy nd well proportioned. 1 78 HCINXTIFKJ SUn\ /'JY OF PORTO RICO A presteruuiii, fused with one of the first ribs^ is large and heavy, witli a broad anterior lij), j)rolono(Ml beyon*! tlie attaclnnent of the first rib, and with a strong tuberele on the ventral surface posteriorly. I'M!. 7 1. AiiiihiiiiKs ndoiifriffotiits. Moj-ovis. Porlo iJieo. Kxlernjil asjK'ct sh'nicbrjr. X 11 -^^ Am.Mus.No.l7l69xj '''f*'- "*'*- ArnitfttuKH major, riujuio, I'orto Uivo. Lateral aspect of left iim<)niiiial<v X l/l Several i'ragfnents of the saeruni sliow that it is very thiek and heavv, with a low dorsal ridge and not st^ry widely expanded ahe. Sacra roUevletL— T fragments. Meajinrements.'-~-\,vn^ of two centra, 36 mm.; breadth across ahv Tt ; depth through dorsal ridge, 31.5. ANTBOXr, MAMMALS OF rOHTO RlVi) l^i) The innominate bone (text Figs. 75^ 7()) is large and inassi\e. Only broken fragments of this element were eollected, but they are sufificient to show that Acratocnus has a heavy, widely expanded ilinm, a short, massive ischium with expanded posterior border and long pubes which I'use firmly at the sympliysis. llie acetabulum is (h^ep and the cotyloid notch well developed. Innoiiiinafe hones coUected.—47 ])ieces, rejiresenting probal)ly 4 indi- \ iduals at least, one of wliicli is A. iiidjor. ' • T'J. A( nilovutii^ }))iij(n\ I'tuiulo, Porlo liico. Portion of ('\[)aiHj(Hl lllmii. X 1,1 ^Icdsureinents.—All of .1. major. Least breadth of ilium near tabulum, 35.7 mm.; approximate breadth of ex))anded portion of '111, 110; length of ischium from acetabulum, 51; greatest diameter 'cetabulum, 31 ; length of pubic symphysis, 17.1. Hie femur (text Figs. 77-7(S, Plates LI, Lll), altliougb \'ery strong ! robust, has not acquired tlie extremely ex))an(led sbaft characteristic *"ost of the mend)ers of tliis family. Lhe head is very well rcamded, nnetrical, and represents a hemisphere; the C()nstri(^tion at the neck 180 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO .',<; -.--Arratiunus o<lontrioon,>^. Morovis, Porto Uico. A, anterloi' aspect of rigi^ femur ; B, internal aspect. X 1/1 ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 181 78. Amatovnus odontriuonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. Posterior aspect of right femur, x 1/1 \H2 ^CiEXTfF/C ^UHVJ^Y OF PORTO RICO 1*8 slight aiul the fossa for the ligaiiieiituiri teres is large and well defined. Hie greater trochanter is thiek^ rugose and rather low^ not reaching to tlie top of the head; and the lesser trochanter is a well-developed tubercle. There is no digital fossa^ hut a A^ell-marked intertrochanteric ridge is present. Hie third trochanter is a long^ low^ thickened ridge on the ex- ternal border* of the shaft. '^Fhe concludes are large and heavy and the trochhni is broad. The sliaft narrows from eitlier extremity toward th(» inichUe aii<l n<nvh(»re throiiglioiit the mid-])ortion is nearly as Av-ide as nt citlier (\\tremiiy. Attaclimeiit areas niv very Avell indicated. 11u^ variation in size shown hy thc^ series of ieniora is considera])h\ 'The feinu]' of the lype, as chance had it, is (me of the smallest and cons(Mpi(Mi(ly gav(» the early impression that Uio Porto Hican sloth was a, mu(di h'gliter-nmhed ainniai tluin it now a])j)eaTS to be. Several of the series of femora are smaller and slender^ like the type femur, but most of them are noticealdy more robust. None of them approach in this re- spect the femur of McgalocmiH. The f(miur of A. major is decidedly heaviivr than tliat of (xUnilngonuH, as will be seen by the table of measure- ments, l)ut in the few characters to be obtained from the broken speci- mens doi»s not appear to differ otherwise. Femora colh'cled.^-^-A . odontrigomis, 37, of which 20 are perfect or nearly so; A. iiiitjor, a head and distal extremity. ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 18:5 W^ o rl CO ^ 2 ^ t» a kT n ^ i ^• 0) -^ 4^ C P. C CP Qi a ^ 7J Q ^5 ^ brea t dis hird c3 «+-, SJ n +^ 03 ^ M rj O o c3 X5 tH i X3 hr^ ^ 3o PQ" O CO t-4 ;-» a:) a; Oj o fl rj iM ^£3 ^i^ § M 53 «-< •^ be OQOOOO OCOrt* Ot^ OC rt< COCO rH TJ^ Tip tJ^ TJ4 T^ 00 lO O CO ^ CO CO lO'^ ir^ cOrtH:000'^00»OCOO COCO, 000>^0t^»0rt^ lOOOTt^OOiOOOOTH Tt^ O0rt^ O O Tf o »oo O O Oi CO t- ''^ T}^ Tt^ CO "^ "^ "^ O o3 -^CO "^ CO' C0C0COC0C0(MT-Hr-iCO COCOCOCOCOr-Ht>-t>.l-^ OCOC001005CO(N»OX CO r^ioco«0(M<:oc^(Mi>co c-1 (M(MC<J<M(NCNICN!MCS|(M CO O CO O "^ o 184 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO The tibia (text Figs. 79, 80, Plate XLVII) has an expanded, knob-like proximal termination and a broad, flattened distal end. The shaft, viewed from in front, is nearly straight, with a gentle concavity ex- ternally; from the rear this concavity is much more pronounced. The Fig. to.—Aeratocnus major. Utuado. Porto Kico. A, anterior aspect of right til)i;i X 1/1. Avratoenus oclontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. B, anterior aspect of riiiil'5 tibia. X 1/1 articulating surfaces at each extremity are large and nearly flat. Tiic articulation for the flbula faces obliquely downward and slightly forwar^l- The shaft is rather smooth and not roughened by muscle attachment-, but the tendon grooves on the distal extremity are deep and well define' i A:S^THOIiY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 185 The tibia of A, major is much the heavier and more rugose of the two species. * TihicB collected.—A. odontrigonus, 36, a number of which are perfect; A. major, 1 complete and the proximal extremity of the other. ' '•'• 80. Aeratocnus odontrigonns. Morovis, Porto Ilico. A, external aspect of riulit tibia ; B, posterior aspect. X 1/1 180 SCUJNTIFIC mJllVEY OF PORTO RICO ^JS iQOO OiO cooo l>0C50l> ±2 ^-^ O « ^ c3 g ^—4 ^ P5 O^OOOOCOOOO COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CO C/j CO CO ^ '^ -rt^ >0 CO CO CX) Tt^COOOOOt^TtHO o^t^oo^-^ooo COTt^CO'^CO'^TfTttTtl »o »o o c o o cooo '-I o <r! --4 CM rH (M rH . ci-D 073 a^T3 S G S^(M »0 10 lO 10 iC 1—< CO CO 02 ^t^t^t^i^t^t^T-Hi—41— t ^CO (jii-HT—(T-<r-<rHi-H|>.l>>»|>» Oi—( AJS[TH0:^Y, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 1S7 The fibula (text Fig. 81, Plate XLVIIJ) is not fus<3d to the tibia at cither extremity and is a strong, well-(levelo|)ed bone. Proxinially it lerrninates in a fiat^ expanded sheet and distally in a thickened club-lik(^ jaiob. The shaft is slightly curved, with the convexity directed outward. fmw W:^ 1 ^\. ~ Avrutix nus oilonirifionus. IJliiado, Porto Kico. A, external fiHpect of loft fibula ; B, posterior aspect. X 1/1 I f)e fibnhi of A. major differs, as far as may be determined from tlie " ilabU.^ material, only in its much greater size and massiveness. 'ihul(e collected.—.1. odonlrigonus, 27, of which 11 are complete; •^ ''^(^jor, 2 proximal and 1 distal termination. 188 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Measuretnents of Filmla of Acratocnus A. odfmtrigonus 17176 a... . 17176 b... 17176 c. . . 17176(1.... 17176e. . . . 17716 p.. . 17716 q... 17716 r. . . . A. major 17169 Greatest length 109.0 lU.O 115.8 115.0 130 4 Breadth across proximal termination 21.0 21.0 20.6 19.0 24.3 21.0 Breadth across distal termination 17.0 16.0 17.0 17.2 15.0 18.6 18.7 22.0 Dimensioiifs of shaft at a mid-point 8.0 X 9.4x 7.4x 9. Ox 10. Ox 7.3 X 9.0 X 10.0 12. 7x 7.S 8.0 7.0 7.4 8.0 8.0 8.0 ^J\he ealcarievim (toxt Fig'. 82, Plate LII) is very well developed. Dis- tallj it extends as a broad, expanded body, reaching its greatest breadth near the extreniity. dotation inward of the lower border of the distal portion produces a shalh)W concavity on the internal face. The extreme Fin. 82, AcruUunus major. IJtiiado, Porto llico. A, right calcaneum. Acratocn^" O'loiitrigonus. Utiiado, Porto Uico. B, C, left calcaneum. X 1/1 border of this extremity is thickened and roughened for tendon atta^'l- ment. The articuhiting facets are all well developed and large, the p^' terior astragular facet facing obliquely upward and forward, the antervr facets for the astragiiliis and cnboid facing respectively obliquely upw<^' Al^THONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 189 and forward. There is a sliglit expansion of the calcaneum proximally. The calcaneum of A. major is very much more massive than that of odontrigonuSj but has retained the same disposition and proportion of the facets. Calcanea collected.—A. odontrlgonus, 23, most of them complete; A, major, 2, Measurements of Calcaneum of Acratocnus Greatest length Greatest transverse breadth of proximal extremity Greatest transverse breadth of distal extremity Least breadth between pos- terior as- tragular facet and tip of distal super- ior border 4 . odontriqonuH 14170 43.0 49 . 46.8 31.0 49.0 47.7 56.5 56.7 58. 20.0 21.6 17.0 20.5 30,0 33.0 29.4 34.0 31.0 30 . 5 ;^8.o 35.0 39.5 11 ,0 17177 a 17177 b . 12.0 11.0 17177 (' 11.6 17177 (1 13.0 17711 V 20.7 22.8 22.2 27.5 10.5 177U) s 13.5 17716 1 14 ;1 . major 1 7 1 69 15.0 Tlie astragiilus (text Fig. 83, Plate LII) is of tlie long-necked type. Anteriorly it terminates in a well-cupped facet for the scaphoid, and •ontinues posteriorly with but very little constriction at the neck. Pos- teriorly it rises in a well-developed but somewhat low, convex articulation l'<^r the tibia. The facets for tlie calcaneum and fibula are very large and well developed. The astragulus of A. major is much wider and heavier than that of "•^ontrigonus, but it is only sliglitly longer, resulting in a slight change "i* proportions, the most noticeable being the shorter neck of major. '\straguli collected.—A. odontrigonus, 9, in perfect condition; A. H'djor, 1, perfect. 190 HCWNTIFJG PURVEY OP PORTO RICO Mcamircments of Astraguhis of Acratocnus Breadth Greatest Greatest Greatest across breadth depth length anterior across tibial through tibial extremity articulation articulation \ . odontriqonus 17178 a 81.0 15.5 14.4 17.0 17178 b 31.6 17.0 13.4 16.7 17716 u 30.5 15.7 12.8 17.0 17716 V 34.3 16.7 15.7- 18.0 17716 w 35.4 20.5 16.0 19.0 4. major 17169 35.0 21.0 20.0 20.0 The (•arj)us and tarsus arc only poorly ivprosented and no attempt lias luMMi rnado to (it the scattcrcMJ (d(Mnents together since so many are lack- ino- tJuit tlu» (let(M-mination is diifieult. Am.Mus.No.l7l78Qx| **'"•• ^'*- ^< '<'(<»( n If "< odnntnuuuuH. Porfo Jlico. A, dorsal nsiH'ct of Jeft a.straguiu^' \\ metatarsal: V, phalanx; I), ungual phalanx. X 1/1 I1ie seaplioid is rather thin in tbe antero-posterior plane and has i large, full articulation with the astragnhis. MeamremenU.—(Greatest thickness in antero-posterior plane, 4.4 mm. greatest depth (h)rso-ventrally, 6.2. llie metacarpals and inet-t tarsals (text Fig. 83) are short and thici with angular articulating surfaces proximally and strongly keeled term ANTHO:^Y, MAMMALS OF FOBTO RICO ]91 nations distally. The phalanges have very well-developed articulatioiis, with sharp^ median keels and deep^ pnlley-like surfaces. The terminal or ungual phalanges are strongs heavy claws and well hent. Metacarpals and lueiatarsah collected.—65. Phalanges collected.—31. Terminal phalanges collected.—124. (See Plate LIV.) Vertehrw.— (Text Fig. 84^ Plate LIIL) The atlas is large and strong, with rather short transverse processes and a very low tubercle. This ele- ment appears to be exceedingly variable. One specimen has a well- developed tubercle and narrow transverse processes, and differs so in ap- pearance from the other atlases that it requires an elastic conception of the species to reconcile the two types. However, the circumstances pre- clude the possibility of this particular atlas belonging to anything other than AcmtocnuSj and I am unable to correlate the difference in the atlas with specific differences in the other material from the same cave, so prefer to consider the difference as individual variation. Atlases collected.—A. odontrigonus, 4; A. major, 1. Tlie axis is well developed, having a very stout odontoid, a deep, median ventral ridge, a strong dorsal spine and weak transverse processes. Axes collected.—A. odontHgonus, 3; J. nia/jor, 1. '4]ie cervicals (text Fig. 84) have sliort centra of ovate cross-section, ]<)\v dorsal spines on the anterior vertebra} of the series, well-developed ;niterior and posterior zygopophyses, broad but sliort transverse procx'.sses and large vertebral canals. (h'rvicals collected.—A. odon trigonus, 16; A. major, 1. The thoracic vertebni3 (text Fig. 84) have centra with cross-section \ai'ying from ovate cephalad to round or subtriangular caudad; the dorsal s])ines are strong and of normal height, the transverse processc^s a!'«' well developed cephalad in tlie scries, shorter and liigher up on the ]>'''! icle caudad. Anteriorly in the series, the head of the rib articulates ^vitli two centra, but posteriorly the articulation is entirely on the same v< rtebra that receives the rib tubercle. I'horacics collected.—A. odontrigonus, 143; A. major, 11. 5'iie lumbars (text Fig. 84) are large, wdth deep centra, strong trans- '^'^e processes, deeply interlocking articulations and very low dorsal ^^iunhars collected.—A. odontrigonus, 20 ; A. major, 4 of the t3^pe series ''•' 1 of an odd individual. be caudal vertebni' (text Fig. 84) are very characteristic and the *'* 'non feature of the entire series is the widely expanded and flaring ^'' 'averse process. The size of the vertebnB decreases rather abruptly 192 SGIENTJFW SURVIJY OF PORTO RICO ^ X S r l.'i ANTHONY, MAMAIALS OF PORTO RICO 19;] from the very large members of the series^ with subquadrate or subcir- iHilar ceiitra, to tlie small ones^ with flattened, depressed centra. TUq large ones have a low^ flattened neural arch with well-developed zygo- popliyses^ but toward the end of the series the neural arch is lost and the zygopophyses become vestigial and finally disappear completely. The tail of Acratocnus is indicated by the rather complete set of caudals as being quite short. Although in some instances the caudals of odon- trigonus and major may be distinguished^, it is very difficult to draw a dividing line^ and the material is consequently listed in the aggregate. Caudals colled ed.—100. (See Plate LIU.) The vertebra) of A. major in most cases differ from those of odoniri- gonus only in point of size. The range of variation in the size of in- dividuals of odontrigonus is large, but the largest of this species lacks considerable of attaining the size of major. Tlie most noteworthy feature of tlie column in general is the lowness of tlie dorsal spines. Through- out most of the series the dorsal spines are very Ioav, and even when they reacli their greatest height in the thoracic series the spines are directed ohhquely backward and the actual height above the pedicle is slight. Measurements of Vertehnjc of Acratocnus Vertical diameter of centrum I.ength of ventral wall or length of centrum Breadth across transverse processes (Greatest depth or depth through dorsal spine to ventral border of centrum Atlas . . 9.7 12.5 28.8 6.4 11.2 12.0 15.5 17 .^ 52.8 24.7 Atlas* 28 .\xis* 7.0 9.0 8.2 8.8 13.2 14.0 37.0 40.4 36.6 35.0 31.8 35.8 52.0 71.0 35.0 ( 'ervical, 4th? 25.0 ^ ervical, 6th? 33.6 Hioracic, 2nd? 46.4 nioracic, lOth? 40.0 JfAimbar. . . 44.0 tumbar* ... 18.5 j 21.2 . 18.0 1 17.0 50.0? ^audal* 27.0 Caudal* 9.6 10.0 * A . major. Eelationships of Acratocnus Hie two species of Acratocnus appear to be very closely related. nitocnus major is merely a larger relative of odontrigonus, and ih(^ iT'acter of size is the best one for determining the material. The largo i J94: SGIENTIFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO slotli has proportionally a much broader muzzle and an elevated basioc- eipital region. A])parently there is conniderable individual variation within the species odonlrigonus. The ty|)e is one of' the smallest individuals of tlie series, and because of its small size tlie name Acratocnus was taken. Later material proves that the average size is well above that of the type, and the differences between the extremes suggest that there may be a sexual differentiation in size. Acratocnus is well marked off as generically distinct from Megalocnus .>f Cuba. Aside from the great size difference, with its changes of pro- })orti()n, there are numerous differences in the skull and dentition, tlu3 niore important of which are the shape of the canines, trigonal in Acratocnus, subquadrate or roughly sublunar in Megalocnus, and in Megalocnus the lack of a sagittal crest, large preorbital fossae and sym- physeal tongue. 11ie relationshij) of Acnilocnus with tlu^ more primitive of the Santa (*riiz M(^gah)nichi(hu' is well shown by a comparison with Euclioloeops juid flapalop.s. Eucliofoeops agrees witli Acratocnus in the possession of a developed sagittal crest (iK)t as well developed, however), large pre- orbital fossa^ subtrigomd and differentiated u|)per canines and well-de- N eloped syin|)hyseal tongue. Ilapalops resend)les Acratocnus in its lighi- linif)ed skeleton and particularly in the structure of the pes, Acralocuuj< in some characters shows a tendency toward semi-arbo- I'i^alisni, such as the long-necked astragalus, and this genus and tlic tnoderu tree-sloths have a number of characters in common. TUK 0]?IGIN OF THE MAMMALIA OF PORTO EICO Th(^ problem of tlu' origin of the mammalia of Porto Rico is but a pari of a larger ])rob1(^m which concerns tlie origin of the mammalia of the Antilles as a wliole. Most of the facts and arguments connected with the various attempts at solution of this problem are well enough known t(» students of the West Indian fauiuis, and it seems almost trite to repeal what luus been said so often be fori- l)ut, in order to make this report com plete, it is nccessjwy to go oser the salient features of this question. Li tins discussion my use o*' the term fauna carries especial reference to thr manunalian fauna. It sliould occasion no surprise if we found the Antilles today withoin any nuiminals other tlian a few waifs from the continental mainlaii' differing from nuunland forms in varying degrees. Should this be th <^ase, aJid disregarding for the monu^it all other evidence, we would h Al^THOJSlY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO |95 well justified in considering the islands to be of oceanic origin. If^ on the other hand^ we should find the Antilles with a large and varied fauna, coniparable in most respects to that of either North, Central or South America^ we would be equally well justified in assuming that the islands were of continental origin, and there would be scant ground for argu- tne]it. However, the true condition of affairs lies between these two liypotlietical conditions, and the problem is far from a simple o]u\ A great deal has been written upon the geological history of the W(\st fiidies.^^ While there is a division of opinion among the geologists as to the origin of the Antilles, I thiidv it is safe to assert that today the majority are inclined to favor a continental connection during some part of the Tertiary. The major features of the Caribbean and North Atlan- tic submarine topography are sufficiently well known through the cruises of the Blake, the Albatross and other hydrographic researches to furnish the basis for a hypothetical restoration of Tertiary conditions (see map on page 240). In general, it may be said that the Antilles are surrounded by great (xean depths, with numerous banks or submarine plateaus covered by much shallower waters. Here and there throughout the area occur deep (^anyons or chasms in the ocean bottom, which are considered by some writers to be lying along geologic fault-planes. The presence of active volcanoes in some of the Antilles today and the evidence of extensive volcanic activity in the past, together with the existence of these great ril'ts in the submarine topography, show that the Antillean area is one of seismic activity, with potentiality for major displacements of this part of the surface of the earth. From inspection of the map on page 240^ based ou data from tlie i^ S. Hydrographic Office, it will be readily noted that an elevation oC the ocean floor of 600 feet would produce considerable change in the <lry-land area of the Antilles. It will be observed that one of the most 'xtensive of tlie shallow-water areas extends eastward and northeast- ward from Honduras, with a similar shallow ba]d<: from Yucatan north- ^vard and eastward toward Cuba. The presence of these two sections "'* elevated ocean floor bears a significant relationship to a hypothetical '<>nner mainland connection with the Greater Antilles. Two other areas "f elevated ocean floor will be found on the map, one bearing southward 'iom the Bahamas toward Cuba and Haiti, the other extending north- ard from Trinidad more or less the entire length of the Lesser Antilles. ^^ hether or not these latter two areas point to a Tertiary fusion of the 'f'eater Antilles with the continents of North or South America, whicli ' S(>o l)il>11ograi)by foi* references on origin of West Indies. IJJO SCIENTIFIC SUllVBY OF PORTO RICO seems to me to be; uiilikel}^, lias little or no bearing upon the origin of tlie mammalia of tlie Antilles^ since it will be shown later that such mammals as are found in this region today can scarcely have migrated througli these two assemblages of small islands. The two important potential j)()iiits ()[ cojitact with continental America are Honduras and Yucatan. Tlic' stratigraphy of tlie Gi'eater Antilles sliows that these islands have not nuiinl.ained a consistent level above the seas. Marino limestones^ ii) many phices found today at an ehnation oC several tliousand feet above sea-I<'vel, show us that th(H'e lias been a considerable fluctuation in the area, above water. J I ill (1<S99^ p. IGo)^ writing on Jamaica^ states: The first or great primary oseiiJation was that embraced in the cycle of tlu; Oamhridge-Montpelier descending, and the early Oligocene ascending move- ment. This subsidence was certainly 3,000 feet, as can still be measured by the lieight to which the bases of the old pre-existing mountain summits are phi stored with its deposits. Wlien we remember that the present land surface <»f Jamaica is only the crest of a larger Jamaica still submerged, it would be no stretcli of the imagination to believe tliat the movement was from twice to tlH-ice tlie amount given. In fact, tliere is very direct evidence which leads us to the hitter conclusion. T1h» purity of the Montpelier chalks and their dominant composition of (;iol>igerinae would indicate that they were deposited like the deep sea oozes of to-day at depths of 1,200 and 2,300 fathoms. The fact that in the eastern end of the adjacent island of Cuba the stratigraphic and time position of these IhmIs is oe{'npi(Ml hy Radiolarian earths which are now known to abound from 2,0(M) to 4.000 fathoms (12,0(X) to 24,000 feet) justifies us in premising that the (ilobigiMina beds of Jamaica were laid down in very deep waters. It. would not be at all unfair to assunu) the a^'erage between the minimum and maxinuun of the (Uobigerina and Radiolarian depths as 1,750 fathoms, or over 10,000 feet, as the mean of this subsidence at Jamaica. The assumption of a minijuum depth has additional support in the fact that the Jamaican Glo- bigei-ina deijosits W(M*e closc^ to the slope of tlie nucleal islands which persisted as tips of land during this epoch. The sncccMMling I'ost-Montpelier upward movement brought up the bottom not only to sea lov(4 (+ 10,000 fei^t), but raised it at least 3,000 feet above it. which would e(|nal an (4evation of 13,000 feet. As the highest mountain peaks of Jamaica now stand 4,325 feet above the material deposited in the Montpelier sul)sidence, they must have reached at the culmination of this ele vation altitudes of <»vor 17,000 fec^t alK>ve the sea. As great as these heights may seem, they do not greatly exceed that of the summit of the Sierra de Sant:i Marta, which now stands beside the Caribbean shore of Colombia, and of other known high peaks like Orizal)a and St. Ellas adjacent to the Pacific shoro lines of oiu' own continent. So grand a subsidence and elevation as tliis must surely have left som ret'ord in the present submarine topography of the whole region, and w cannot contemplate maps of such phenomena without coming to some ver; definite opinions whi<*h will be elucidated in Part V. Neither could the max^ ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 197 mum of elevation have failed to exi)an(l the areas of the Aiitilleau lands, and to unite many of the islands or even the mainland together, especially had their geographic areas been greater then than now, which hypothesis seems tenable. The main direction of the principal mountain masses in the large islands—Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, (*nha (and Jamaica ?)—is such iliat it places no great strain npon the imagination to conceive of them all liaving formerly been one continuous system. The ocean straits ))etw(^en these three islands are all narrow, and they are not of such a jiaiirrc tliat their permaneru'c throughout the Tertiary is indisputable. Wighn (1919) discusses the submarine topography as follows: Depths of about 1,000 fathoms or somewhat more are found between Cuba and Haiti in the Windward Passage, and between Anegada and Anguilla in the Aiiegada Passage, but they are usually less than 500 fathoms (p. 598). As the maximum depth between Haiti and Porto Rico is about 318 fathoms, tliey rise from a common, not greatly submerged bank (p. 602).' A submarine bank extending from the east end of Porto liico to Anegada Passage is known as Virgin P>ank. The depth of water between the islands rising above this bank is less than 20 fathoms, which is a minimum for the amount of submergence they have recently (geologically speaking) undergone. These islands are detached outliers of Porto Rico. 8Jh Saint Croix.—Although St. Croix is separated from the Virgin Islands l)y a depth as great as 2,400 fathoms and is joined to the St. Christopher chain Ity a ridge less than 1,000 fathoms deep, it possesses great similarity to inembers of the Virgin group. The west end is truncate and the submarine slope precipitous ; the submarine slope to the north is also steep. There is clear evidence of faulting on the w^^st and north sides. A ridge, largely of igneous rock, stands against the north shore from the west end of the island for some distance to the east. South of the ridge is a sloping, rolling, cal- <"ireous plain. The east end has a submarine continuation in a bank leiis than •"><> fathoms deep. The tectonic axis is east and west, the rocks resemble those <>t the Virgins, and the zoogeography indicates former connection with them. For these reasons it seems i)robable that this island was formerly a part of the I'orto Rican-Virgin Island land-mass and has been sundered from it by dias- iiophic processes. However, Saint Croix might be accorded separate status as a province, or referred to the St. Christopher axis; but it appears to me prefer- -!S>le to classify it with the Virgin Islands (p. 603). Willis (1910, p. 225) states: 111 tlie West Indian region the close of the Oligocene period was marked by • notable disturbance, which raised a folded mountain chain 'from Puerto Rico ' ' Cuba and probably continuously to Yucatan. It may also have closed the ' Himus of Tehuantepec and possibly have temporarily connected Honduras 'itb South America. Another possible line of connection is around the ' >tern end of the Caribbean through the Windward Islands. If, however, 'ii a land link united North and South America it was but temporary. 198 SCfENTlFW ^IJRV/^Y OF PORTO RICO Many Buch Htateineiits by eniiBeiit geologists and geographers could bo (quoted here to tlie same effect as the above. The geological evidence, therefore, interposes no great obstacle in the Avay of a land connection between Central x\merica and the Greater Antilles. An elevation of the land of about 1,000 fathoms would unite the (li-eattM* Antilles into one continuous land-mass. Tliere is a correlation hetwe(>n ih(! faunas as we find them today on the respective islands and between th(^ various marine formations, which strongly indicates that these isbmds aidually w<u-e connected with one another in mid-Tertiary lime. Th«^ prescMice of the fossil genera Kesoj/h antes on Porto Eico and (^iba, oi' rehited genera of fossil ground-sloths on Porto Eico -and Cuba, of llrofouiijs on Santo Domingo, and the closely related Boromys on Cuba, as well as a nund)er of significant relationships between the living bats found on tliese islands, denote a distribution which can scarcely be aeeounted for on any other hypothesis. Tim mammalia of Jamaica is sul1iei(\ntly aberrant in many details to warrant the assumption that it was probal)ly s|)lit oil from the main iVntillean continent, if such existed, before- the other three islands were broken apart. TIu^ mammal fauna of tlie entire Antillean area may be classified under th r(H' distinct categories. Tlie first group includes the Chiroptera, which are more or less widely distributed throughout the Greater and Lesser Aidilhs. As factoi's bearing upon tlie origin of the Antilles, the dis- tribution of bats mnst be interi)retiHl with the same reservations as apply io that of birds or of other winged forms of life. The second category eo?nj)rises land mammals wfiose ailinities are so obviously with present- day maiidand forms that they may 1)e classified as waifs or strays from the mainland within comparatively recent times, possibly through the agency of man. Tlu^ third grou]) is made up of forms, largely fossil, whose relationships are not so invmediate, pointing to a remote separation from mainland stock. This third group includes such mammals as Solrnodon. Ncsojihonles and the large fossil rodents Ainhlyrliiza, Ela><- iiiodonlofiijjs, ClidoiHys^ etc. It is this third group wddch has the most profound bearing upon the problem we are discussing. It is wtdl known that native peoples may transport, either as pets or as food, various forms of smaller nniminal life. The presence of Isol'>- bodon in kitchen-middens in the Virgin Islands, in Porto Eico and i i Santo Domingo indicates that the Arawaks probably carried this aninin from place to place in their canoes. The presence of the opossum, ti • armadillo, the aguti, the rice-rat and the raccoon in the Lesser Antilb - and the deer and rice-rat in the Greater Antilles, is of unquestional) ' rcM'ent introdiniion, since* they dilTer bnt slightly from mainland sppec!' AlsTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO \(y,) or may even, as in the case of deer on Cuba, have been introduced within historical time. Instances such as these are of no especial significance in their bearing upon the origin of the Antilles, unless it may be argued that as a waif fauna they represent the incipient stages through which the more distinct island forms may have passed. There are only two ways in whicli it seisms at all practicable to account U)\' tlie pres(Hice of terrestrial manrmals on the Antilles. The firsts arul lo my mijid tlie only, way to account for their presence is to assume that lh(^y ])asse(l ovc^r to the islands on a dry-land comuxition. The oth(^r liypothesis would involve \}\(d transportation of tliesc mammals to the islands on life-rafts, which are floating masses of tangled vegetatio]i, such as have been found at a considerable distance at sea off the mouth of the Amazon, Orinoco and other large rivers. Living animals have been noted on these life-rafts after the rafts have been many days at sea, and it is a well-established fact that life may be transported, to some extent at leasts in this way. But obstacles in the way of transporting tlie Antillean fauna on life-rafts seem to be insurmountable. After a fairly extensive experience witli conditions as they exist today hi the Ureater Antilles, it is difficult for me to believe that the terrestrial life which we have found on these islands can. have all beeii brought from some part of the continental maiidand by such hazardous methods of transportation.. Dr. Matthew (1915, p. 206) has given the best exposition of the life- raft theory in its relation to the West Indian fauna, and in later papers (IDK), p. 11; 1919, p. 161) discusses the arguments for fortuitous dis- tribution. Dr. Barbour (1916) has pointed out some of the obstacles which prevent him from accepting the hypothesis. To any one who luis • xperienced the lieat and ^igor of the tropical sun and has seen the in- lios|)itable nature of most of the Antillean coast-line, the odds appear <'V(>rwhelmingly against the successful transportation of such highly or- linnized forms as mammals from some point at the mouth of a great ^'^outh American river to a safe landing, hundreds of miles from that point, upon an alien shore, and the consequent final establishment of the M>('cies. On the otlier hand, the occ^ipation of tlie islands over a mainland con- ''ction should have given a much more varied and extensive mammalian inna than we know today. The known fauna comprises only insec- ''^ores, edentates, rodents and bats, leaving out of consideration the 'viously recent arrivals. Groups of major importance upon the main- ' lid, such as ungulates, carnivores, lagomorphs and the primates, are 'lirely wanting in the Antilles and their non-appearance in the An- 200 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO tiikiaii faima, if it is continental in origin, seems most strange. It might be suggested in ])artial explanation of this apparent absence, first, that exploration of the Antilles may yet disclose the presence of some of these groups, since the field for research is very extensive and has been by no means exhausted ; second, that the Antilles as they exist today not only may, but probably do, represent the elevated portions of a now submerged, grc^atcr lajid-mass. Plains types, which include many of the ungulates, lowlarul forms sucli as primates, and the larger carnivores preying upon these two groups may never have ranged at sufficiently high elevations to liave been brought into the area now above water. Had they existed on a former Antillean continent they might be preserved today in forma- tions under the sea. This admittedly weak argument might explain the absence of certain largar mammals, but will hardly suffice for the non- appearance of the smaller representatives, which would be expected to range wherever the rodents and edentates could go. The absence of dominant mainland types in the Antilles and the re- stricted variety of the fauna is summarized by Matthew (1918, p. 665). As to tlie former connection of the Antilles with each other and with the mainland, my conclusions with the proviso just stated are as follows : 1. That the Greater Antilles have probably been united with each other, as far east as the Anguilla bank, in the bite Tertiary or Pleistocene. This T con- ekide from the near aflinity of representative species of the same or closely allied genera and the general siraibirity of the fauna, so far as known, in the different islands. 2. That they have not at any time during the Tertiary been united with North America. If they had l)een we should find North American ungulates, rodents, carnivores, etcetera, difterentiated in accord with the length of subse- quent isolation, but of clearly recognizable affinities, and it would be a bal- anced or representative fauna. We might object that such a fauna had I)erliaps existed, but been wiped out by subsequent submergence. But the I»resenec of Bolenodon and NesopJiontes negatives that, for they represent a very aneic^nt survival, and if there had been a representative fauna it is hardly credible that submergence would have spared just two insectivores and d<>sfroyed all the rest of the fauna. 3. That they probably have not been connected with South iVmerica, either via the T^esser Antilles or via Central America, during the Tertiary ; for if they had the fauna should be of continental South American type, with Soullt Amerlean ungulate groups, marsu|)ial carnivores, and a full representation '>! the rodents, edentates, eteetera. 4. The mammalian fauna appears to me to be reducible to perhaps thr< i^ primary rodent stocks, one or more primary ground-sloth stocks, and t\^" Insectivora. These I conceive to liave arrived at various times during tin' Tertiary, the rodents and ground-sloths from South or Central America, tl^^ insectivores from North America, by accidents of transportation, of which tl ' most probable foi* the mammals would perhaps be the so-called "natural raft ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 201 or uijisses of vegetation dislodged from the banks of gi'Qtit rivers during flood;^ :nid drifted out to sea. Tlie probabilities of tliis metliod I liave elsewliere discussed. For birds and bats, for tlie smaller reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates, the problem of oversea transportation is a much simpler one. Tliat successful colonization in this way can occur is shown by their presence oil nearly all oceapic islands ; for it will hardly be maintained by reasonable men that every oceanic island has been joined to the mainland and has been continuously above water since its separation. Obviously, the larger tlie island and the nearer to contiiH^idiil land, the more often such colonization will occur. With lew exceptions, tlie affinities of tlic Antillcaii inaiiimals appear to be South American. Among the bats, only a few forms are of genera or species essentially North American. Most of the groups are related to forms found in Central and South America, the present-day Central American distribution of these particular forms seeming to have been derived by migration from the South. G. M. Allen (1911, p. 179) has discussed at some length the affinities and origin of the Chiroptera of the West Indies. The insectivores, Solenodon and Nesopliontes, are probably of North American origin. The only insectivore known from South America, apart from the very recent invasion of the shrews into northern South America, is the fossil NecroleHes from the Santa Cruz formation of Pata- ironia, with whicli the Antillean insectivores have nothing in common, llie zalambdodont Falaeoryctes has been found in the Basal Eocene of North America and may possibly have liad affinities with an ancestral Solenodon. Nothing has been found in North American formations to wliich Nesophontes may be said to be closely related; but, due to absence <if Insectivora in South American formations, it is to tbe North American {i<'](ls that one would most logically turn for an ancestral nesophontid. That these two insectivores typify two separate and distinct families endemic to the Greater Antilles can not be taken as an ipso facto argu- ifiniit for extreme antiquity of arrival from the mainland. Wliile it is inie that the forms most like Solenodon and NesopJiontes are not found ^'d<rr than Eocene and Oligocene in North America, it does not neces- nly follow that the island insectivores invaded the Antilles at tbat time '" |>rior to it. These primitive creatures may have arrived during tlie '^ «><ione, or whenever it was that the hystricoinorpb rodents took pos- ^ion, and I think it unlikely that distinctive family characters have '' '1 acquired by insular isolation; these characters the animals had when ' ?*' left the mainland. The fossil records of Insectivora are so scanty -^ the Central American field has been so little explored for any fossil ' ''ihials tbat such neofative evidence as the absence of related fossil in- 202 SCIENTIFIC SVRMjy OF I'OHTO RICO s(K^tivores on the maiBlaiHl after Eocene and Oligocene times should ho diseoiinted in estimating the time of arrival of the Antillean mammals. The rodents of the Antilles are all hystricomorph (dismissing again from the discussion the recently transported Oryzomys and the cricetino Megalomys), and here the affinities are all with South American forms. The g(MUM-a (lisphiyiug the Ix^st evidence of a long separation from the injiinhnid stock are A nihlyr/iizd, KUh^modonloniys, Uepiaxodon, Clidoiny.% S/}ir(j(/()nloniijs, Spco^rriiiis and Allrrodun. Anihlyrltiza and Elasmodon- /niin/s find their closrsl counterparts in Mcyainys and Tetrastylus of the hhdnM-ian of South Amei'ica and in Dinoiiiys, a living South American jvpresentative oC the r<iniily. The rchitionships of the other genera are not so clv.iw: but, inasmuch as the hystricomorphs were a flourishing group in Soidh AmcM-ica (hiring the Tertiary, it .seems most likely to assunu^ that they canu' from there. Another assemblage of the rodents inchidcs 1/ f/cmiisifniys, /loiiiopsoiinj.^, I'lngiodontia, Isolohodon, Apha- r/racus, / III ydonl id, liomniys, Jiroloniys, (Uiproniys (including the sub- g(Muis (Irocaiiroiiiys), and tlu^se are all of undoubted South American jdliniiics, althongh not very immediately related to any of the Echiniyi- nae known on tiie continent today. The distribution of (Ivocupronnj^ ])resents an interesting problem be- cause of its diseontinwity. There are three living species known—one i'roju the Plana Keys in the ])ahanias, one from Jamaica, and the third from I.itth^ Swan Island just olT Honduras. A fourth species is known from Cuba as a fossil. A presumably ancestral caproniid, Frocaproinys geayi, has been do- scribed from the mountains of northern W^ju^zuela by Pousargues (1891). p. IT)!)). So far as I am aware, ]io additicmal specimens of this anirnal have l)e(>n tak(Ui since its descriptioji, and I am loath to use its supposed nativity on the nuiinland and its aflinity to the Antillean Caproniys as evidi^ru'e until we have more data. I'he type and only specimen el ProctipronHp^ yrni/i nuiy have been caridcd to the mainland from the Antilles. Indeed, Pousargues himself considered this to be a possibility until h<^ biM'anu^ convincfnl that llu^ aninuil was mature and distinct frnni km>wn island s])(M'i(s. 'J'he small size of the type of Procapromys ai^.d the slightly worn molars strongly indicate Juvenility, because in tln-^ group the full adult dentition comes early in life. There is nothing ii' Pousargues' description, apparently, which would not fit an immat' '«' ('(iproinys piloridcx, f(U' (^xample. In fact, a specimen of this species, <*- tl052, c<illected by nu' in east(U'n Cuba, seems to be indistinguisha'de when compared with the figures given by Pousargues. The assumpt' '" that the Antillean genus Caproniys has a close relative on the Yeneziici '^ ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 20;] mainland lias been used as one of the argnments for a continental con- lUH'tion through the Lesser Antilles. I am disposed to believe that tlie Antillean land-mass was not con- iieeted to South x4.merica tlirougli the Lesser Antilles, and that it is un- iK^ssary to use such a hypothesis to account for the Antillean mammal fauna. The absence of truly Antillean mammalia throughout most of the Lesser Antilles^ the volcanic nature of many of these islands^ and the better agreement of the facts in general with the hypothesis of a Central American connection are all arguments against a functional land-bridge tlirough the Lesser Antilles. In just how far a land-bridge may have functioned^ the present distribution of mainland types on the Lesser Antilles is taken as evidence. Ko one will dispute the continental origin of Trinidad, with its com- paratively rich continental fauna. I'he submarine topography from the Windward Islands south to A^enezAiela would seem to favor equally well a mainland connection anywhere from Trinidad to Guiana. Agassiz (1888, Vol. I, p. 99) states: The eastern boundary of the Eastern Caribbean is formed by the dumb- lu'll shaped plateau, from which rise the Windward Ishmds (Fig. 58). Thi^se (extend in a ,i]jigantic arc from Sombrero and Santa Cruz to Grenada, Tobago, aiHl Trinidad, k^aviiig broad, sliallow passages between the ishinds to tlie nortli of Uoniiniea, witli the three comparatively deeper straits separating Dominica, Martiniiiue, St. lAieia, and St. Vincent. We next come to the still shallower !><issag(\s over the Grenadines Banlv, and the deeper passage between tliat bank aiHl Tobago. This island, as well as Trinidad, and all the Leeward Islands to tlie north of Venezuela, lie within the hundred-fathom line. They are all- only oii}|)()sts of the Sontli American continent. From the Gulf of Venezuela to the inoiitli of the Orinoco the hundred-fathom line is about ninety to one hundi'ed ;ni(l twenty mih^s from tlu^ Soutli American coast. A fissure 12,000 feet deep whicli cuts in from the (^ii'ibl)ean to tlu* ^'idf of Paria may indicate that the Antillean contact with the mainland ^vas east of this cleft. IT()we^ er^ tlie exact point of contact is immaterial. ''i^d once we have started northward along the Windward Islands tlie '"urse of the hypothetical bridge is apparent. Tobago has a fauna akin ^«» that of Trinidad, continental in its affinities, but not so extensive by ^''i'. The mainland invasion then loses most of its force and only a few '* Hered representatives go north of Tobago. Such mammals as f^'^j/procta, Didelpliys, Marmosa, Procyon and Megaloiny.^ appear here •'^'^ there. But this distribution is so desultory and the mainland •'' 'dties are so apparent that many of these records must be suspected '^^ dve results of fortuitous transportation. '^ is interesting to note the character of this fauna which has been 204 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO (listribiited by "flotsam and jetsam'' methods. The advocates of for- tuitous distribution tbroughout tlie Antilh^s have pointed to the scarciiv of types represented as evidence of waif distribution. In the Lesser Antilles we note that, in this case at least, a waif fauna is rather iji- ehisive, since it takes in a wide variety of types and two large groups, the marsupials and carnivores, which are not found in the Greater Antilles. The apparent selection of the types known in the Greater Antilles seems to imply something more than blind chance, which, we can observe in the licsser Antilles, distributes without partiality, physical size alone proving to he a factor. No mammals (exclusive of bats) properly to be considered as endemic to the Antilles are encountered until we pass out of the Windward Islands, tbr(nigli most of the Leeward Islands, and enter an area which is-a|)[)ar(»utly to be; associated with the Greater Antillean area. Here Anihhjr/iiza occnrrs fossil on St. Martins and on Anguilla, the northern- luost of tlie Leewards. 'Hierefore, it seems reasonable to assume, from the distri])ution of the mammals tliroughout the Lesser Antilles, that tliese islands had no continuous land connection to South America north of Tobago since the time that the present continental fauna has devel- oped, and, furthermore, that there has been no such connection in mid- Tertiary time. 'J'he fades of tlie mammalian distribution in the Greater Antilles shows that the ])robl(nn here is qiute distinct from that in the island clniin to the south. In the assemblage of forms which are found in tlu^ region from Anguilla to Little Swan, all of the terrestrial mammals (ex- cept Oryzomys and Odocoilens) and many of the bats are so distinct in affinity from continental species, genera, and even families, in some cases, one can not escape the conclusion that we have to deal with the renniants of a subcontijiental fauna derived from the mainland at some Tertiary period. The presence of Capromys (Geocapromys) thoracatus on Little Swan Island close to Honduras lias been frequently used by writers as an ai'gn- ment for a continental connection between Jamaica and Honditras. iN'> species of Capromys is knovm to occur in Central America today, and hence tJioracatus can be no modern waif from Honduras. On the otlnr hand, Jamaica is the home of a closely related species, hrownii, of ^J^*' same subgenus. Other terrestrial mammals on Jamaica, fossil hystn- comorph rodents, are quite distinct from the fossil hystricomorphs '^! (hiba, Haiti, Porto Rico and Anguilla. If tlie only mainland connecti 'S to the Antilles was by way of Jamaica, one could expect to find the larn '" islands having some of these peculiar hystricomorphs in common w '' ANTHONY, MAAtMALS OF PORTO RICO 205 /famaica, at least as closely related genera. The explanation here, as |)()ijited out earlier in tliis discussion^ is to assume an early separation of Jamaica from the other large islands and a subsequent divergence in the ('\olution of the respective faunas. It is not unlikely that the Antillean fauna arrived over two continental contacts, established possibly simultaneously, but more probably at differ- ent times. This hypothesis would explain the edentates and insectivores on Cuba, Haiti and Porto Eico and their absence on Jamaica, and the difference between the hystricomorph rodents on Jamaica and the other large islands. If the evidence seems sufficient to postulate two laud- bridges to Central America, it would be unnecessary to argue for fusion of Jamaica with the Antillean subcontinent, since the distribution of th(} island mammalia can be explained without such fusion. If the mammals were rafted to the Greater Antilles and no land connections existed, it seems strange that the rafts distributed the various forms, restricted in \ariety though they be to the three orders, in proper geographical regions io conform to a subcontinental distribution. If the exponents of the raft theory concede a former fusion of the Greater Antilles into a subconti- nent, their case can claim little geological support, since the same eleva- tion which united the islands raises the bridges to the mainland. After such an admission, the strongest evidence against a land connection from (*entral America to the united island mass is the restricted nature of the fauna. The fundamental relationships between the Antillean and the conti- nental mammal faunas may be shown best, perhaps, by a table listing tin; 'iitire mammalia of the Antillean region, but omitting the unquestioned introductions (Odocoilens, Mungos, etc.). In this list Haiti is used col- l^'ctively as the name for the entire island wliich compris(?s the Republic '>r Haiti and the Eepublic of Santo Domingo. The Bahamas are not all included in the geographical region covered by the list, since they are, for '''0 most part, of recent formations. Some of them may have been asso- *!atod with the i\.ntilles in a former land-mass; but, since their fauna is ^<' scanty and the question of continental connections stands or falls upon ' "' evidence secured in the Antilles, it simplifies matters somewhat to ' 'iit the Bahamas. 206 HGIENTIFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO fs. c^ 'Sri I ^ S ^^ 43 OJ ; c3 O r^' o .23 g rj r< 0/ S t» T CU OJ I ^ f a o i |S o'>^'§^ ^ O oj o Co f S 1:^ ^ t^ CD SS'^ l.ggw g 6 < Pd o t: ;3 r^ :^.K a < o O 13o a C3 W O 03 3 §1| H IX! ^ .S CD mm o S o o 0) c3 Q 03 O -^ 2 G ,, i^^ 5S.i G c3 o3 ^ g 03 c3 £ •^ ^ f- ^ O O b£-rs rG-G G^ ^ ^ a- o 03 O G 1^ Q 2;22^22gc58?= ANTHONY, MAMMAIM OF PORTO RICO 2i) 4-^ c3 a p;3 H T3 ^ O D. z=J CD 1^ ^ i o o o a •^ a3 gj g ^ 43 c3 02 fl g 03 o fl< a o a:§ g «« o o o p^ II o 3 o ,. O; ci3 c! O C O fl ^ p a; ^ > OJ t^ w 03 OJ +J 02 ^ 5r^ O 0) 03 c! 3 o O OP 03 ^ '2 ® G M c3 0) >% ^ a J > 1 o q !^ 0313^ fl c; % 053 2 be c3 a-' -p «^ a , o 'So o - Si o o o i o3 o3 WW 3G 03 i| ^ c w :3 o so o cc cc W CO ^ cc 02 CO c/^ O O o o O CO O WW o o o o 03 oi if o ^ -2^ a a; o WW 13 r^» O CO 03 a 03 03 * OJ ao o CO oo cc 1X1 m tn O O O W P 03 o3 O [3 :3 PIhOO wO cc al cso -G« a o cc ^^^ bC bC > >^ b ^ o Wo COG 13 G o3 3 as G (^:)co ^'P ^isr ^ =: ^ '£ 1- ;D O* rC! a; y c '=' "1* d S d 0) M) * '^^ 2 a '^ o 208 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO §Q 1 |:S 02 p ;3 Qj ^ 7^ 0^ g PJ 0*5 of § 02 g c3 •sill Pi '-+3 .si's c3o *Ph o Sh 'o p. • is w H fl .S ™ "-! C2 "^ o c3H _fe H-(-:5 "a (K ^ 0.2 m q; CI.) 13 fl rrf fl 0) r> .a W) (I^ w j3 O =3 4-J d <13 S< o c*^ be b£ bC bC b£ bC b£} bG bC bC biD T TTTTtTTTf T be bC bC be be fl G C fl c .>.>.> _> _> be be be be^" be c fl G c!-^ c •t; o of O II S o 9h «* '»-' ''S 2 d §1 2 a) (d'cs o 05 o 3 c O C3 S Z3 "3 o O G ^ , 33 0) ,^ ^ 0^ 22 (D p. •r . !?3 §o ? '^f* ^ '^f^ Tt* '^ i^ Ttf "$( s 1^:5 CD i^ 00 05 c lO »o Id "^ »^ ^ ANTHONY, MAAfMALS OF PORTO RICO 20!) o3 o ^S Oi a <-< >. •4JO O o a 02 a o3 o o t-5 «« o IS .s'S JS'a a s s'g ^< -^ §1 '^ T3.2^ CO Cii -2 0^ 22 52 p:? be biO bc fl g fl bC el bC bCr-; .a .s "^ > > § be ^' bC bJD bp bC be •ES G fl fl C j=| .>.> o- .> > o.g .g.E:.g.> .g .g be be_ .^ '58 sa ^-5 St3^ S §3 ^ ^ O^ C3 l-s-^- P bD a Qj tH ..--H o .-^1^ s s-^a^ III 1 p. c c -:. O o3 • ir< (^ p^ o p:! P^ c3 03 Wo ct -^ CZJ s- -ir2 0) c8 a 'm > fl S C 03 03 :3 ?^ O fl D, .2 ^ 1 '^a ^03 45a OQ >,- a :3 o ^ % c;o^'i6 CD CO<£><© CO 0) CO CO 03 'rt a CO Oh l> OOCSO '-^ CO CO COI> t>. o3 a -§o fl ^ 03 02 o O I .2.8 a a * S3 03 00 S? 210 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO tn ^ o S U 1)^a e o CO '1 a CC^ 4) f-i , '-+3 '"S ^^ S fl fi J,> > 0) i;l o O OQ S d 111 o 3 P § ^ 03rK he .s '3d jc ^<3 5& « C3 al TO Q Pi o .S «3 ^^ o ^ :^| to O ^< o ft ^ o CO r^ 03^ >.? XJg O. ro **- O) O ^ ^ B. ft ej o - s ^ i^ O 2 OJ 1 C2 ,' '«^ S 02 § ftffi =5P5 CO '^ CJ ,X3 O) OJ O ^ ^ § s, O O) TO c3 +^ P'*^ ^.SQh 03 • "^ ^-^^"^ •S 2 C! ^ 3 fl 5 g ,- "^3 cc Oi fl OJ f=5 J Soil : 03 c3 is -,'fS ^« ^^ c« a. ; •ill 1^ bDbD I I bC bC blD h£ bC bfc biO s s s c s d d > '>"> "> > > '> bC bC •I '53 siso 03*3 3 • ft 5 p S6 mG O C4 CO •0(0 C30 3 d -3 d o is O !^ ft B d i§ (U tZ c3 d d W^ ft 3 503 m c _d G3 03 j:^ 'C O) Z3 d 50 i a * 03 "C 5 T3 a t 'i ^ ^ e2 t^ q6 Oi oc 00 00 a 9o c3 03 03H s d ft o 03 & 3 ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO FICO 2\\ -rJ i a 05 ^ S 'a ->! '§ c3 S c "a ^ 2 -d H fl ^ d ;3 ^ ^ >; fcJD 5^ § om t^ 2 03 0! c3 J- j;-! o cc T3'C losely form ica. 0) Q^ 31 c3 o •E a< .2.1. a a s a a a a ^ ^ <i < < -ij <<: <f^ Sg ^ ^ ^ -^ ,C!rC3 ^ ^ .-1 ;3 -^^ 3 3 p ?^ "3 ^ ^^ ^ om ^^ ^ o 02 a3^ S s 6 a a a a i o o o o o o o g '^ « ^4 5m u ;m u u* ^ •IT? ^ c^ C3 «>H «4_( «4-l «4-< O c3 '^ '^ '^ '^ '^'^ '^ "3 .^ > > > > > _> > £ 'C'u £ 03 ce 03 03 c3 03 03 c3 g bC -»-3 -f-s +3 -t-5 ^ ^ ^ -^ Q.a {m fl fl G fl G fl G a; OP OJ OJ 0) Ci ?^. o o o o o C^ cu OJ q; o a> H p:5 Ph p^ ^ tfP^ P^ ^ bC bC bC hID bC bC bC bC fl g g a a a fl C >, > > '> '>"> '> •^ £4k 03 O - 03 a i=3 <x> io p 03 o o3 03 O C3 s. •il fl > & a 1-5 p^ ,C3 s 03 a o au 03 :^ a -< Q - 9 a § >o o3 COC •433 c o d C c3 03 O « o o ^ u && 08 03 PQ id CO =3 5 4^ "Tt W O S a > 55 ^ CO m 03 cc >, >. w a a a >. s a '03 '^ -i bC 0^ ^ 212 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO o I ;3o > B om So c2- 03 < o ^ pci X2 ' 02 a a? 1^ 'IS 53 "SoQ •5^ ;r3 biD bC bO s ^ be bO hC ^^ ^ rt fl !=J rt « s >•> '> •>'^ '> n^^ 'r=^-^ 1-^ bC IS o CD o 03 0) O of i f-( 03 03-S^^ O 03 *S "aoQ 03 ,bC <1 a c > p o p t-H 'A <Q wH o ssa O 2 03 c3C o o Ph )2; •73 bC 03 bO c3 ' ft O O o -5 <^ odo 3 a g 03 So §1 ft-, rC3 « 3^ a ^ ^ COb- 00 0)0 1—( tH r^ r-iC^ ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 213 "0 03 s eg O s OQ CO CD c-j tc > q k5 o-S "^^^ ^ <i^ ^ fcH O ^•S ^ a3 ^ O bC bCfaCbCW) to bO be hLn hn bT nn s C *> > T rm T T T 7 a ^"^ Si 1 1^ 1 d w c: 1 •4-r r9 a O.^H tH C c ^c ^c iS _s CT-^ r* cs2 c 2: 'S '£ c c 'sc ^ S3 03 •5 is C O^SP C c c S5 ffi 1 . 03 "rt W OJ +j <U '-^ fl 33^ '7 1^1 c «^ 2? c n a> S li« C P "i; fl a »i rt i3 1 E '^«'S C Cf c 1 ac cc * K or 1 c3 £ * xr cc 2i 1 _ "O o ilj so 2 ill 60 OS CD oc 7" 3 a k.. '^ c •i o^ ^ <u cu « a a a < 1 1 ^ 1 j» i« ?» ^, »2?pwQd a c T— c4co "^ C<1 (M CM (N <N w CO cc cc w 21 SCIENTIFIC SIJKVIJY OF FORTO RICO Ninety-He veil species and subspecies of mammals are known from the (Greater Ant illean area. These forms are comprised in four orders, some (irteen families and fifty genera. Of the ninety-seven species and sub- species, only fourteen are identical with or immediately related to species foniid on the continents of N^orth and South America. Eighty-three forms are endemic to the Antilles, eitlier specifically or generically. Iliirtv genera are {lutoclithonons in the Greater Antilles, exclusive of two nvn(^ra/^iutochthonous in tlie West Indies (used in the large sense). Both faniili(\s of the Insectivora are endemic to the Greater Antilles, and all of tile e<!entates and hystricomorpli rodents of the Greater Antilles are so distinct from maiidand genera that calling attention to them as aiitochthonons genera scarcely suffices; doubtless some of the distinctions should warrant subfamily separations. The outstanding feature of the inanunalia of tlu; Greater Antilles is its endemic nature. Thirty-fonr species and subspecies of indigenous mammals are known t(» occur in the Lesser Antilles, representing twenty-one genera, sixteen families and subCamilies and five orders. Of these thirty-four species and subsj)ecies, twenty-four species and subspecies are either identical with cr very closely related to species and subspecies living in Central and South America. Of the remaining ten forms, two (the species of Mega- l(jiiiffs) are of undoubted recent arrival from the mainland (I have not s(-^n this genus, but feel certain that it is closely related to Oryzomys, as stated by Major, 1901, ]). 205) arul eight are members of genera en- domic to the Airtilles. IMiere is one autochthonous genus in the Lesser Antilles (with the possible exception of Megalomys), Ardops; no species of Ardops has been fouvul, either on the mainland or in the Greater Antilles, The evolution of four distinct species of Ardops on as many ishuuls of the Lesser Aidilles {)oints toward an early arrival of the an- ('(stral form and also is a, bit of (evidence to sliow that some species oi hats do not pass back and forth freely between islaiuls separated by a fi^w miles of sea-water. It might be urged that a given form does or does not typify an endeniii' genus, accordingly as the w^orker restricts or enlarges his concept of a genus. T1k» classification of the Antillean mammalia followed in thi^ discussion is that of the majority of mammalogists and grants extensi\> liniits to the genus conce])t. Furthermore, the same classification hol< for the Tiess(>r as for the Greater Antilles, and it is impossible to avoid tl^* conclusion that the mammals of the Greater Antilles have been long' separated from mainland stock tlian have those of the Lesser Antilh and also that there has been comparatively little migration of forms fx^' the one group of the Antilles to the other. AXTHOXY, MAMMALi^ OF PORTO RICO 2A^) Xo less than twenty of tlie tliirty autoehtlioiioiis genera of the Greater Antilles are nionotY])ic, and this fact has bearing on the apparently re- stricted dispersal of types in recent times and liints at either a polyphy- letic origin of the mammalia in earlier times^ a very ancient separation of the respective islands^ or a very rapid rate of differentiation. In eac^li case, the individuals of the monotypic genus have been restricted to one island. Wlienever one of the endemic genera is found indigenous on two or more islands sj)ecific differentiation is seen. ^Fhus far in tills discussion the zo()h)gical commeid has been based solely upon the nature and distribution of the nnimmalia in the AntiUes aud any liypothesis advanced has been postulated n]>on zoological evi- dence entirely mammalian. The distribntions of other forms of life, while giving support, in some respects^ to other hypotheses, sucli as a mainland connection to South America through the Lesser Antilles, also corroborate the theories of a former Antillean contineiit, the connection of this continent to (^entral America, and the distinction between the fainias of the Greater and T^esser Antillean associations. Chapnnin (1892 and 1898) points out the high ])ercentage of eiulemic forms in the avifauna, 90 per cent of the resident land birds being endemic and one family (Todidae) and 38 genera peculiar to the West Indies. He goes on to say (1898, p. 245) : So far as their avifauna is concerned, therefore, there has ai)parently been no connection between the Lesser Antilles and the mainland, and we may rc},'ard these islands as zo<)logical dependencies of botli South America and the ^Ji'cater Antilles, from which, through moro or less fortuitous circumstances, tlieir avifauna has been derived. Turning now to the Greater Antilles, we may at once dispose of the Baliamas as oceanic islands of more recent formation than any of the larger islands or iiiainhmd adjacent to them, fr(mi which they have evidently received their life. Only one genus is ])eculiar, and with the exception of its single spc(nes, tlu» ancestry of the twenty-five foi'ms peculiar to the Bahamas can be traced with ninio or less certainty, Cuba furnishing the greater number of parent forms. T)i(^ Caymans, about 175 miles south of Cuba and 2()0 miles west of Jamaica, l'i*'sent an apparently similar case, most of the fifteen forms peculiar to them '"'iig closely related to Cuban or Jamaican species. 'A'e have left now the four larger islands of the Greater Antilles, from which 1"'' of the :]{)?> peculiar West Indian birds have been recorded. Th(\v are 'i' -nbuted as follows: aniaica, 60, of which 42 are endemic; Cuba, 68, of which 45 are endemic; ^^ !ti and San Domingo, 56, of wdiich 34 are endemic; Porto Rico, 46, of which - ' ne endemic. Vnd again (1892, p. 325) : will be ol)served that although Jamaica is but little larger than Porto '^ •• {Old is more isolated from neighboiing regions than any island of the 21G 8GJENTIFW SURVEY OF PORTO RICO group, it is nearly as rich in endemic species, find bas one more peculiar genus than Cuba. ' Tlie latter island is not only ten times as large as Jamaica, but its proximity to Florida has given it at least four forms which have evidently been derived from Florida species. They are Colinus virginianus cuhanensis, CampephiUis hairdi, Colaptcs cJwysocaulostis, • and Stiimella hippocrepls. Hayti, although about seven times as large as Jamaica, has eight endemic si>ecies less, while Porto Rico, nearly as large as Jamaica, and favorably situ- ated for tlie reception of Tiosser Antillean species, has seventeen endemic species less tban Jamnicn, and but one genus is peculiar to the island. It is evident that, as Wallace (1870, p. (>(») has said, the islands ''wei*e not peopled by immigration from surrounding countries wliile in the condition wo now see tlu»m, for in that case the smaller and more remote islands would ho very nnich ])oorer, while Cuba, which is not only the largest, but nearest to tlie mainland in two directions, would be inunensc^ly richer, just as it really is in migratory birds." Chapman conclucles (1892^ p. 326) : While there is little ground, therefore, for the hypothesis of an Antillean continent, it is not impossible that the land connection I have just outlined l)etween Central America and Jamaica may have existed. That there has been a closer connection between this island and the mainland both the dis- proportionately rich avifauna of Jamaica and the shallowness of the inter- vening sea give us good reason to believe, but that the island has ever been compk^tely joined to the mainland there is abundant room for doubt; first. because of the scarcity of terrestrial mammalia in the W^est Indies; second. because of the restrictions of the avifauna. Siiico tlie above was written, there have been notable additions to tlie mammalia known *from tiie West Indies, and consequently Chapmairs first argument against a mainland connection to Jamaica loses some of its force. A not inconsiderable addition to the avifauna has been made as well, and such discoveries as a resident White-winged Crossbill in Jlaiti lias opened new lines of speculation. Chapman writes (1917, p. 332) : Dr. Abbott's discovery that a race of the White-wingeil Crossbill inhabits the inne forests of the higher mountains of Santo Domingo is one of tlie ornithological sensations of recent years. If the bird were a Red Crossbill, its presence, even in a West Indian island, would not be so surprising. This latter species nests as far soutli .is tlK^ Alleghanies of northern Georgia, and its accidental occurrence in Hu' Bermudas proves its ability to reach an island well removed from the neni'ost mainland. The White-winged Crossbill is not known to nest south of northern Xe^\' York, and, even in winter, it has not been recorded from south of Viririnia. Its fortuitous occurrence in the W^est Indies is, therefore, not now to b> ex- pected. Nor does it seem probable that, under existing climatic condii -as. ANrnOKY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 217 ;i bird of the Canadian Zone would tliri^e in tlie tropics, even at an altitude of 4,0€0 feet, if introduced tliere. If tliis be true, it follows that Lo,i'ia has adapted itself to life in the Sub- tropical Zone through, not a sudden, but a gradual climatic change. Such a change we know to have accompanied the wane of the last Glacial Period. Perliaps, therefore, we are warranted in assuming that the climatic condi- tions which brought the Musk Ox to Kentucky, the Walrus to the vicinity of (Jharloston, South Cai'olhia, nnd the (Jreat Auk as far soutli as Ormond, Florida, art* also res])onslble for the original occurrence of the Whit<'-wing(wl (Crossbill in Snnto Domingo. Tlie pines which had jM'eoeded it, [ind vvhlcli mny also be considered as borcMl invaders, forccMl southwsnd by the Ice Ag(% offered the food supply the bird's habits re(piire, and in its insidar home it has been stranded after the causes to which its presence is due have disappeared. It is not implied that the existence of Loxia in the greater Antilles indicates a land connection between these islands and the southeastern United States. We have seen that the Red Crossbill is of recent occurrence in Bermuda, and it is therefore well within the bounds of probability to believe that during the time when the Glacial Period forced the White-winged Crossbill far below its present range in North America, it ndght have occurred fortuitously in Santo Domingo. This assinnption by Chapman^ that the southern advance of the ice sheet in I^orth America may have produced such profound climatic changes in the Antilles that boreal visitors found an acceptable home there, suggests as a corollary the extinction or driving southward of tropical forms in the Antilles wdiicli could not withstand boreal condi- tions. The poverty of the present-day non-volant nuimmalia may be^ in part, explained by sucli an assumption and tlie extinction of the greater part of the fossil mammalia may have been contemporaneous with the (ilacial Period. While there is nothing in this assumption to conflict mih the distribution of the mammalia in the Antilles^ I leave to the students of the other classes of zoology the determination as to whetlier «>r not this idea is compatible with their facts.^^ The distribution of the reptiles and amphibians best conforms to the liy{)othesis of a mainland connection. According to Barbour (1919, !>. ^9). The connection, at some time in the past, of Cuba with both Yucatan and Haiti is very strongly indicated by the fauna, not only among the reptiles <jnd amphibians but in very many other groups. And (1914, p. 236) : The fauna of the West Indian region as a whole is homogeneous ; that is to ^^ay, certain genera, as, for instance, Ameiva, probably derived from north- ^^ See Daly. 1915, p. 167, for an account of the far-reaching influence of the great 2\H ^Cfi'JXT/FIC ^I'ln f^y OF l*()RT() RICO e<ist(»ni South AiiK^'ica, luivc iM'uetrated tlirougli the chain with a local species upon practically every iHland, and reached as far as Cuba and Jamaica. Naturally, the types derived from South America are most abundant in the islands which were last in connection with Houtli America, as in Grenada ; and disappear jj^radually, drop[)ing out one l)y one, until but comparatively few reach the Greater Antilles. Conversely, types of Central American origin pre- dominate in Cul)a and Jamaica; Central American types, derived through l)oth of theses islands, occur on Haiti and Porto Kico. Other genera wliich may be called piyely Aidillean are found througluait the entire group of islands; and the most characteiistic of these are AlHophiH and Lcimiidophis, whose disti'ibu- lions ])arallel one another in a most n^markable manner, as does also thi^ distributi(»n of HIcuthcrfKldcli/liiH. Thei'e is no us(^ in expanding upon the lindts of (\xt<*nt of the other genera, as these may easily be seen by referring to the tables. The i)oint, liowever, which is most worthy of emidiasis is that this homogeneous fauna is characteristic not only of reptiles and Jimphibians, but of birds and mammals, as well as of groups of terrestrial invertebrates, PvnputuH alTording an excellent example. When this fact is taken into con- sideration witli the regularity with which tlie impoi'tant genera occur on prac- tically (M'cry island tliat has l>een scientifically explored, with a species pe- culiar to t^ach, it iKM'omes evident at once that these groups of individuals on each island have been isolated for a long time, and that evolution by isola- tion would be impossible if individuals were being carried from one island to anotlKU' l>y flotsam and jetsam dispersal. The inlierent tendency of any isolated gi'our) of individuals to vary in some definite direction and to fix l»eculiar cliaracters within the group would be impossible if a constant ex- change of individuals fi'om one island to another were taking place. If this has taken place in the past, it should be occurring still; and the fact that it does not occur now is good pj-oof that this method of dispersal has never playcMl a part of any importance in the past. A very few species have been carried about fortuitously, whether by human agency or otherwise, it is im- possible to know, -but this has l)een the exception and not the rule. The West Indian fauna is obviously one which has descended from species whicli fornu»rly ranged ov(»r gr(»at arenas of land which, in connection with each other at various times, as well as with the mainland of Central and South America, have gone to make up the area we may call Antillea. IkrhouF ( l!)l(), p. :eTr) also finds tliat tlie reptiles and amphibians of Jamaica call for an early sei)arati()ii of Jainai(>a from Antillea: Hydrographically, then, Jamaica is intimately related with both Central America and Haiti, and it seems probable that Lesser Antillean species and (Central American species havc^ come through a land connecticm wliich had nothing to do with <^uba. This would account, for instance, for the presence of ArwhUiiftr in Haiti and Jamaica. The early separation of Jamaica from the niairdand and from Haiti would account for the absence of types havini such a distribution as Hnfo and Amphhslxfcnn, which may easily have reachcf! Haiti from tht^ mainland of Central America by way of Cuba. For anothc; connection nuist have existed between C^iba and the upper peninsula of Hail after tlie separation of Jamaica from Haiti, and may we not suppose that tb- AXTHOXY, MAMMALH OF PORTO RICO 2\\) separation took place before the migration of Bufo or Amplilshaow had ex- tended far enough to have i-eaehed Jama lea before it was separated? Stejneger (1902, pj). SGI and 5()2) pictures a coiulitiop whidi ai)})1ies, as I have sliowu, to the iiiainiiials, wlien he describes the relations and origin of the Porto Hican herpetological fauna. In analyzing the composition of the Porto Rican herpetological fauna we find that ont of a total of thirty-fi^e species (excluding the marine turtles) no less than twenty-one are peculiar, of which iifteen ai'e peculiar to Porto Rico proper and six to Mona. On the other hand, Porto Rico has oidy 2 species in connnon with the Carib- bean Islands, the same 2 species also ranging over the other larger Antilles. Two more species Porto Rico proper shares with the latter. The rest of the species occur in the Vii-gin Islands. Pen-to Rico thus forms with the hitter a group characterized by an extraordinarily great proportion of peculiar species. But while the fauna of Porto Rico, both in itself and in combination with tlie AMrgin Islands, shows a high amount of specialization demonstrating a (•onsidt4'abl(^ degi'ce of isolation in time, it must not be imagined that the separation is very dei^p seated. On the contrary, the affinities with the other Antill(>s, especially the larger ones to the west, are very close and can readily l»(^ traced. I.(living, tlieii. ont of eonsidei-ation the Iwo si)e<*ies whose introdueti(m we asci'ibe to man, flctnidacfy/Ks mahouUi and LrptoducfyluH (flhil<ihri>i, the her- l>etologieal fainia of I*orto Rico fails into two grou])s, namely, the species winch have in all ])robability originally extended (h(»ir range from north- cast(M'ii South Anu'i-ica and those whose ancestors came from the* west, i)ri- uiarily from the present nuiinland of Central America, and secoiidaiily from the other (ireat Antilles. Comparatively few, probably not more than five of the genera inhabiting I*orto Rico, i)oint toward South America. Kigonniann, discussing the fres1i-\vater tislu^s of w{\stern Cid)a, writes (1002, p. 221) : The origin of the Cuban fauna is then not far to sindv. We have, as men- tioned above, a luimber of marine species, more or less regular visitors of the fj'c^sh water. We have species widely distributed in the brackish water and 'oastwise streams whose T)resence is predicalde (Gohiidae), and we have local modifications of families witli a wide distril)ution in the brackish and fresh ^vaters of the tropics of America ( l'(>e('iHi(Jae) , We have, furthermore, local idaptations of marine species to fresh water (IhotuUdac and Atherina). The 'I'igin of all the al)ove is simide of exi)lanation. The si)ecies whose presence '^ of greatest interest are the strictly fresh-water si)ecies of Lepisostcus, evi- dently belonging to the North American fauna, and ^iiml)ranc}ius and IIcvoh "^ evidently members of the South American fauna. The presence of the eel " the fresh waters of Cuba is to be expected, inasmuch as it very probably 'leeds in the ocean near Cuba. • The presence of ^i/mhranchus, Heros, and ^^ msosteus tristoechus and A(/(nwstoma monficola shows that the fresh-water 220 SailJNTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO fauna of Cuba lias a greater affinity for that of Mexico than for that of PIori<la, and thjit tlie-se forms probably reached Cuba by way of Yucatan. The relict nature of so much of the Antillean fauna is demonstrated to be true for the spiders as well^ by Lutz (1915^ p. 141) : To sunnnarize what seems to be the facts concerning West Indian spiders there lias been considerable movement between the individual islands and also between the nnunhnid and the islands, {\speciahy at the two ends of the island chain, even in recent times when the islands were separate from each other and from the mainland. It is therefore unnecessary to suppose that such con- nections ever existed. Ancient forms have had a longer time to reach the islands than the more recent ones, they were adapted to a tropical environ- ment, and the insular cliaracter of the area has protected them, hence a large part of the fauna consists of rc^licts as is sliown by the relationships with South Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, Australia and the Philippines. Recent forms are now mingling witli and replacing the older forms. Himpson (1891, p. 427) believed that the distribution of the land mol- lusks favors a land connection between Antillea and the mainland, prob- ably i^Morichi. Whether one believes in such a connection or not, the nature of th(» hind molhisk fauna is well summed up by Simpson: It has been claimed that tliere has never been land connection between the islands of this archii)elago, and that the homogeneousness of its land and fresh-water molluscan fauna could be accounted for by supposing that many of the speci(>s had been carried from island to island, by storms or currents, or that they had been transported ])y other means. While no doubt a small pro- l)ortion of the forms have thus migrated, yet the number of species common to two or more islands is so small, and the distribution of many of the genera and subordinate groups is so peculiar, that I believe we are not justified in (explaining the pr(\s(ent distribution by such an liypothesis. Cuba, with nearly 7(M) siKM'ies of lan<l an<l fresh-watc^r mollusks, has oidy 53 not confined to the island; Jamaica, wilh o\'er ntX) spcM'ies, has 41; Haiti, with 270 species, has only :j(); and l/uerto liico, with KJO species, lias 34 stragglers to other localities. Now, it is very remarkable tliat while many species of non-operculate land snails ore common to the Greater Antilles and the continent, as well as to several of the different Lesser Antillean islands, not a single operculate is known to iidiabit both the greater archipelago and the mainland of tropical America. Two species, Chondropoma dentatum and Helicina suhglohulosa, and possibly a third, Ctenopoma mgulosum, all Cuban forms, are colonized in tlie extr«vme southern end of Florida, and although nearly half the species of land snails of these four larger islands are operculates, not more than 9 or 10 of them are found outside of a single island. This might be taken as evidence that the non-operculate forms were of much more ancient origin than the tvtlH^rs. many of th(»m reaching hnck to a time of former land connection, whih- the operculate si.eci(>s were of more recent development, which I suspect mav be tlie case; or that tlie former are better adapted to migration across tin ocean than the latter. ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 221 The fact that the operculates form so large a i)roportion of the Aiitillean liiiul snail fauna, that a majority of the genera are found on two or more of iho islands and the mainland, while nearly every species is absolutcdy re- stricted to a single island, appears to me to be very strong testimony in favor of a former general land connection. I believe that all the evidence of the terrestrial and tluviatile molluscan fauna of this region indicates that in tlie early Tertiary Period, perhaps, there was a general land elevation of the Greater Antilles, and possibly of some of the adjacent area ; that Wallace's theory of a land connection of the greater islands is correct; that during some part of this time a landway extended across to the continent ; that the species and groups of this then connected territory migrated to some extent from one part of it to another, and that a probable connection existed over the Bahama plateau to what was at that time 1)0 doubt the island of Florida. It would appear that at this time the volcanic islands of the Lesser Antillcan chain were not yet raised above the sea, or that if there was land in that region it has since been submerged, and there seems to be no good evidence in favor of any land connection with the Greater Antilles since the lifetime of the present groups and species of West Indian land and fresh-water mollusks. 'Flic (listribution of tlic decapods of the West Indies lias considerable hearing on tlie origin of these islands, and tlic following quotations are llie eonehisions of Ortmann (1902, p. 295) : L(M)king over the various connections between the different isolated areas of (listi'ibution of the different groups of crayfishes, which have been suggested hy the above chorological and systematical discussions, we may itemize Uunn ill tlu^ following way : . . . 2. A connection of Cuba with Central America (Mexico). Again, on page 309 : 'Hie West Indian islands nnist have been once connected with Ci^ntral and ^<»nth America. The fresh-water cral)s of the Greater Antilles i)oint to a eon- ii<<tion with Mexico, as well as to a connection between themselves, after they wvw separated from the mainland {Epiloboccra) . The fresh-water crabs of fi!e l^esser Antilles point to a comiection with Trinidad and Venezuela. ^>n. page 347: '^<<'ording to the foregoing, the history of the development of the Central Anuiiean and West Indian region, as supported by the fresh-water Decapods, ^^ -le following: ' ^ ntral America, the West Indies and the northern margin of South America f" hmI in the Mesozoic period (certainly during Jurassic and Cretaceous) a '' mental mass (Antillean continent), which was liounded by sea to the "*' n and south. This continent broke up at the end of the Cretaceous, the '*' ' factor in its destruction being the formation of the Caribbean Sea. Tlic ''' U(>rn remnant of this continent,- consisting of the Greater Antilles and '*'* of present Central America, probably remained a unit up to the Eocene. ^22 ^aiESTIFia HURVI^y OF mBTO RICO Iliit at the end of the Koceiie and during the Oligocene and Miocene the eoii- n(H-tion l)etween th(^ (Ji'eater Anti^es and the mainbuid was severed. But it was reestablished toward the end of the Tertiary (Ph^istoeene) and a-;nii (U»stroyed in the reeent time. ^riie flora of Porto IJico is like the fauna, characterized by the large ninni)er of eiKk^ink; forms. Britton remarks in his introduction to the Botany of Porto Kico and the Virgin Ishmds (1923, p. 4) : A large number of kinds of plants exist naturally only in Porto Rico and (h(* Virgin Islands; thest^ are termed endemic species. They are scattered in disti'ibution, not being restricted to wet, dry, high, or low districts or to sptH-ific types of soil, though many of them appear, from our present knowl- (Mlge, to l)e very local in distribution. All the endemic species are more or les8 closJly related to other species inhabiting other West Indian . Islands, indi- cating comnuniity of origin and differentiation through isolation. The cutting of the forests ovei- the greater part of both Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands has iirobably eliminated some endemic specief^. live number of citations wliich might be included are so great that it *is l)(-yond the proviiuM) of this pa|)er to attempt inclusion of even a sinah pari of Uwiu, 1'he autliors selected will serve to sliow that there is a cor- rehiiion and agriMMnent in the various branches as to the peculiar natin"*' <d* i!n' West Indian fauna and flora. Tlie broad facts of this distribution are beyond dispidc; the inter])retation of these facts and the creation of bypothesi^s provi(h' ground for argument. Many writers couhl be quohMi here whos(» views are (j|)posed to those cited. These writers appear in Hh' bibliogra{)hy at the close of this paper and should be consulted for the other sid(» of the |)icture. Tn most cases T have believed that the weight (d' authority was in favor of the views quoted, and limitations of s])aeo ])ermit me to toucli Uj)on tlu^ high lights ()nly. For a very full and thor- ough summing up of all the factors bearing on the history of the West Indies, the rtmder is referred to Scharff (1911, pp. 261-294, and 1922. pp. f)5-~?2). 1 have not discnissed the possible eastward extension of the hypothetica! Antillea or the possible existence of the mythical Atlantis. It is a'b mitted that some of the features of the fauna of the Antilles could be very handily accotnited for by a land connection to Africa. The evidence in favor of such a connecti(m is, I think, far outweighed by the evidciu" against it, and I should be quite satisfied with tlie one continental tact, nanudy, with (Vmtral xVmerica. The facts, deduced from what sourc^e, strongly support the following conclusions : 1. That the faunas of the Antilles contain an unusually high centage of relict forms and endemic types. )ii- ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RWO 223 2. That there are rather distinct lines separating the faunas of the (greater Antilles from those of the Lesser Antilles. 3. That the waif elements in the faunas can usually be readily recog- nized, and that they are sharply marked off from the truly Antillean section of the fauna. 4. That the nature and distribution of the faunas favor an Antillean land-mass or subcontinent which incKided certainly, Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico and the Virgins, probably Jamaica, and possibly Anguilla and St. Martins. 5. That the nature and distribution of the faunas of the Great Antilles are best explained by the assumption of a hypothetical contact with Cen- tral America at either one or two points, Yucatan or Honduras, during Tertiary time. 6. That the faunas of the Greater Antilles are not so well accounted for by a hypothetical contact through the Lesser Antilles, and that the evidence is against such a connection to South America, and also against a connection to Korth America through the Bahamas and Florida. The origin of the mammalia of Porto Eico may be summarized under tlie following heads 1. The mammals are predominately South American in affmities, but well differentiated through long separation. 2. The percentage of relict forms and endemic types is high. 3. No one locality on the continents as known today could sii|)j)ly Porto Eico v/ith all its mammals or, apparently, with forms descended from common ancestors. 4. The correlation between the mammalia of Porto Eico and that of ^'nba and Haiti indicates beyond doubt a common origin (of some an- ti<(iiity, however) ; and a similar, but more remote, relationship with the Jiifinmialia of Jamaica is implied. '1 The theory of fortuitous distribution of life-raft transportation will JK'l adequately account for the mammals of Porto Eico, granting that *"i^y Chiroptera, Insectivora, Edentata and Eodentia are known from t^'" island. '^ A connection or connections with Central America during Tertiary ^'^ «' would allow Porto Eico to receive migrants from South America '•'' = from ISTorth America as well, and such an hypothesis explains most "''' -^factorily the facies of the Porto Eican mammalia. It does not ex- p! 11. however, the absence of continental types we may logically expect. The absence of expected mainland types on Porto Eico, while not ' '^ ble of very satisfactory explanation by the land-connection theory, is '*' oighed by the presence of the known mammalia of Porto Eico. 2-24 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO BIBLIOGRAPHY^^ AOASSIZ, A. 1888. Three cruises of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey steamer "Blake." I, Boston and New York. Allen, G. M. 1911. Mammals of the West Indies. Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, LIV, No. 0, pp. 173-2a3, July. 1917. New fossil mammals from Cuba. Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, LXI, No. 1, pp. 1-12, 1 pi., January. 1918. Fossil mammals from Cuba. Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, LXII, No. 4, pp. 131-148, May. Allen, J. A. 1916. An extinct octodont from the island of Porto Ricd, West Indies. Ann. N. Y. Acad. ScL, XXVII, pp. 17-22, January 25. Ameghino, F. 1889. Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamfferos fosiles de la lie- publica Argentina. Actas de hi Acad. Nac. de Ciencias en Cordoba Tomo VI. Ai\i)i*:usEiv, K. 1<X)8. A monojL^rapli of the clilropteran genera Uroderma, Enchisthencs, and Artibeus. Proc. Zool Soc, London, I, pp. 204-319. 1912. Catahigue of the chlroptera in the collection of the British Museinii. I, 2d Ed. Anthony, II. E. 1910. Preliminary report of fossil mammals from Porto Rico, with de- scriptions of a new genus of ground-sloth and two new genera of hystricomorph rodents. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XXVII, pp. 193-203, August 9. 1916a. Preliminary diagnosis of an apparently new family of insectivores. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXV, pp. 725-728, November 16. 1917. New fossil rodents from Porto Rico, with additional notes on Elagmodontomfis ohliquus Anthony and Heteropsomys insulans Anthony. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVII, pp. 183-181>. January 29. 1917a. Two new fossil bats from Porto Rico. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hi^^< • XXXVII, pp. 565-568, September 7. 1918. The indigenous land mammals of Porto Rico, living and extin^ '• Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New Series, II, Part 2, pp. 333-4' >. October 12. •^ Tlic following list of papers was consnltocl in the preparation of tills report, will be noted from the titles tliat many of tlie publications have little or no di' hearing upon the manmuils of I'orto Kico. However, the discussion of the origin the .\ntilles entails considerable search in the literature on subjects other than m rnalK, and accordingly a few titles have been selected from the host of papers wl have been written upon the West Indies and the Island life. ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 225 1919. Mammals collected in eastern Cuba in 1917. With descriptions of two new species.- Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, XLT, pp. 625 04*», December 30. IlAUiJOUR, T. 1910. Notes on the herpetology of Jamaica. Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, Lll, No. 15, pp. 271-302, May. 1914, A contribution to the zoogeogrnphy of the West Indies, with espe- cial reference to amphibians and reptiles. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLTV, No. 2, pp. 205-359, March. 1916. Some remarks upon Matthew's "climate and evolution," with sup- plementary note by W. D. Matthew. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XXVII, pp. 1-15, January 25. 1923. The birds of Cuba. Mem. Nuttall Ornithological Club. No. 6, June. Cambridge, Mass. r»ARR0UR, T., and Ramsden, C. T. 1919. The herpetology of Cuba. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLVII, No. 2, pp. 69-213, May. Ukhkey, C. p. 1930. Introduction to the geology of Porto Rico. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Ishmds, I, pp. 11-20, N. Y. Acad. Sci. 15ki ITON. N. L. 1923. Botany of Porto Rico and the Vii'gin Islands. Scieidific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, Part 1. ('llAPMA.\, F. M. 1S92. Notes on birds and mammals observed near Ti'inidad, Cuba, wilb remarks on the origin of W^est Indian bird-life. P»ull. Amer. Miis. Nat. Hist, IV, pp. 270-330. 1S98. The origin of West Indian bird-life. Nat. Gcog. Mag., IX, No. 5, pp. 243-247, May. 1917. Descriptions of new birds from Santo Domingo and remarks on others in the Brewster-Sanford collection. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVII, pp. 327-334, May 14. 1>A1IL, A. 1797. Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet. Kj0benhavn. IV, p. 132. '••^! V. R. A. 1915. The glacial-control theory of coral reefs. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Set, LI, No. 4, pp. 155-251, November. J>f:-MAREST, A. G. 1S19. Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle. Tome XXXV. l"*--0N, G. K. ''^7S. Catalogue of the chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. London. *^79. Report on the geographical distribution of the chiroptera. Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1878, Dublin mei'ting, pp. 158-167. ^82-1883. A monograph of the insectivora, systematic and anatomical. London. 22(] SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO f ElGENMANN, G. H. 1903. The fresli-water fishes of western Cuba. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1902. XXII, pp. 211-236, July 20. Falconer, J. D. 1902. The evolution of the Antilles. Scottish Geog. Mag., XVIII, pp. 36^-377. Gabb, W. M. 1873. On the topography and geology of Santo Dominga Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, XV, pp. 47-259. Gadow, H. 1905. The distribution of Mexican amphibians and reptiles. Proc. Zool, Soc. London, II, pp. 191-244. Gkoffroy Saint Hilaire, fi. 1913? Description de I'figypte, etc. Histoire Naturelle, II, p. 114. Gray, J. E. 1827. Cuvier's animal kingdom. Griffith edition, V, p. 66. 1834. Characters of a new genus of bats (P>rachyphylla) obtained by the society from the collection of the late Rev. Lansdown Guildiiig. Proc. Zo<)1. Soc. London for 1833. No. 11, Part 1, pp. 122-12.3, March 12. 18.38. A revision of the genera of bats (Vespertilionidae) and the descrip- tion of some new genera and species. Mag. Zo()l. & P.ot., II, pp. 4a3-505. (ilU'iCOIlY, J. W. 1895. Contributions to the pakMmtology and physical geology of the Wcsl Indies. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc. I^ondon, LI, pp. 255-312. (fUKGOUY, W. K. 1910. The orders of mammals. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXVI K February. GUNDT^CH, J. 1840. Beschreibung von vier auf Cuba gefangenen Fledermausen. Arcli. f. Naturg., I. pp. 356-358. 1878. Apuntes para la fauna Puerto-Biqueila. Anales Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., VII, pp. 135-234. GippY, It. J. L. 1905. The growth of Trinidad. Trans. Canadian Inst., VIII, Part 1, pp 137-149. 1909. The geological connections of the Caribbean region. Trans. Cana- dian Inst., VIII, Part 3, pp. 373-391. 1911. On the geology of Antig\ia and other West Indian islands wUii reference to the physical history of the Caribbean region. Qu n'. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, LXVII, Part 4, pp. 681-700. Hill, R. T. 1898. The geolgical history of the isthmus of Panama and portion- '•t' Costa Bica. Bull. Mux. Comp. Zool., XXVIII, No. 5, pp. 149 "^^ June. ANTHOlSiY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO *22T 1899. The geology and physical geography of Jamaica : Study of a type of antillean development. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXXIV, pp. 1-256, September. Jackson, H. H. T. 1916. A new bat from Forto Rico. TrocBiol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, pp. 37-38, February 24. I.KACII, W. E. 1821. The characters of seven genei*a of bats with foliaceous appeinlages to the nose. Trans. Unn. Soc. London, XIII, 1S22, pp. 73 82. i.KdIK, W. 1907. Yaw Entwicklungsgeschichte des Zahnsystems der Silngetiere. 11, Toil Phylogenie, 2 Ileft, Zoologicii. Band 20, Heft 49, pp. 1-157. l.OJiECK, A. K. 1922. The physiography of Porto Rico. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. I, Part 4. N. Y. Acad. Sci. Lowe, P. R. 1911. A naturalist on desert islands. London and New York. liUTZ, F. E. 1915. List of Greater Antillean spiders, with notes on their distribution. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XXVI, pp. 71-148, May 29. Lydekker, R. 1896. A geographical history of mammals. Cambridge, England. Geo- graphical Series. 1-YON, M. W., Jr. 1914. Tadarida Rafinesque versus Nyctinomus Geoffroy. Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, XXVII, pp. 215-220, October 31. Major, 0. I. F. 1901. The musk-rat of Santa Lucia (Antilles). Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., VII (7), pp. 204-206, February. Matthew, W. D. 1906. Hypothetical outlines of the continents in Tertiary times. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXII, pp. 353^83, October 25. 1909. The carnivora and insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle Eocene. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., IX, Part 6, pp. 281>-567. 1913. A zalambdodont insectivore from the basal Eocene. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII, pp. 304-317, July 25. 1915. Climate and evolution. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XXIV, pp. 171-318, February 18. '•'15(1. Megalocnus and other Cuban ground-sloths. Abstract. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXVI, p. 152, March 31. '918. Affinities and origin of the Antillean mammals. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XXIX, pp. 657-666, December 30. '>19. Recent discoveries of fossil vertebrates in the West Indies and their bearing on the origin of the Antillean fauna. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, LVIII, No. 3, pp. 161-181. •^28 SCIENTIFIC SURVKY OF PORTO RICO Matthew, W. D., and Barboue, T. 1916. Some remarks upon Matthew's "climate and evolution," by T. Bar- bour, with supplementary note by W. D. Matthew. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XXVII, pp. 1-15, January 25. Mai IKY, O. J. 1920. Tertiary mollusca from I'orto Rico. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and theVirghi Islands. HI, I'art 1, N. Y. Acad. Sci. MiLI.KH, (J. S., Jii. 1S99. Two new ijjlossopliaguie l)at,s from the West Indies. Froc. Biol. Soc. Washijii^ton, XMI, i»p. ^\ ^7, Mny 29. 19(H). 'r\w bfits of the genus Monopliyllus. I'roc. Washington Aciid. Sci , ir, pp. 31 38, March 30. 1902. 'IHventy new American bats. I*roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. ;)89 412, September 12. 1900. Twelve new genera of bats. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XIX, pp. 83-86, June 4. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 57, June 29. 1912. list of North American land mammals in the United States Na- tional Museum, 1911. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 79, December 31. 1913. Notes on the bats of the genus Molossus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XLVI, pp. 85-92, August 23. 1916. Note on the indigenous rodent of Santo Domingo. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, pp. 47-50, February 24. 1916f^ Bones of mammals from Indian sites in Cuba and Santo Domingo. Smithsonian Jliscl. Coll., LXVI, No. 12, pp. 1-10, pi. I, Decem- ber 7. 1918. Mammals and reptiles colh)cted by Theodoor de Booy in the Virgin Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., LIV, pp. 507-511, pi. LXXXl, October 15. 1922. Remains of mammals from caves in the Republic of Haiti. Smith- sonian Miscl. Coll., LXXIV, No. 3, pp. 1-8, October 16. 1924. liist of North American recent mammals, 1923. Bull. U. S. Nnl. Mus., No. 128. .Miliar, G. S., Je., and Gidley, J. W. 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., VIII, No. 13, pp. 431-448, July 19. MuiiRAY, A. 1800. The geographical distribution of mammals. London. Ok KM, L. 1810. Behrbuch der Naturgeschichte. II, Part 3, p. 922. Ortmann, a. E. 1902. The geographical distribution of fresh-water decapods and its b v^u* ing upon ancient geography. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, XLI. -^'^ 171, pp. 267-400. Obborn, H. F. 1910. The age of mammals. New York. ANTHONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 229 Palmer, T. S. 1904. Index generum mammalium. A list of the genera and families of mammals. U. S. Dept. Agri., North American Fauna No. 23, January 23. I^ETERS, W. 1862. tJbersicht der von Hrn. Dr. Gundlach beobachteten Flcderthiere auf Cuba. Monatsb. k. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1801, pp. 141V-ir)(). 1800. Benierkungen iiber neue oder weniger bekannte Flederthiere, l)e- sonders des I'ariser Museums. Monatsb. k. in-euss. Akad. Wiss. l^erlin, 1800, pp. 301 408. 1870. Dber Stenoderma Geott'i-oy und eine djimit vervvnndte lUMie Fled(*r- thier-Oattung, PcltorhinuH. Monatsb. k. in'euss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, pp. 429-434, 12 pll. PetersOx\, O. a. 1917. Report upon the fossil material collected in 1913 by the Messrs. Link in a cave in the Isle of Pines. Ann. Carnegie Mus., XI, Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 359-361, pi. XXXVI, November 5. POUSAEGUES, E. DE 1899. Sur une nouvelle espece de Capromys, decouverte par M. Geay dans le nord du Venezuela. Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., V, pp. 150-154. Rehn, J. A. G. 1902. A revision of the genus Mormoops. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- phia, pp. 160-172, June 11. 1904. A study of the mammalian genus Chilonycteris. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, pp. 181-207, March 29. Sawkins, J. G. 1869. Reports on the geology of Jamaica. . . . Memoirs Geol. Survey. London. HCIIARFF, R. F. 1911. Distribution and origin of life in America. London. (See special chapter on West Indies, pp. 261-294). 1922. On the origin of the West Indian fauna. Bijdragen tot de Dier- kunde, K. Zool. Genoots. . . . Amsterdam. XXFI, i)p. 65-72. ^^< UUCHERT, C. 1910. Paleogeography of North America. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX, pp. 427-606, pll. XLVI-CI, February 5. ^^ LATER, W. L. and P. L. 1899. The geography of mammals. London. ^ >TT, W. B. 1913. A history of land mammals in the Western Hemisphere. New York. ^'^MPSON, C. T. 1895. Distribution of the land and fresh-water mollusks of the West In- dian region, and their evidence with regard to past changes of land and sea. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1894, pp. 423-450, pi. XVI, January 26. 230 8GIIJNTIFIG SURVEY OF PORTO RWO Spencer, J. W. W. ^ 181)5. Reconstruction of the AntiUean continent. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer, VI, pp. 103-140, pi. I, January 7. 1898. The West Indian bridge between North and South America. Popu- lar Science Monthly, LIU, pp. 10-30, May. Iim2. On the geological and physical development of Dominica; with notes on Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and the Grenadines. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lon<l()n, LVFII, pp. 341-353. 1002. On the geological and })hysical develoimient of Barbados; witli notes on Trinidad. Qnnr. .ban-. (Jeol. Soc. London, LVllT, pi). 354 307. \U\<}. The discovery of fossil niannnals in Culia and their great geographi- cal iniporUnice. Science, N. S., XXXII, No. 825, pp. 564-505, October 21. 1912. The submarine valleys and canons off the American coast. (This is chapter IX of "sub-oceanic physiography of the north Atlantic Ocean," by L. Hull.) London. SrK.TNEGEB, L. 1904. Tlie herpetology of Porto Kico. Rpt. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1902, pp. 549^-724. Tette, F. W. 1885. A provisional list of the mammals of North and Central America and the West Indian islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 1884, pp. 587-611. V A I GUN, T. W. 1919. Gontrilnitions to the geology and paleontology of the Canal Zone, Panama, and geologically related areas in Central America and tlie West Indies. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 103. 1922. Stratigraphic significance of the species of W^est Indian fossil Echini. Geology and paleontology of the W^est Indies. Carnegie Inst. Washington, pp. 105-122. W\i.r.A( E, A. R. 187(». The geographical distribution of animals. London. II. 1881. Island life. New York. Wet MORE, A. 1916. Birds of I»orto Ilico. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agri., No. 326, March 24. 1920. Five ntnv sjiecies of bii'ds from cave deposits in Porto Rico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXIII, pp. 77-82, December 30. 1!)22. Bird remains from the caves of Porto Rico. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nal. Hist., XL VI, pp. 297 333, May 22. 1922«. Remains of birds from caves in the Republic of Haiti. Smithsonb^i Mlsel. Coll., LXXIV, No. 4, pp. 1-4, October 17. Willis, B., and Salisblry, R. D. 1910. Outlines of geologic history with especial reference to Nor'- America. Chicago. WiNGE, H. 1923. Pattedyr-Slaegter, Kj0benhavn. I. 1924. Pattedyr-Slaegter, Kj0benhavn. IT. Al^THONY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 2e31 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Text Figures Fij?. 1. Map of Porto Rico, with collecting sites indicated by black circles. V'v^. 2. Nodilio leporinus masfivus X -/^ > ^^1<^ Tjoiza, Porto Rico. Fii,'. .**. ChihmycferiH pamclli p<)rt()ii(en.Hu X'Vl; Mdnlt $ ', Trnjillo x\Ito, Porto Rico. MiC. i. (Jhilonyi t('riH fulkfhiosa infhtfd X '*/l 5 iidiilt $ ; I'ueblo \"ieJo, Porto Rico. FiK. r». MornfoopH hlahtrHlil X *V'> ; adult $ ; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico. Fig. C. Monnoops hlamvUVd X VI ; adult $ ; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico. Fii,'. 7. Monophijllns porforicaisis X ^/l » adult ^ ; Pueblo A^iejo, Porto Rico. Fig. 8. Monophyllus frater X ^/l ; type ; Morovis, Cueva Cat edral, Porto Rico. Fig. 9. Brachyphylla cavernarum X 2/1 ; adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico. Fig. 10. Stenodcrma rufus. Skull figures X ^/'^ 5 dentition X 14/3 ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico. A, crown view of maxillary tooth- row ; B, crown view of mandibular tooth-row. Fig. 11. Artiheus jamaicensis jamaiccnsis X 2/1 ; adult $ ; Utuado, Porto Rico. Fig. 12. Phyllonycteris major X 2/1 ; type ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico. Fig, l:\. Erophylla bomlnfrons X 3/1 ; adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, I*orto Rico. Fig. 14. Eptesicus funcus wctmorei X 8/3 ; adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico. Fig. 15. Tadarida murina X 8/3 ; adult 9 ; Utuado, Porto Rico, Fig. 16. Molossus fortis X 3/1 ; adult $ ; iVdjuntas, Porto Rico. Fig. 17. Nesoph(nitcs editJuv. Skulls of adult male and adult female, from Cueva Catedral, Morovis, Porto Rico. X 2/1. Fig. 18. Nesoplimites editJur. Skulls of adult male and adult female, from Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico. X 2/1. I'ig. 19. Ne8opho7ites ed/itlm. Crown views of upper dentition, A, and lower dentition, B. X^/l- y\'^. 20. Ncsophontcs ed^ithw. Upper dentition in profile. X ^/l- I'Tu'. 21. Nesophontes editha'. Right scapula: A, external aspect; B, anterior aspect ; C, ventral aspect, x V2. 1' ig. 22. Nesophontes editha\ Left humerus : A, anterior aspect ; B, internal aspect ; C, posterior aspect, x '^/2. I''^2,3. Nesophontes editha. Right ulna: A, anterior aspect; B, external aspect ; C, posterior aspect ; D, internal aspect. X '^2. 1 ^ 24. Nesophontes editha'. Left radius: A, anterior aspect; B, external aspect ; C, posterior aspect. X ^/2. ' 25. Nesophontes edithw. Sacrum: A, dorsal aspect; B, lateral aspect. X4/1. ^ 26. Nesophontes editha'. Right innominate of adult male: A, external aspect; B, dorsal aspect; C, internal aspect. Left innominate of adult female: D, external aspect. X ^/2- 232 SCIENTIFJC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Fig. 27. Nesophrmtes edithw. Right femur of adult male : A, anterior aspect ; B, posterior aspect ; C, internal aspect ; D, external aspect. Right femur of adult female : E, anterior aspect. X 2/1. Fig. 28. Nesophrmtes edithw. Right tibia of adult male : A, external aspect. Left tibia and fibula of adult female: B, antero-external aspect; C, external aspect ; D, posterior aspect. X -/I- Fig. 20. Elasmodofitomys ohliquus. Skull, dorsal aspect. Morovis, Porto Rico. X VI- 1^'ig. no. Klasm(^d(mi(mi\iH ohliquus. Skull nnd mandibU^ Interal aspect. IMo- rovis, Porto Rico. X VI- Fig. .'U. Fhismadonlomjis ohliquus. Skull, la((M-nl aspect. TltujHh), I'oilo Rico. XVl. Fig. o2. VjlasniodontomiiH ohliquus. Skull, front aspect. Morovis, Porto Rico. XVI. Fig. 33. Elasmodonlomys ohliquus. Skull, ventral aspect. Morovis, Porto Rico. X 1/1- Fig. 34. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Mandible, dorsal aspect. Morovis, Porto Rico. X 1/1- Fig. 35. Elasmodontomijs ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, oblique aspect of supe- rior incisor: B, oblique anterior aspect of inferior incisor; C. maxillary molar of unworn, maximum length ; I), worn maxillary molar of aged animal, showing base of tooth filled in by cement; E, unworn mandibular molar; F, crown view of mandibular molars of aged animal. X 1/1- Amhlyrhiza i7iundata. Island of Anguilla. G, crown view of first two maxillary molars. X 1/1- Fig. 30. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. lV)rto Rico. A, external aspect of left scapula; B, internal aspec^t: C, posterior aspect; I), spine of scapubi ; E, glenoid surface of left scapula, x 1/1- Fig. 37. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of left humerus; B, internal aspect; C, posterior aspect; D, anterior as- pect ; E, anterior aspect of left clavicle ; F, posterior aspect. X ^Z^- Fig. 38. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right ulna; B, external aspect; C, internal aspect; D, posterior aspect. X VI. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right radius: B. external aspect: C, posterior aspect. X ^Z^- Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. Sacrum. A. dorsal aspe<t : B, lateral aspect; C, ventral aspect. X VI. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. Innominate. A, dorsal ;*< pe(*t; B, lateral aspect; O, ventral aspect, x ^Zl- Elasmodontmnys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of h'' femur; B, internal aspect; 0, posterior aspect; I), external aspct- X VI. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of 1' ^ til)ia ; !», external aspect ; C, internal aspect. X IZl. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, external aspect of rit < fibula ; B, posterior aspect ; C, internal aspect. X ^Zl- Fig. m). Fig. 40. Fig. 41. Fig. 42. Fig. 43. Fig. 44. ANTHOJSIY, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO 2;3:] Fig. 45. Elasmodontomys ohliqnus. Porto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of atlas ; B, anterior aspect; C, lateral aspect of axis; D, anterior aspect. Xl/1. Fig. 46. Elasm odontomas oMiquus. Porto Rico. A, lateral aspect of thoracic vertebra ; B, anterior aspect ; C, lateral aspect of lumbar vertebra ; D, dorsal aspect; E, lateral aspect of caudal vertebra; P, dorsal aspect. XVI. Fig. 47. El<iHnu)dont(nn,ni^ ohlU/Kus. Porto Rico. Astragulus, calcaneuin, two views of ungual pbalanx, and ni(*ta tarsal. X ^/l- Fig. 4S. Jfepla.i'odon bidcufi. ITtuado, Porlo Rico. A, B, two vi<^ws of sl^nll ; O, 1), two views of mandible. XVl- E, crown view of maxil- lary molar; F, ci'own view of mandibular molar. X *V'*- Fig. 41). 1.solohodon portoricenHs. TJtuado, l*orto Rico. A, B, O, three vieus of skull. Flagiodxmtia (vdium. San Tx)renzo, Santo Domingo. I), view of skull. X VI. Fig. 50. A, Plagiodontia wdiutn. San Lorenzo, Santo Domingo. B, Isoloho- don portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. X VI. Fig. 51. Isolohodon portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, B, C, three views of left mandible. Plagiodontia a^dium. San Pedro de Macoris. Santo Domingo. D, E, F, three views of mandible. X l/^- Fig. 52. Isolohodon portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. Lateral view of molar tooth to show striations in cement. X ^Z^- Fig. 53. Heteropsomys insulans. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, B, C, three views of skull ; D, view of mandible, x 1/1- Homopsomys antillensis. Ciales, Porto Rico. E, view of skull. X 1/1- Fig. 54. Heteropsomys insulans. Utuado, Porto Rico. Two views of atlas and two views of lumbar vertebra. X VI. Fig. 55. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. xl/1. Fig. 56. AcTutocnns major. Skull, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Kico. X 1/1. Fig. 57. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull and mandibles, lateral aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. X V^- I'lg. 58. Acratocnus major. Skull and left mandible, lateral aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. X 1/1- Pig. 59. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, lateral aspect. Morovis, Poi'to Rico. X 1/1- Pig. 60. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, ventral aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. X VI. i'ig. 61. Acratocnus major. Basicranial region of skull. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVI. ^'ig. 62. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Mandible, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. X VI. 'ig. 63. Acratocnus majm\ Mandible, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. X 1/1. 'ft- 64. Acratocnus odontriffonus. Morovis, I'orto Rico. Right malar. Xl/1. li^'. 65. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Porto Rico. Upper and lower incisor. Xl/1. 234 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Fig. 60. Aaratocniis odontrifjonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. T.eft scapula. A, external aspect ; B, glenoid surface. X 1/1- Fig. 07. Aeratomus odmitrigmms. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right liumerus ; B, external aspect. X VI. Fig. 68. Acratocnus odontrigomis. Utuado, Porto Rico. Posterior aspect of right humerus. X 1/1- Fig. 61). Acratocnus odontrigonm. Utuado, Porto Rico. Anterior aspect of clavicle. X l/^- Mg. 70. ArrutocmiH odimMgavuH. IT|,iado, Porto Rico. Internal aspect <»1' right ulna. X VI- Fig. 71. Acnit(H"n}is major. Utuado, INa-to Rico. Anterior aspeit (jf righi ulna; B, internal aspect; C, posterior aspect. X Vi- Fig. 72. AcraUnmus odonlrigonns. Morovis, Porto Rico. Anterior aspec^t of right radius. X V^- Fig. 7«'J. Acratocnus major. Porto Rico. Ribs. X l/^- Fig. 74. Acratocnus odontrigomis. Morovis, Porto Rico. External aspect of sterni^bra\ X VI. Fig. 75. Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. Lateral aspect of left in- nominate. X y-^' Aeratomus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. Portion of expanded ilium. X VI. Acratocmis odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. A, anterior asiM^ct of riglit femur; B, internal aspect. X l/l- Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. Posterior aspect of right femur. X V^- Acraiocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right til)ia. X 1/1- Acratocnus odontrigomis. Morovis, Porto Rico. B, anterior aspect of right tibia. X V^- Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. A, external aspect of right tibia ; B, posterior aspect. X VI. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, external aspect of left fibula ; B, posterior aspect. X VI. Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, right calcaneum. Acra- tocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. B, C, left calcaneum. X VI. Aerato(ynus od<mtrigonus. Porto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of left as- tragulus; B, metatarsal; 0, phalanx; I), ungual phalanx. X ^/^ Arratocnus. Porto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of caudal vertebra; 1». lateral aspect of same vertebra ; C, lateral aspect of thoracic ver- tebra ; D, lateral aspect of lumbar vertebra ; E, dorsal aspect of same vertebra ; F, cervical vertebra. X 1/^- Map of the West Indian region to show Porto Rico m its geographical relation to other islands. Contour map of the Caribbean Sea. After Agassiz. Map showing distribution of the species of the genus Artiheus in the Antilles Central America, and northern South America. After Andersen. Fig. 76. Fig. 77. Fig. 78. Fig. 70. Fig. 80. Fig. 81. Fig. 82. Fig. a-i Fig. 8-t. l»late ir. Piute II r. Plate IV. Plate V. Plate VI. mate VII. Plate VIII. Plate IX. Al^THOl^Y, MAMMAL8 OF PORTO KJVO 235 I*LATE Figures Plate I. Looking out from Corozal Cave. Limestone hills along road from Utnado to Arecil)o. Slopes of lAiquillo Mountains. Vegetation in Luquillo Mountains. Region about Morovis. Along i-oad from Manatee to Morovis. Near Ciales. •Near Guayama. Palms near Morovis. Along road from Naguabo to Guayama. River near Coamo. Rio Grande de Arecibo. High mountainous region near Cayey. Cave interior of unproductive type. I'late X. Piedrji de la Cueva. Entranee to Corozal Cave. Plate XI. A large cave near Morovis, the Cave of San Miguel. Plate Xir. Interior of Corozal Cave. Small eave near the Cave of San Miguel. iMat(» XI 11. NcHoplumtvs cditluv. Figs, la, lb, Ic, 2a, 2b, aa, 31), 3e. 4. Skull. Fig. 5. Mandible. Pijile XIV. Nr'sophonfcs edithw. Figs. Ga, 01), Ge, 7. Scapula- Figs. 8, 0, 10. Rib. Figs. 11a, lib. Left humerus. Figs. 12a, 12b, 12c. Sacrum. Figs. i:^,a, 13b, 13c. Right ulna. Figs. 14a, 141), 14c. Right radius. Figs. Ifia, 15b, l^c, 10a, 10b, 10c. Innominate. I'lnti; XV. NeHophonies cdlthn'. Figs. 17a, 17b, 17e, ISa, ISb, 18c. Right femur. Figs. 10a, IDb, 10c, 20a, 20b. Tibia. Fig. 21. Atlas. Fig. 22. Axis. Fig. 23. Thoracic vertebra. Fig. 24. Fifth cervical vertebra. Fig. 25, Lumbar vertebra. Fig. 26. Caudal vertebra. ' ^ f*' XVL E 1(1.nnodonf (mips ohliquus. Figs, la, lb. Skull. Fig. 2. liCft mandible. ! ie XVII. EliismodontomyH obUqtiUH. Figs. 3, 4a, 4b. Skull. Fig. 5. Maxillary tooth-row. 23G SaUJNTIFW SURVEY OF PORTO RIVO Plate XVIII. EUiHmodontmnys ohUqwis. Figs.l, 2. Mandible. Fig. 3. Mandibular tooth -row. Figs. 4, 5. Scapula. Plate XIX. Elamiodontomys ohliquus. Figs. 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 7. Left buniei'us. Hate XX. Elasmodontoniifs ohliquus. Figs. Sa, 8b, 8c, 8d. Rigbt ulna. Figs. 9a, 9b. Right radius. l»late XXI. EhiHmodontomys ohliquus. Figs, la, lb, Ic, Id. Left femur. Fig. 2. Left tibia. Plate XXII. EUismodontomijs ohliquus. Figs. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d. Left tibia. Figs. 4a, 4b. Itigiit fibula. IMate XXIII. Eldsmodaufomi/s ohUquns. Figs, la, lb. Left innominate. Plate XX n'. Elasmod-ontomys ohliquus. Fig. Ic. T^ft innominate. Figs. 2a, 2b. Sacrum. Plate XX\'. EUismodonfonif/s ohliquus. Fig. 3. Atlas. Figs. 4a, 4b. Axis. Figs. 5, 0, 7, 8. Thoracic vertebrir. Figs. 9a, 9b. Caudal vertebra. Fig. 10. nil). IMate XX \' I. EI<isniod<>iif(»nys ohliquus. Fig. 5. Hib. Figs. 6a, 6b. Scries of five cervical vertebrjc. Figs. 7a, 7b. J^umbar vertebra*. Plate XXVII. Jsolohodon portoncvusis. Figs, la, lb. Ic, 2. Skull. Plate XXVni. Isolohodon pfyrhyriccusls. Figs. 3, 4. Skull. Figs. 5a. 5b. 5c, 6a. 61). Mandible. Plate XXIX. PUigiodxmtki wdium. Figs. 7a, 7b, 7d. Skull. Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c. Mandible. Plate XXX. Jsolohodon portoHcensis and Elasmodontomys ohliquus Figs, la, lb. Right scapula, J solohodon. Figs. 2a, 2b. Acromion process, Elasmodontomys. Figs. 3a, 3b. Left clavicle. Elasmodontomys. Fig. 4. Ribs. Jsolohodon. Figs. 5a, 5b, 5c. Right ulna, Jsolohodon. Pla 1 1» XXXI. lMoloh(fdon portorwcnsis Figs. (>a, 6b, 6c. Left ulna. Figs. 7a, 7b, 7c. Right humerus. Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c. Left radius. 9a, Ob, Oc, 9d. Right femur. ANTIIONr, MAMMALS OF PORTO RICO Vhite XXXII. Tsolobodon portoricensis. Figs. 10a, 10b, 10c, lOd. I.eft femur. Figs. 11a, lib. Left tibia. Figs. 12a, 12b, 12c. Left fibula. Plate XXXIII. Isololjodon portoricensis. Figs. 13a, 13b, 13c. Sacrum. Figs. 14a, 14b, 14c. Rigbt innominate. Plate XXXI A". Beteropsomys insuJans. Figs, la, lb, Ic, Id. Skull. Fig. le. Maxillary tooth-row. Plate XXXV. Jlcteropsomys insiilans and Homopsoftu/s anliUensis. Fig. If. Mandible, Heteropsomys. Fig. Ig. Mandibular molar series, Heicropsomys. Fig. 2. Palate, Ilomopsomys, Figs. 3a, 3b. Skull, Ilomopsofuys. Figs. 4a, 4b. Mandible, Ilomopsomys. Pl.ite XXX VI. Homopsomys anfiUensis, Heicropsomys insulans and Hep tfuxodon hldcns. Fig. 3c. Skull, Homopsomys. Fig. 5. Atlas, Hctcropsomys. Fig. (). liUmbar vertebra, Hctcropsomys. Figs. 7a, 7b, 7c. Skull fragment, Hcpiavodon. Fig. 7d. Premolar, Hcptaxodon. Fig. 8. Left mandil)le, Hepta^mdon. Fig. 9. Crown view of lower premolar, Ucpfd.rodoih I 'la ( (^ X X XV 11 . .1 era tocnns odontrlyonus. Skull, No. 17720, lateral aspect. Right jugal. i'lnte XXXA'III. Acratocnus odontrigonns. Mandil)le, two views. I'late XXXTX. Acratocnus odontriyonus. Skulls, No. 17720 and No. 17721, dorsal as])ect. '*'''de XL. Acratocnus odontriyonus. Skulls, No. 17722 and No. 17715, dorsal aspect. I'iate XLL Acratocnus odontriyonus. Ilight scapula, two views. ^''•'^<' XLIL Acratocnus odontHyonns. Skulls, No. 17715 and No. 17720, v(Mdral asi)ect. '"''(' XLIII. Acratocnus odont rig onus. Skull, No. 17715, lateral aspect. ^'' >^' XLIV. Acratocnus major. Fig. 1. Mandil)le. Fig. 2a. Fragment of skull. ' '<' XLV. Acratocnus major. Fig. 2b. Basicranial region. Fig. 2c. Orbital section. ' XLVI. Acratocnus odontriyonus and Acratocnus major. Figs. 6a, 6b. Fragment of sacrum, odotitriyonns. Fig. 7a. Left innominate, major. 238 HGLENTIFW PURVEY OF PORTO RICO Plate XIVVII. Acratocnus odoni rigonus and Acratocnm major. Figs, la, lb. Right tibia, odontrigonus. Fig. 2. Riglit tibia, major. Fig. ?>. Left tibia, odontrigonus. I'late Xr.VIII. Acratocuus odontrigonus. Figs. 4a, 4b. Left fibula. Figs. 5a, 5b. Left radius. Plate XLIX. Af-ratocnus odontrigonus and Acralocnus major. Figs, la, lb, Ic. Right humerus, odontrigonus. Fig. 2a. Right humerus, major. I'lute li. Acratornus odmifrigonus and Aeratocnus major. Fig. 2b. Left humerus, major. Fig. 3. Right humerus, odontrigonus. Figs. 4a, 41). Left ulna, odontrigonus. Fig. 5. Left ulna, major. Plate IVL Aeratocnus odontrigonus. Figs. 1, 2. Riglit femur. Figs. 3a, 3b. Left femur. Plat(» LIL Aeratocnus odontrigonus and Acratoc^ius major. Fig. 3e. Left femur, odontrigonus. Fig. 4. Distal extremity of left femur, major. Figs. 5a, 5b. I^eft ealcaneum, odontrigonus. Fig. (». Right ealeaneum, major. Figs. 7a, 7b. Left astragulus, odontrigonus. IMale LIU. Aeratoenus odontrigoiius. Caudal s(»rles of \.(^rt(*bra\ Plat<^ IJV. Aerutoenus. Fig. 2. Pubie region, odimtrigonus. Fig. 3. T ungual phalanges, Aeratoenus. Figs. 4a, 4b. Ungual phalanx, odontrigonus. Map of the We«t Indian region to show Pouto Kico in its «e<KXiHAlMlIOAL RELATION TO OTHER ISLANDS Page 231} [so. .^1 cd m <j •U t^ Q) o B ^ ^ ?, u 0) S5 4-* o H a rr -»1 U ^ 6 m 3 ^ o *-* fl cu ao < ^ 05 "S "^ 1=1 «> ft g ^ p ^ W) c O en O W T-l ^ to tC a) ^ Ph ^ J^ Si- 's 'O -^1 bJ r-^X Page 241 Vdi.VMK IX, Fi.Aii: XVI I'ORTO lUcO AXB TIJE VlISGlX I: 'k'lll. Xo. ITIJii, Mim.vm, Porte Jtlc. 4b. 8kiill. Xo. 171:12. ^ifonniK, I"oi-|:<, 10 •Inxillar.v {.kiHi^'I-ow of skull. Xo. 14171, IX. l'i.Ai:ic XVill MiUiilihlo, Xt.. lIK'.Ti Xo, 17144c, Mor(»vi<, IV Xo. 1T1441I, :\lrir.ivii^. r \«.i,i,>ii. IX. I'LA'fi-: XX 9b Figures n.-Hur.-il size H.'. H,L Uitxhi olna. X'l. 1714l!fl. rnuulo, IU«lil radius. X<>. 1TM:i<', Mi-v.vih, I'.ici \'MLi\]E ix, rt.ATi: xsr »»***^^^' r \"rii>'ic Buin'Ex <jf Poeto Kico and the Yrisoix Is ^ppMMsnenfiSBBBr^^^ Volume IX, I'latk XX Li !X. Vt.MK XXIV 9 9b 7MMI, M.H-.ivis, ! JC SUKVKY of I'OETO lliCO AM) THE l.*IJ!«r\- IS VoLnWE IX. I'LATE XXVI , Xo. I71l8t, MorovJH, P.i ' PnlMO llH".> AN1> TllF. Vll l.\\ I'l.ATK XXVI 1 f 111, \i\ X(>. :!S4i 'hETm HiCO AXD TItB ¥iEGIJf lUlsA VowjMi IX, I*h.vm XXTllI .If r'Ti\y.M., p. I! ix^ i'< AIT, XX i: |X. n.Ati; XXX 5a 5b Bel . y... Ill ir., M.»i Y<»i.rMK IX. ri.ATi: XXXI 10b 10c |l 12q t r-.M.VM): iX. I'i \i-i; XXXIH iX. I'LAi-K XXXIV Tl'AIX), PWIITO lie : Yimix T.sLAXDa Voi.i:mk 1.\. 7b IX. l'i..rrK XXX VI '% U.S. X«t. 141' Uir... -< 1/1. 1/1. ). 7c. Hkiill I'nign^'irr, -//r/^trLTOrfoH hidvnx. Xo. ITIO ..-: 1/1. •nii.l:ir, lh:ithi.n,ilt,ti hi'lciis, Xh. ITKil. rtiia<i.s I'..ri(, :• SriUKY OF POHIT. r.ICo A.XD THK Vjl!.;i\ IsLAM'S Ydl.l^MK IX, I'LATf. XXX\' M.JliOVlH, Fl.KTO l;i( Skuil. Xn. 1TT2U. .,.t: t.t I,X. l'I..\TK W.W lftl#*-^^*^' ^'1< ^.^' ;. A--^*--i;.#J:."^i:.w a#-%.j..i:-&.;j: . ^ vEY u,F Pi'iirfi'i RjiXt AND I'HE Y rii<;i.\ 1> VOLI'MI; IX. I'l.ATK XL A<-i!.vrorxi:K onoxTHirtoxrsj fI!i».\i shah Mm Skull. Xm. 17722, npitruxiiTi itlis niitiirstl s1y,( '..imi Jiic) AMI Tiit; Vr Vol. |: ME iX. Pl.ATi: XU ;0mW <''*f^,.,: I KiCU ASl> TlIK Vll Vi.hUMi; IX, 1*1. a'h; XLII Ar-iiAi-ucxT.'s oi)ON:rRr(;oxT;s, fkoxi xeac ilui«ivrs, I'n Rkull, Xo. ITTin, ap|)H>xim:i1cIy foiir-finiis V«i,r\ii: KX. Vi.LrMH IX. Pi.ATi; XI, -X •tli.ii, rislil Hi.l<.. of ^kull, .\.-h 17 JJfTlFIC SOETBl OF POETO KlCO AXD TUB TlBGlS ISI.ASDS VOhtUE IX, PtATE XLVl IIS. M..r..vj<. I'<: ^^' ISli, \'llI.I\<.|K IX. Pl.ATK XI. VII \-..I,KME IX. I'l^ATK XLIX TMi.rsiF. IX. Vm.r>in IX. i'LATK 1,1 Fiu'. 1. liiglir r.'iimr. Xu. 1417<I. I'Hia Ki.e. 2. Ufeln, fomiir, Xo. 17:!«;in, .Mi.i Fm^>^. :!h, nu. L(>ft fomiir. Xy. ]7:;«:! n VcUWlK IX. I'LATK L.II \'in.v}.n: IX. Fi.ATF. iJii OF \'KRTEr.Ii/E OF ACIi.vrOCNKS OIMINTItK rmao Rico, x 1/1 V....r\ii: IX. I'L.vn: IJV 4b PARTS ISSUED Volume I (complete in four parts, with index). Fart 1. History of the Survey, by N. L. Britton. Geological Introduction, by C. P. Berkey. Geology of the San Juan District, with colored map, by D. It. Semmes. Part 2. Geology of the Coamo-Guayama District, with colored map, by E. T. Hodge. Part 3. Geology of the Ponce District, with colored map, by G. J. Mitchell. Fart 4. The Physiography of Porto Rico, with colored map, by A. K. Lobeck. Volume II. Fart 1. Geology of the Lares District, with colored map, by Bela Hubbard. Fart 2. Geology of the Humacao District, with colored map, by Charles H. Fettke. Volume III. I'art 1. Tertiary Mollusca from Porto Rico, by C. J. Maury. l*art 2. Tertiary Mollusca from the Lares District, by Bela Hubbard. Volume IV. Geology of the Virgin Islands, Ciulebra and Vieques. Fart 1. Introduction and Review of the Literature, by J. F. Kemp. Physiography, with colored map, by H. A. Meyerhoft'. Fart 2. Physiography (concluded), with two colored maps, by H. A. Meyerhoff. Volume V (complete in four parts, w^ith generic index). Fart 1. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta (Part), by N. L. Britton and Percy Wilson. Fart 2. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta (Continued). Part ?K Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta (Continued). Fart 4. Descriptive Flora—Si)ermatophyta (Continued). Volume VI. Fart 1. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta (Continued). Fart 2. Descrijitive Flora—Spermatophyta (Continued). Fart 3. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta, with Appendix (Concluded). Descriptive Flora—Pteridophyta, by William R. Maxon. Volume VII. Part 1. Plant Ecology of Porto Rico, by H. A. Gleason and Mel. T. Cook. Part 2. Plant Ecology of Porto Rico (Qontinued). Volume VIII. Part 1. Mycology, by Fred J. Seaver and Carlos E. Chardon, with contributions by Rafael A. Toro ; F. D. Kern and H. H. Whetzel ; and L. O. Over- holts. Volume IX. Part 1. Mammals—Chiroptera and Insectivora, Living and Extinct, by H. E. Anthony. Fart 2. Mammals—Rodentia and Edentata, by H. E. Anthony. Fart 3. Birds—Colymbiformes to Columbiformes, by Alexander Wetmore. Fart 4. Birds—Psiltaciformes to Passeriformes, by Alexander Wetmore. The above parts may be procured at $2 each by addressing Secretary, New York Academy of Sciences, 77th St. and Central Park West, New York, N. Y. t)E:=#M^: /' '''i*, •M v^? rSoiS 03456 5757 '^^^^ esateHk-,-..*.***!**! DO NOT REMOVE OR MUTILATE CARD . f .f -' : -a -A i. :;;;«:: |:| :. 11:: m;v:-- ';- ........ ...._, /:::;:,;;-q;;:.:;/rv::::ij^;LV^:.L-:.;.r-:\: Pi \5 HI ill