USVI Public Records

Document text

jbjbYQYQ A Biodiversity Profile of St. Kitts and Nevis prepared by Bruce Horwith and Kevel Lindsay revisions by Bruce Potter edited by Judith Towle island resources Foundation Eastern Caribbean Biodiversity Programme PO Box 2103 St. John's, ANTIGUA prepared for Nevis Historical and Conservation Society St. Christopher Heritage Society funded by UNDP/GEF Small Grants Programme Bridgetown, Barbados Moriah Fund Washington, DC November 1999 Map of the Eastern Caribbean, showing the location of St. Christopher and Nevis. A Biodiversity Profile of St. Kitts and Nevis Prepared by Bruce Horwith and Kevel Lindsay revised January 2000 by Bruce Potter island resources FOUNDATION Eastern Caribbean Biodiversity Program Nevis Historical and Conservation Society St. Christopher Heritage Society Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Tables: Introduction Geography and Geology Conservation Status Flora Vegetation Types Floristics Pteridophytes Plants of Special Conservation Concern Biodiversity Implications Services and Benefits Habitat Protection Fauna Invertebrates Terrestrial Biodiversity Implications Marine Invertebrate Biodiversity Vertebrates Freshwater Fish Marine Fish Amphibians Reptiles: Terrestrial Reptiles: Marine Birds Mammals: Terrestrial Mammals: Marine References Appendix A: List of Plants of St. Kitts and Nevis Appendix B: Metadata for St. Kitts-Nevis Vegetation Maps List of Figures and Tables: Map: Eastern Caribbean showing St. Christopher and Nevis. Map: Place Names and Parishes of St. Kitts and Nevis. Map: Vegetation of St. Kitts Map: Vegetation of Nevis Table 1. Summary of Pteridophytes of St. Kitts and Nevis. Table 2. Plant Species Known To Be Endemic In St. Kitts and Nevis.* Table 3. Invertebrates: Global and Country Estimates. Table 4. Data from Beetle Studies in the West Indies. Table 5. Summary Coral Reef Threats for Eastern Caribbean States. Table 6. Status of Strategic Environmental Treaties in St. Kitts-Nevis. Table 7. St. Kitts and Nevis Bird Species of Special Conservation Concern. Table 8. Bats of St. Kitts-Nevis Place Names and Parishes of St. Kitts and Nevis. Introduction This Biodiversity Profile is designed to highlight environmental conditions in St. Kitts-Nevis as they pertain to the conservation of terrestrial biological resources on the two islands. As such, this profile can be seen as a thematic refinement and partial updating of the 1990 Country Environmental Profile: St. Kitts and Nevis, by the Caribbean Conservation Association and Island Resources Foundation, which deals with a broader range of natural, historical, cultural, land use, pollution control, and institutional factors. This Biodiversity Profile is complemented by the concurrently published A Vegetation Classification of St. Kitts and Nevis: Implications for Conservation, which provides a scientifically up-to-date measure of the underlying vegetation communities and associations of the islands. More than these other documents, A Biodiversity Profile of St. Kitts and Nevis is an unfinished and dynamic document which is necessarily incomplete and should be subject to constant revision and updating, expansion and extension. We have explicitly identified areas where we believe such growth is necessary or desireable, but the framework is open to incorporate all relevant new biodiversity knowledge. First among these areas for growth of the biodiversity profile is a conservation assessment of the marine and near coastal conditions of St. Kitts-Nevis, with special attention to the reefs, sea grass beds and mangroves of the Sand Point Reef, the Southeast Peninsula, the Narrows and coastal Nevis. These resources are well exploited by local and regional fishers and dive tourism is a significant economic factor on both islands. In this version of the profile, we have only incorporated a small discussion of marine invertebrate species as a place marker for future research findings and to capture the significant elements of certain recent publications pertinent to studies of global and regional marine invertebrate biology. In many respects the References section of the Profile should be its most valuable resource. As technology evolves, we assume that hypertext linking will enable this document to present both the overview of this profile, and link directly to many of the detailed background documents and scientific studies. An example of such detailed background information is presented in “Appendix A: List of Plants of St. Kitts and Nevis,” which includes over 200 species newly identified as part of the researches conducted for this phase of biodiversity investigations. A second, more difficult, task is linking the scientific information on species to common names. This simple sounding process is extremely difficult, subject to high error rates, and ultimately may be so ambiguous because of temporal and geographic variations that it may be of dubious value except to etymologists, linguists and anthropologists. Island Resources Foundation does not recommend common language glossaries or indices as part of the biodiversity conservation planning process—such tools may, however, have value as environmental education tools, especially in communities with second languages or dialects. Finally, this profile needs to link to constantly improving geographic knowledge of biodiversity, as expressed in maps of key biodiversity indicators, such as vegetative communities, species distribution, critical habitats, protected areas and so on. Biodiversity conservation is not solely a process of setting geographic reserves (e.g., banning the pesticide DDT was very conserving for many species of waterfowl and raptors), but geography is indispensable for understanding many biodiversity and conservation issues. In this profile we have newly incorporated the Nature Conservancy’s 1999 re-interpretation of the 1980’s ECNAMP (Eastern Cariibbean Natural Areas Mapping Programme) vegetation maps. (See Appendix B for the detailed metadata of these maps, which are presented below.) These maps need to be corrected and updated. Are the actual vegetation classifications used correct? They have not been verified or ground-truthed by Nature Conservancy. Contact Jeff Parrish for details at <jparrish@tnc.org>), The maps also need to be updated with new mapping at finer geographic scales (e.g., 1:20,000) and thematic resolution (e.g., 25 classes, instead of six or eight). These finer scales are necessary for planning, policy making and resource management at national and local scales. (Usually even finer scales are necessary for management at the level of the individual reserve.) Geography and Geology St. Kitts and Nevis are part of the Lesser Antillean Archipelago, a chain of islands separated from the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands) by the Anegada Passage and extending from Anguilla in the north (18o30’N) 850 km to Grenada in the south (12oN). North of Dominica (15o20’N), the Lesser Antillean Archipelago splits to form two chains. The outer (eastern) chain—Marie Galante, Grande Terre, La Desirade, Antigua, Barbuda, St. Barthelemy, St. Martin, Anguilla, and Sombrero—consists of low-elevation compositions of older volcanics overlain by carbonates. The inner (western) chain—Basse Terre, Montserrat, Redonda, Nevis, St. Kitts, St. Eustatius and Saba—consists of newer volcanic rock forming characteristically steep, mountainous islands (Martin-Kaye, 1959, 1969; Pregill et al., 1994). The small size and insularity of the West Indies influence the number of terrestrial species that occur in the region, factors that contribute to the relatively high concentration of endemism and the vulnerability of its biota to disasters and longer term stressors such as human-caused habitat changes or climate change. This report summarizes and sites much of the available data on the plant and animal species found in the dual-island nation of St. Kitts and Nevis. The data on the occurrence of vascular plants and vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) are fairly complete, although field research—even during recent decades— has uncovered new species not previously known to exist in the country. This ability to still discover new vertebrate species or vascular plants is a strong argument for the country to support added field research in biology. In addition, such research is necessary because even for these supposedly well-known taxa, little is known about their abundance, distribution or conservation status. Data on the most diverse group of organisms, the invertebrates, are much more limited. Even species presence/absence data—the most rudimentary level of information used in conservation planning—are lacking. Invertebrate research is a priority both to assess the nature of local invertebrate communities from the standpoint of evolutionary science and to better understand ecosystem dynamics in the various communities of the two islands. (St. Kitts-Nevis lies at the intersection of invertebrate migrations from North America and South America—understanding local community composition can contribute to broader understanding of how life has populated the Antilles over the eons.) Fortunately, the primary approach used in invertebrate conservation is protection of habitat, and—if the country has the determination to do so—enough information already exists to protect immediately the diversity of vegetation communities and their associated invertebrates found in St. Kitts and Nevis. Conservation Status In this profile we have applied the IUCN conservation status definitions. In this system, conservation status is defined in terms of a two-tier labeling system modified from the Red Data Book Categories of the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Common (widespread in distribution and/or large size), or Uncommon (moderately restricted in distribution and/or size), or Rare (very restricted in distribution and/or size) Stable (no apparent danger), or Endangered (danger of extirpation), or Vulnerable (likely to move into Endangered category if causal factors continue to operate), or Not known (suspected, but not known, to belong to Vulnerable category). Flora Vegetation Types Island Resources Foundation describes 36 vegetation types in A Vegetation Classification of St. Kitts and Nevis: Implications for Conservation (Lindsay and Horwith, 1999), following the U.S. National Vegetation Classification System developed by the U.S. Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC, 1997). The classification for St. Kitts and Nevis, which was developed as a conservation management tool, builds on, but differs from, the previous efforts of Rodrigues (1990), Beard (1949) and Britton (1901, published in the Handbook of St. Kitts and Nevis, 1920). Whereas the prior studies emphasized vegetation categories that were believed to have existed before Europeans disrupted the landscape, Island Resources Foundation documents existing vegetation communities. Information on all 36 of the vegetation communities—including descriptions, lists of many of the species, locations, and conservation status—is presented in Lindsay and Horwith (1999). A map, applying the same general classification scheme used by Lindsay and Horwith has been developed by The Nature Conservancy, using the geographic boundaries applied by the the Eastern Caribbean Natural Areas Mapping Project (now CANARI, the Caribbean Natural Areas Resource Institute). These maps are presented on the following two pages; full metadata for the background information of these maps, as presented by The Nature Conservancy is presented in Appendix B. Floristics Appendix A lists plant species recorded for each of the two islands. The primary source for the records is Howard’s Flora of the Lesser Antilles (1974, 1977, 1979, 1988, 1989), supplemented by Rodrigues (1990), Huggins (1992), Meagher (1995, 1996), Roughgarden (1990), Hitchcock (1936), Graham and Rickard (1992), and Lowery and Lindsay (pers. comm.). The list of plants in Appendix A contains 926 species (151 families and sub-families). Several species introduced for horticultural, fruit crop and agricultural purposes are included—some of which have escaped cultivation and become naturalized—but their coverage of cultivated crops is not comprehensive. The list is primarily the work of Kate Orchard of the St. Christopher Heritage Society. Recent efforts by Jennifer Lowery, a horticulturist who lives on Nevis, and Kevel Lindsay of Island Resources Foundation, resulted in approximately 200 additional records for the country. Given the topographic diversity of the islands, the list seems depauperate, suggesting that it suffers from the fact that few botanists have researched the islands within the last 20 to 30 years. Pteridophytes Pteridophytes (ferns), which in many parts of the world are poorly documented, are well documented in St. Kitts and Nevis. Therefore, they have been summmarized in Table 1 and are listed in their entirety in the plant list found in Appendix A. One hundred forty-five pteridophyte species (fern and fern-allies) are known for St. Kitts and Nevis (Table 1). Twenty-two species occur on Nevis but not St. Kitts, while 41 species occur on St. Kitts but not Nevis. Eighty-two species occur on both islands. The major collections are from Box in the 1930s and Proctor in the 1960s. St. Kitts has not been studied in detail for more than 30 years, but two recent efforts (1988 and 1990) led to the addition of 14 records for species new to Nevis. Seven of the 145 species are endemic to the Lesser Antilles; one is endemic to St. Kitts and two are endemic to Nevis. Little is known about the status of most of these species. Table 1. Summary of Pteridophytes of St. Kitts and Nevis. St. Kitts (K); Nevis (N) PSISOTACEAE POLYPODIACEAE One species Five sub-families sub-family DAVALLIOIDEAE LYCOPODIACEAE One species Seven species sub-family PTERIDOIDEAE Eight species SELAGINELLACEAE sub-family BLENNOIDEAE Six species Five species sub-family ADIANTOIDEAE MARATTIACEAE Eight species One species Sub-family OLEANDROIDEAE Twenty-five species SCHIZAEACEAE Two Species THELYPTERIDOIDEAE Twenty-two species GLEICHENIACEAE Four sub-families Four species sub-family ASPLENIOIDEAE Seven species HYMENOPHYLLACEAE sub-family POLYPODIOIDEAE Nine species Ten species sub-family GRAMMTITDOIDEAE TRICHOMANES Eleven species Eleven species sub-family VITTARIOIDEAE Four species CYATHEACEAE Three species Plants of Special Conservation Concern Table 2 below lists the 45 plant species known to be endemic to the country or endemic to the Lesser Antilles and occurring in the country. While each of these merits special conservation concern, undoubtedly there are several non-endemic species that also should be considered endangered or vulnerable within St. Kitts and Nevis. However, the inadequacy of the botanical data on the country does not allow these other species of conservation concern to be identified at this time. Table 2. Plant Species Known To Be Endemic In St. Kitts and Nevis.* “LA” = Lesser Antilles; “WI” = West Indies Acrocomia aculeata, LA Thelypteris clypeolutata LA Asplenium malcom-smithii, believed to represent a hybrid endemic to st. kitts Tibouchina ornata, LA Begonia retusa, LA Agave dussiana, LA Charianthus purpureus, LA Ayenia insulaecola, WI Clidemia umbrosa, LA Cestrum laurifolium, WI Cybianthus parasiticus, LA Chrysobalanus cuspidatus, LA Eugenia chrysobalanoides, LA Clusia major, LA E. trigonscarpum LA Epidendrum patens, LA Freziera undulata, LA E. macranthum LA Galactia longifolia, LA Eupatorium integrifolium, LA Hymenophyllum hirtellum var. gratum, LA Furcrea tuberosa, LA Lobelia cirsiifolia, LA Galactia rubra, LA Macgravia umbrellata, LA Ilex dioica, LA Marila racemosa, LA Malpighia linearis, LA Peperomia dussii, LA Oncidium urophyllum, LA Prunus pleuradenia, LA Peperomia pellucida, LA Sapium caribeum, LA Schefflera attenuata, LA Selaginella flabellata, LA Stelis cabrida, LA Sloanea dentata, LA Ternstroemia elliptica, LA Sloanea massoni, LA Thelypteris antillana, LA S. berteriana, WI Thelypteris muscicola, endemic to nevis Styrax glaber, LA Vriesia guadelupensis, LA Tetrazygia discolor, LA We include not only those species listed as endemic by Howard (1974; 1977, 1979, 1988, 1989), but also those for which the only entry under general distribution is the Lesser Antilles, even if Howard did not specify it as endemic. Biodiversity Implications Services and Benefits Most of the plant species that provide direct tangible benefits to the people of St. Kitts and Nevis are introduced species, with wide distributions throughout the world. Many of these were either carried for their food and medicinal values as part of the slave cargo to the New World or came as stowaways. With such wide geographical distribution, the survival of these species is secure. The greatest contribution of the native flora is in the indirect ecological services that they provide (e.g., storage and delivery of water). The direct economic and social benefits of the species of biodiversity concern are relatively unknown. The medicinal plant research of Dr. Milton Whittaker and his colleagues (Whittaker, 1997) has made a significant start toward filling this gap and will play an invaluable role in educating the public on biodiversity conservation issues. Habitat Protection The single most important tool for conserving the biodiversity of a country is in situ protection of habitat. By taking measures to preserve representative tracts of each identifiable ecosystem, biodiversity is conserved at this broadest level, while simultaneously safeguarding a complex of numerous associated plant, animal and microbial resources, many of which may not even have been identified, much less targeted for protection. Although there is not yet an ecosystem classification of the country, the vegetation community analysis presented in A Vegetation Classification of St. Kitts and Nevis: Implications for Conservation (Lindsay and Horwith, 1999) offers a preliminary approach. Of the 36 vegetation communities identified for the country, 11 are Common, 9 are considered Rare and 16 are Uncommon. The Common communities, with the exception of one coastal community, are Stable and thus not of conservation concern (the exception is the Sesuvium portulacastrum-Ipomea pes-caprae strand vegetation Alliance, which is considered Vulnerable due to development pressure). Fortunately, many of the Rare and Uncommon communities also can be considered Stable (10 of 25) because of their isolation and difficulty of access. The Forest Ordinance of 1904 provided protection for the forests of the central mountains, and this, combined with steep topography, has allowed good second-growth forest to develop. St. Kitts and Nevis are two of the few islands in the Caribbean that continue to experience increasing forest cover after centuries of agricultural-related deforestation. However, from a biodiversity perspective, neither the forest resources nor any of the individual plant species receive formal protection or management. Complicating matters is the widespread development of small-scale marijuana production that has led to some forest clearing. The remaining 15 Rare or Uncommon vegetation communities are at risk. Three of these are Endangered and represent conservation priorities: Acrostichium aureum seasonally flooded tropical or subtropical grassland. Concept: Associated with estuarine mangrove systems. Becomes flooded during rainy season or after heavy downpours. However, there is little or no shrub or tree cover. Species: Sedges, Acrostichium sp. Location: On Nevis on the west coast north of Charlestown. Not found on St. Kitts. Synonymy: Mangrove woodland (Rodrigues, 1990). Coccoloba uvifera-Hippomane mancinella-Thevetia peruviana-Cordia obliqua lowland tropical or sub-tropical broad-leaved evergreen sclerophyllous forest Alliance. Coccoloba uvifera-Thevetia peruviana Association Hippomane mancinella-Cordia obliqua Association Concept: This community is windswept and exposed to constant salt spray from the Atlantic Ocean. The species are wind tolerant. There is no stratification of the system into canopy, mid-level and understory layers. Instead, the tops of the trees have been sheared and sculpted, taking on the general configurations of the dune upon which they exist. In sheltered areas, the species may achieve normal growth. Species: On St. Kitts, Coccoloba uvifera, Hippomane mancinella and Thevetia peruviana. In Nevis, C. uvifera, Cordia obliqua and H. mancinella (H. mancinella may often form almost pure stands). Location: On St. Kitts, found at Conaree, Frigate Bay and parts of the Southeast Peninsula, especially on the Atlantic coast. Synonymy: None known. In St. Kitts, the main threats to the flora result from expanding residential and coastal development (primarily commercial resorts, with isolated impacts from sand mining). Coastal development is a conservation concern in Nevis as well, though it is more concentrated in specific areas. A possible threat to the native flora is the presence of feral Green Monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), which have been on the islands since their introduction over 250 years ago. Although the monkeys have been studied to some extent, researchers have not investigated their impact on the flora (or fauna). Protecting representatives of each of the vegetation communities identified for St. Kitts and Nevis would be the most efficient and effective approach to conserving the country’s biodiversity. Unless such measures are taken, much of the flora (and fauna) is at risk based on existing trends. It is important to note that “parks” per se are only one of several possible types of protected areas. There are other categories or classes that provide varying levels of protection and resource use that could be pursued by the country. Representative ecosystems for protection could be identified for: the central mountain range of St. Kitts, especially the dwarf montaine area surrounding Dos D'ane Pond at the top of Verchild's mountain, the Southeast Peninsula of St. Kitts, Nevis Peak, the small patches of dry forests in the southeast and southwest of Nevis, and ghauts on both islands which may serve as important channels of communication from one habitat to another for species which would otherwise be totally isolated by patterns of agricultural cultivation or human habitations. The Nation al Conservation and Environmental Act of 1987 provides "for the better management and development of the natural and historic resources of St. Christopher and Nevis for the purposes of conservation", including establishment of parks and protected areas. To date, only two areas have been legislated as protected, and while they are historical sites of local, regional and international significance, neither has a management plan in place to assess and protect its biodiversity. Special areas of conservation concern throughout the country will need to be better defined and then targeted for conservation if a protected areas system that truly safeguards the national biological heritage is to be fully developed. Given the financial constraints facing the public sector, and the fact that several biologically important areas are under private ownership, it is clear that this challenge will require new alliances and the participation of many people and institutions to be successful. Fauna “The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature” Lewis Thomas, The Medusa and the Snail, 1979 Invertebrates The treatment of invertebrates in this report is weak, which is unfortunate given the document’s focus on biodiversity and the fact that worldwide invertebrates comprise more taxa than the better-studied vertebrate animals. For most of us, however, our knowledge of the “lower” forms of life is inadequate to even provide a perspective for evaluating the data and data gaps. For example, there are some data on West Indian amphipods (small crustaceans) because of the work of a Dutch scientist who started collecting in the region in the 1930s and continued for nearly half a century. Many of the thousands of samples collected from Aruba to Florida during the Hummelinck expeditions have been sorted, but fewer have been thoroughly classified. So far five families have been identified. Is this a lot or a little? To rephrase the question more scientifically, issues such as the following need to be considered: How many families of amphipods are there globally, i.e., how well represented are they in the Caribbean from a global perspective? Do the families contain many genera, and do the genera contain many species? Although biodiversity can be measured from the ecosystem level to the genetic level, the most intuitive measurement of biodiversity emphasizes numbers of species. Are any of the families, genera or species endemic to St. Kitts-Nevis, or to the Caribbean? What is an amphipod; and how does it fit into the tree of life? In a sense, the last question is the starting point. For example, from our study of bird species, we know that St. Kitts-Nevis has approximately 130 species of birds, and we have an intuitive sense of what this means in terms of avian biodiversity. While most of us might not know that there are approximately 9,600 species of birds that are known to science, our guess would probably be within an order of magnitude in either direction; i.e., between 1,000 and 100,000. Thus, we have a sense of what it means for St. Kitts and Nevis to have about 130 species of birds. To be able to do the same sort of thing with amphipods would require that we know something not only about their diversity, but also about their taxonomic relationship to other organisms. Amphipoda is an order containing some known 6,000 species that range in length from tiny 1-mm forms to deep sea benthic species reaching 25 cm. They have invaded most marine and freshwater habitats, but can also occur in moist forest leaf litter, gardens and sandy beaches. The order Amphipoda joins 15 other orders to form the class Malacostraca—a diverse grouping of some 20,000 species of organisms that include a planktonic shrimp-like creature smaller than 1 cm that lives more than a mile beneath the surface of the sea, as well as the economically important shrimp, crabs and lobsters. The Malacostraca are 1 of 5 classes, that together contain some 30,000 species comprising the subphylum Crustacea; within the phylum Arthropoda. There are several million species of arthropods known to science (and good reasons to believe that there may be 20-50 million more that remain to be discovered). And Arthropoda is just 1 of more than 20 phyla of invertebrates that along with the phylum Chordata (which contains all the vertebrates as well as a few invertebrate taxa) comprise the kingdom Metazoa (animals). This basic traditional classification scheme—species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom—is still used today for convenience, such as in the discussion of amphipods above; but it implies a hierarchy that is more rigid than many taxonomists accept, and many use a wider range of taxonomic categories, referring to them variously as “taxa”, “modes”, “types”, “groups”, etc. The disagreements are not only over the names of the taxonomic units, but more importantly, over the relationships among the organisms (i.e., their phylogeny). Differences that may seem esoteric in some contexts take on heightened importance within the realm of biodiversity conservation. The section on invertebrates that follows is illustrative, but obviously it cannot be comprehensive. Interested readers are referred to Brusca and Brusca’s (1990) text Invertebrates, which provides a taxonomic system that is used in Table 5. Note that Brusca and Brusca (1990) differentiate 29 phyla or equivalent taxa comprising the Metozoa; but there are several other classification schemes that also have large followings within the scientific community (one interesting scheme that is particularly “user-friendly” is Maddison and Maddison’s Tree of Life website <http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/phylogeny.html>). The reasons for these different viewpoints are as informative to our understanding of biology as the information they present, but clearly it is beyond the scope of this document to elaborate on this theme. Table 3. Invertebrates: Global and Country Estimates. Taxa G.S.E.1 Country Estimate2 (and notes) Porifera (sponges) 9,000 56 (Humann, 1993) Cnidaria (includes corals, hydroids, jellyfish and anemones) 9,000 148 corals plus another 62 Cnidarians in various other taxa (Humann, 1993) Ctenophora (comb-jellies or sea walnuts) 9 (Humann, 1993) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 20,000 5 (Humann, 1993) Nemertea [= Rhynchocoela] (ribbon worms) 1 (Humann, 1993) Pseudocoelomates (10 phyla: Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala, Entoprocta, Pripula, Gnathostomulida and Loricifera) 16,000 (12,000 of which are nematodes) Annelida (segmented worms: earthworms, fireworms, feather duster worms, calcareous tube worms, spaghetti worms) 10,000 23 (Humann, 1993) Coelomate Worms (4 phyla: Sipuncula, Echiura, Pogonophora, Vestimentifera) Arthropoda (4 subphyla, 1 of which—Trilobitomorpha—is extinct) Cheliceriformes (this sub-phylum includes horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, mites) >65,000 Arachnida (subclass containing 10 orders, including spiders [35,000 spp], scorpions [1,200 spp], mites and ticks [30,000]) 65,000 Kohls (1969) lists 17 species of ticks in the L.A: Uniramia Myriapoda 13,120 Chilopoda (centipedes) and Diplopoda (millipedes) 2,500 10,000 Insecta (class containing 32 orders, only some of which are included below) >850,000 Table 3 (continued). Invertebrates: Global and Country Estimates. Taxa G.S.E.1 Country Estimate2 (and notes) Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies) 5,500 86 species of dragonflies and 44 species of damselflies are recorded for Florida (Dunkle, 1989) Isoptera (Termites) 2,000 94 species recorded for the Caribbean (Collins, unpublished) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and locusts) 20,000 Hemiptera 35,000 Homoptera 33,000 Coleoptera (beetles) 300,000 350,0002 >1,200 species recorded in the USVI, which has been relatively well-studied (Ivie, reported by Chadwick, 1998) Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps) 125,000 Diptera (flies, mosquitoes) 150,000 Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) 120-180,000 292 species of butterflies in the West Indies (Stiling, 1986), over half endemic (following Miller and Miller's (1989) inclusion of the southern tip of Florida and the Keys as Antillean); 69 in the Lesser Antilles: 9 of which occur in the Leeward Islands but not the Windward Islands and 19 that occur in the Windwards but not the Leewards (Riley, 1975). Barnes' (1996) identification guide lists just over 500 (moth) species for the Lesser Antilles3. Crustacea (includes crayfish, lobster, crab, shrimp, barnacles) 30,000 64 marine (Humann, 1993) Mollusca (includes chitons; clams, oysters, mussels; snails, slugs, whelks; tooth shell; squid, octopus) 50,000 100 marine (Humann, 1993) Lophophorates (3 phlya: Phoronida, Ectoprocta [=Bryozoa] and Brachiopoda) 5,000 13 (Humann, 1993) Echinodermata (includes starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and feather stars) 6,000 14 starfish, 9 brittle stars, 11 sea urchins, 7 sea cucumbers, 4 feather stars (Humann, 1993) Invertebrate Chordates and kin: 3 phyla—Chaetognatha, Hemichordata and some of the Chordata 3,200 23 (Humann, 1993) Notes for Table 3: Global Species Estimates (G.S.E.) are from Brusca and Brusca (1990). This tome on invertebrate biology is the source of much of the information presented in Table 3. For most taxa, no country-specific accounts exist for St. Kitts-Nevis. The estimates referenced as Humann (1993) are for the Caribbean and are probably vast underestimates, in part because the emphasis of his guide presumably is on the most conspicuous species likely to be seen by divers and snorkelers, but also because these taxa remain inadequately researched. Young’s data (unpublished from research in the early 1990s, on file at the NHCS) identify a few marine invertebrate species as part of a research effort focusing on ecological, not taxonomic issues, and have limited value in assessing the marine biodiversity of Nevis. Bass (unpublished data from research in Nevis and St. Kitts in 1996 and 1997, on file at the NHCS and the SCHS) sampled invertebrates from 12 freshwater sites. The 56 taxa of macroinvertebrates collected include 1 species of sponge, 1 species of aquatic earthworm, 1 species of leech, 4 species of snails, 1 species of clam, 1 species of seed shrimp, 3 species of mayflies, 11 species of dragonflies and damselflies, 10 species of true bugs, 13 species of beetles, and 8 species of two-winged flies. He noted that more species were collected from Nevis than St. Kitts even though the former is smaller and had fewer sampling sites. Termites have been investigated by Majarajh and Chase (unpublished data from 6 days of collecting on St. Kitts and Nevis in 1997, on file at the NHCS), but the data on file do not allow us to assess the biodiversity of this taxa without interpretation by the researchers. Barnes produced a report of his work on the moths of St. Kitts-Nevis (on file at the SCHS). One of the few invertebrate groups that has received substantial attention in the Caribbean is the Coleoptera. The notes that follow, paraphrased from discussions with Dr. Michael Ivie, an entomologist who has worked extensively in the Virgin Islands, offer an interesting and valuable perspective: Beetles (Order Coleoptera) are the single largest group of organisms on earth. For the West Indies, it is even more dominant than elsewhere because so many other groups are relatively underrepresented or already extinct. Beetles occupy the largest number of trophic levels, have the largest size range, and the greatest ecological diversity of any group of West Indian organisms. Yet, we know very little about them. Further, our knowledge is very uneven geographically, with the best data existing for the Virgin Islands and Guadeloupe. Based on data from the better-studied islands [Table 4], we know that the area and elevation of an island seem to be the best predictors of its species diversity. Thus, St. Kitts, which is larger and higher than St. Thomas, should have more beetle species, yet it has less than 10% of the number known for St. Thomas. Redonda, with 1 known species, would be expected to have more species than Guana, BVI, which has 250 catalogued species. In the Virgin Islands, we have identified some 1400 species; 50% or more of the species on each island are endemic to that island, or at least to that island bank (i.e., the land mass that would have been exposed above sea level during the low-water maximum of the Pleistocene period; i.e., ~200m contour). The Northern Leewards area (from Sombrero, Anguilla to Montserrat) probably contains well over 1,000 undescribed, undiscovered species (and many genera) of beetles alone on the 8 separate Pleistocene banks. Table 4. Data from Beetle Studies in the West Indies. (M. Ivie, University of Montana, unpublished data). Island Group Area (km2) Max. Elev. (m) Known spp Beetles Estimate of Completeness Puerto Rico 8897 1333 ca. 1300 < 30% Virgin Islands ca. 1450 ca. 70% N. Leeward Is. 1045 1307 < 250 ca. 10% Guadeloupe 1434 ca. 1400 ca. 70% Sombrero Anguilla St. Martin St. Barths Barbuda Antigua Saba Statia St. Kitts 1307 Nevis Redonda Montserrat St. Croix >450 St. Thomas >400 St. John >400 Guana (BVI) >250 Terrestrial Biodiversity Implications Given the impossibility of knowing the population size and distribution of every species found in the country, an effective approach to identifying some of the critical biodiversity conservation priorities might be to concentrate research on selected taxa. Ivie’s data imply that the best candidates are the vascular plants and at least one of the insect orders. Given the well-established evolutionary and ecological relationship between plants and insects, the inventories would target as many different plant communities as could be identified. Our most effective measure to safeguard the biodiversity of plant species and terrestrial invertebrate biodiversity would be to protect, to the fullest extent possible, representatives of all the different vegetation communities. Marine Invertebrate Biodiversity Virtually all aspects of marine biodiversity are much more poorly understood than for terrestrial biodiversity (de Fontaubert et al., 1996), including the central issue of conservation priorities. We know that while the marine environment is home to only 250,000 of the 1.7 million species catalogued to date, it has been much less explored. Although there probably are fewer species in the marine environment than on land, marine animals show more diversity at the evolutionary and taxonomic level. Of the approximately 30 animal phyla, all but one have some species members in the sea (in contrast, only about half of the phyla have any representative species on the land; de Fontaubert et al., 1996; World Resources Institute, 1996). A recent publication of the annual stocktaking of natural resources, World Resources: A Guide to the Global Environment, has this to say about marine biodiversity: Because only about 7% of the oceans have been sampled, the current state of knowledge regarding species distribution and hot spots is poor… Patterns of marine endemism are generally not well known. Most marine species appear to have much larger ranges than terrestrial species because of their life cycles. Many species, including sedimentary organisms such as mussels and coral, produce free-floating planktonic larvae. Their young may drift for as little as a few hours or up to 6 months or more—depending on the species—before changing into their adult forms. This free-floating stage permits these species to disperse well beyond spawning areas. Beyond simply looking at areas with high levels of species richness and endemism, several other criteria can be applied to define conservation priorities. These include protecting ecosystem diversity (preserving representative samples of all habitats and unique ecosystems) and conserving areas noted for their high levels of biological productivity (because they are rich fishing areas) as well as areas that serve as breeding grounds and nurseries (such as estuaries and mangroves) for marine species. (World Resources Institute, 1996). Coral reefs are considered the mega-diversity areas of the oceans, often compared to tropical rainforests in terms of their biodiversity. They contain an estimated 25% of all marine species and 20% of catalogued marine fish species; yet, they comprise only about 0.1% of the earth’s surface. The tropical Atlantic is believed to contain approximately 15% of global coral coverage, the majority of which (9% of global coral coverage) occurs in the Caribbean (de Fontaubert et al., 1996; World Resources Institute, 1996). By some estimates, 10% of the world’s coral reefs has already been destroyed, and another 60% is in danger of being lost within the next 20 to 40 years (de Fontaubert et al., 1996). These grave projections may be even worse for the Eastern Caribbean, which faces unprecedented development pressures (Island Resources Foundation, 1991 and 1998). The World Resources Institute prepared a global assessment of threats to reefs (Bryant et al., 1998) that identifies four major threats: Sediment and land-based pollution Exploitation Marine sources of pollution Coastal development. These data on “threat conditions” were translated into a “reefs at risk” assessment, with disturbing findings: the coastal and near shore waters of the following eight sites in the Eastern Caribbean all received high or very high risk assessments (see also Table 5): Antigua-Barbuda, St. Kitts, the leeward (west) side of Dominica the leeward (west) side of St. Lucia, south and west coasts of Barbados, St. Vincent and Bequia, Grenada and Carriacou, and portions of Tobago. Table 5. Summary Coral Reef Threats for Eastern Caribbean States. Sediments Exploitation Marine Pollution Coastal Development Composite Threat Antigua-Barbuda High Medium High St. Kitts/Nevis High Medium Medium Dominica High High St. Lucia Medium High High Medium High Barbados Medium High Medium High St. Vincent and Grenadines High High Medium Medium Grenada Medium High High Trinidad-Tobago Medium High Medium Medium High The authors are not aware of specific studies assessing the distribution and health of the reefs of St. Kitts and Nevis. Considerable work has been done on the neighboring island of Antigua and these methods should be applied to an assessment of marine conditions in other areas of the Eastern Caribbean, including St. Kitts and Nevis. MarineBiodiversity Implications The high risk ranking given to the reefs of the Eastern Caribbean has special global significance given that its reefs are upstream of all other reef systems in the Wider Caribbean. The dynamics of large marine ecosystems in general, and the Caribbean specifically, are not well known. (IOCARIBE has been coordinating a research proposal on this subject.) In the absence of such knowledge, prudence dictates that the biodiversity of Eastern Caribbean reefs should be especially cared for. For example, it is a reasonable assumption that Eastern Caribbean reefs are a source of both “seed stock” and potential water-born pathogens that may in turn affect all reef systems in the path of wider Caribbean circulatory systems, including coastal U.S. areas, all of the Bahamas Bank, Bermuda, and the Azores (Ogden, 1997). The country can support international agreements to reduce agents contributing to global warming and chemical contamination of the world's oceans (see Table 6). More direct actions include reducing land-based sources of pollution and sedimentation runoff. Table 6. Status of Strategic Environmental Treaties in St. Kitts-Nevis. Date Signed by SK-N Date Ratified by SK-N Title of Environmental Treaty 14-FEB-94 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 12-JUN-92 7-JAN-93 Convention on Biological Diversity 12-JUN-92 7-JAN-93 Framework Convention on Climate Change 24-DEC-97 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Not ratified Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife to the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (SPAW Protocol) Not signatory Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Source: Director of Environment, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Environment. Vertebrates Freshwater Fish Although the freshwater fish fauna of the Antilles consists of 71 "mostly endemic" species (primarily in Cuba and Hispaniola), the Lesser Antilles apparently has only 1 endemic species, Rivulus cryptocallus, from Martinique (Burgess and Franz, 1989). Lee et al. (1983) list 5 native species, but Burgess and Franz (1989) think that three of these—Poecilia vivipara, P. reticulata and Synbranchus marmoratus (swamp eel)—are introduced. Bauchot (1959) lists 8 families occurring in the Lesser Antilles—Poeciliidae, Anguillidae, Gobiidae, Eleotridae, Mugilidae, Gerridae, Centropomodae, and Carangidae—all of which can move between fresh and salt water, and some of which spawn at sea. The freshwater fish fauna of St. Kitts-Nevis—and the rest of the Lesser Antilles—is not well studied. There are local reports of 9 species for St. Kitts, and about 5 species for Nevis. Though Mountain mullet (Agonostomus monticola) and mudfish (Gobiidae) are cited as occurring in ephemeral pools or streams after prolonged periods of rains (CCA/IRF, 1991), these seem to be very uncommon. Poecelia reticulata can be found in the streams on the southwestern side of St. Kitts. There is a Gambusia species, which was introduced to Dos D'ane Pond by Campbell Evelyn earlier this century. There was some attempt to introduce a trout species to estate ponds, but although they survived for a short time, they are believed to have died out after the divestment of the estates and the subsequent deterioration of the ponds due to lack of maintenance (C. Evelyn, pers. comm.). Tilapia species (perhaps several) also were introduced to the island (C. Evelyn, pers. comm.), but their current status is not known. Goldfish were introduced by the Water Authority in an attempt to keep the water inlet tanks on estates clean. Nevis is known to have a Gambusia species, a mudfish (Goebidae) and one or two species of Tilapia (K. Lindsay, pers. comm.). There is mention of Mountain mullets (Smith, 1745), but their current status is not known. Although the number of native species occurring in the country is low, it is likely that investigations would reveal the presence of several additional exotic species. Collections in Antigua resulted in more than 20 possible species (most of which are probably lesser taxonomic categories, possibly even polymorphic variations). Several of the species are known to have been deliberately introduced for aquaculture, while several others appear to be "aquaria" fish that have been naturalized in ponds and waterways after being discarded (Lindsay and Blackman, 1997). Biodiversity Implications For both islands, the major issue affecting the biodiversity of freshwater fish (and invertebrates) is the harvesting of waters in the upper watersheds for domestic use. The waters are not always managed in a way that maintains system integrity by ensuring enough of the supply stays in or returns to the rivers. Priority freshwater sites should be identified, mapped and protected. Such steps would be very valuable for the conservation of many species of birds, as well as freshwater invertebrates and fish. Marine Fish A comprehensive list of the marine fish that occur in the waters of St. Kitts-Nevis does not exist, but for comparative purposes, there are some 400 species included in fish guides for the Caribbean (Humann, 1993; Stokes, 1984). Data on the status of any marine fish species occurring in national waters are sparse (Beaulieu et al., 1990) and lack a baseline to suggest trends. Amphibians There are two species of amphibians known for St. Kitts: a tree frog (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei), a Lesser Antillean endemic (although introduced to Jamaica and parts of South America); and the marine toad (Bufo marinus), widespread in the Caribbean, introduced from South America early this century to rid sugar cane of the agricultural pest, Cane Beetle. The crapaud, or mountain chicken, Leptodactylus fallax, is recorded for St. Kitts, but is presumed to have succumbed to the mongoose. The crapaud still exists in Dominica and Montserrat, but several attempts to reintroduce the frog to St. Kitts have failed (C. Evelyn, pers. comm.). Three species of amphibians are known from Nevis: the tree frog, (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei), the recently introduced Cuban Tree Frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis), and the marine toad. The Cuban Tree Frog, discovered on the property of the Four Seasons Resort in Nevis, most probably arrived with plants imported from South Florida, where this species has also been introduced. The frog is confined to areas of permanent freshwater. Reports indicate that it may have colonized Jessops, just above the Resort. Reptiles: Terrestrial Ten, possibly eleven, terrestrial reptile species or sub-species have been recorded, two of which are extinct. The tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria) occurs throughout much of tropical America. Presumed to have been introduced from South America by Amerindians, it occurs on both islands, though it is very rare in the wild. Four species of gecko occur on St. Kitts: the Common Woodslave (Hemidactylus mabouia) and the Giant Woodslave (Thecadactylus rapicauda) occur throughout the Lesser Antilles; Sphaerodactylus sabanus and S. sputator are endemic to St. Kitts-Nevis, and St. Eustatius. A large lizard (Iguana rhinolopna) is listed as from the fossil record in one source, (Arendt, 1985); it is not known whether the omission of this record from a more recent and comprehensive treatment of the fossil history (Pregill et al., 1994) refutes the finding or is just an oversight. The Lesser Antillean Iguana (Iguana delicatissima) is known from middens on St. Kitts, and a specimen was taken on Nevis earlier this century (Hoffman, 1973). Currently, this species is extant on the St. Kitts-Nevis-St. Eustatius Bank only on the island of St. Eustatius where the Indian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) is absent. In recent years, specimens of the Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) have been seen or collected at various parts of St. Kitts. About four years ago, one was killed on the road to Old Road Town. That specimen is being kept frozen for future study. There are two Anolis lizards: the green lizard (Anolis bimaculatus bimaculatus), a subspecies endemic to St. Kitts, Nevis and St. Eustatius; and A. wattsi schwartzi, also endemic to these three islands. A ground lizard (Ameiva erythrocephala) is endemic to St. Kitts, Nevis and St. Eustatius). Burdon (1920) reported a shiny, bronze lizard (possibly Mabouia mabouya) that appears to have gone extinct since there have been no recent reports of this or any similar species from St. Kitts. The country has two snakes: a blind snake (Typhlops monastus) is fairly common, even if not commonly seen, in both St. Kitts and Nevis. The species occurs in Montserrat, Barbuda, Antigua, St. Kitts and Nevis—T. monastus geotomus being the subspecies occurring in this country, as well as in Antigua and Barbuda. There are local reports of a second species or morph of blind snake on St. Kitts, though no similar reports are known from Nevis. It is described as silvery-grey in color, versus the brownish pink coloration of T. monastus. In addition to color differences, T. monastus is found in wetter habitat on the slopes and in the moist forests, while the grey snake occurs in drier habitat, especially in the coastal areas. Specimens of both taxa should be collected for comparative taxonomic study. A Racer snake, Alsophis rufiventris has been recorded for both islands; however, there have not been any confirmed sightings for several years and it may have been extirpated by mongoose. There have been interesting reports within the last four years of the occasional sighting of a small brown snake in the village of Cayon, located on the northeast coast of St. Kitts (K. Orchard, pers. comm.). As with the blind snake, specimens of this unidentified snake should be collected for further study. A. rufventris is extant on St. Eustatius and Saba. Mention of the reptiles of what was then considered the French Antilles occurs in The History of the Caribby Islands by Cesar deRochefort, published in 1666. Several taxa are described, which cannot be found in the Antilles today. It is difficult to determine the exact distribution of the species mentioned, since they are just attributed to the Antilles. If it is an accurate record of the fauna at that time, many of the species described in this old book may have gone extinct. Biodiversity Implications With the exception of the snakes mentioned above, the terrestrial herpetofauna of St. Kitts and Nevis could be considered secure from a conservation perspective. All species are either common and/or occur in habitat that is not at risk. Reptiles: Marine Three species of sea turtle, all internationally classified as endangered, are known to nest in St. Kitts-Nevis: the hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), the green (Chelonia mydas), and the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea). The loggerhead (Caretta caretta), considered globally vulnerable, is not known to nest here, but is occasionally caught in open waters. According to Widecast (1992), neither of the remaining two species of sea turtle occurring in the Caribbean—the Kemp’s Ridley (Lepidochelys kempi) and the Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)—has ever been documented in St. Kitts-Nevis waters. Although historically leatherback nests have been found on nearly all of the beaches of St. Kitts, recent data from field observations by Joe Butler (pers. comm., 1999) indicate that several sites are critically important. The northern beach from just northwest of the Cayon River southeastward to the village of Key hosts most nests. North Friar’s Bay beach is smaller but has a large number of leatherback nests, and the southeastern-most 2 km of North Frigate Bay is also a favored nesting area. Butler reports that the most concentrated nesting of hawksbills occurs on the Southeast Peninsula, with the beaches at Major’s, Banana, and Cockleshell Bays being most important. Occasional hawksbill nesting occurs on most other beaches, and those at Belle Tete and Turtle Bay may be important. Green turtles appear to prefer beaches at North Frigate Bay, Half Moon Bay, and around Conaree (J. Butler, pers. comm.). While all species of sea turtles common to St. Kitts are reported to also nest on beaches in Nevis (CCA/IRF, 1991), at present such nesting is limited. According to Butler (pers. comm., 1999), hawksbills and a few leatherbacks have nested on the southeastern beaches near Red Cliff and Indian Castle. Biodiversity Implications Probably the greatest threat facing sea turtles is the loss of nesting habitat, primarily due to human disturbance for development activities such as vegetation clearing, destruction of sand dunes, erection of structures too close to the shoreline, and construction of seawalls, all of which can disturb nesting. Other threats include hunting (primarily collecting of eggs, but some hunting of adults), pollution of coastal waters, and deterioration of the country’s reefs and seagrass beds. Poaching by humans is particularly a problem for leatherback and green turtles, while a high percentage of hawksbill nests are depredated by the Indian mongoose, an introduced species (J. Butler, pers. comm.). These threats, and recommendations for viable remedies, are presented in the comprehensive Sea Turtle Recovery Action Plan for St. Kitts and Nevis (Widecast, 1992), which should be used as the blueprint for conserving these animals. The steps needed to protect these endangered species are known at a level of detail not yet available for the majority of the country’s biota. In terms of legislative steps, St. Kitts and Nevis should ratify: the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW), which includes protection for all six species of Caribbean-occurring sea turtles in Annex II. A new convention—the Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles—may provide additional protection, as it would prohibit the intentional capture, killing or sale of all sea turtles. It would also promote the conservation and restoration of sea turtle habitat and nesting beaches, and the reduction of, to the greatest practicable extent, accidental harm to sea turtles in the course of fishing and water sports activities. Birds The islands of the Lesser Antilles have a particularly distinct avifauna , including seven endemic genera (Birdlife International, 1998): Catharopeza, Cichltherminia, Cinclocerthia, Cyanophaia Leucopeza, Melanospiza, Ramphocinclus. Collectively, these islands support 25 endemic bird species and an additional 11 subspecies. Some of the latter are expected to be elevated to species status after additional research, and at least 23 of these taxa are likely vulnerable or known to be highly endangered (C. Hunter, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pers. comm.). Using slightly different criteria, Birdlife International has prepared an account of “restricted-range species”. Restricted-range species are inherently vulnerable by virtue of their limited distribution, regardless of other factors—globally, they account for 75% of all threatened bird species. Birdlife International identifies 2,600 restricted-range species globally, 130 of which are in the Caribbean and 24 of these are in the Lesser Antilles Endemic Bird Area. Details on endemism—single-island, multi-island, and regional—are provided in Table 7 (page 35), which lists Bird Species of Special Conservation Concern in St. Kitts and Nevis. In addition to supporting these restricted range species, the Eastern Caribbean is known to serve as an important link in the seasonal migrations of numerous birds. For example, most of the total world population of the Blackpoll Warbler is believed to use this area for stopover sites during fall migration. Several species of thrushes, vireos, cuckoos and warblers migrate through the Eastern Caribbean in large numbers at this time of year, as do numerous shorebirds (see discussion below). This period overlaps the late summer-autumn tropical storm season, and migrants forced to land are completely dependent upon habitat provided by these Lesser Antillean islands. Some of these species, including Bicknell’s Thrush, which is considered a high priority migrant by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, may overwinter in the Lesser Antilles—often in the same habitats supporting highly vulnerable endemic species. Research during the past decade has increased the number of bird species in the recorded literature for St. Kitts and Nevis from less than 100 (Danforth, 1936; Morris and Lemon, 1984; Hilder, 1989) to 116 species (Steadman et al. 1997; but see below for additions, especially migrants). The fieldwork sponsored under the St. Kitts and Nevis Biodiversity Project in 1997-98, and coordinated by Hugh McGuinness, led to several new sightings. In St. Kitts: Sandwich Tern, Blue Grosbeak, and House Sparrow. In Nevis: Pied-bill Grebe, American Wigeon, Purple Gallinule, Magnolia Warbler, Prothonotary Warbler, Kentucky Warbler, and Summer Tanager. John Wilson’s research (unpublished data) identifies 15-20 species not included in Steadman et al. (1997), mostly migratory, non-resident species. He also adds new nesting records for 5 species of seabirds (see discussion below). Landbirds Two species of landbirds no longer found on the island of St. Kitts are known from historical records: Burrowing Owl and St. Kitts Bullfinch (but see discussion below on the possibility that this species may be extant). Furthermore, Steadman et al. (1997) point out that other species have “almost certainly been lost on St. Kitts, an island that lacks records of, for example, species of parrots, barn owls, mockingbirds, or resident thrushes” (all of which occur, or used to occur, elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles). The St. Kitts Bullfinch deserves special mention. This relative of the Lesser Antillean Bullfinch is believed to be either a separate species or a subspecies of the Puerto Rican Bullfinch (Loxigilla portoricensis grandis). Last collected in 1929, it had been considered rare since the turn of the century (Bond and Danforth, searching independently in the 1920s and 1930s, failed to locate any). Bond (1935, 1956) attributed the presumed extinction to predation by green monkeys. This is questioned by Greenway (1958; cited in Steadman et al., 1997) and Raffaele (1977), who note that the birds co-existed with the monkeys for several hundred years before their demise; and furthermore, a related congener, the Lesser Antillean Bullfinch, coexists with monkeys in St. Kitts-Nevis and Barbados. Raffaele (1977) suggests that a devastating hurricane on August 7, 1899, followed by another hurricane later that month, may have eliminated L. p. grandis. Steadman et al. (1997) offer a further clarification that seems most likely: the demise of the bullfinch was due to a combination of factors, including habitat loss, exacerbated by forest-damaging hurricanes, and predation by non-native mammals, especially monkeys, mongoose, cats and rats. However, even though the scientific community has labeled the St. Kitts Bullfinch as extinct for over half a century, a possible sighting was reported this decade. The report comes from St. Kitts' eminent naturalist, Campbell Evelyn, who has hunted and traversed the country for over 60 years (Campbell boasts of being able to identify many birds by taste, as well as by more traditional means). Campbell and his wife, Joyce, saw the bird while hiking in the forest in Stonefort Ghaut. They described the bird, which they saw clearly from a distance of 30-35 feet, as almost entirely black with red on top of the head and on the throat below the chin. It was larger than the Lesser Antillean Bullfinch, a species with which they are quite familiar. Other interesting local reports of species of birds that may have been extirpated include an owl, the Broad-winged Hawk and the Lesser Antillean Pewee. There are at least three separate accounts of owls from St. Kitts. Peter Mallelieu recounts the story of an owl killed in the village of Sandy Point about 90 years ago. The story is repeated that three boys crept up into the church steeple to smoke cigarettes and drink liquor, only to be startled by two piercing yellow eyes. The boys quickly abandoned the steeple and reported what they saw to their families. The owl was promptly destroyed. Mallelieu says his uncle described the owl as having a greyish color with brown spots on the underside. Campbell Evelyn and “Benjie” Farrell recount stories from older family members of owls that lived in the avenue of cedar trees that once existed along the road to Canada Estate. These accounts suggest that some owls, most probably the Barn Owl (Tyto alba), were members of the St. Kitts avifauna. There are several accounts of the Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus), although no records appear in the scientific literature (P. Mallelieu and C. Evelyn, pers. comm.). These reports are substantiated by the sighting of a broad-tailed hawk in 1994 by Nathan Gricks, a researcher who became very familiar with the species during his residence in Antigua in the 1990s, and John Wilson during his fieldwork in St. Kitts from 1997 to 1999. The Lesser Antillean Pewee remains an enigma. Ronald Bruce Todd, a naturalist and hunter who frequented the mountains of the interior of St. Kitts in the early part of the century, reports it in his notes (papers now on file at the St. Christopher Heritage Society). Bond, who was familiar with Todd’s notes, seems to have believed that Todd was referring to the Lesser Antillean Flycatcher. However, Morris and Lemon (1982) state they observed the species in their research, and Gricks, an ornithologist familiar with the species, reported a “possible” sighting (or audio identification) in 1993/94. If it does exist on St. Kitts, the island would have the most northerly population recorded for the species. Shorebirds and Other Waterbird Species The Eastern Caribbean also provides critical stopover sites for numerous migratory shorebirds. Several species migrate along the Trans-Atlantic route between their breeding grounds in the temperate zones to overwintering areas in Central and South America, but many birds actually overwinter in the Caribbean rather than travelling further south (C. Hunter, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pers. comm.). Because a relatively small number of sites are key to the health of the entire shorebird population of the Western Hemisphere, many organizations have come together to identify and protect significant sites throughout the Americas. After a two-day survey of coastal ponds on the Southeast Peninsula, Norton (1989) described the pond system of St. Kitts as extremely important to shorebirds relying on the Lesser Antilles. He wrote that based on the abundance (2,300 birds) and diversity of species (25) observed, the pond system of St. Kitts should be recognized as having international significance. The rest of this section draws extensively on the notes in manuscript of SCHS member John Wilson, who from 1997-1999 carried out over 100 days of research on the birds of St. Kitts (Wilson, 1999a, 1999b). Wilson observed that the ponds in St. Kitts receive the greatest use during fall and spring passage (these terms refer to climate conditions in temperate and arctic nesting areas). Shorebirds were particularly concentrated at Half Moon Pond and Little Salt Pond, where Wilson (1999a) observed 2,000 – 3,000 birds on some days. Winter residents (birds arriving in July/August, but remaining until April/May before leaving for breeding grounds further north) use a slightly different set of ponds than those of the fall migration. Half Moon Pond continued to have the highest wintering shorebird diversity and abundance of all the ponds, with Friars Bay Pond, the eastern shore of Great Salt Pond, and Mosquito Pond also supporting large numbers of wintering shorebirds. Frigate Bay, Muddy, Little Salt, the remaining area of Great Salt, Cockleshell, and Majors Bay Ponds all had lower numbers of wintering shorebirds. Three nesting species of shorebirds have been documented for St. Kitts: black-necked stilt, wilson's plover, and snowy plover. Another group of waterbirds—ducks and coots—was observed to use primarily three ponds as wintering habitat. During fall migration, waterbirds were observed for a few weeks at many of the ponds, but by November Mosquito Bay Pond, Friar’s Bay Pond, and the eastern shore of Great Salt Pond (to a lesser extent) became their wintering sites. Between Mosquito and Friars Bay Ponds up to 400 blue-winged teal (Anas discors) were regularly observed, with perhaps an equal number hidden among the vegetation. American and Caribbean coots (Fulica americana and F. caribaea) were among the eight species of waterbirds occasionally seen wintering at these ponds. Seabirds. From 1997-99, five species were added to the three species of seabirds previously known to nest in the country (Wilson, 1999b). In addition to brown pelican, magnificent frigatebird and least tern, the following species have been added to the list of those found to breed here: sooty tern, bridled tern, laughing gull, brown noddy, and roseate tern. Biodiversity Implications The major threat to the birds of St. Kitts and Nevis is deterioration and conversion of habitat, although the most critical sites differ for each of three groups: landbirds, shorebirds and waterbirds, and seabirds. Landbirds. As noted previously in this report, a key to protecting the country’s fauna is to ensure that at least some representatives of each of the vegetation types are preserved. In addition to this broad recommendation, special attention should be directed to protecting: all remaining patches of dry forests on the Southeast Peninsula, and freshwater springs and the wetter ghauts, particularly on Nevis. The moist forests provide extremely valuable habitat for landbirds, but face limited development pressure. Shorebirds and Other Waterbird Species Although there are no quantitative data, historical records and the observations of long-time residents all point to significant declines in the populations of shorebirds and waterfowl found in the country. Although the value of the ponds and wetlands that support these fauna is well documented (e.g., CCA and IRF, 1991; Brown, 1989), development pressures continue to threaten such critical coastal habitats. The mangroves of St. Kitts have been severely impacted, even during this decade. The construction of the Southeast Peninsula Road, where most of the island's wetlands are located, has opened this once isolated area to development activity and other human impacts. Many of the white sandy beaches in this area are earmarked for tourism, and unfortunately these same beaches are adjacent to wetlands. While some degradation of the wetland is inevitable if beach develop ment occurs, much can be done to mitigate negative impacts on wildlife. The destruction of any wetland site should only be allowed if justified by a careful cost-benefit analysis. Furthermore, it is the cumulative impacts of the loss of these sites that is the most serious cause for concern and the reason for requiring a different approach to site-specific evaluation (Bacon, 1993). In Nevis, the wetlands fare much better, although in recent years those near to Charlestown, the capital, have been impacted by the growth and development of the town. Fortunately for these wetlands, mitigating steps can still be taken for their protection. Neither economists nor ecologists pretend that they can reasonably quantify all of the direct and indirect benefits that result from healthy functioning wet lands—but most responsible people in both disciplines acknowledge that these values exist and that there may be a steep price to pay if these ecosystems are destroyed. In areas where mangroves can exist (not all coastline provides the appropriate requirements), they are considered essential to the wellbeing of nearshore fisheries, seagrass beds and coral reefs. The leading mangrove specialists of the Western Hemisphere identified the mangroves of the Lesser Antilles, from among all of those of Latin America and the Caribbean, as being the most impacted by development and the ones at the greatest conservation risk (WWF, 1996). Seabirds The numerous islands of the West Indies, some little more than rocky outcrops, contain globally significant breeding sites for approximately 25 species of seabirds, many of which are endemic species, sub-species or races. The Society for Caribbean Ornithology (SCO) is identifying all known sites in the region, with estimates of the numbers of individuals they support. Preliminary findings highlight the following: seven “high priority” species with 4,000 or fewer breeding pairs; six “priority” species with between 4,000-8,000 breeding pairs; and in at least two cases, Roseate Tern and Magnificent Frigatebird, these small breeding populations represent a substantial percentage of their global populations. The final report is expected to convey the concern shared by the specialists participating in a 1997 SCO workshop, who noted that global populations of most seabirds are on the decline; generally, the populations of nesting seabirds tend to be fairly isolated from one another; so that the deterioration or demise of nesting sites may significantly diminish the genetic pool of any given species (Dr. David Lee, North Carolina State University, pers. comm.; Dr. Betty Ann Shreiber, Ornithological Society, pers. comm.). The most important seabird nesting sites for St. Kitts and Nevis are: Booby Island. Eight species of seabirds nest on this 126-foot high, cone-shaped islet in the channel between St. Kitts and Nevis. During 1997, Wilson (1999a) observed 400 - 600 nesting pairs. In order of abundance, these are sooty tern, bridled tern, laughing gull, roseate tern, brown noddy. Approximately half the roseate tern population, designated as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, nests in the West Indies; Booby Island supported 15 pairs in 1997 and 2 pairs in 1998. The nesting season varies for each species, with most birds arriving from April to May and leaving from August to October. Although Booby Island is not threatened by habitat degradation, there are several other conservation concerns. Disturbance by commercial and sports fishers, and by tourists who are brought by guides to dive and snorkel off the islet, can drive adults from their nests. Even short absences can lead to overheating of eggs/chicks, plus increased susceptibility to predation (in 1998, Wilson recorded nearly two-thirds mortality from combined factors). Predation by humans is also a problem, even though it is believed to have decreased from historical levels (when "buckets were filled"). But even one person can seriously impact the populations because of the accessibility of the eggs on this small islet. Fortunately, the island does not seem to have mongoose, rats or other introduced predators. Green Point to Nags Head. This area of the Southeast Peninsula supports nesting brown pelicans and magnificent frigatebirds, but neither is as abundant as it once was (Todd, circa 1920; Burden, 1920; Morris and Lemon, 1982; Arendt, 1985; Wilson, 1999a). The factors affecting, and threatening, these species are similar to those noted for other seabirds: habitat loss (colony sites are not endangered, but may be affected by the conversion of nearby lands that lost trees and shrubs to guinea grass as a result of fire and overgrazing); disturbance by commercial and sports fishing boats, as well as diving and snorkeling operations; predation by people, rats, mongoose, feral cats, and monkeys. Ponds and Beaches. In addition to their importance for shorebirds, ponds and beaches support several species of seabirds, most notably the endangered least tern. Wilson (1999a) identifies several sites used by least terns for nesting, and Hilder (1989) notes that they nest at White House Bay on Nevis. Table 7. St. Kitts and Nevis Bird Species of Special Conservation Concern. (Rare; Vulnerable or Endangered; and/or Endemic. ? = species suspected to exist in the country, but not documented). Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) Uncommon, Vulnerable due to threats to nesting habitat Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens) Rare nester in St Kitts-Nevis (not observed to nest during either 1997 or 1998) ? West Indian Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna arborea) West Indian endemic; Rare, Endangered in Lesser Antilles due to habitat loss and hunting ? White-cheeked Pintail (Anas bahamensis) Uncommon, Vulnerable in Lesser Antilles due to habitat loss and hunting Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis) Rare, Vulnerable in Lesser Antilles due to habitat loss Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) Rare winter visitor ? Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus insulicola) Lesser Antillean endemic sub-species (Antigua to Grenada) Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) Rare, Endangered globally Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris) Rare, Vulnerable to habitat loss; historical records of nesting on St. Kitts Caribbean Coot (Fulica caribaea) West Indies and northwestern Venezuala Laughing Gull (Larus artricilla) Rare nester in St. Kitts-Nevis, restricted to Booby Island (Table continued on next page) Table 7 (continued). St. Kitts and Nevis Bird Species of Special Conservation Concern. Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) Rare nester in St. Kitts-Nevis, restricted to Booby Island (designated as Threatened by the USFWS). Least Tern (Sterna antillarum) Rare nester in St. Kitts-Nevis (the only species of seabird known to nest in Nevis; considered Endangered by the SCO and USFWS Bridled Tern (Sterna anaethetus) Rare nester in the LA; in St. Kitts-Nevis, restricted to Booby Is. Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscuta) Rare nester in St. Kitts-Nevis, restricted to Booby Island Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus) Rare nester in St. Kitts-Nevis, restricted to Booby Island Red-necked pigeon (Columba squamosa) West Indies endemic White-crowned pigeon (Columba leucocephala) West Indies (and Florida Keys) endemic Zenaida Dove (Zenaida aurita) West Indies (and Yucatan Peninsula) endemic Bridled Quail-Dove (Geotrygon mystacea) Lesser Antilles (and Puerto Rico) endemic ? Ruddy Quail-Dove (Geotrygon montana) West Indies (and Central and South America) endemic; based on 1 sight record and may be extirpated ? Burrowing Owl Fossil record only ? Barn Owl Anectodal evidence only Mangrove cuckoo (Coccyzus minor) Lesser Antillean endemic sub-species Purple-throated Carib (Eulampis jugularis) Lesser Antillean endemic (Saba to Grenada) Green-throated Carib (Sericotes holosericeus) Lesser Antilles (Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico) endemic Antillean Crested Hummingbird (Orthorhynchus cristatus) Lesser Antilles(Virgin Islands & Puerto Rico) endemic Caribbean Elaenia (Elaenia martinica rissii) West Indies endemic Lesser Antillean Flycatcher (Myiarchus oberi) Lesser Antillean endemic (St. Kitts to St. Lucia) Caribbean Martin (Progne dominicensis) West Indies. Rare (nests in St. Kitts-Nevis); winters in South America Scaly-breasted Thrasher (Margarops fuscus) Lesser Antillean endemic (Saba to St. Vincent) Brown Trembler (Cinclocerthia ruficauda) Lesser Antillean endemic (Saba to St. Vincent) Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia bartholemica) Lesser Antillean endemic sub-species (Anguilla to Montserrat) ? Antillean (Blue-headed) Euphonia (Euphonia musica) Lesser Antillean endemic sub-species; anecdotal evidence only St. Kitts Bullfinch (Loxigilla portoricensis grandis) Endemic to St. Kitts; but may be extinct Lesser Antillean Bullfinch (Loxigilla noctis) Lesser Antillean endemic Note: This list follows the order and nomenclature adopted by the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North American Birds (1983, 6th edition), which includes the Caribbean. Mammals: Terrestrial Bats are the only native terrestrial mammals extant in the country today, and as is the case throughout the Lesser Antilles, they constitute the largest mammalian group. Morton and Courts (1999, unpublished data) have conducted the most recent and comprehensive research on the bat fauna of St. Kitts and Nevis. They found six species in total for the country (see Table 8 below). All six had been previously recorded from St. Kitts, although they did not find Tadarida brasiliensis in St. Kitts during this survey. Only two species had been known from Nevis, and their research added another two. Additional information on bats will be added as the 1999 research is published. Table 8. Bats of St. Kitts-Nevis Common Fruit, or Leaf-nosed, Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) Recorded for St. Kitts and Nevis, but uncommon on both islands. Widespread in the Caribbean and Tropical. Pig-faced, Rat, or Brown Flower, Bat (Brachyphylla cavernarum) Antillean endemic, primarily Lesser Antilles, but also Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Common on both St. Kitts and Nevis. Vulnerable at their few roosting sites. ? Long-tongued fruit Bat (Monphyllus plethodon) Lesser Antillean endemic. Listed in CCA/IRF (1991), but not found (or listed as ever having been found) by Morton et al. (1999). See note for species below. Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) Widely distributed in Neo and Tropical America, but low numbers in the country. Morton et al. (1999) did not find the species on St. Kitts, but did on Nevis. The listing in CCA/IRF (1991) of M. plethodon for St. Kitts probably is incorrect and should be for T. brasiliensis. Fishing Bat (Noctilio leporinus) Uncommon, Vulnerable. Listed for St. Kitts (CCA/IRF, 1991); not found by Morton et al. (1999), but believed by them to exist on both islands based on descriptions from residents. Lesser Antillean Tree Bat (Ardops nichollsi) Endemic to the LA. Found on St. Kitts in the 1999 survey, although its status is unknown; never recorded from Nevis. ? Myotis dominicensis Not found (or listed as ever having been found) by Morton et al. (1999); but listed for St. Kitts in CCA/IRF (1991). Velvety House Bat (Molossus molossus) Recorded for both St. Kitts and Nevis. Common, found under the roofing of houses. Can be seeking early at dusk and dawn hawking for insects over residential areas. Widespread in Tropical America. Mammalian introductions include: Agouti (Dasyprocta agouti): believed to be an Amerindian introduction, but extirpated within historical times. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): introduced from Puerto Rico (originally from North America) in 1931 to the Lodge Estate in St. Kitts. When the herd reached seven animals it was released at Frigate Bay. Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus): introduced in the late 1800s to control rats that infested sugar cane plantations. Rats (Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus) and Mouse (Mus muscalus) have been inadvertently introduced since the 1600s, or earlier. African Green (or Vervet) monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops): Introduced from West Africa approximately 300 years ago as a pet, escaped and naturalized. This species occurs on both St. Kitts and Nevis, and otherwise only in Barbados within the West Indies (a con-generic, C. mona occurs in Grenada). Population estimates for St. Kitts vary widely. Sade and Hildrich (1965) estimated 1,200, based on their assumptions of 15 individuals/troop, 2 troops occupying each of the 40 major ravines, plus 300 more individuals on the Southeast Peninsula. Poirier (1972) estimated 5,600–8,400, based on his assumption of 20-30 individuals/troop, 4 troops occupying each of the 40 major ravines and another 110 troops in the minor ravines and in the areas outside of the ravines, plus 200-300 individuals in the Southeast Peninsula. Young (pers. comm. cited in CCA/IRF, 1991) estimated the Nevis population to be 2,000 based on 100 troops mostly located in ravines around the island’s central mountain. Primarily fruit and leaf eaters, but known to be generalists that eat insects as well. McGuire (1974) stated that the vervet did not seem to impact wildlife, but some researchers hold it responsible for the extinction of the St. Kitts endemic subspecies of the Puerto Rican Bullfinch (but see notes for Loxigilla portoricensis grandis in the “Birds” sub-section of this document). Biodiversity Implications As noted above, bats are the only native mammals and the only mammalian group of biodiversity conservation concern. The three-month investigation of Morton and Courts (1999) resulted in detailed information on each of the species encountered, a field identification guide, and excellent recommendations regarding conservation. Mammals: Marine Twenty-six species of cetaceans have been recorded for the Caribbean; probably a third of these have been sighted (or are expected to occur) in Kittitian-Nevisian waters, at least during migrations (Gricks, 1994; CCA/IRF, 1991). Biodiversity Implications There is no whaling done by Kittitians or Nevisians. If whales are taken by foreign operators in national waters (and it is unlikely that any are), there are no official records. However, the country has the opportunity to protect these species through its representation on the International Whaling Commission. Many cetacean species are endangered throughout their range by hunting and/or over-fishing of their prey. An equally great threat is chemical pollution of the world's oceans. Bioaccumulation of PCBs and other toxins in the animals' fat reserves are suspected of contributing to breeding difficulties and illnesses associated with pollution-suppressed immune systems. References (includes literature that was not cited in the text) American Ornithologists’ Union. 1983. Check-list of North American Birds (6th edition). Arendt, W. 1985. Wildlife assessment of the southeastern peninsula, St. Kitts, W.I. Institute for Tropical Forestry. Rio Piedras, PR. Bacon, PR. 1993. Mangroves in the Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. pages 155-210 in, LD Lacerda (ed.), Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Mangrove Forests in Latin America and Africa Regions. Part I-Latin America. International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems. 272 pp. Bacon, PR., 1991. The Status of Mangrove Conservation in the CARICOM Islands of the Eastern Caribbean. Report to the Commission of the European Communities as part of the Tropical Forestry Action Plan for the Caribbean Region. 211 pp. Baker, JJW and GE Allen. 1977. The Study of Biology. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 1122 pp. Barnes, MJC. 1996. A Provisional Guide to Some Common Moths of the Eastern Caribbean. Unpublished in files of Island Resources Foundation. 101 pp. Barton, M and C Wilmhoff. 1996. Inland Fishes of the Bahamas—New Distribution Record for New Providence. Bahamas Journal of Science, vol 3(2):7-11. Bass, David. nd. Unpublished data on the macroinvertebrate fauna of St. Kitts and Nevis from research during 1996 and 1997. On file at the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society. Bauchot, M. 1959. La faune ichtyologique des eaux douces antillaises. Compte Rendu Summaire des Seances de la Societe du Biogeographie, vol 36(311):1-26. Beard, JS. 1949. The Natural Vegetation of the Windward and Leeward Islands. Oxford For. Mem. 21. Oxford, UK: Oxford University. 192 pp. Beard, JS. 1955. The Classification of Tropical American Vegetation-types. Ecology, vol 36: 89-100. Beaulieu, J, R Young, C Esser, D Rodrigues, R De Athe and B Scully. 1990. Survey of the Marine Life, Coral Communities and Coastal Features of Nevis. Unpublished, in files of the NHCS. Belkin, JN and SJ Heinemann. 1976. Collection Records of the Project Mosquitoes of Middle America, part 4, Leeward Islands: Anguilla, Antigua, Barbuda, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Kitts. Mosquito Systematics, vol 8(2):123-62. Birdlife International. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the World—Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. Birdlife Conservation Series No. 7. Bond, J. 1936. Birds of the West Indies. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 456pp. Bond, J. 1956. Check-list of Birds of the West Indies. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 214pp. Bond, J. 1980. Birds of the West Indies (fourth edition). Houghton Mifflin Company. 256 pp. Box, HE and AHG Alston. 1937. Pteridophyta of St. Kitts. J. Bot. 75:241-260. Breuil, M and D Masson. 1991. Quelques remarques sur la biogeographie des chauves-souris des Petites Antilles. C.R. Biogeogr, V67:25-39. Breure, ASH. 1974. Caribbean Land Molluscs: Bulimidae, I. Bulimulus. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, vol 45(145):1-80. Brown, M., ed. 1989a. The Southeast Peninsula Project in St. Kitts. Vol. I: resource management plans. Prepared for USAID by DESFIL, contract no. DHR 5438-C-00-6054-00. Brown, M., ed. 1989b. The Southeast Peninsula Project in St. Kitts. Vol. II: constraints and opportunities—a synthesis of the planning process. Prepared for USAID by DESFIL, contract no. DHR 5438-C-00-6054-00. Brown, M., ed. 1989c. The Southeast Peninsula Project in St. Kitts. Vol. III: parks and recreation plans. Prepared for USAID by DESFIL, contract no. DHR 5438-C-00-6054-00. Brusca, RC and GJ Brusca. 1990. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates. 922 pp. Bryant, D, L Burke, J McManus and M Spalding. 1998. Reefs at Risk. A Map-based Indicator of Threats to the World’s Coral Reefs. A joint publication World Resources Institute, International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and United National Environment Programme. Washington, DC. 56 pp. Burdon, K. 1920. A Handbook of St. Kitts-Nevis. The West India Committee. London. Burgess, GH, and R Franz. 1989. Zoogeography of the Antillean Freshwater Fish Fauna. In Woods, CA (ed.). Biogeography of the West Indies. Sandhill Crane Press. U of Florida. pp. 263-304. Caribbean Conservation Association and Island Resources Foundation. 1991. St. Kitts and Nevis Environmental Profile. Island Resources Foundation, St. Thomas, USVI. 277 pp. Cater, J. 1944. Forestry in the Leeward Islands. Development and Welfare in the West Indies. Bulletins, no. 7. Advocate Co., Ltd., Bridgetown, Barbados. Censky, E and K Lindsay. 1997. Note on Gymnothalmus underwoodi (Antillean Lizard). Submitted to Herpetological Review. Chadwick, DH. 1998. Planet of the Beetles. National Geographic, vol 193(3):100-119. Chapman, C and LM Fedigan. 1984. Territoriality in the St. Kitts Vervet, Cercopithecus aethiops. Journal of Human Evolution, vol 13:677-686. Chapman, CA, LM Fedigan and L Fedigan. 1988. Ecological and Demographic Influences on the Pattern of Association in St. Kitts Vervets. Primates, vol 29(3):417-421. Coomans. HE. 1958. A Survey of the Littoral Gastropoda of the Netherlands Antilles and other Caribbean Islands. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, vol 8(31):42-111. Cory, CB. 1891. A collection of birds taken by Cyrus S. Winch in the islands of Anguilla, Antigua, and St. Eustatius. The Auk, vol 8(1):46-7. Cory, CB. 1891. Notes on West Indian birds. The Auk, vol 8(1):41-6. Danforth, ST. 1936. The birds of St. Kitts and Nevis. Tropical Agriculture, 13:213-217. De Fontaubert, AC, DR Downes and TS Agardy. 1996. Biodiversity in the Seas: Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity in Marine and Coastal Habitats. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. 82 pp. De Kort-Gommers, M and N Nieser. 1969. Records of Antillean Water-striders (Heteroptera). Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, vol 30(112):72-87. DeRochefort, C. 1666. The History of the Caribby Islands. Deichmann, E. 1963. Shallow Water Holothurians known from Caribbean Waters. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, vol 14(63):100-18. Dunkle, SW. 1989. Dragonflies of the Florida Peninsula, Bermuda and the Bahamas. Scientific Publishers. 155 pp. [contact the International Odonata Research Institute; PO Box 1269; Gainesville, FL 32602-1269] Dunkle, SW. 1990. Damselflies of Florida, Bermuda and the Bahamas. Scientific Publishers. 148 pp. [contact the International Odonata Research Institute; PO Box 1269; Gainesville, FL 32602-1269] Dun, ER. 1934. Physiography and Herpetology in the Lesser Antilles. Copeia, vol 1934?:105-111. Evans, P. 1990. Birds of the Eastern Caribbean. MacMillan Caribbean. 162 pp. Federal Geographic Data Committee. 1997. FGDC Vegetation Classification and Information Standards. Fedigan, L, and LM Fedigan. 1988. Cercopithecus aethiops: a review of field studies. In Gautier-Hioi?, A, et al. (eds.). A Primate Radiation: Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons, pp. 389-411. Cambridge University Press. Fedigan, LM, L Fedigan, C Chapman, and MT McGuire. 1984. A demographic model of colonization by a population of St. Kitts vervets. Folia Primatol, vol 42:194-202. Graham, H and ? Rickard. 1992. A revised list of the Pteridophytes of Nevis. Fern Gazette, 14. Gricks, N. 1994. Whale-watching in the West Indies: A Guide to Cetaceans and Sites of the Region. Island Resources Foundation. St. Thomas, USVI. 40 pp. Haas, F. 1962. Caribbean Land Molluscs: Subulinidae and Oleacinidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, vol 13(58):49-60. Henderson, A, G Galeano and R Bernal. 1995. Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press. 352 pp. Hilder, P., 1989. The Birds of Nevis. Nevis Historical and Conservation Society. 55 pp. Hitchcock, AS. 1936. Manual of the grasses of the West Indies. US Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 243. Hoedemann, JJ. 1958. Rivulid Fishes of the Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, vol 8(32):112-26. Hoffman, CA. 1973. Archaeological investigations on St. Kitts. Carib. J of Science 13:237-244. Horwith, B and K Lindsay. 1997. Antigua-Barbuda-Redonda Biodiversity Profile. Eastern Caribbean Biodiversity Programme Publication #3. Island Resources Foundation, Antigua. Howard, R. 1973. The Vegetation of the Antilles. In A. Graham (ed.), Vegetation and Vegetational History of Northern Latin America, pp 1-38. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. New York. Howard, R. 1974. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Volume 1. Orchidaceae by L Garay and H Sweet. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. Howard, R. 1977. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Volume 2. Pteridophyta by G Proctor. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. Howard, R. 1979. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Volume 3. Monocotyledoneae. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. Howard, R. 1988. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Volume 4. Dicotyledoneae—Part 1. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. Howard, R. 1989. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Volume 5. Dicotyledoneae—Part 2. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. Howard, R. 1989. Flora of the Lesser Antilles: Leeward and Windward Islands. Volume 6. Dicotyledoneae—Part 3. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. Huggins, TR. 1992. Notes on species diversity and habitat specificity in the Orchidaceae of Nevis. Report to the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society. 12 pp. Humann, P. 1993. Reef Coral Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. Vaughan Press. Florida. 239 pp. Humann, P. 1993a. Reef Creature Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. Vaughan Press. Florida. 320 pp. Humann, P. 1993b. Reef Fish Identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. Vaughan Press. Florida. 267 pp. Hunter, C. 1998. Pers. comm. Contact Information: US Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Refuges and Wildlife, 1875 Century Boulevard, Suite 420, Atlanta, GA 30345; email: < chuck_hunter@mail.fws.gov Island Resources Foundation. 1991. Environmental Agenda for the 1990s. Synthesis of Country Environmental Profiles for the Eastern Caribbean. St. Thomas, VI. 71 pp. Island Resources Foundation. 1998. Biodiversity Assessment of the Eastern Caribbean. Eastern Caribbean Biodiversity Programme Publication #5. Island Resources Foundation. Washington, DC. 41 pp. Ivie, M. 1998. Pers. comm. Contact information: Dr. Michael A. Ivie, Associate Professor and Curator, Department of Entomology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3020USA. Phone: (406) 994-4610; fax: (406) 994-6029; e-mail: < mivie@montana.edu Kaiser, H and JD Hardy, Jr. 1994. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Eleuthrodactylus martinicensis. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Kaiser, H.. 1992. The Trad-mediated Introduction of Eleuthrodactylus martinicensis (Anura:Leptodactylidae) on St. Barthelemy, French Antilles, and its implications for Lesser Antillean biogeography. J. Herpetol., 26:264-273. Kohls, GM. 1969. New Records of Ticks from the Lesser Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, vol 28(106):126-134. Lawrence, GN. 1879. A General Catalogue of Birds noted from the Lesser Antilles visited by Mr. Fred A. Ober; with a table showing their distribution, and those found in the United States. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol 1:486-8. Lazell, JD and EE Williams. 1962. The Anoles of the Eastern Caribbean (Sauria, Iguanidae). Parts IV-VI. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 127(9):451-478. Harvard University Lee, DS, SP Platania and GH Burgess. 1983. Supplement. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. North Carolina Biological Survey Contribution No. 1983-6. 67 pp. Lindsay, K and B Horwith. 1997. A Vegetation Classification of Antigua-Barbuda-Redonda: Implications for Conservation. Eastern Caribbean Biodiversity Programme Publication #2. Island Resources Foundation. Antigua. Lindsay, K and B Horwith. 1999. A Vegetation Classification of St. Kitts and Nevis: Implications for Conservation. Island Resources Foundation. Antigua. Lindsay, K and L Blackman. 1997. Freshwater Fish of Antigua-Barbuda. Unpublished in files of Island Resources Foundation. Antigua. Linton, G. 1988. Avifauna for [Vanier College’s] Nevis Expedition. Little, EL and FH Wadsworth. 1974. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Second Volume. Washington, DC. Little, EL and FH Wadsworth. 1989. Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Revision of First Volume (1964). Washington, DC. MacLean, WP, R Kellner, and H Dennis. 1977. Island Lists of West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, no. 40 (1977). 48p. Maddison, D and W Maddison. 1996. Tree of Life web site. <http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/phylogeny.html> Majarajh and Chase. Unpublished data on the termites of St. Kitts and Nevis from six days of research during 1997. On file at the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society. Marcuzzi, G. 1962. Tenebrionid Beetles of the West Indies. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, vol 13(57):21-48. Martin-Kaye, P. 1959. Reports on the Geology of the Leeward and British Virgin Islands. Voice Publishing Company. St. Lucia. 117 pp. Martin-Kaye, P. 1969. A summary of the geology of the Lesser Antilles. Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, vol 10:263-286. McGuinness, H. 1998. Pers. comm. Ornithologist identified by Island Resources Foundation who led field investigations during 1998. McGuire, M. 1974. The St. Kitts Vervet. Contributions to Primatology, 1:1-199. Meagher, WL. 1995. Caribbean coastal and hillside vegetation, St. Kitts, West Indies. Meagher, WL. 1996. Vegetation and habitat on a Caribbean island. The Friar’s Bay Salt Pond and adjoining habitats on the Southeast Peninsular of St. Kitts. Miller, G, M Fujita and L Ford. 1989. RDO/C Biological Diversity and Tropical Forests Assessment. Annex to RDO/C Action Plan. FY 1988-89. Miller, LD and JY Miller. 1989. The Biogeography of West Indian Butterflies (Lepidopter:Papilionoidea, Hesperoidea). In Woods, CA (ed.). Biogeography of the West Indies. Sandhill Crane Press. U of Florida. pp. 263-304. Morris, MMJ and RE Lemon. 1984. Some additions to the avifauna of St. Kitts, West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Science, 20:73-74. Morton, M and S Courts. 1999. A Field Guide to the Bats of St. Kitts and Nevis. Prepared as part of the St. Kitts and Nevis Biodiversity Project. Muchmore, WB. 1993. List of Terrestrial Invertebrates of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands (Exclusive of Acarina and Insecta), with Some Records of Freshwater Species. Caribbean Journal of Science, vol 29(1-2):30-38. Norton, R. 1989. Wildlife resources management plan: shorebirds. Prepared for US Agency for International Development. Ogden, JC. 1997. Marine Managers Look Upstream for Connections. Science, 278(21 November 1997):1414-1454. Owen, P. 1992. Vegetation analysis of the Bath Bog, Nevis, West Indies. Prepared for the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society. Parker, HW. 1933. Some amphibians and reptiles from the Lesser Antilles. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol 11(10):151-158. Poirier, FE. 1972. The St. Kitts Green Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabeus): Ecology, Population Dynamics, and Selected Behavioral Traits. Folia Primat., 17: 20-55. Pregill, GKD, DW Steadman and DR Watters. 1994. Late Quaternary Vertebrate Fauna of the Lesser Antilles: Historical Components of Caribbean Biogeography. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, no. 30. 51pp. Proctor, GR. 1962. A revised list of pteridophytes from St. Kitts. Brit. Fern Gaz 9(3):71-80. Raffaele, H, J Wiley, O Garrido, A Keith and J Raffaele. 1998. A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press. Raffaele, HA. 1977. Comments on the Extinction of Loxigilla portoricensis grandis in St. Kitts, Lesser Antilles. Condor, 79:389-90. Ricklefs, RE and GW Cox. 1977. Morphological Similarity and Ecological Overlap among Passerine Birds on St. Kitts, British West Indies. Oikos, vol 28. Riley, ND. 1975. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of the West Indies. Collins. London. 224 pp. Rodrigues, D. 1990. The vegetation zones of Nevis, West Indies. Vanier College, Canada. Roughgarden, J. 1990. Origin of the Eastern Caribbean: data from reptiles and amphibians. In D. Larue and G. Draper (eds.). Transactions of the 12th Caribbean Conference. Miami Geological Survey. Sade, DS and R Hildrech. 1965. Notes on the Green Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabeus) on St. Kitts, West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Science, 5:67-81. Schmitt, WL. 1959. Narrative of the 1958 Smithsonian-Bredin Caribbean expedition. In An Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1958. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 419-30. Schwartz, A and RF Klinikoski. 1963. Observations on West Indian birds. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol 155(3):53-77. Schwartz, A and RW Henderson. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions and Natural History. University of Florida Press. Gaineville. 720 pp. Schwartz, A. 1967. Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in the Lesser Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, vol 23(91):1-62. Sharbel, T. 1988. Reptile and Amphibian Survey for [Vanier College’s] Nevis Expedition. Shoemaker, CR. 1959. Three New Cave Amphipods from the West Indies. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol 49(8):273-283. Smith, W. 1745. A natural history of Nevis and the rest of the English Leeward Caribee Islands in America, with many other observations on nature and art, particularly, an introduction to the art of decyphering. J. Bentham. Cambridge, UK. Steadman, DW, RL Norton, MR Browning, and WJ Arendt. 1997. The Birds of St. Kitts, Lesser Antilles. Caribbean Journal of Science, 33(1-2):1-20. Stehle, H. 1945. Forest Types of the Caribbean Islands. Caribbean Forestry, 7(supplement):273-408. Stiling, PD. 1986. Butterflies and Other Insects of the Eastern Caribbean. Macmillan Caribbean. 85 pp. Stock, JH. 1977. The Taxonomy and Zoogeography of the Hadziid Amphipoda. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, vol 55(177):1-130. Stokes, FJ. 1984. Divers and Snorkelers Guide to the Fishes and Sea Life of the Caribbean, Florida, Bahamas and Bermuda. The Academy of Natural Sciences. Philadelphia. 160 pp. Terborgh, JW and J Faaborg. 1980. Saturation of Bird Communities in the West Indies. American Naturalist, vol 116(2):178-95. Terborgh, JW, J Faaborg and HJ Brockmann. 1978. Island Colonization by Lesser Antillean Birds. The Auk, vol 95:59-72. Thomas, Lewis. 1979. The Medusa and the Snail. Todd, RB. circa 1920. Family papers on file at the St. Christopher Heritage Society. Basseterre. Underwood, G. 1962. Reptiles of the Eastern Caribbean. Caribbean Affairs (new series), no. 1. Dept of Extramural Studies, University of the West Indies, Trinidad. Van Doesburg, PHV. 1970. Records of Syrphidae (Diptera) from the Lesser Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, vol 34(126):90-101. Van Halewyn, R and RL Norton. 1984. The status and conservation of seabirds in the Caribbean. ICBP Technical Publication, 2:169-217. Velez, I. 1957. Herbaceous Angiosperms of the Lesser Antilles. Biology Department. InterAmerican University of Puerto Rico. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 121 pp. plus bibliography. Watkins, FH. 1924. Handbook of the Leeward Islands. 308 pages. Weakley, AS. 1996. Vegetation of the West Indies (Cuba, the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Bahamas. Draft. Available in the files of Island Resources Foundation. Whittaker, M. 1997. Medicinal Plants of St. Kitts and Nevis (Part 1 and Part 2). St. Christopher Heritage Society. Basseterre. Wilson, J. 1999a. The Season Abundance of Shorebirds of St. Kitts, West Indies. Ms. in prep. Wilson, J. 199b. The Seabirds of St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies. Ms. in prep. Widecast. 1992. Sea Turtle Recovery Action Plan for St. Kitts and Nevis (KL Eckert, ed.). CEP Technical Report No. 17. UNEP Caribbean Environment Programme. Kingston, Jamaica. 116 pages. Woods, CA (ed.). 1989. Biogeography of the West Indies. Sandhill Crane Press. U of Florida. World Resources Institute. 1996. World Resources: A Guide to the Global Environment. Washington, DC. World Wildlife Fund. 1996. A Conservation Assessment of Mangrove Ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean (DM Olson, E Dinerstein, G Cintron and P Iolster, eds.). 44 pp. Young, R. Unpublished data on the marine environment of Nevis from research during the early 1990s. On file at the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society. Charlestown, Nevis. Appendix A: List of Plants of St. Kitts and Nevis The list of plants below represents two years of effort to compile the known species of plants from St. Kitts and Nevis. It is primarily the work of Kate Orchard of the St. Christopher Heritage Society, with additions by Jennifer Lowery of the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society, and Kevel Lindsay of Island Resources Foundation. The primary source for the records is Richard Howard’s monumental Flora of the Lesser Antilles (1974-1989), with other records from Jonathan Roughgarden (1990), Walter Meagher (1995 and 1996), the St. Kitts and Nevis Environmental Profile (CCA/IRF, 1991), Thomas Huggins (1992), A.S. Hitchcock (1936), D. Rodriques (1990), and Graham and Rickard (1992). Some additions are a result of the observations of Lowery and Lindsay. Although the list includes over 900 species, it is by no means complete. Many species of plants have been introduced to the islands since the arrival of the first inhabitants. However, the majority of introductions have occurred since the arrival of Europeans and Africans over 300 years ago. Many of these species have been previously overlooked even though they have been on these islands for over a hundred years. Species such as Carica papaya and Tamarindus indica are not new introductions, but represent new records for one or both islands. It is expected that the current list will be revisited on numerous occasions as efforts to record and document the biodiversity of St. Kitts and Nevis increase. The List of Plants of St. Kitts and Nevis will serve several purposes: to increase awareness of the importance of the country’s biodiversity, as a reference point to facilitate maintenance of up-to-date information on the occurrence of exotic species, and as a tool for management of the country’s native and endangered flora. Exotic species have been identified as a significant threat to native biodiversity throughout the world. Therefore, continued expansion of the existing database is necessary to prevent further loss of native flora in St. Kitts and Nevis. The Plants of St. Kitts and Nevis K = St. Kitts end. L.A. = endemic to Lesser Antilles N = Nevis rest. L.A. = restricted to Lesser Antilles FAMILY SPECIES DISTRIBUTION NOTES PTERIDOPHYTA PSISOTACEAE Psilotum nudum LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium sieberianum L. cernuum var. cernuum L. cernuum var. dussii L. clavatum L. dichotomum L. linifolium var. linifolium L. taxifolium SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella flabellata end. L.A. S. plana S. rotundifolia S. serpens S. substipitata S. tenella MARATTIACEAE Danaea nodosa SCHIZAEACEAE Anemia hirta A. adiantifolia GLEICHENIACEAE Dicranopteris pectinata Gleichenia farinosa G. bifida G. furcata HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum fucoides H. elegans H. hirsutum H. hirtellum var. gratum end. L.A. H. lanatum H. lineare H. macrothecum H. polyanthes var. polyanthes H. seiberi TRICHOMANES Trichomanes hymenophylloides T. alatum T. angustifrons T. crispum T. kapplerionum T. krausii T. membranaceum T. polypodioides T. punctatum T. rigidum T. trigonum var. trigonum CYATHEACEAE Cyathea muricata C. arborea Cnemidaria grandifolia var. grandifolia POLYPODIACEAE sub-family DAVALLIOIDEAE Lindsaea quandrangularis subs. antillensis sub-family PTERIDOIDEAE Acrostichum danaeifolium Anisosoru hirsutus Hypolepis repens Pteris longifolia P. altissima P. biaurita P. multifida P. vittata sub-family BLENNOIDEAE Blechnum occidentale B. binervatum B. divergens B. insularum B. ryanii sub-family ADIANTOIDEAE Adiantum villo A. caudatum A. latifolium A. tenerum A. tetraphyllum Cheilanthes microphylla Pityrogramma calomelanos P. chrysophylla sub-family OLEANDROIDEAE Bolbitis portoricensis Ctenitis meridionalis Diplazium limbatum D. christatum D. striatum Elaphoglossum petiolatum E. apodum E. boryanum E. hirtum E. impressum E. martinicense E. plumieri E. schomburgkii Hymenodium crinitum Lomariopsis sorbifolia Nephrolepis falcata N. cordifolia N. hirsutula N. rivularis Polybortrya cervina Tectaria plantaginea T. heracleifolia T. incisa T. incisa x trifoliata A hybrid believed unique to Nevis T. trifoliata THELYPTERIDOIDEAE Thelypteris opposita T. antillana end. L.A. T. balbisii T. clypeolutata end. L.A. T. decussata T. dentata T. germaniana T. glandulosa T. grandis T. limbata T. muscicola Endemic to Nevis T. nephrodioides T. normalis T. patens var. inconstans T. patens var. scabriscula T. pennata T. poiteana T. reptans T. reticulata T. sancta T. tetragona var. nephrodiodes T. tetragona var. tetragona sub-family ASPLENIOIDEAE Asplenium laetum A. abscissum A. auritum var. rigidum A. cristatum A. malcolm-smithii Believed to be endemic to St. Kitts A. pteropus A. salicifolium var. salicifolium sub-family POLYPODIOIDEAE Polypodum pectinatum P. astrolepsis P. aureum var. aureum P. loriceum P. lycopodioides P. phyllitidis P. piloselloides P. polypodioides P. sectifrons P. triseriale sub-family GRAMMTITDOIDEAE Cochlidium seminudum Grammitis serrulata G. asplenifolia G. eggersii G. flabelliformis G. mollissima G. serricula G. suspensa G. taenifolia G. taxifolia G. trifurcata sub-family VITTARIOIDEAE Anetium citrifolium Polytaenium feei P. dussianum Vittaria lineata ORCHIDOIDEAE Chranichis muscosa Ponthieva petiolata Erythroides plantaginea Stelis scabrida end. L.A. Brachionidium sherringii Malaxis massonii M. umbelliflora Jacquiniella globosa Epidendrum ciliare E. difforme E. patens end. L.A. E. secundum Polystachya concreta Maxillaria coccinea Oncidium urophyllum end. L.A. Cranichis muscosa Pleurothallis ruscifolia GYMNOSPERMAE Podocarpus coriaceus MONOCOTYLEDONEAE PANDANACEAE Pandanus vetchii RUPPIACEAE Ruppia maritima R. cirrhosa CYMODOCEACEAE Syringodium filiforme NAJADACEAE Najas guadalupensis N. marina HYDROCHARITACEAE Thalassia testudinum POACEAE Bambusa vulgaris sub-family ARTHROSTYLIDIUM Andropogon glomeratus A. bicornis Anthephora hermaphrodita Aristida adscensionis Arthrostylidium venezuelae Arundo donax Axonopus compressus Brachiaria reptans B. adspersa B. echinulata B. fasciculata Bothriochloa pertusa B. saccharoides Bouteloua americana Chloris inflata C. ciliata C. radiata C. sagraeana Cenchrus echinatus C. inceratus Coix lachryma-jobi Cymbopogon citratus Cynodon dactylon Digitaria ciliaris D. Bicornis D. horizontalis D. insularis D. longiflora Dactyloctenium aegyptium Dicanthium aristatum Eragrostis ciliaris E. pilosa E. tenella E. tephrosanthes Echinochloa colona Eleusine indica Hackelochloa granularis Heteropogon contortus Hyparrhenia rufa Isachne angustifolia I. arundinacea I. disperma I. rigidifolia Ichnanthus nemorosus I. pallens Lasiacis divaricata L. sorghoidea Leptochloa virgata L. filiformis Oplismenus hirtellus Panicum maximum P. pilosum P. trichoides Pappophorum pappiferum Paspalidium germinatum Paspalum conjugatum P. fimbriatum P. laxum P. paniculatum P. plicatulum P. saccharoides P. vaginatum P. virgatum P. nutans Pennisetum setosum Rhynchelytrum repens Rottboellia exaltata Saccharum officinarum Setaria utonacaea S. geniculata S. glauca S. rariflora S. setosa var. setosa Sorghum halepense Spartina patens Sporobolus virginicus S. jacquemontii S. pyramidatus Stenotaphrum secundatum Tragus beteronianus Vetiveria zizanoides Zea mays CYPERACEAE Acrocomia aculeata Bulbostylis capillaris Carex polystachya Cocos nucifera Cyperus articulatus C. alopecuroides C. distans C. elegans C. laevigatus C. planifolius C. rotundus C. sphacelatus Eleocharis mutata E. geniculata E. interstincta E. liogiera E. montana F. cymosa Frimbristylis ferruginea Machaerina restioides Prestoea montana Roystonea oleracea Rynchospora rugosa R. holoschoenoides R. polyphylla Schoenoplectus americanus Scleria secans S. latifolia S. pterota S. scindens Torulinium odoratum CYCLANTHACEAEA Asplundia insignis A. rigida Anthurium acaule A. cordatum A. grandifolium Caladium bicolor Colocasia esculenta Dieffenbachia seguine Monstera adansonii Philodendron giganteum P. linulatum P. scandens Pistia stratiotes BROMELIACEAE Ananas comosus Guzmania dussii G. plumieri Pitcairnia angustifolia P. bifrons Tillandsia recurvata T. usneoides T. utriculata Vriesia antillana V. capituligera V. conellii COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffusa C. elegans Rhoeo spathacea Zebrina pendula PONTEDERIACEAE Eichornia crassipes LILIACEAE Aloe vera Asparagus desifloris A. setaceus HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis decumbens HAEMODORACEAE Xiphidium caeruleum AMARYLLIDACEAE Crinum bulbispermum Euchris grandi Hymenocallis caribeae H. fragrans AGAVACEAE Agave caribaeicola A. karatto A. sisalana A. van grolae Cordyline fruticosa Furcraea tuberosa end. L.A. DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea bulbifera D. alata Rajania cordata IRIDACEAE Belamcanda chinensis Trimezia martinicensis MUSACEAE Musa spp. HELICONIACEAE Heliconia bihai H. psittacorum H. caribaea BURMANNIACEAE Apteria aphylla STRELITZIACEAE Ravenala madagascarer ZINGEBERACEAE Hedychium coronarium Alpina zerumbet MARANTACEAE Maranta arundinaceae DICOTYLEDONEAE CASUARINACEAE Casuarina equisetifolia PIPERACEAE Lepianthes peltato Peperomia emarginella P. glabella P. hernadiifolia P. humilis P. magnoliifolia P. myrtifolia P. nigropunctata P. pellucida P. trifolia end. L.A. P. urocarpa Piper aequale P.dilatatum P. dussii rest. L.A. CHLORANTHACEAE Hedyosmum arborescens BATACEAE Batis maritima ULMACEAE Celtis iguanaea Trema lamarkiana MORACEAE Artocarpus altilis Cecropia schreberiana C. peltata Ficus americana F. benjamina F. citrifolia F. elastica F. microcarpa F. nymphaeifolia F. pumila F. trigonata CANNABACEAE Cannabis sativa URTICACEAE Boehmeria ramiflora Laportea aestuans Pilea hyalina P. inaequalis P. microphylla P. nummulariifolia P. rivoirae P. semidentata Urera carasana OLACACEAE Schoepfia schreberi ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia littoralis POLYGONACEAE Antigonon leptopus Coccoloba pubescens C. diversifolia C. swartzii C. uviflora CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium ambrosioides C. murrale AMARANTHACEAE Achyranthes aspera var. aspera Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthus dubius A. hybridus A. spinosus Blutaparon vermiculata Celosia argentea C. nitida Chamissoa altissima Gomphrena globosa G. serrata Iresine angustifolia I. diffusa Lithophila muscoides NYCTAGINACEAE Boerhavia coccinea B. erecta B. scandens Bougainvillea glabra B. spectabilis Mirabilis jalapa Pisonia aculeata P. fragrans P. subcordata PHYTOLACCACEAE Microtea debilis Petiveria alliacea Phytolacca rivinoides Rivina humilis AIZOACEAE Mullago verticillata Sesuvium portulacastrum Trianthema portulacastrum PORTULACACEAE Portulaca oleracea P. quadrifida Talinum fruticosum T. paniculatum CARYOPHYLLACEAE Drymaria cordata NYMPHACEAE Nymphaea ampla var. speciosa ANNONACEAE Annona montana A. glabra A. muricata A. reticulata A. squamosa Guatteria caribaea Oxandra laurifolia MYRISTICACEAE Myristica fragrans LAURACEAE Aniba bracteata Beilschmieda pendula Cassytha filformis Ocotea alpina O. floribunda O. leucoxylon O. membranaceae Persea americana PAPAVERACEAE Argemone mexicana Bocconia frutescens CRUCIFERAE Brassica juncea B. oleraceae Cakile lanceolata Lepidium virginacum CAPPARACEAE Capparis baducca C. flexuosa C. cynophallophora C. hastata C. indica Cleome gynandra C. rutidosperma C. viscosa MORINGACEAE Moringa oleifera CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia pinnata ROSACEAE Prunus pleuradenia Rubus coronarius R. rosifolius CHRYSOBALANACEAE Chrysobalanus cuspidatus C. icaco Hirtella triandra CONNARACEAE Connarus grandifolius LEGUMINOSAE sub-family MIMOSOIDEAE Acacia farnesiana Adenantha pavonina Calliandra purpurea Desmanthus virgatus Inga laurina Leucaena leucocephala Mimosa pudica Pithecellobium unguis-cati sub-family CAESALPINIOIDEAE Bauhinia divaricata B. multinervia B. tomentosa Caesalpinia bonduc C. ciliata C. pulcherrima Chamaecrista diphylla C. glandulosa var. swartzii C. nictitans var. diffusa Cassia fistula Chamaecrista glandulosa var. swartzii Delonix regia Haematoxylon campechianum Hymenacaea courbril Parkinsonia aculeata Senna alata S. bacillaris var. bacillaris S. bicapularis var. bicapularis S. nitida S. occidentalis S. siamea Tamarindus indica sub-family FABOIDEAE Abrus precatorius Aeschynomene villosa Alysicarpus vaginalis Arachis hypogaea Cajanus cajan Canavalia rosea Centrosema virginianum Christia vespertillionis Clitoria ternatea Crotalaria incana C. micans C. pallida C. pumila C. retusa C. verrucosa Desmodium ascendens D. axillare var. axillare D. incanum D. scorpiarus D. triflorum Erythrina corallodendrum Flemingia strobilifera Galactia longifolia G. rubra Gliricidia sepium Indigofera suffructicosa I. tinctoria Lablab purpurea Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus L. violaceus Macroptilium lathyroides Mucuna pruriens M. sloanei M. urens Ormosia monosperma Phaseolus lunatus P. coccineus P. vulgaris Piscidia carthagenensis Rhynchosia minima R. reticulata Sesbania grandiflora S. sesbum Stylosanthes hemata Tephrosia candida T. cinerea T. senna Vigna luteola V. unguiculata Zornia reticulata OXALIDACEAE Oxalis corniculata O. debilis var. corymbosa ERYTHROXYLACEAE Erythroxylum havanense E. oxycarpum E. squamatum ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Kallstroemia pubescens Guaiacum officinale RUTACEAE Amyris elemifera Citrus limon C. aurantifolia C. grandis C. maxima C. paradisi C. aurantium C. reticulata C. sinensis Murraya exotica Triphasia trifolia Zanthoxylum spinifex SIMAROUBACEAE Picrasma excelsa Simarouba amara SURIANACEAE Suriana maritima BURSERACEAE Bursera simaruba Dacryodes excelsa MELIACEAE Azadirachta indica Guarea glabra Melia azadarach Swietenia mahagoni MALPIGHIACEAE Bunchosia polystachia Byrsonima spicata Galphimia gracilis Heteropterys purpurea Malpighia emarginata M. linearis Stigmaphyllon diversifolium S. emarginatum KRAMERIACEAE Krameria ixine EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha poiretii A. hispida A. wilkensiana Breynia disticha Chamaesyce articulata C. hirta C. hypericifolia C. mesembrianthemifolia C. serpens C. prostata Cnidoscolus urens Codiaeum variegatum Croton astroites C. flavens C. lobatus Dalechampia scandens Drypetas glauca D. piriformis Euphorbia cotonifolia Hyppomane mancinella Hura crepitians Jatropha gossypiifolia J. integerrima Manihot esculenta Pedilanthus tithymaloides Phyllanthus caroliniensis P. urinaria P. acidus Sapium caribaeum end. L.A. Tragia volubilis ANACARDIACEAE Comocladia dodonaea Mangifera indica Spondias mombin S. cytherea S. purpurea AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex macfadyenii I. dioica I. sideroxyloides CELASTRACEAE Cassine xylocarpa Crosspetalum rhacoma Gyminda latifolia Schaefferia frutescens STAPHYLEACEAE Allophyllus racemosus Blighia sapida Cardiospermum corindum C. microcarpum Melicoccus bijugatus Paullinia vespertilis Sapindus saponaria SABIACEAE Meliosma herbertii BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens balsamina I. walleriana VITACEAE Cissus verticillata ELAEOCARPACEAE Sloanea berteriana S. dentata end. L.A. S. massoni end. L.A. TILIACEAE Corchorus aestuans C.hirtusus C. siliquosus MALVACEAE Abelmoschus esculentus Abutilon hirtum A. indicum Floria vitifolia Gossypium hirsutum G. barbadense Hibiscus cannabinus H. phoeniceus H. sabdariffa H. rosa-sinensis H. rosa-sinensis var. schizopetallum Malachra capitata Malavastrum amricanum Pavonia spinifex Sida acuta S. cordifolia S. rhombifolia Sidastrum multiflorum Thespesia populneua Urena lobata BOMBACEAE Ceiba pentandra Ochroma pyrimadale Pachira insignis Quaribea turbinata STERCULIACEAE Ayenia insulaecola Guazuma ulmifolia Melochia nodiflora M. pyramidata M. tomentosa Theobroma cacao OCHNACEAE Sauvagesia erecta MARCGRAVIACEAE Marcgravia umbellata Norantea guianensis THEACEAE Freziera undulata end. L.A. Ternstroemia elliptica end. L.A. T. peduncularis CLUSIACEAE Clusia major end. L.A. Mammea americana Marila racemosa end. L.A. TAMARIACEAE Tamarix gallica BIXACEAE Bixa orellana COCHLOSPERMACEAE Cochlospermum vitifolius CANELLACEAE Viola stipularis FLACOURTIACEAE Caeseria decandra C. sylvestris Prokia crucis Samyda dodecandra TURNERACEAE Turnera ulmifolia PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora foetida P. edulis P. quadrangularis P. rubra P. sexflora CARICAEAE Carica papaya BEGONIACEAE Begonia retusa rest. L.A. CACTACEAE Cereus hexagonus Hylocereus trigonus Melocactus intortus Opuntia cochenillifera O. dillenii O. rubescens O. triancantha Pereskia bleo P. grandiflora Pilosocereus royeni THYMELAEACEAE Ammania latifolia Daphnopsis americana Lagerstroemia indica Lawsonia inermis LYTHRACEAE Ammania latifolia Cuphea hyssopifolia Largerstroemia indica Lawsonia inermis PUNICACEAE Punica gratum RHIZOPHORACEAE Rhizophora mangle COMBRETACEAE Buchenavia capitata Laguncularia racemosa Conocarpus erectus Terminalia catappa MYRTACEAE Eugenia chrosobalanoides E. cordata E. ligustrina E. uniflora Gomidesia lindeniana Myrcia citrifolia M. splendens Myrcianthus fragrans Myrciaria floribunda Pimenta racemosa Psidium amplexicaule P. cordatum originally from Nevis P. cattleianum P. guajava Syzygium jambos MELASTOMATACEAE Charianthus purpureus end. L.A. Climimia hirta C. umbrosa end. L.A. Miconia globuliflora var. dominicae M. impetiolaris M. laevigata M. mirabilis Tibouchina longifolia T. ornata end. L.A. Tetrazygia discolor Vespera aquatica ARALIACEAE Schefflera attenuata end. L.A. UMBELLIFERAE Eryngium foetidum THEOPHRASTACEAE Jacquinia armillaris MYRSINACEAE Ardisia obovata Cybianthus parasiticus end. L.A. Myrsine coriacea PLUMBAGINACEAE Plumbago scandens SAPOTACEAE Manilkara zapota Micropholis guyanensis Pouteria multiflora Sideroxylon cubense Sideroxylon obovatum S. salicifolium STYRACACEAE Styrax glaber end. L.A. SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos martinicensis OLEACEAE Jasminum multiflorum LOGANACEAE Spigelia anthelmia GENTIANACEAE Centaurium pulchellum Enicostema verticillatum Voyria aphylla APOCYNACEAE Allamanda blanchetti Allamanda cathartica Catharanthus roseus Nerium oleander Plumeria alba P. rubra Rauvolfia nitida Rauvolfia tetraphylla Rauvolfia viridis Tabernaemontana citrifolia Thevetia peruviana Urechites lutea ASCLEPIADACEAE Calotropis procera Matelia maritima CONVOLVULACEAE Cuscuta americana Evolvulus convolvuloides E. tenuis Ipomoea hederifolia I. asarifolia I. batatas I. indica I. pes-caprae I. phyllomega I. quamoclit I. tiliacea I. triloba I. violacea Jacquemontia cumanensis J. pentantha J. solanifolia J. tamnifolia Merremia aegyptia M. dissecta Poranopsis paniculata Turbina corymbosa HYDROPHYLLACEAE Nama jamaicensis BORAGINACEAE Argusia gnaphalodes (spelling) Bourreria succulenta Cordia globosa C. nesophila C. obliqua C. polycephala C. sebestena C. sulcata C. collococca Heliotropium angiospermum H. curassavicum H. indicum H. ternatum Tournefortia bicolor T. hirsutissima T. maculata T. volubilis AVICENNIACEAE Avicennia germinans VERBENACEAE Aegiphila martinicensis Citharexylum spinosum Clerodendron aculeatum C. speciosissimum Duranta erecta Hyptis pectinata Lantana camara L. involucrata L. urticifolia Leonotis nepetifolia Leucas martinicensis Petrea kohautiana Plectranthus amboinicus Salvia micrantha S. serotina Stachytarpheta cayennensis S. jamaicensis Tectona grandis SOLANACEAE Brunfelsia americana Capsicum annuum Cestrum laurifolium Datura straemonium Nicotiana tabacum Physalis angulata P. philadelphica Solandra grandiflora S. americanum S. bicolor S. capsicoides S. racemosum S. torvum SCROPHULARIACEAE Copraria biflora Lindernia diffusa Scoparis dulcis BIGNONIACEAE Crescentia cujete Macfadyena unguis-cati Tecoma stans GESNERIACEAE Alloplectus cristatus Besleria lutea Gesneria ventricosa ACANTHACEAE Asystasia gangetica Blechum pyramidatum Dicliptera martinicensis Justicia pectoralis J. secunda J. sessilis Odontonema nitidum Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Ruellia tuberosa Thunbergia fragrans T. alata T. erecta T. grandiflora T. laurifolia RUBIACEAE Chiococca alba Chione venosa Diodia ocymifolia Erithalis fruticosa E. odorifera Faramea occidentalis Gonzalagunia hirsuta Guettarda odorata G. parviflora G. scabra Hamelia axillaris Hillia parasitica Ixora ferrea Melothria pendula Mitracarpus hirtus Morinda citrifolia Palicourea crocea Psychotria aubletiana P. berteriana P. guadalupensis P. microdon P. nervosa P. pubescens Randia aculeata Relbunium guadalupense Spermacoce assurgens S. bahamensis S. confusa S. densiflora S. verticillata Strumphia maritima CUCURBITACEAE Momordica charantia LOBELIACEAE Lobelia circiifolia end. L.A. L. stricta COMPOSITAE Acanthosperum hispidum Acmella uliginosa Adenostemma verbesina Ageratum conyzoides Ambrosia hispida Baccharis pedunculata B. dioica Bidens pilosa Centratherum punctatum Chaptalia nutans Clibadium erosum Conzya apurensis C. bonariensis C. canadensis Eclipta prostata Egletes prostata Emilia fosbergii E. sonchifolia Erechtites hieracifolia E. valerianifolia Eupatorium corymbosum E. integrifolium E. macranthum E. macrophyllum E. microstemon E. odoratum E. trigonocarpum Lagascea mollis Mikania hookeriana Neurolena lobata Parthenium hysterophorus Pectis humifusa P. linearis P. linifolia Pluchea carolinensis Porophyllum ruderale Scaevola plumieri S. sericea Tagetes erecta Tithonia diversifolia Tridax procumbens Verbesina alata Vernonia albicaulis V. cinerea Wedelia trilobata W. calycina Xanthium strumarium Appendix B: Metadata for St. Kitts-Nevis Vegetation Maps Prepared by The Nature Conservancy Map graphics and metadata served at http://edcintl.cr.usgs.gov/igdn/tnc/metadata.html , down loaded 20 January 2000. St Kitts Vegetation Map Metadata Metadata: Identification_Information Spatial_Data_Organization_Information Distribution_Information Metadata_Reference_Information Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program Publication_Date: 1990 Title: St Kitts Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: atlas Description: Abstract: Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program, vegetation of Grenada,Vegetation of St Kitts Purpose: Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1949 Ending_Date: 1979 Currentness_Reference: Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -62.95 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -62.58 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 17.46 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 17.2 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Vegetation Theme_Keyword: Vegetation Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: St Kitts Place_Keyword: St Kitts Access_Constraints: Use_Constraints: Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: <http://edcintl.cr.usgs.gov/igdn/tnc/browsegraphics/st_kitts.jpg> Browse_Graphic_File_Description: none Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group format Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Xiaojun Li Contact_Organization: The Nature Conservancy Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 4245 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 100 City: Arlington State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 22203 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-247-3745 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: xli@tnc.org Distribution_Liability: Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 19990303 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Xiaojun Li Contact_Organization: The Nature Conservancy Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 4245 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 100 City: Arlington State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 22203 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-247-3745 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: xli@tnc.org Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Generated by mp version 2.2.0 on Mon Jun 14 15:33:39 1999 Nevis Vegetation Map Metadata Metadata: Identification_Information Spatial_Data_Organization_Information Distribution_Information Metadata_Reference_Information Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program Publication_Date: 1990 Title: Nevis Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: atlas Description: Abstract: Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program, Vegetation 1990 Purpose: Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1990 Ending_Date: 1990 Currentness_Reference: Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -62.65 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -62.5 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 17.2 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 17.1 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Vegetation Theme_Keyword: Vegetation Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Nevis Place_Keyword: Nevis Access_Constraints: Use_Constraints: Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: <http://edcintl.cr.usgs.gov/igdn/tnc/browsegraphics/nevis.jpg> Browse_Graphic_File_Description: none Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group format Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Xiaojun Li Contact_Organization: The Nature Conservancy Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 4245 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 100 City: Arlington State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 22203 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-247-3745 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: xli@tnc.org Distribution_Liability: Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 19990303 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Xiaojun Li Contact_Organization: The Nature Conservancy Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 4245 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 100 City: Arlington State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 22203 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-247-3745 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: xli@tnc.org Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Generated by mp version 2.2.0 on Mon Jun 14 15:28:19 1999 The discussion in this Profile refers to terrestrial vegetation. In regard to marine plants, Humann (1993) lists 62 marine plants for the Caribbean region. This is probably a vast underestimate since this information is from a field guide targeted to the general public, and it is only included here for general comparative purposes. Little is known of the conservation status of this group, but the conservation of marine resources is discussed briefly in regard to corals in the section on invertebrates. There is an ongoing effort to identify similarities and reconcile differences if they exist between Partners in Flight and Birdlife International regarding regional avian conservation concerns in the Caribbean. Both these initiatives treat Trinidad and Tobago separately from the rest of the Eastern Caribbean. Contacts for these organizations: David Wege; Americas Programme Manager; Birdlife International; Wellbrook Court; Girton Road; Cambridge, CB3 0NA, UK; e-mail: <david.wege@birdlife.org.uk>. Chuck Hunter; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Division of Refuges and Wildlife; 1875 Century Boulevard, Suite 420; Atlanta, GA 30345; e-mail: <chuck_hunter@mail.fws.gov>. Several extremely informative Internet web sites describe these efforts: USFWS/National Shorebird Conservation Plan — http://www.manomet.org/USSCP.html Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network — http://www .wetlands.ca/wia/whsrn/overview.html; Ramsar Convention on Wetlands — http://www.iucn.org/themes/ramsar. Because of the noise of tour boats, it has been recommended that they remain at least 100 - 150 meters from the colonies. Frigatebirds and pelicans are known to be very sensitive to disturbance (van Halewyn and Norton 1984; Raffaele 1998). PAGE PAGE island resources Page PAGE FOUNDATION A BIODIVERSITY PROFILE of ST. KITTS and NEVIS A BIODIVERSITY PROFILE of ST. KITTS and NEVIS Page PAGE island resources FOUNDATION island resources Page PAGE FOUNDATION A BIODIVERSITY PROFILE of ST. KITTS and NEVIS island resources Page PAGE FOUNDATION A BIODIVERSITY PROFILE of ST. KITTS and NEVIS island resources Page PAGE FOUNDATION Appendix A Plants of st. kitts and nevis e Appendix B Metadata of Vegetation Maps kd2! kd4" kdµ" kd6# kd·# kd8$ kd¹$ kd:% kd»% kd<& kd½& kd>' kd¿' kd@( kdÁ( kdB) kdÃ) kdD* kdF+ kdH, kdÉ, kdJ- kdË- kdL. kdÛ. kdj/ kdù/ kd¦1 kd52 kdÄ2 kdS3 kdâ3 kdq4 kd­6 kd<7 kdË7 kdZ8 kdé8 kdx9 kd–: kd%; kd5< kd2> kdkA kdµB kdZC kdÿC kd¤D kdIE kdîE kdúF kdŸG kdDH kdéH kdŽI kd3J kdØJ kd}K kd"L kdÇL kdlM kd¶N kd[O kd^Q kdER kd÷S kdÐT kd©U kd‚V kd[W kd4X kdæY kd¿Z kdq\ kdJ] kd#^ kd‡a kd`b Ff£j Ffwg FfKd Ff't Ffûp FfÏm FfSw kdo| kdA„ kdo… kd4‡ kd'Š kdU‹ kdHŽ kd;‘ kdi’ kd.” kdAš kdF£ kdw¥ kd2¦ kdc¨ kdO« kd;® kdl° kd'± kdX³ kdD¶ kdh¹ kd1º kdU½ kdyÀ kdBÁ kdfÄ kd/Å kdSÈ kdwË kddÏ kd-Ð kdQÓ kduÖ kdbÚ kdOÞ kdsá kd)æ kdMé kdqì kd:í kd'ñ kdKô kdo÷ kd8ø kd%ü kdIÿ kdž" kdg# kd0$ kdù$ kdÂ% kd‹& kdT' kdæ( kd¯) kdx* kdA+ kdÓ, kdœ- kde. kd./ kd÷/ kdÀ0 kd‰1 kdR2 kdä3 kd­4 kdv5 kd?6 kdÑ7 kdš8 kdc9 kd,: kdõ: kd¾; kdP= kdt@ kd=A kdÏB kdaD kd*E kdóE kd¼F kd…G kdNH kdàI kd©J kdrK kd;L kdÍM kd–N kd_O kd(P kdñP kdºQ kdƒR kdLS kdÞT kd§U kdpV kd9W kdËX kd”Y kd]Z kd&[ kdJ^ kdna kd7b kdÉc kd’d kd[e kd$f kdíf kd¶g kdHi kdÚj kd£k kdll kd5m kdþm kdÇn kdYp kd"q kdëq kd´r kd}s kdFt kdØu kd¡v kdjw kd3x kdüx kdÅy kdŽz kdW{ kd | kdh‚ kd1ƒ kdU† kdy‰ kdBŠ kd/Ž kdS‘ kdw” kdQœ kduŸ kdb£ kdO§ kdsª kd)¯ kdM² kdqµ kd:¶ kd'º kdK½ kdoÀ kd8Á kd%Å kdIÈ kdmË kd6Ì kdZÏ kd#Ð kdGÓ kdkÖ kd4× kdXÚ kdEÞ kdiá kd2â kdVå kdzè kdCé kdgì kd0í kdTð kdxó kdAô kde÷ kd.ø kdRû kdvþ kd”" kd]# kd&$ kdï$ kd¸% kdJ' kdÜ( kd¥) kdn* kd7+ kdÉ, kd’- kd[. kd$/ kdí/ kd¶0 kdH2 kdÚ3 kd£4 kdl5 kd56 kdþ6 kdÇ7 kdY9 kd": kdë: kd´; kdF= kdj@ kd3A kdüA kdÅB kdŽC kdWD kd E kdéE kd²F kd{G kdDH kdÖI kdŸJ kdhK kd1L kdúL kdÃM kdŒN kdUO kdçP kd°Q kdyR kdBS kdÔT kdfV kd/W kdøW kdÁX kdŠY kdSZ kdw] kdda kd-b kdöb kd¿c kdQe kdãf kd¬g kduh kd>i kdÐj kdbl kd+m kdôm ,X2¬8 kdön kd¿o kdQq kdãr kd¬s kdut kd>u kdÐv kdbx kd+y kdôy kd½z kdO| kd)„ kdM‡ kdqŠ kd:‹ kdK’ kdo• kd8– kd%š kd6¡ kdZ¤ kd#¥ kdG¨ kdk« kd4¬ kdX¯ kdE³ kdi¶ kd2· kdVº kdz½ kdC¾ kdgÁ kd0 kdTÅ kdxÈ kdAÉ kdeÌ kd.Í kdRÐ kdvÓ kdc× kd,Ø kdPÛ kdtÞ kdaâ kdNæ kdré kd;ê kd(î kdLñ kdpô kd9õ kd&ù kdJü kdnÿ kd1! kdÃ" kdŒ# kdU$ kdç% kd°& kdy' kdB( kdÔ) kdf+ kd/, kdø, kdÁ- kdŠ. kdS/ kdå0 kd®1 kdw2 kd@3 kdÒ4 kd›5 kdd6 kd-7 kdö7 kd¿8 kdQ: kdã; kdu= kdbA kd+B kdôB kd½C kd†D kdOE kdáF kdªG kdsH kd<I kdÎJ kd—K kd`L kd)M kdòM kd»N kd„O kdMP kdßQ kd¨R kdqS kd:T kdÌU kd•V kd^W kd'X kdðX kd¹Y kd‚Z kdK[ kdo^ kd8_ kd“a kd\b kd%c kdîc kd·d kdIf kdÛg kd¤h kdmi kd6j kdÿj kdÈk kd‘l kdZm kd#n kdìn kdµo kd~p kdGq kdÙr kd¢s kdkt kd4u kdýu kdÆv kdXx kd!y kdêy kd³z kdE| kdVƒ kdz† kdC‡ kdgŠ kd0‹ kdTŽ kdx‘ kdA’ kde• kd.– kdvœ kd,¡ kdP¤ kdt§ kda« kdN¯ kdr² kd;³ kd(· kdLº kdp½ kd9¾ kd& kdJÅ kdnÈ kd7É kd$Í kdHÐ kdlÓ kd5Ô kdY× kd"Ø kdFÛ kdjÞ kd3ß kdWâ kd ã kdDæ kdhé kd1ê kdUí kdyð kdBñ kdfô kd/õ kdSø kdwû kddÿ kd'! kd¹" kd‚# kdK$ kdÝ% kd¦& kdo' kd8( kdÊ) kd%, kdî, kd·- kdI/ kdÛ0 kd¤1 kdm2 kd63 kdÿ3 kdÈ4 kd‘5 kdZ6 kd#7 kdì7 kdµ8 kd~9 kdG: kdÙ; kdk= kd4> kdXA kd!B kdêB kd³C kd|D kdEE kd×F kd G kdiH kd2I kdûI kdÄJ kdVL kdèM kd±N kdzO kdCP kdÕQ kdžR kdgS kd0T kdùT kdÂU kd‹V kdTW kdæX kd¯Y kdxZ kdA[ kde^ kd._ kd‰a kdRb kdäc kd­d kdve kd?f kdÑg kdšh kdci kd,j kdõj kd¾k kd‡l kdPm kdân kd«o kdtp kd=q kdÏr kdat kd*u kdóu &`#$ dPPDF fLfL¹ IHDR gAMA Lg/H ìE8W xKQ´ cì$h P4/ÜA)t maã& C9üK gÍuE,e lcYe' Gl]# ff?M 3uÄH t.d/ &HLY bhFqs L6nogFI `lEd 9iyn hWY$ nÈqiq A} .Gèm $g‘V èb7&1 t1$é QBÒJ mP2 l± ×6ca JGv, MQ:A y›$$ x“ fb h—(IB y4^o DL:oo KÀ-v‰/L7 jY9¾p0/'vЗ-t pEki ´D8QtF gaî0 æ"c0 H.V‡a. ,JsXØ èbbb =IDAT sË"dV]PI XoìEf /Ê"5' F½-A hsC: jCÄK xIkadKT8— IHDR gAMA XNeß kªX) p*P' 4%íhp f­p.M bH+, jìlv u=P' p*P' ÎaTml &6mcÌ 3ßOg p&,¶ :uLâ \5wv1 i;Yt©u R6j/¥ TpwjßxS*q sMªY¤C'bmXc V00à yVB.| kKR’ þxbT '–t) íj2U „YyMf J)Ùh,šOès%P' vFQs¦ v&VxA© SÜvVtw9Wk÷ :q63 tqWq m<9P P'x%QcôzŸ H,çv xP8Ù$ oklxµ &©Gb L9dÑ dEñ)…whQK EC÷I X´M& )Rª" (Aœ-8 Ðesx$%d> gê89 l'hG Ì5h/ Kµ9k .!nt P'8‡ l'8‘ p*P' IHDR gAMA s1Zk„kk„ZksJk9 c!)c srïDV tWXa… VXa…YHèCWXa… VXa… VXa… VXa… jhVwjB“ Z'¯Q 3GG6Ò0 ,hBøvt k.„Fb 4cq‚o w-¨G SgaÏ vXS| X|;T jTgo tn'Z sK.¦ #C^p# LwzX@ lRßOCP ›X.W A#/Y²cj`a ;6ƒ$ ›E2.l î:ALx w&Bþ ²%Ie ‡c)2' 7s1D/„ég &of+ í6%l tñm8.S}o þ)G5 ŠvDb ªPpe QønZ Muaær s"è, 1òOB -AWl, R’#x llËj -mApli[§V wD(’ m)JŸ t'Aô všCsT YLP$7õSfo r,|i 5)/’ \rPG Vjg· ·G/Hf RÔS)j JAm#zÃmIõ m´a9/ rs4â)0Zò4 DXìap mÌA- IA–c IDAT 5oÌ)0d CQà3 u{kXK —HMK&1,(nz† x÷íbAe2y BBÂy "1‰H nOb\ ce$› RégYWd Y©VJ j‘m6 egLbË:ÖG Q4íI s+v" KX¹rs U/®M CVo#Y>Ræ Ì3d2 þmDJ ºH,CH àX9o b;EÉ h7LmSU U5M—7 &v-© ju,• 9q èÂI.9vyq C¦Tr ZÖ"M "Ã#jy OnÉG Nä46 -nCJ4B K°j6 #øeV$ $cfm $ªw. K8lâ0 GH/u® R(!P &)Òm ëi(Jr1 H-v¦d h¨#f4 dò(qx IEÝcT ¡c19U reOo7 Y†8J ôQIB mzgé j8â1) ,^AB ·ºg(InX. G.d¨ 1:²'2EÊ-hv AŸ35GKu† cUŒ(1' k#VEd U^b5 .j­,g zu9#‹ ­HXL,f fd±J øeUUulUW I)z2$>RÕ jG.< Ib–(Y LvXƒ Õ-mL þCbZM;óh W ±h DI"e 4dH| L”OL 2R%HkkD qª-wU E KmZ IDATÍ wbCwp¤ éby9 eßdz )S-k y8¶u Â"dRV kAg(ÀcAe# qJ&† q):ªdwI1ËX 4Z•R hp2,Õ cGp¨ ¢5xd ºZl& ÈaT' $aLQ³ Q“vO qRcM3(a $µ:7 N-cp% 3FtdZ=X HÙ8W 4«Bez n6ÂE 9f)r Tkdƒ `1D%U, v¸I5 ‰l il N;Å22 ÑI8T%K -aÔz4556‚¹XC we6!;u[B 28+h xh;­ k¡4C jGUúePKÓi úCY4 3"_hfªUR $xÚ: uf1þ IDAT_.W sML¹ ‡bDQ6 %o-] …b0K DZJGãúHj 5Y½2 <M$a 18E 7uVõp¢7W qD4òP sšb- "XO— KlªYrIK Tä:q k,ÀdF WoYyÑR b´Dk ghP& :-Û7 n9tH’T0vç C}tdc>3L :I¾NI eÇgK ;VYþH2G E95â PgW&oþIs;Cd°Õ £v'DEi/ ZRFhgà:­ o%e"V* -u0P 3BWÍh Ýl93 2D!R' /12R4g\ '&=I IDATEn MØIK 1D4K55R %vYª Moôg M{M7%8xj &IT)"j"°p¹ zRÜhÊ.9dI Y½7&Sô2v3; BwV¤ 9¿-i }p6b n fRâHX SHË/ Vº:E RÉRvIRi B„pA XGG÷7kc i.5Å MØ)wB0púU Tâ£FW(.l Q,U[Hó/ bM( 7É$G z½:v P±VM-U R Q$ IDATòf ZrÒp ;Aáb I"5Îl JDBC &J”n/ :{oO OH8Ç #&C"Bä 9’f%I dM ·$HA Erm„ ø1cLN, b1wÑm 84ûy ÆFYR (ÙG- $Ns› zkPñ 6Zfi )/XŽ $8J(Hï tr=I CDƒeW ;sz½ Sp""³S¬B 5%#EYäÎl 3:µHo3$ F'+N Jbx¬ §vRf OŒhY' by"’&ÂdB sO§x 9)ýf PC@2Hmi$^ ÷Sh; ë 'u$Fl9ol{ zcuü (ØT9 uÈmU U&Ðe 9 )© IDATap…kDo i©HUl 3%8YTè Zxynö $y#F BMHxFH S%±", ”SkU q*.UWl 9"Ã2Ù V/rH /H4¥ jC(p8wœš$ cp5B y49Þ N6åEN 3Y2SuÃ. U‚$/ -ztPRfi#Á½( ;3A“ #tk’ zRZ ;Vn n¡Jq rCId ö-#M ODdp W‹EkOaKÎ", E.;ß/n 9H“s –xCTraíV 90;hmä s8:'{ ÓU// ùBc4O p$ËT2 (,Ó& u4c5 §u&J 'MòG r[ÄoIeX s kP¢FB )íZJ OtbU$‘P2ýÌEC HS|w' qâRjIYui¥ M1O4çT z‡NT X,‹Jux QRXÝ‚2FEp V)*l FÁj9;k ¿t"I- ÷FdY D1©e uxqLNQŒÆ zEº8U Ulu"ñ%¾WG b•%9X F›%zD JJ(W Z$xo GuJp qL°DRpL HÒfhS m)E= 5H®J P“ZcnÍ-Zs 6¼Wr ©k6K GD%Ð ZñRa r@/h GBoy L›ycE BoÑmiMµk; jyt/º &GDL† &)a»p 'Ñ&r KaQ–c:­# )B©R MVg7òî r Gë"oE sSb2¥T q$oFÎ7dJì`Sd-44‰ D"œz7 MÅG: ½jCyg .§sVMXY P2ð6 Y'C; Ðyqr $­¥OrdqE LBrP ÄP)f 9wE© MNr6R¤EÒ j)>6 m.Tqj B6QE''ÿ ½8k. eÎr5 -IÙSBR ,l‚0 R,¦u UN5c ½¦.uV($ †RO. PÒovz j3@E ¥YnH i·kI EJJù/ ofS] h%TXOÀ ¢GV(aÐF9 CzHpÎ8J jyy/x‰‹OW-' b)J3” )t“L gÃ5% C(›LL²(PB N…&NF6 MLiN « VX¬o %Æ8d 4MBÀS m.z‘ j#CH IDAT 3T)D Z-HfÈdu­/J :X.2È 41)§ 'S±N 4t.i Np&© 1AKô I,}l 5T«I ž0dN, HoÑU =$g TL zXz—,Q mÕ.j ep,M2 8ER: ;Byz^ ;KWŒ TnÙ9 IæJm MEGeiÙ$ IDAT GjšlO R26` iœTD; EÅ81: #LûW b6&¯) Ãj4AUk Hœ:j% e9|4 éndL ÿeP, XÖJ3 J(cS9” sQqÁ ‘J-k èU74c)4 p0ª) /gPÐE#Jý $aGD© ÓxGI8 BGc/D ( 0L ‡B C7KVÂ5 ;Ï;5 0qD| 2Gïl P+NÛn$lm p½(% XDRÐ\($3 3J7Õ Uk¦% Ueûg šFwoÝUq6 Ex¤y $œvlr us“H iCr% X)0T(/ª‰& CMÉPt oFÍZ 9NÙsM HGG‡ RBÏrp mTXh 7zB%j9Öš 0)0} 0wÊw ·EB% 8Ek, xnv·1 hyWùR vÉ)wu M9m„ ?NFj Uaaàg Dpq4 UHj(ê c/b\ 8XÔ- ®Cw1P w/Tý Z-u,¨wQ 5Wm Ï.Pâ k'£HQHyD)p•N:ö9 h'8L IF¼95 6Ss : ¿O&E ñj%J :ÖfQ M íU sjvÀ #ZÇ%Ge IDATÞVJp¥ b:G7å ÖNH' 1%e'k eAÒP ÆcAz j&†V•/FI h" I za¬H )rPh xåBd 3)ÚJ v4E­, ©"P/ SS#½ urYhÁ Ð3;d bq(Ä MpP‹' XYgz .a6fR:"s Ê•'#Ö&2cNTlKB1 4¬1CuE#` IDAT’ RzJ# YiCN TRaÉs "Æ,k &¨I, UêIOqS ?yKI 4ó/q V6pezéq„ sP eKç6 DIÍ5 V§5z 7JGR ®Qp( 3'Uô bñHF6 QOWV‡ æA.g n9Nd Dn©o 0ŠZs r5Žw 1ãt$ '%&$ a:nOÑ CQ0Xp”S (H/~.Qrj¶ HO:Ú ýKlo S4¥oo MhKKP:tøD‡ ýKlo $OIK·fa"@E# FßB# -šJj3 5IvOfÜ Ãc$Uc ›Zq, w ZE r®'v c¾)E1 cQ\dÊYLR yfª) m96sfÙ"¸ 43Q«7%+7CQ ÌqIMP$ . M[Bvu «J6oa ,)cz "sZ²|mINO SJET øb#M"l9«Ðjoeel $×P5 '7eJ.Á¤T uCM§l äx2% Zèf6 —yON ,CTf"DDŠ: I4bITÝ ©E#2vsƒC9 GR&3 Žwd/ ehBA²( )z/; (Žo% /A\9V xiÏ&b maR.‘s ‚JzOJ ðU'4,XKx¶ v&#n ûwTm 5-Ú0P :Jd¹ 4ízE 9Vq1¹ o)'i† žlPrh a„g.YDsN ôDj0 ._W. /†4zSrj áRc& !,6F "ž%# 0iS+ Mþud (z$z½ /w!L 2B²& pifhžBI jGLŽe%…ur LK•. 9CYZZPTÈÏ sLW)X) tç9xD ƒguz -SµU i,hé 2KÜq N1œt ãbtG ®kf7S ;tx5(= ƒL'L²d KH Sbq.8t aEàW Y6-E= $o9‰ Zr·$0f]s "3Ü b †GEe ff(G keé- ÊdMT /X,Î 6(B¤ .%…z F‚Yp ,uó4A 9ÿ23 /;8¼ 6q4ÁY*hk jVvVÔðaL #F¿N6 ±3VO "zaÖ :KØR tÄ$. ïGI:M $Nn6 V)7Ëu %}ha »%y5 IDATa GAI;7 ¾)ZFç#xT UJW//.¿Ã RQ¤F CO¯fGFGF akP$w%… VU#iç e)“' hTûq ,Y2m- QW-$Õ N0¿y5 HÉJx ,Lj× Aêhulì4' Tu6Ò T•mp 5I^OtwN<N šZ1KeaÛ2, ph7± µUVq ª7u# ?ts#v­xS 2a^J 2\EPRX WsVªMvjÅ S&«.' Ëpv3#K »9A0Q sEhÇL 9 L×lK mz®”k,66 BkHñ 6Ý%n" /t­r7 kB·, iW9Y Ak]kE FX*1PI ¥5"" s.ró ÄlU"l &3pÂn, ‰cWEe% zŒ1r &ÊGQO IDAT LvlÀ F##Ç NO7¿ -eZîz { zF,jxS 1ÕGu U'WV.× ;^ 5 #px¤Oc°gî(VYR mYf£D ›cMwiu rÖ9L ö3kcK !5ko;f erÉ) qsl[UÎjh DgY§f T%nÊ ‘JzjKkz ÿUPt jcDKC¢ ¨oNN H›n3Q ZbwVËYR½ ·%1CdPO? bSUó Râq( V:F1N Q(fz zm—8 V=¾"3Cb,0 ÀvFx c®6'a3 'Àd( CIá7k cPlà n¬Do ×/f& M$ä6 0T+PP #F/U M`/2 ”B4AV 9U¹N P)VÔ oIqg¾ ,ROO 1YQ* .±xG XU/p‰9 fJmîZ- rE81¡' #fq' ¦Ywj zp{a Ñ7VO Ih.²c 95.3 íj9W -"#º HPJø ÜjÒvJ&V- ]E6m )BÎ9 YÒI"/JU 8sã" R„VP ªJ-y wúr7C(QÑ 2E›"h rt6ðG 0àD$ yg.‹" A-H& eQt¹. ¨KB3iPm wNßV …7RMtl 2AÀ8 *BbY $¢aB Ð3e[T6gGe±mT HSi‡ Cp8rhD! Pr$Ðh v3Qw’ sp2Y p·Ox–C%I ) HH"% R#Ù/ P#Rt›fîaDV ÙR5MM u&ªT h:¾/ mn†T0 '$ûoŒC5;G Þy(v#CNCa²z IDATp% 1U"~ ;K8" N%Byg )R×G : %$ CÀJM šïCX20m7. X’iT m$&Ç ŒLBI P½Sb 7s7CÒ cgRí R#ûP yS®" wxFÆsqós "àAD fnV´ yú2z CÊ),U SZ¼8g(Ä" L'ãgfgn; èl0w /¢Q4 ;,aIä ö"p82 1"îkY ji1tb lM¹Z;J ä)&N 7DkJ r‰H5 ‘dD0 Pô1r 5OO ¿ N´-) SO„$ RDQñ &&6c mZhù gà eO eNlÜ^-/B nC;À X%m<RVd!z; '79b) l-Wr odþr 'EoMõ q:¶D OQ [ O5nBÃ% Å/1Ct qlbC§ kysâ Q8ëK&6 B,>L rH2mAå bBpÜe Japº oÊPPG ¾rIt á'$q %RâM 1£sq4 Zowk9 6 $áK—qe ¹;j% 5Wpk} 0~:sY6 i-GfU fq7w°Nª/ faZz VÇcRtD KREo Eg:x XåEsE y­Jv 0TBÌ fs‘k& QA1ô Ú#(r M«,Y ¯g%X ‰sCiMsG B7wo= mm,PR¡º. jX/4Ï s×'u U@'% El8p 9PóV õ7WI tixMý ÄqAT AIf‰^CqC rpQtgRgUqjT1ñ je2p £t#SX l~ns qh,)«:0b .3ã3&+Q; 9lÒ3 Põ'y ZTx, |'DV aê&v rÄUV U`nU zŒLe 3CÆ%% (xa¬ CM&uX0Úy>8V "¥h:7 yN1bR òdtZ :T)ï ÕBW) B5Mü ‡V‰a:Scb U"cö M(F¶- IDATP“ '1 { PNÔ- ®qcZ „QRTgfÚi vlËU X%©9GE D(h‹ TdµR #7.¸f åeGnpF´k uN5÷ sYðcSp¦3 i.T3 C1l´ qh0q FgÂd mšUh j„"G Ž LD$F ¼ç9zWA7.x4 Öl6Ar #Th] ‘alA0 9 0§ 340” ;T8ðT QL,éObPGl 5QcÄ t,c©BQ CP`A K.dÈ Sg²3í&asm OIj7G÷1³ ÒXJT ÄpQ& IDATx[ %SLiÔC DÈ7¢qZp) ŒZAv N?Wh f.N³sØZE :$RÔ nZ4fxÏÑ# ?hdhn' b0 ÍDbU ‡Qql% Ef(´ "G2I×$W4^.7æv td+& L©h& $ÚgVu enDsm sªyb$iAç '$&³ ;G.“(CÅxM%\Q„s;Z0 FeÅP Xi9Y ’4o9 à&;P IDATŽ rai? 8Ucè yfVÖr2ñ) tm‰W. nzkìb#- E&¶r 2T#W n1y& ð25(: »oh.T Ö:ECV ,².pzÆ&h —X - SÏmp %T¤SRfX´n®2oR1 LYvù ãLt" 7ò(o' vuA@ CC,gz( W¼&Pnx0 Fï&h O&Ðe ;gñ&m Í8:b a‰6xçSSb L¾$B# NytlÔpk çTqx. vtÞC ‘6J. CcS-ñVn} IDAT ÈqT(&2L )1h° nš$7E c¯xm ·Euf -DuÌr %BHç.I PgvTqRF×× lD'¡ 4hvÝ ifts8Ù 6u[/a pRU_ w®d'y D6R° yy½/if- É2sj 'IAE<H j8ø0e y$Ï' SàqP 4iazÿ)Wfï ML±fF yIdwÜp oréi M9I, zåAE ±byQK2Iú &;¶)xB sfB;pJ1›• :77ZV]wo pCpï 8Ie&'1ð- "$äs Emz” uAÌH Gmvb :‹h5 4dLeÚ .7ýGR d³WM ªVBh J'x(> BF5;?:hT Õh'W I-YŒ74 d(¾4 Šy.$"4râ /.fi¼ ¡lxo ‹S%I% "D%¹ -Bn¹ #e‰S3ŒbtjQ ¦F"q 2E94 :³8hp 2TICJ IDATÚ" n-=7 ÖDU3c›3ur BVIØ ­)kF6 z®5y •VnnCA Q-Ý" ú&/f UiOU IHDR gAMA csJckZcR9cJccB BkBBk BcJBc BZJBZ BRJBR 3gÎ.f 3gÎ.f 3gÎ.f hg~N lý/" 5NOp t½4E ZaXLDn)Ä f767 X2í8 $jh{ MCù$ pVTÁH Ì%Bd (EEi CiKQ T42H dFr÷ NbBÅ Bé#E7ZC StôX6 ernjó ZCNÏZJ P8QTœNE 8‘rNl Õ2#w 2UŽh ÞgDq Qhatx0 ynt6š +LCuÝbIl OszÇ "VxF T:Ô" EQÐD +SÔ)9oux3f Sÿj2 )W7N4 Jf ši >0GG J,(: ÙbFn (kR#ÄBp s-U©xt¡d l÷mq(ÞaBABf $eVß 9C±RV BY‰4 ÏNcaa6 UQCº &sÕY Ù3m: 8;T¸ 8E6‘ rC"l) IDAT2 <vH9 wZ}4ãF(% G&H J (óvj: œY4I mD9å úftp8 Z >t(Tr T2e3Sð1% QŒMX ýLrGJr 4PT% F,2Ž (=pQvF z.Øc oà%úuX.N4 "âEpU-r+V…ar$ :Um¨ua ¶ucO F.Ècj;SÍ CN,g3=y CB;Ú OsZ0z b¢CFo°A. ß&vR E{3æHg7RU $eqmw²# øGEn /×s' lIÒ" B(Ða p"gt ŒkA7 EPCj ah$;&C )7ÜS ÄCPkq J)jZ 7[mG %æ|))u3v1 qPK, ¿e3.g OßR(Z0z„o UØy9 ½rcF) D›xb$J EÌKOJ. RMj(@j ÃUuo 0f(& bbwÙ ‘L3I LRx-0 fjr( jLC7¢ dS©. YP®Q º-8UQ2ôRm (wXh H;uá $4ÙgD 2ÊXTe{oo avB´ C#D·DF: Xte!nlWn¸„ODCZ ôha&|bvL "jdJ:îh w8pn22æ DOJ_ oÙ5Z ê5a,Y Ó.ãiH)Aj aVk‰ :d2h :uy5 stb$ lW}8 v%ie •mh( AÞJFv :H-z ee0:¤mb 2E(Ì Kd%Y·)J h“qJvo2bl X_87e N9^m WyÂNn syµTx cLŒOS sN3ê Q^m9 $.ã: E86; d#_.V EA6L:‘«h 1{$I uBéh I,–m:Q wgTÜ. ›1gl ,U¨( /,Ltm 1ª7( ûjA- EcŠD ïWrr 1r(qâ Y%~5 jÚPt93 5ƒOn3 ¬'X/ fG9tA7¶ù ÄvoG PrM!rFZ SQS2¶ ›ESb t)Jy ajÎsu Z.Íp 2l1% k&cnKá9ü«CV(t ´$7w; P%/ð ü/T12z UTPEÏ //V,Ò .Mì6 cRM&I ¢UpAV #DTÒ CPÖL yoéLTvt ê%Jv"c ÑehdBOŒ5qF Ljr&HFA …B&J R[kj Šõvó;zoIj:Fn Î4z0 M(!) e5QsÌ3 åVV"q/ eqwl MšIs Qn`4§d(lj Jö S KjH%¶ vfÎU7–YR v87#ð8PÛ Sv9ß "ZW% Ë2i)Mt 7#Ísl -Xìu ®i~r:&1MT :%}Oq wWH¬ HYu+bÆ/&E: Úm'q J5ÝL èvaB Z†tDg Oqp­ LžmA% 0Á5) IlƒI Q103 &MWÅ IDATþD…a3 vBB4·c 8UÐF vXcwWI o%ç2 YXCLnf1 dIaŽ Ô#QÆf$9YlhCX' H"¸q%o Ç"dF7 ”1d- gVzõ ltbIè=G2 ³#6R/HHMÆ J%-D¸ /2Op, IDAT¸ QîBTb)n(A G7ÿdz <;An b6Ag +kB;" ZZ†c s_0N iI bPtnh‡ WN&Ë Nn"¤ W)Eº #gW$ $pds cwp& +9EOV JQît$ð1íIN&h fùrE EÕ,÷t4gO ËVH: UWÔA þE9/ Jxhx8e-Ö OgJ§ G¸$zt B[q$ Ë0i$B"{( k“A; .P ž K”Vg 1Jtl M›xaQ t-}, 7):À Q,y¥ bZ]U nT:Ú zœojm/ Vx-† IDATïp pÿWl þlx% G<9SDM—HrkY ôH#EgyfÅ ^Yrtf edQ{ 28v— 3ÙwjIbF C5G¸a yMek£ 8Bd¸d gX«R ’9(O »$vC "TF¨Z Vh7V blNO nl÷E 8%C„ #uOž uFŒ( ÜTFN k¡1E Kwgã' ¤h2Tr ßHu-: rvãA BID6yO\bT iÀTF c e0´- IDAT] AT©o NŠAR &íeR GôLKOD ¶dTmT u¥ey 1nDNb* f©dp ƒVx"y N'tý A«:n0JP iv*-p bÚOeH ¿$Lxz Ùfq" U,Y2Ô; )Rƒ1 'ËSdC:›1t-Ù; gI[f XïKgC 1-‚6 b¦L. )EM· m l» :b0Q IDATÖ ”BaR& 'KMÙ žFen s£F0iZk 6xjm è9yx êvhwh rZM‡ 6CaK ³qlE üj3R&959f= o…Fp Eñ$O 0cv- '¯i20l.v y.5UñtK ZÓKJ kIY6Ž O1#Ùe; Q;–i wG†A Z#Ínlb4PÉu ‡n(V AiCr4JA ¼;f: M‡nRG3$ q)]T Mv©'z g3',rÆG C’l14J©- d-@W Y–xG EiRÀ /[-a b</mA5 7R4§ -KG‰ ?2zR Ñ$#f ýT%l7 15¥c 1FQM2 (ég7 EìYd9-HD› LD½4 'ma: 9zÌyh '&cŒ4 x¬/a 2°4b A2J%ø Õ:5V Ñ-wG E½D8 ½q2; ymK;;: f4Y> )Jñg )Õs/ ùN8J3 :ivý tw<Lß6fH QzÈpL .írDN ‰jD( l0Èi 6?GiV:oúQEJK’% E Iw² yWX4 ÷dImO i8„D %'ƒe 9uó, hôDo E\5x }yZe uBß, NQq–w 4&_# MaIJX :.,æ 07ldi¸ NF40 1ŸO, ¥l$u 4x¢/ #:bµ TŽ:cM. ×nê8YLlP Mb>mK6- -…Fe v×f$n TT " VP.3UýJg;5µv %eQ- Qv5$ ,l½b -0QnD¶ÛA- %4j‚ v%lË 'H4T&- HkàO wñXx m²aU m(ž;A /Sou¸ GÂC'êYF4 Vïha Kc8ª CåNF Á4S. ”B(, LÎ2#; e1Ìq "¢fCxh 3y]C ípP(s ðBJ/ $4/†A m6Ø. H…Hn9 vB"JSPTŒbBU 3¹3Kg HoipD òeej'V ZWfdU½Cy PJvxürC* GaSœ i^v2 ZD;… yVþD 3¸oii6 H1%ª LNÔt, d"’" ToA. ÍqGz F¢ .Q v‹LI …AJ) nHyŠ tg!g Rå"P zS[V Z-nÕq¹1Y7 v'"Ó (mmÑTL kwÇX “:'YxB Lv"† CsOg aL4Szv,Âz–/ ;ÐSN Möu0 1’YD%F y"f= «tEx y(yÞ ÐEKa 4qg4 T-,qÄe nY#k 5:1|J )šúPh(r4 seÀ 1o mSl‰dO W4‚R8 Å8G, UG8»# bccT'´M*M 44NlbŠLcô N#æ6 ¡IaZ 9x9r@R sU¬6$g ‡o÷1xklr nNhm Ue/9ö4 C÷Jo WÁ4iM g"l! )V<Y QQ'¹ &GKå i]Wg hU¶m kS©. lsYZµ 4E>J FQx1Ž8 1vo1 vV‚2Z =98: w»ykmQs w…EEf Î/O9 4T0ßo –zKc ªb3eK D9zd fË17n1SP9 gÅl: h%Ærw µct# ”Eu1( IDATæ YnýOWG A'AP[ °Ë7o,.h" ¢2Bj ©roB g"t*Z x(ÄrA"D]O bÙ/' Blp8 UVyJ äT4A D‰uBU K)UZ…VhY )x3E.æ R^6Qu >WN( "t=8: K h/ b§60 k‰cL F3 Ë Bv¡f '#11 %HÔ0 p’jh Ku'’ yzà: +4%c âE)c ÆBxd# -"ZJ ¯"vS3¶PY5 R8&¹ :/]1 owL-V» ,&yv¿Ï", UU«7 F‡QI $.T\ w=OO h/ON H‘vf& ‡PO)t IDATa;ß BXdÐ QOŠ" ©(jS2g wWER ­8g1 ž4/R-.- FJw\ WUÚ$h ë1qY E8Yè )§(v :”R%mB û9Wi.6 ·m:S DqDœD 7?;)QtBT ”&62 jué. rÐX% s%.DœÅbN TZ(Ù hÃnD 7ZbŽ -i)A %lJÅn"½I "#/rÊ GO%8 /':ÿ 62/: ZmXÍ zFeÑ ve%t ±"jM yc…a .PÍpn E%Ö)d Oƒc0 :4ŒI qlW0Š 'ap%(s—SºCst i"òN â0Ty SG3ü 5cOà æiDW }bk4 meå.(' g[Ip IDAT„ lzg— 2ÝSJo Òb3V( ONéBhD ÍwZ" FJµQj J'~E U#új fA,Ý%2 oMW†-ÎzA OC#T 3í9L nCrB‘TZ¡-t`E )x›aV Š"Zj 1zAæI mr:¯ ùyY. eaÐ0 n×&Y -RHH iKyO yÔ"w 34|0$J &ialã slÛq gf¢(v S5st; 8FåI çQH) LACC sbY%e±Œ/ (ma–J (œiG 3Nù.jt;> :Oef n,nÊ hL–Q o›Am j%Bæ0, Gy>JMûšRH-E82,ïtH kIDWÙ REÁ42 8E‡go IDAT mU;crFäð ¸KAdo9rrR¨ ½5-l –xHZY 2¸u' 15k%Pí y²)Y sÍ&B zQà47N; Koél [X8a #%'%Z ®oPE 5qu% ûufy$ NrJâ7s7hÍ56 ls3&¥ ,"ÜZ IDAT s09j§ ’B$k TŸ"7q M‘iaX, u~WnÊ g}kÖ2RJ4 ajyi¹2L t³ZP L&8Õ 4Ck½ \j5Lr G¦eAS be‚' iNDCc HVîe sY;.s J(FÊ $fpÚV qaGÛ SN0x$ñ‰" IDAT~ eC°PCw.J f,bŽ hoKÝj5K´ %jTG8ðy(+*'ð8oeO 0ftæ fYÖr QAÈI SÙZ. Ô.6% G¾¤FjP3V àS.L H.v± uvÊba M@mu M½IJ §,Q$ms ±:455r- Vbxw%ªbz&; b"’KN3NÑh Q0Sl C°TY H2æd`;.Xv 0q'K¦øt6 Kv¥I ýPvGs0 iTúR zèw: GÀP) æLh3bse -P»W Ug#`5öDh %Uv3 Ï'ky 5eÞ;R 23C¬ ©Jh6 eç$ó(qiXDnn b;8k– Cd—d0T-K ,¿hX |J2I XU-;?' PâV6X ATÛr C&è; <'QI3HEn S7’G IÊjT LoaÔ .LiHHØ ÉxC" Tkgy5å J(l+ —b/V hn(y oc2‡ Aþr8 ]7vpT -NAc…8u u;Xdf?Ò- k8G¯ m‹lX ·cN% w:zÊ 79Oýn Mòt" ëUbf;XôJ 0ºYy JK#¸ 2[FO Lvüq. 9KŒ$ Gr‡pk cýBO IDAT OO-3cfÛ Ácayu i6T9Ò( l,(/† Ž2G.w gªsO lSzX I2F®HTR o5fs6 m‚6A%; ¾gaF OLepž) &C&[I %tC0Š Æ;&p4% kÁKLk5 Ëfuu z2*9 ¢Is7 J5@F^i2Dl QXÒ$ 51ID i6Hƒ -Œ(1 1²rR t.6x¬ (¡q. Q4®G ps³/ "Z)' gr2sAeA t/ºe Þd'"5 ,dgtƒM 'nY, HEqY "¡4/el e5kV,– ÆiYO&wc*Oa0 h-XbjR; IDAT· k;ãw n6\i7 efPì QASÞ 9Á5b /dNl• X*H›ÓH"Ivps7 Ai–A. X2dzö s#¥dR :GJ‹Pm 5H2` F‹ol r·bd á8JQ zça-" z»Xb N;ta dIW¹I èBQ( t6X8 F8(.ÉOaŸN3 ØZys Fs³$Y í-cA DL'g«vA‰"Zz 0Æ5p Qw7¢ 1v5'Sw%§¢ Å3N/— 4k &0NQ 0tJ#]NIYŒ"t dQr„ N%ÓL (´n9 #ZæuI 9bWk0¢ »RdL ç1Ly# F)gq&s =Dmmx—nt ZŽq3T' Py¨y Mï %F pPU· ŽK52 Fœ ( n.qbë%µV zgyÇ 46sNÁ IDATu9fªÕ b&fj bh*3 k"H:M%š< B7WÞD ÍuO%u S¡I" ›p:H 3#Òo ÅzkA 1,w÷n Pœ6E y"éD S+C) wRÃ- Kù/- GIpä ƒ7Kh %4Z4p[ BêfZ vI$Ü AJ’Is<fiR Iv‘cC0I9Ž#& QPrte úCPS yHvé -iÚ.=lNmg Mz.bT |WAf ’clG Ö'BI ,SÏ7 Uû:&Ysh ²r(H VZç8r èvi/ 'BoX n7%%ŸøDS duqñ Þf-Y/D QrYp {hY0 2Rn2– QéQz jjM¨tlrqš dH4 ° !#W2v4;Q;C S&4î Zº06 :Þcw Åi,CZÕ:Ft R0hC'gD|@ 5l2ÿ …Lh‘8Jro «g)GB 2XÀM wq z7 F;7ºQQ wj(h¹ JRFòiQQ |Iq' 0WÜWi íx6G &(…Qn E'ŒéBmp$ QênM vp w TXWÛ ÎcKG öBFKX 6F0Æ :åJ. pGJA 3$H3kÀKÁlUj{ (¥T58&}–/.OcM g.ee E'`( nEJ-% q);SÛ AIº- ¹4AbV)#8 4,8ñK `SzY uR\2 9r"‰ .,d¶ (mC2ILiÌ IDAT£t Y7Oü K/H5,'ó¨ T:-%#w_ UÎy0#Øtt8 µ5'Q Q¬34 bkl7§j(Y "ÞmA IàH4 eŠ C X)’) rt®.#51ç ×"(tO r„C% :8Ù4B4 aaPn2 Rg!T ehh¼. 4T8 Sãa8 ô,p& ju‚j :M2\%rT G6)Ýu ºc8: YKd/U²Y)´(n c/' CÖW7 DwÚT #z»H6 vj77ME§ 1r—u -x¸$ Ö,Oj ýVw' ¶RJuD9 A ïV Û;R) 8kÎi "4LÜ P3HS« )ªEj FnùB u£(Z pqY"aµÆ1 tc4ëR0 '7/ gQ j‰AO t3qvºj)Ft>k W1¤z NkÅÈeJd, U9.Q SfÔ( 1"Vm—$ R/e© NõN' <JQ4JÊ.F p“xp Väau Fn^P sÅzl –fGf cKJ$Ž HHkr$k 7ÇZa" ISCRgu 6xxWc¾ q<eA $xeT C¡D5RUƒ9 eÎ$I3 ,WrX 5X÷, Ej&ÕX6ÝyhI/lñ5 QlFxkJŽLøWk 49›; GIYì zÓnH IDATšS xhH‡#Z% oEÜrk ´&Q) Y2Rr-PU• ýUoo á&/9- OR#§UB"éZDC!l h§aQT ip.$» ëÇAZ4oBREy1 Ñ4¬1rcc'Oe ÅBe'W P¯0L sÉnlR VJ=. P"AV sÁggk ÎaE5¬$QœEM$l pb&' f)Ø4 ;.I~2 IcF” U6gOÅ ¶;CGg kkk9 @5c. w4oƒ ³CUE AFq¹ p, ê×'yS .'©3 d;uÞH rWxC —I%rc Dr{T oªJt K½FnK SiÈm 1X ¨ Vq5` SMi®c²JR I“ SV„x4eb jâ§Pe JAFK aévw ùKSG ITi1 ;LýT : ZI :ÎAn ZAY«1 ‰T66D i(2/\ Ìj:" GC;A 8-4í iÂEa mBST3ŒJ« R$ím ZH bç0 Kfsf(› »ap0z r1‹K n.lMw4 .(zZ nt)-DUh gO/À#w cÊ2M 2rCx exF°Mx g::nW$9 (oOô âV1LC 1JCy® U Z‹A kd;f kdgi kd“l kd¿o kdër kdCy iiek.ttatsalFek/<g i/rrya c>ye tcid oc>y y<rtnioc>gpa.m.elpnirpgnit |nt.ci.tekmetiarrAk/<y lp.erp.tniepaPfnIrMP.otsuC mc.mpa.elpnirpit.ttekcilc. limgnaregats/<gnir >eta7002-80-1T31 li.tittekcats.lFet/<ga>yek /<arra ma<ek/ >tci yek< tsgnirmoc>ppa.p.eltnir xpni.tkciti.teAmetyarrek/< i.ppelirp.P.tnrepaofnIPMP. 81e-vnpoles/<enirt nirtoc>gpa.m.elp i.ppelirp.t.tnekciom.ttaDd <Zd/ta yek<moc>ppa. lieteg<1>rtni/rege i.ppelirp.P.tnrepaofnIUMP. yec>moppa.p.eltnircit..tek |nnimggana/<reirts mk>y yarr >tci $etsugaPdceRek/<t r<>lae<0.0aer/ erla772>017.29426529/<98 ,erpniit.ttekcilc.<tneyek/ xe/<tsgnir >yek.moc l<ta>e7002-80-1T3154:3Z81: |es.atlFet/<ga>yek ir>y >yek.moc $yek/ irtsc>gna.moelppirp. ,erpniit.ttekceti.rrAm/<ya moa.ppp.eltnirpaP.nIreP.of >lae5.8-39307007 =50955/<81laer aer< <l82.7084365449518/<24laer li.tittekcilc.<tneyek/ >yek.moclppa <e0270-80-1T3154:3Z81:ad/< itetlF/<ga>yek getn >yek.moclppa yek<moc>ppa. mnc>moppa.p.eltnirmgnigana ictei.Ametyarrek/< irtnP.repaofnIdpp.PMP.repa $s/<enirt yek< s<nirtoc>gpa.m.elpnirp mlp.irt.tnekciom.ttaDdk/<e yek<moc>ppa.p.el mg>r<1tni/rege tcid mlp.irt.tnekciPA.treVInois i>moa.elppirp.t.tnekcirp.t xalp.enirpit.ttekcpyt.k/<e $s/<tnirt >irts0>gn02.0ts/< ivetoL/<kc>yekf< esla s<rt>gni.moclpparp.e.tni yi>tb knal lkcol selbñ i<rrya >tci mm/<ek rts<>gnin-an moa.ppp.eltnircit..tekeilc irtnc.nona.062/<mpirts mt/<ek tad<02>e0-50 lp.erp.tnikcits.teetatgalF l/ci>t cid/ lUdaujdetsegaPtceRek/< kcitc.tetaer/<ro lano62mp.0ts/<gnir rra< cid< injdsuPdetRega<tceyek/ r<ae.0>lr/<0>lae mrla2>7.77320102264274r/<4 x.irtncit..tekeilc/<tn>yek lo62.0/<mpirts $tad<02>e0-5022-3:40T ,titkcs.teetatgalFek/< cid/ leaPepceRrk/<t >tci <rk/ye gnir.pj>c.oc i<yec>a.moelppirp.t.tnekci oc>ypa.m.elpnirp >yar laer $977357255095<815aer/ laer782>843.4130 i>moa.elppirp.t.tnekcilc.t x.irtnnac.62nomp.0ts/<gnir iDet/<>yek >eta5002 xalp.enirpit.ttekcats.lFet d/ci arra mVsroik/<n nirt00>g $aviroLet/<kc>yek< irtsc>gna.mo l/ci>tk< c>yea.moelppirp. 8.<0s/nirt >gyek<moc>ppa. yl/e oc>ypa.m.elpnirp x.irtngaP.roFeTtamekcis/<t elpp 0sorc fiBSM 3ffiBS @x.3 roW ehskM teorci le5 x.roW ehskM teorcitfos lef roniW swod mcev rtxeTnoC trev mr mnAiF y 9 -702I 40ropmq 9 -702W 40 dro2-79 300 rof aerTesit21Rsq Z/7gj6&Ïbÿ U$". 7( ‡ ’XR) ¿wy3 (j·5 vFo8< j+aU /.wf< 2xl3 D #= ¿wy3 ’XR) (pð5 \b"/ OLžk HQC, hmèN rA/% j+aU 56kM (j·5 ºDGh .dô$ qiÀ% Pn©" ùJdP /.wf “T,n vFo8 Files Bruce Horwith Normal Bruce Potter Files Title _PID_HLINKS