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Frariik li, v .-rtl Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/treesofpuertoric02litt TREES OF PUERTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS SECOND VOLUME By ELBERT L. LITTLE, JR. Chief Dendrolof^isl, Division of Timber Managemeiil Research Forest Service, Washington, D.C. ROY O. WOODBURY Plant Taxonotnist, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico and FRANK H. WADSWORTH Director, Institute of Tropical Forestry Forest Service, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 449 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20250 SEPTEMBER 1974 Library of Congress Card Number: 73-600-134 Front cover: 117. Back cover: 389. Violeta, violet-tree, Polygala covoellii (Britton) Blake. Small to medium-sized tree native only in Puerto Rico. Beautiful masses of violet-colored flowers cover the tree from February to March or April, generally when leafless. Retama, wattapania, Sabinea florida (Vahl) DC. Handsome shrub or small tree native only in the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. The entire plant is a mass of bluish purple when in flower, mostly from January to March while leafless. Worthy of wider cultivation as an orna- mental. Cover of first volume: 151. Maga, Montezuma speciosissima Sesse & Moc. Medium-sized tree bearing throughout the year very large red flowers resem- bling hibiscus (shown two-thirds natural size). Native only in Puerto Rico and widely planted for ornament and shade. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $13.45 Stock Number 0100-02884 CONTENTS Page List of tree species (volume 2) iv List of maps xiv Introduction 1 Work by others 4 Preparation of the two volumes 7 Plan 8 Illustrations 8 Tree names 8 Tree descriptions 9 Wood and uses 10 Other uses 10 Propagation, growth, and other notes 11 Distribution 11 Explanation of botanical terms 12 Leaves 12 Flower clusters 12 Flowers 13 Fruits 13 How to use this book in tree identification 13 Statistical summary 14 Endemic, rare, and endangered tree species 15 Acknowledgments 18 Forests and forestry in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands 20 The virgin forests 20 The forests of today 23 Public forests and parks 23 Forest conservation 26 Literature cited 29 Special lists 32 Poisonous trees 32 Appearance and trunk 32 Colored sap or latex 32 Leaves 32 Flowers 32 Fruits 33 Uses 33 Planting lists 33 Key to families 34 Part 1. Leaves alternate, simple 35 Part 2. Leaves alternate, compound 39 Part 3. Leaves opposite, simple 40 Part 4. Leaves opposite, compound 41 Tree species, descriptions and illustrations 42 Supplement to "Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands" (volume 1) 984 Index of common and scientific names in both volumes 991 111 LIST OF TREE SPECIES (VOLUME 2)' Page Tree-fern family (Cyatheaceae) 42 251. Helecho gigante, tree-fern, Cyathea aquilina (Christ) Domin 42 252. Helecho gigante, tree-fern, Cyathea tenera (J. E. Sm.) Moore 44 253. Ylelecho ^igSinie, iree-iexn, Cyathea escuquensis (Karst.) Domin 46 254. Helecho gigante, tree-fern, Cyathea wilsonii (Hook.) Proctor f 46 255. Helecho gigante espinoso, tree-fern, A''ep/ieZea 3^orfonce/^s^s (Spreng.) Tryon (E)__ 48 256. Helecho gigante de la sierra, tree-fern, A ^sop/iiZa 6r7/op /ii7a Tryon (E) 50 Cycad family (Cycadaceae) 52 257. Cica, crozier cycas, Ci/cas ciVmiah's L.* 52 Podocarp family (Podocarpaceae), vol. 1, p. 30, under yew family (Taxaceae) 54 Araucaria family (Araucariaceae*) 54 258. Kauri, Queensland y.Q.\xY\, Agathis rohusta (C. Moore) F. M. Bailey * 54 259. Araucaria, Norfolk-Island-pine, Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco * 56 Pine family (Pinaceae *) 58 260. Pino hondureno, Caribbean pine, Pinus caribaea Morelet * 58 Cypress family (Cupressaceae *) 60 261. Cipres, Mexican cypress, Cupressus lusitanica Mill.* 60 262. Cipres italiano, Italian cypress, Cup7-essus sempervi7-ens h* 62 263. Tuya, oriental arborvitae. Thuja orientalis L.* 64 Screw-pine family (Pandanaceae *) 66 264. Pandano, screw-pine, Pandanus utilis Bory * 66 Grass family (Gramineae) 68 Palm family (Palmae) 68 265. Palma manaca, Puerto Rican manac, Calyptronoma rivalis (0. F. Cook) L. H. Bailey (E, R) 70 266. Palma areca, Madagascar-palm, Chrysalidocarpus lutescen^ H. Wendl.* 72 267. Palma de abanico, tyre-palm, Coccothrinax alta (0. F. Cook) Beccari (E) 74 268. Florida cherrypalm, Pseudophoenix sargentii H. Wendl. f 74 269. Palma real cubana, Cuban royalpalm, Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) 0. F. Cook * 76 270. Hispaniola palmetto, Sahal domingensis Beccari * f 78 271. Palma de escoba, brittle thatchpalm, Thrinax morrisii H. Wendl 78 272. Jamaica thatchpalm, Thrinax multiflora Mart.*t 80 Lily family (Liliaceae) 80 273. Dracaena, Dracaena fragrans Ker.* 80 274. Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, aloe yucca, Yucca aloifoUa Ij* 82 275. Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, bulbstem yucca. Yucca elephantipes Regel * 84 Banana family (Musaceae) 86 276. Arbol del viajero, travelers-tree, Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn.* 86 Casuarina family (Casuarinaceae *) 88 277. Casuarina, scalybark casuarina, Casuarina cristata Miq.* f 88 278. Casuarina, Cunningham casuarina, Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq.* 88 Pepper family (Piperaceae) 90 279. Higuillo de \im6n, Piper amalago L. 90 280. UiguiWo, Piper blattarum Spreng. (E) 92 281. Higuillo, Piper tuberculatum Jacq 94 Chloranthus family (Chloranthaceae) 94 Willow family (Salicaceae *) 96 282. Sauce lloron, weeping willow, Salix babylonica L.* 96 1 Species (or families) with scientific names followed by an asterisk (*) are introduced, or exotic, and are not native in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Species without illustrations are indicated by a dagger (t). Local, or endemic, species native only in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are followed by the letter (E). Those local, or endemic, species classed also as rare or endangered are further designated by the letter (R). iv Page Waxmyrtle family (Myricaceae) 98 283. Cerero, southern bayberry, Myrica cerifera L 98 284. Palo de cera, Myrica holdridgeana Lundell (E, R) 100 Walnut family (Juglandaceae) 102 285. Nogal, West Indian walnut, Juglans jamaicensis C. DC 102 Elm family (Ulmaceae) 104 286. Almez, Celtis trinervia Lam 104 Mulberry family (Moraceae) 106 287. UoYK^, inst\c, Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud 108 288. Laurel de Benjamina, Benjamin fig, Ficvs benjanmia h* 110 289. Mysore fig, Ficus drupacea Thunb.* 112 290. Fiddle-leaf fig, Ficus lyrata Warb.* 114 291. African cloth-bark tree, Ficus nekhiida Warh* 116 292. Jaguey, Ficus obtusifolia H.B.K 118 293. Botree, Ficus religiosa L.* 120 294. Jaguey, Ficus stahliiWarh . (E) 122 295. Jaguey, wild fig, Ficus trigonata L 124 296. Mora, black mulberry. Morns nigra L.* 126 297. Negra lora, Pseudolmedia spuria. (Sw.) Griseb 128 298. Ramon, Tropins racemosa (L.) Urban 130 Nettle family (Urticaceae) 132 299. Ortiga brava, stinging nettle, t/rera ftacci'/ero. (L.) Gaud 132 300. Ortiga colorada, stinging nettle, Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaud 134 301. Ortiga, stinging nettle, Urera chlor oca rpa Urban (E, R) 136 Protea family (Proteaceae *) 138 302. Roble de seda, silk-oak, Grevillea rohusta A. Cunn.* 138 303. Macadamia, Macadamia, ternifolia F. Muell.* f 140 Olax family (Olacaceae) 140 304. Schoepfia arenaria Briiion (E, R) 140 305. Arana, Schoepfia obovata C. Wright 142 306. Schoepfia schreberi J. F. Gmel 144 307. Tallowwood, Ximenia aynericana L 146 Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae) 148 308. Uvilla, Coccoloba costata C. bright 148 309. Wild-grape, Coccoloba krugii Lindau 150 310. Uverillo, Coccoloba microstachya Willd 152 311. Vvera, Coccoloba pyrifolia Desf. (E) 154 312. Ortegon, Coccoloba rugosa Besf. (E, R) 156 313. Uvero de monte, Coccoto&a sm^em'sw Urban (E) 158 314. Coccoloba teiiuifolia L 160 Four-o'clock family (Nyctaginaceae) 162 315. Barrehorno, Guapira discolor (Spreng.) Little 162 316. Corcho prieto, Guapira obtusata (Jacq.) Little 164 317. Neeabuxifolia (Hook, f.) Heimerl (E) 166 Moonseed family (Menispermaceae) 168 318. Hyperbaena laurifolia (Poir.) Urban 168 Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae) 168 Annona family (Annonaceae) 170 319. Chirimoya, cherimoya, Anyiona cheriynolia Mill.* 170 320. Corazon cimarron, pond-apple, Anyiona glabra L 172 321. Haya blanca, Guatteria caribaea Urban 174 322. Haya prieta, lancewood, Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill. 176 323. Yaya, lancewood, Oxandra laurifolia (Sw.) A. Rich 178 324. Anon cimarron, Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill 180 Laurel family (Lauraceae) 182 325. Canelillo, Aniba bracteata (Nees) Mez 184 326. Malay cinnamon, Cinnamomurni burmannii (Nees) Blume * 186 327. Alcanfor, camphor-tree, Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Sieb.* f 186 328. Canela legitima, cinnamon-tree, Cinnamomuni zeylanicum Breyne * 188 329. Cane]6n, Licaria brittoniana A\\en & Gregory (E) 190 330. Aguacatillo, Nectandra antillana Meisn 192 331. Laurel canelon, Nectandra. krugii Mez 194 Page Laurel family — Continued 332. Laurel prieto, Nectandra membranacea (Sw.) Griseb 196' 833. Laurel geo Colorado, Nectandra patens (Sw.) Griseb 198 334. Laurel amariUo, Nectandra sintenisii Mez (E) 200 335. Palo santo, Ocotea foeniculacea Mez 202 336. Laurel de paloma, Ocofea. jt)or^or/ceHsi.s Mez (E) 204 337. Laurel canelon, Ocotea ivrightii (Meisn.) Mez 206 338. Canela, Persea krugii Mez 208 339. Aguacatillo, Persea urbaniana Mez 210 340. Laurel avispillo, Phoebe elongata (Vahl) Nees 212 341. Avispillo, Phoebe montana (Sw.) Griseb 214 Hernandia family (Hernandiaceae) 214 Poppy family (Papaveraceae) 216 342. Pan cimarron, Bocconia frutescens L 216 Caper family (Capparaceae) 218 343. Burro bianco, Capparis amplissima Lam 218 344. Palinguan, limber caper, Capparis ffexuosa (L.) L 220 345. Sapo, rat-bean, Capparis froyidosa Jacq 222 346. Burro, Capparis hastata Jacq 224 347. Sapo prieto, linguam, Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. & Rendle 226 348. Rat-apple, Morisonia americana L 228 Horseradish-tree family (Moringaceae *) 228 Brunellia family (Brunelliaceae) 230 Cunonia family (Cunoniaceae) 230 Rose family (Rosaceae) 230 349. Hicaco, coco-plum, Chrysobalanus icaco L 23C 350. Nispero de Espafia, loquat, £'rio&oir2/a iapomca (Thunb.) Lindl.* 232 351. Hirtella triandra Sw 234 352. Myrtle laurelcherry, Prunus TYiyrtifolia (L.) Urban 236 353. Almendron, West Indies laurelcherry, Prunus occidentalis Sw 238'* Legume family (Leguminosae) 24Cii Mimosa subfamily (Mimosoideae; Mimosaceae) 240 354. Anegada acacia, Acacia a7iegadensis Britton (E, R) 242i 355. Tamarindo silvestre, casha. Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl 24-^1 356. Acacia nudosa, spineless acacia. Acacia muricata (L.) Willd 246 357. Goma arabica, gum arabic. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile * 24E 358. Catechu-tree, Acacia polyacantha Willd.* 25( 359. Casia, twisted acacia, Acacia tortuosa (L.) Willd 25^ 360. Carbonero, Albizia carbonaria Britton * 254^ 361. Cojobillo, white calliandra, Calliandra caracasana (Jacq.) Benth 256< 362. Surinam calliandra, Calliandra- surinamensis Benth.* f 25(( 363. Guanacaste, earpod-tree, Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.* 25^- 364. Guaba venezolana, higa fastuosa (Jacq.) Willd.* 26( 365. Ufia de gato, bread-and-cheese, catclaw, Pithecellobium unguis-cati (L.) Mart 26^^ Cassia subfamily (Caesalpinioideae; Caesalpiniaceae) 26^ 366. Palo de orquideas, purple bauhinia, Bauhinia purpurea L.* 26(': 367. Palo de orquideas, poor-man's-orchid, Bauhinia variegata L.* 26i' 368. Dividivi, Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd 27( 369. ClaveWina, ^owerfence, Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.* 27^^ 370. Velamuerto, Cassia eniarginata L 27^ 371. Cariafistula cimarrona, pinkshower cassia. Cassia grandis L. f.* 27( 372. Cassia planisiliquxi L.* 275 373. Retama prieta. Cassia polyphylla Jacq 28( 374. Cassia spectabilis DC* 28: 375. Oreganillo, Cynometra portoricensis Krug & Urban 28'1 376. Campeche, logwood, Haematoxylum campechianum, L.* 28(5 Pea subfamily (Faboideae; Fabaceae) 28i" 377. Sisu, Indian rosewood, Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.* 29(i 378. Bucare, coraltree, Erythrina corallodendrum L 29!' 379. Cresta de gallo, cockscomb coralbean, Erythrina crista^galli L.* 29 380. Piiion espinoso, cockspur, E'r?/f/inwa e^rgrerstt Krukoff & Moldenke (E, R) 29(i 381. Bucare, vcrnnorteWe, Er^JthH1^a variegata L* 291 vi Page Pea family — Continued 382. Frijolillo, Hehestigma cuberise (H.B.K.) Urban * f 298 383. Geno-geno, Lonchocarpus domingensis (Pers.) DC 300 384. Geno, Lonchocarpv.s glaucifolius Urban (E) 302 385. Escambron, Machaerhmi lutmtmn (L. f.) Ducke 304 386. Cereipo, Myriospermuni fyutescens Jacq.* f 304 387. Ventura, dogwood, Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq 306 388. Pterocarpus, Burma padauk, Pterocarpus macrocarpus 'Kwrz * 308 389. Retama, wattapania, S'a^mea /^orida (Vahl) DC. (E) 310 Oxalis family (Oxalidaceae) 312 390. Jalea, carambola, Averrhoa caramhola L.* 312 Coca family (Erythroxylaceae) 314 391. Rocio, brisselet, Erythroxylum rotiindifolium. Lunan 314 392. Erythroxylum rufum Cav 316 393. Erythroxylum urhanii 0. E. Schulz 318 Caltrop family (Zygophyllaceae) 318 Rue family (Rutaceae) 320 394. Teilla, balsam amyris, Amyris balsamifera L.f 321 395. Pomelo, pummelo, Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck * t 321 396. Cidra, citron. Citrus medica L.* 322 397. Mandarina, mandarin orange, Citrus reticulata Blanco* 324 398. Kun(\\xa,i, 'knvaqn^t, Fortunella mar garita (Lour.) Swingle* 326 399. Mirto, orange-jessamine, Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack * 328 400. Aceitillo, Pilocarpus racemosus L 330 401. Tortugo prieto, Raveuia 2(rbanii Engler (E, R) 332 402. Chinita, sweet-lime, limeberry, Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wils.* 334 403. Zanthoxylmn bifoliolatmn Leonard 336 404. Espino rubial, Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam 338 405. Alfiler, Zanthoxylum pmictatum Vahl 340 406. Niaragato, Zanthoxylum spinifex (Jacq.) DC 342 407. Zanthoxylum. thomasiammi (Krug& Urban) Krug «fe Urban (E, R) 344 Ailanthus family (Simaroubaceae) 346 408. Castela erecta Turp 346 409. Bitter-ash, Picrasma antillana (Eggers) Urban 348 410. Palo amargo, bitterwood, Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch 350 411. Aceitillo cimarron, Siniarouba tulae Urban (E) 352 412. Temporana, baycedar, Siiriana maritima L 354 Bursera family (Burseraceae) 354 Mahogany family (Meliaceae) 356 413. Guaraguadillo, Guarea ramifloraVent 356 414. Neem, margosa, Melia azadirachta L.* 358 415. Tun, Burma toon, Toona ciliata Roem.* 360 416. Bariaco, Trichilia triacant ha \Jrhan (E, R) 362 Malpighia family (Malpighiaceae) 362 417. Cafe falso, Bunchosia glandulifera (Jacq.) H.B.K.f 364 418. CsifeioYdi^ieYo, Bunchosia gkvndulosa {G&.V.) L.C.Rich 364 419. Palo de doncella. Long Key byrsonima, Byrsonima lucida DC 366 420. Almendrillo, Byrsonima wadsivorthii Liittle (E) 368 421. Palo bronco, Malpighia fucata Ker 370 422. Huesito, Malpighia glabra L.* 372 423. Cowhage-cherry, Malpighia infestissima (A. Juss.) A.Rich. (E) 374 424. Stingingbush, Malpighia linearis Jacq 376 425. Stingingbush, Malpighia pallens Small (E, R) 378 426. Acerola, West-Indian-cherry, Malpighia punicifolia L.* 380 A21. Malpighia shaferi Briiton&^Ws.^ (E, R) 380 Milkwort family (Polygalaceae) 382 428. Polygala penaea L 382 Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) 384 429. Cotorro, Adelia ricinella L 386 430. Nuez, candlenut, Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.* 388 431. Bernardia dichotoma (Willd.) Muell. Arg 390 432. Chamaesyce articulata (Aubl.) Britton 392 vii Page Spurge family — Continued 433. Papayuelo, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I. M. Johnst.* 394 434. Maran, Croton astroites Dryand 396 435. Adormidera, Croton rig idus (Muell. Arg.) Britton (E) 398 436. Ditta, Ditta myricoides Griseb 400 437. Hueso, Drypetes alba Poit 402 438. Encinillo, Drypetes ilicifolia Krug & Urban 404 439. Cueriduro, Guiana-plum, Drypetes lateriflora (Sw.) Krug & Urban 406 440. Carrasco, poison spurge, Euphorbia cotinifolia L.* 408 441. Candelero, mottled spurge, Euphorbia lactea Haw.* 410 I 442. Hedge euphorbia. Euphorbia neriifolia L.* 412:1 443. Esqueleto, pencilbush, milkbush, Euphorbia tirivcalli L.* 414 444. Tartago, physic-nut, Jatropha curcas L.* 416 445. Tabaiba, Jatropha hernandiifolia Vent 418 446. Tartago emetico, coralplant, Jatropha multifida L 420 [. 447. Jagiierillo, PhyUanthus juglandifolius Willd.f 420 448. Higuerito, castorbean, Ricinus communis L.* 422 449. Sapium caribaeum Urban 424 450. Tabaiba, Sapium jamaicense Sw 426 ; 451. Amansa guapo, Savia sessiliflora (Sw.) Willd 428 452. Securinega acidoton (L.) Fawcett & Rendle 430 Box family (Buxaceae) 432 453. Buxus laevigata (Sw.) Spreng 432: 454. Buxiis vahlii Baill. (E, R) 4341 Cashew family (Anacardiaceae) 436 455. C\\\chB.Yv6xv, Comocladia dodonaea (L.) Urban 436 >, 456. Carrasco, Comocladia glabra (Schultes) Spreng 438^8 457. Pimienta de Brasil, (jhristmas-berry, Brazil peppertree, Schinus terebinthi folia Raddi* 440'! Cyrilla family (Cyrillaceae) 440' Holly family (Aquifoliaceae) 442 458. Dahoon, Ilex cassine L 442^ 459. Ilex cookii Britton & Wils. (E, R) 444 460. Macoucoua, Ilex guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze 446, 461. Acebo de sierra, Ilex macfadyenii (Walp.) Rehd 448- 462. Ilex nitida (Vahl) Maxim 450 463. Ilex riedlaei Loes 452' 464. Gongolin, Ilex sideroxyloides Griseb 454i 465. Ilex sintenisii (Urban) Britton (E) 456' 466. Cuero de sapo, //e.T «r6a?n'awa Loes. (E, R) 458> Bittersweet family (Celastraceae) 458^ 467. Coscorron, marble-tree, Cassine xylocarpa Vent 46C' 468. Coral, Florida crossopetalum, Crossopetalimi rhacoma Crantz 462: 469. Coscorroncito, West Indies falsebox, Gyminda latifolia (Sw.) Urban 46^! 470. Maytenus cymosa Krug & Urban (E) 46(« 471. Cuero de sapo, Maytenus elliptica (Lam.) Krug & Urban 468'^ 472. Maytenus elongata (Urban) Britton (E, R) 47( 473. Maytenus poyiceana Britton (E, R) 47^' 474. Jiba, Florida-boxwood, Schaefferia frutesceyis Jacq Al^.\ 475. Boje, Torralbasia cuneifolia (C. Wright) Krug & Urban 47( Bladdernut family (Staphyleaceae) 47(' Icacina family (Icacinaceae) 47{" 476. Mappia racemosa Jacq 47^^ 477. Palo de rosa, Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon (Urban) Urban 48( Soapberry family (Sapindaceae) 48^^ 478. Palo bianco, Allophylus crassinervis Radlk 48'J 479. Quiebrahacha, Allophylus racemosus Sw 48' 480. Seso vegetal, akee, Blighia sapida Koenig* 48(i; 481. Guara blanca, Cupania triquetra A. Rich 48<' 482. Gitaran, hopbush, Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq 49(i 483. Gaita, butterbough, Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk 49:i 484. Melocha, inkwood, Hypelate trifoliata Sw 49- viii Page Sabia family (Sabiaceae) 496 485. Arroyo, Meliosma obtusifolia (Bello) Krug & Urban (E, R) 496 Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) 498 486. Guama, Reynoski fjnama Urban (E, R) 498 487. Reijiiosia krugii Urban (E, R) 500 488. Cascarrolla, Reunosia mtcinata Urban 502 489. West Indian buckthorn, Rhamiins sphaerosperma Sw 504 490. Aprin, India jujube, Ziziphus mauriiiana Lam.* 506 491. Ziziphus rignonii Delponte 508 492. Ziziphus taylorii (Britton) M. C. Johnst 510 Elaeocarpus family (Elaeocarpaceae) 512 493. Capulin, Muntingia calahnra L.* 512 494. Sloanea amygdalinu Griseb 514 Mallow family (Malvaceae) 516 495. Algodon, wild cotton, Gossypizim barbadense L.* 516 496. Majo, niahoe, Hibiscus elatus Sw.* 518 497. Pavona, hibiscus, Chinese hibiscus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.* 520 498. Sida eggersii E. G. Baker (E, R) 522 Bombax family (Bombacaceae) 524 499. Baobab, Adonsonia digitata L.* 524 500. Pochote, Ceiba aescuHfolia (H.B.K.) Britten & Baker* 526 501. Chorisia, floss-silk-tree, Chorisia speciosa St. Hil.* 528 502. Shaving-brush-tree, Pochira insignis (Sw.) Sav.* 530 Chocolate family (Sterculiaceae) 532 503. Nuez de cola, cola-nut. Cola acuminata (Beauv.) Schott & Endl.* 532 504. Cuernecillo, cowbush, Helicteres jamaicensis Jacq 534 505. Guest-tree, Kleinhovia hospita L.* 536 506. Anacagiiita, hazel sterculia, Sterculia foetida L.* 538 Dillenia family (Dilleniaceae) 538 Ochna family (Ochnaceae) 540 507. Mozambique ochna, Ochna mossambicensis Klotzsch* 540 508. Ouratea ilicifolia (DC.) Baill 542 509. Abey amarillo, Ouratea littoralis Urban (E) 544 510. Ouratea striata (v. Tiegh.) Urban 546 Tea family (Theaceae) 548 511. Cleyera albopunctata (Griseb.) Krug & Urban 548 512. Teryistroemia. heptasepala Krug & Urban (E) 550 513. Palo Colorado, Ternstroemia luquillensis Krug & Urban (E, R) 552 514. Ternstroemia peduncukms DC 554 515. Mamey del cura, Ternstroemia stahlii Krug & Urban (E) 556 516. Ternstroemia subsessilis (Britton) Kobuski (E, R) 558 Mangosteen family (Guttiferae) 560 517. Kamani, Calophyllum inophyUum L.* 560 518. Cupey de monte, Clusia minor L 562 519. Mangostan, mangosteen, Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz* 564 520. Mangostan, mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L.* 566 Tamarisk family (Tamaricaceae*) 568 521. Athel tamarisk, Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst.* 568 Anatto family (Bixaceae*) 568 Cochlospermum family (Cochlospermaceae*) 568 Canella family (Canellaceae) 570 522. ChuYiacRWos, Pleodendron macra7ithii7n (Baill.) v. Tiegh. (E, R) 570 Flacourtia family (Flacourtiaceae) 570 523. Palo de ramon, Banara portoricensis Krug & Urban (E, R) 572 524. Banara vanderbiltii Urban (E, R) 574 525. Cambron, Casearia aculeata Jacq 576 526. Quetembila, kitembilla, Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardn.) Warb.* 578 527. Louvi, Flacourtia inermis Roxb.* 580 528. Talantron, Laetia procera (Poepp. & Endl.) Eichl 582 529. Lunania buchii Urban 584 530. Gorli oncoba, Oncoba echinata Oliver* 586 ix Page Flacourtia family — Continued 531. Prockia crucis L 588 532. Guayabilla, Samyda dodecandra Jacq 590 533. Roseta, Xylosma Imxifolmm A. Gray 592 534. Xylosma pachyphyllum (Krug & Urban) Urban (E, R) 594 535. Xylosma schaefferioides A. Gray 596 536. Falo de candela, Xylosma sell ivaneckeamtm (Krug & Urban) Urban (E, R) 598 Papaya family (Caricaceae*) 598 Cactus family (Cactaceae) 598 537. Cacto columnar, Cereus hexagonns (L.) Mill.* f 600 538. Dildo espafiol, Spanish dildo, Lemaireocereus hystrix (Haw.) Britton & Rose 600 539. Tuna, Opuntia moniliformis (L.) Haw 602 Mezereon family (Thymelaeaceae) 604 540. Majagua de sierra, maho, Dop/mopsts amen'cawo (Mill.) J. R. Johnst 604 541. Daphnopsis hellerana Urban (E, R) 606 Loosestrife family (Lythraceae) 608 542. Rosa de cienega, Ginoria rohrii (Vahl) Koehne 608 543. Astromelia, crapemyrtle, Lagerstroemia indica L.* 610 544. Reseda, henna, Laivsonia inermis L.* 612 Pomegranate family (Punicaceae*) 614 545. Granada, pomegranate, Punica granatum L.* 614 Brazilnut family (Lecythidaceae*) 616 546. Coco de mar, barringtonia, Bary^ingtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz* 616 547. Bala de canon, cannonball-tree, Coiiroupita guianensis Aubl.* 618 Mangrove family (Rhizophoraceae) 620 548. Palo de gongoli, murta, Cassipourea guianensis Aubl 620 Combretum family (Combretaceae) 622 Myrtle family (Myrtaceae) 622 549. Limoncillo del monte, Myrcia citrifolia (Aubl.) Urban 624 550. Guayabacon, Myrcia leptoclada DC 626 551. Bottlebrush, Callistemon citrimis (Curtis) Skeels* 628 552. Calyptranthes kiaerskovii Krug & Urbanf (E, R) 630 553. Calyptranthes luquillensis Alain (E, R) 6301 554. Tapon bianco, pale lidflower, Calyptranthes pallens Griseb 632. 555. Calyptranthes portoricensis Britton (E, R) 634 556. Limoncillo del monte, Calyptranthes sintenisii Kiaersk 63( 557. Calyptranthes thomasiana Bergf (E, R) 63^ 558. Myrtle-of-the-river, Calyptranthes zuzygium (L.) Sw 63E 559. Eucalipto, lemon eucalyptus. Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.*t 64(i 560. Eucalipto, kino eucalyptus, Eucalyptus resinifera J. E. Smith* 64( 561. Grajo, white-stopper eugenia, Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd 64^' 562. Pitangueira, Eugenia hiflora (L.) DC 64';t 563. Eiigenia boqueronensis Britton (E, R) 64('^ 564. Guayabota de sierra, Eugenia borinquensis Britton (E) 64J> 565. Cienaguillo, redberry eugenia, Eugenia confusa DC 65( 566. Lathberry, Eugenia cordata (Sw.) DC 65J: 567. Eiigenia (?) coro^aierms Brittonf (E, R) 65*; 568. Guasahara, Eugenia eggersii Kiaersk. (E, R) 65'' 569. Eugenia glabrata (Sw.) DC.f 65') 570. \Jvi\\o, Etigenia haeniatocarpa Alain (E, R) 65(1 571. Palo de muleta, Eugenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd 65h\ 572. Anguila, boxleaf eugenia, Eugenia, foetida Pers 66<( 573. Biriji, hlack-cherry, Eugenia monticola (Sw.) DC 661 574. Hoja menuda, Eugenia procera (Sw.) Poir 66'" 575. Quiebrahacha, Eugenia pseudopsidimn Jacq 66is 576. Serrazuela, Eugenia serrasuela Krug & Urbanf (E, R) 661 577. Eiigenia sessiliflora Yahl (E, R) 66 578. Murta, Eugenia sintenisii Kiaersk 671 579. Eugenia stetvardso7iii Britton (E, R) 67:: 580. Cereza de Cayena, Surinam-cherry, Eugenia imi flora L.* 67 581. Eugenia xerophytica Britton (E, R) 67 Page Myrtle family — Continued 582. Cieneguillo, Gomidesia lindeniuna Berg 678 583. Cayeputi, cajeput-tree, Melaleuca qidnquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake* 680 584. Hoja rnenuda, P.stV/Mrw .sn;i<?MisM (Kiaersk.) Alain (E, R) 682 585. Hoja menuda, Myrcia fallax (A. Rich.) DC 684 586. Myrcia (?) /j«f/anw Krug & Urbanf (E, R) 684 587. Guayabacon, Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh 686 588. Mirto, guavaberry, Myrciaria florihunda (West ex Willd.) Berg 688 589. Beruquillo, MarZferea .sinfem'-sn Kiaersk. (E, R) 690 590. Mountain guava. Psiditim amplexicaule Pers. (E) 692 591. Siphoneiigena densiflora Berg_- 694 Melastome family (Melastomataceae) 696 592. Clidemia nmb)osa (Sw.) Cogn 698 593. Conostegia hotteana Urban & Ekmanf 698 594. Camasey peludo, Henriettea, fascicularis (Sw.) Gomez 700 595. Camasey, Henriettea macfadyenii (Triana) Alain 702 596. Camasey, Henriettea membranifolia (Cogn.) Alain (E, R) 704 597. Henriettec triflora (Vahl) Alainf 704 598. Camasey almendro, Mecraniimi amygdalinum (Desr.) C. Wright 706 599. Camasey, Miconia ajfinis DC 708 600. Camasey, Miconia foveolata Cogn. (E, R) 710 601. Camasey de costilla, Miconia impetiolaris (Sw.) D. Don 712 602. Camasey de paloma, Miconia laevigata (L.) DC 714 603. Camasey cuatrocanales, Miconia mirabiUs (Aubl.) L. 0. Wms 716 604. Miconia ottoschulzii Urban & Ekmanf 718 605. Camasey racimoso, Miconia pachyphylla Cogn. (E) 718 606. Camasey, Miconia. punctata, (Desr.) D. Don 720 607. Camasey, Mico)iia pycnoneura Urban (E) 722 608. Camasey felpa, Miconia. racemosa (Aubl.) DC 724 609. Camasey, Miconia rubiginosa (Bonpl.) DC 726 610. Camasey, Miconia serrulata (DC.) Naud 728 611. Camasey, Miconia sintenisii Cogn. (E) 730 612. Camasey, Miconia subcorymbosa Britton 732 613. Camasey, Miconia tetrandra (Sw.) D.Don 734 614. Camasey tomaso, Miconia thomasiana DC. (E) 736 615. Murta, Monriri domingensis (Tuss.) Spach 738 616. Mameyuelo, Monriri helleri Britton 740 617. Ossaea krugiana Cogn. (E, R) 742 618. Stinking-fish, Tetrazygia angustifolia (Sw.) DC 744 619. Camasey, Tetrazygia biflora (Cogn.) Urban (E) 746 620. Camasey, Tetrazygia stahlH Cogn. (E, R) 748 621. Camasey, Tetrazygia vrbanii Cogn. (E) 750 622. Glorybush, Tibouchina. granidosa (Desr.) Cogn.* 752 Ginseng family (Araliaceae) 752 623. Scheflera, umbrella-tree, Brassaia actinophylla Endl.* 754 624. Gongoli, Dendropa:na.v laurifolius (E. March.) R. C. Schneid. (E) 756 625. Yuquilla, Didymopanax gleasonii Britton & Wils. (E, R) 758 626. Gallego, Guilfoyle polyscias, Polyscias guilfoylei (Bull) L. H. Bailey*t 758 Heath family (Ericaceae) 760 627. Lyonia rubiginosa (Pers.) G.Don (E, R) 760 Theophrasta family (Theophrastaceae) 762 628. Barbasco, Jacquinia arborea Vahl 762 629. Jacquinia berterii Spreng 764 630. Barbasco, Jacquinia. revoluta Jacq.f 764 Myrsine family (Myrsinaceae) 766 631. Mameyuelo, Ardisia glauciflora Urban (E, R) 766 632. Mameyuelo, Ardisia luquille^isis (Britton) Alain (E, R) 768 633. Grammadenia sintenisii (Urban) Mez (E, R) 770 634. Rascagarganta, Parathesis crenulata (Vent.) Hook, f 772 635. Jacanillo, Wallenia pendula (Urban) Mez (E, R) 774 xi Pape Sapodilla family (Sapotaceae) 774 636. Arana gato, Bumclia krngii Pierre (E) 776 637. Araha. gato, Biimelia obovata (Lam.) A. DC 778 638. Caimitillo, wild cainit, Chrysophyllnm bicolor Poir 780 639. Caimito de yterro, ChrysophyUum pauciflonmi hava. (E) 782 640. Tabloncillo, Dipholis bellouis Urban (E, R) 784 641. Espejuelo, Dipholis cnhensis (Griseb.) Pierre 786 642. Nisperillo, Manilkara albescens (Griseb.) Cronq.f 786 643. Jaimiqui, wild-dilly, Manilkara jaimiqui (C. Wright) Dubardf 788 644. Za\^oie de co?,ta, Manilkara pleeayia (Pierre) Cronq. (E, R) 788 645. Pouteria dictyoneura (Griseb.) Radlk 790 646. Pouteria hotteana (Urban & Ekman) Baehnif 790 647. Mamey sapote, sapote, Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore & Stearn* 792 Ebony family (Ebenaceae) 794 648. Guayabota, Diospyros revohda Poir 794 649. Gxxayahoia msi^QYo, Diospyros sintenisii (Krug & Urban) Standi. (E) 796 Storax family (Styracaceae) 798 650. 'Pa\o de jazmin, Styrax portoricensisKYwg SaVvhan (E, R) 798 Sweetleaf family (Symplocaceae) 800 651. Nispero civaarYow, Syynplocos lanata Krug & Urban (E, R) 800 652. Aceitunilla, Symplocos micrantha Krug & Urban (E, R) 802 Olive family (Oleaceae) 804 653. Forestiera eggersiana Krug & Urban 804 654. Forestiera rhamnifolia Griseb 806 655. Ink-bush, Florida-privet, Foresfiera segrreg^aia (Jacq.) Krug & Urban 808 656. Fresno, tropical ash, Fraxinus uhdei (Wenzig) Lingelsh.* 810 657. Palo de hueso, Haenianthus salicifolius Griseb 812.; 658. Chinese privet, Ligitstrum sinense Lour.* 8141' 659. Japanese privet, Ligiistrmn japoniaim- Thunb.* 816)1 660. Hueso, Linociera axilliflora Griseb 818^1 661. Avispillo, Linociera caribaea (Jacq.) Knobl 820ij 662. Hueso prieto, Linociera holdridgii (I!amp & Monachino (E, R) 822!j 663. Hueso, Linociera ligustrina Sw 8241 Dogbane family (Apocynaceae) 826? 664. Goma, Lagos-rubber, Funt^imia elastica (Preuss) Stapf* 826i 665. Adelfa, oleander, Neriuyn oleander L.* 828: 666. Aleli cimarron, Plumeria obtusa L 830' 667. Palo lechoso, Tabernaemontana citrifolia L 832.' 668. Cabalonga, lucky-nut, Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.* 8341 Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae) 836i 669. Algodon de seda, giant milkweed, Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.* 836! Borage family (Boraginaceae) 83^^ 670. Roble de guayo, Bourreria virgata (Sw.) G. Don 83H 671. Cereza blanca, white manjack, Cordia alba (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult 84C 672. Cerezo, red manjack, Cordia collococca L. 842i 673. Cereza blanca, manjack, Cordia obliqua Willd.* 84-^^ 674. San Bartolome, manjack, Cordm ncfcsecfceri Millsp. (E) 8465 675. Vomitel Colorado, Geiger-tree, Cordia sebestena L.* 84^'< 676. Juso, Rochefortia acantliophora (DC.) Griseb 85C 677. Nigua, Tournefortia filiflora Griseb 852J Verbena family (Verbenaceae) 85^1 678. Capaillo, Aegiphila martinicensis Jacq 85'^! 679. Capa rosa, Callicarpa ampla Schauer (E, R) 856 680. Susanna, Citharexylum spinosum L 85^^ 681. Escambron bianco, haggarbush, C/erodendriwi acwZeaiMW (L.) Schlecht 86( 682. Nigua, Cor;mfm o6ovato Urban (E, R) 86L' 683. Cornutia pyramidata L.f 86S 684. Cuenta de oro, skyflower, Duranta repens L 86-^1 685. Sauzgatillo, chaste-tree, Vitex agnus-castus L.*t 864^ xii PuKc Nightshade family (Solanaceae) 866 686. Gallinero, Aoiistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht 866 687. Aguacero, Brunfehia americana L 868 688. Brmifelsia devsifolia Krug & Urban (E, R) 870 689. Vega blanca, Brunfelsia lactea Krug & Urban (E, R) 872 690. Bruvfelsia portoricensis Krug & Urban (E, R) 874 691. Dama de dia, day cestrum, Cestrum diurnum L.* 876 692. Galan del monte. Centrum ma crophyllvm Vent 878 693. Dama de noche, lady-of-the-night, Cestrivni nocturnum L.*t 878 694. Matabuey, Goetzea elegans Wydler (E, R) 880 695. Solanuni antillarum O. E. Schulz 882 696. Erubia, Solamim drymophilmn 0. E. Schulzf (E, R) 882 697. Berenjena de paloma, wild tobacco, mullein nightshade, Solanum erianthum D. Don 884 698. Cakalaka-berry, Solanum polygamum Vahl 886 699. Berenjena cimarrona, turkey-berry, Solarium torvum. Sw 888 Bignonia family (Bignoniaceae) 888 700. Roble dominicano, Haiti catalpa, Catalpa longissima (Jacq.) Sims* 890 701. Higiierito, Crescentia Hnearifolia Miers 892 702. Crescentia portoricensis Britton (E, R) 894 703. Higiierita. black-calabash, Enallagma latifolia (Mill.) Small 896 704. Arbol de vela, candle-tree, Parmentiera cerifera Seem.* 898 705. Cuajilote, Parmentiera edulis DC* 900 706. Primavera, Roseodendron donnell-smithii (Rose) Miranda*! 902 707. Roble amarillo, yellow poui, Tabebuia glomerata Urban* 902 708. Roble venezolano, pink trumpet-tree, Tabebvia rosea (Bertol.) DC* 904 709. Roble Colorado, TabeMiia scJuimanniana Urban (E) 906 Gesneria family (Gesneriaceae) 908 710. Arboi de navidad, Gesneria pedunculosa (DC) Fritsch (E) 908 Myoporum family (Myoporaceae) 910 711. Mangle bobo, white-ailing, Bontia daphnoides L 910 Madder family (Rubiaceae) 912 712. Kadam, Anthocephahis chinensis (Lam.) A. Rich, ex Walp.* 914 713. Quina, Antirhea acntata (DC.) Urban 916 714. Quina, Antirhea coriacea (Vahl) Urban 918 715. Palo lloron, Antirhea lucida (Sw.) Benth. & Hook, f 920 716. Antirhea portoricensis (Britton & Wils.) Standi.! (E, R) 922 717. Quina, Antirhea sintenisii Urban (E, R) 922 718. Dagame, degame, Calycophyllvm candidissimum (Vahl) DC* 924 719. Chione seminervis Urban & Ekmanf 926 720. Martin Avila, Chione venosa (Sw.) Urban 926 721. Cafe excelsa, Dewevre coffee, Coffea dewevrei Wildem. & T. Dur.* 928 722. Jayajabico, Iblack torch, Erithalis fridicosa L 930 723. Plateado, Exostema ellipticum Griseb 932 724. Exostema sanctae-luciae (Kentish) Brittenf 932 725. Cucubano liso, velvetseed, Guettarda eUiptica Sw 934 726. Cucubano, Guettarda krugii Urban 936 727. Cucubano, Guettarda ovalifolia Urban 938 728. Cucubano de Vieques, blackberry, Guettarda parviflora Vahl 940 729. Roseta, Guettarda pungens Urban 942 730. Cucubano de monte, Guettarda valenzuelana A. Rich 944 731. Balsamo, scarletbush, Hamelia patens Jacq 946 732. Bola de nieve, white ixora, Ixora thwaitesii Hook, f.* 948 733. AlfileriWo, Machaonia portoricerisis BaiW. (E) 950 734. Palicourea alpina (Sw.) DC 952 735. Balsamo real, showy palicourea, Palicourea barbinervia DC 954 736. Cachimbo, red palicourea. Palicourea crocea (Sw.) Roem. & Schult 956 737. Palicourea domingensis (Jacq.) DC 958 738. Cachimbo, yellow palicourea, Palicourea riparia Benth 960 739. Aquilon prieto, Phialanthus grandifolius Alain (E, R) 962 740. Pliialanthus myrtilloides Griseb. f 962 741. Cachimbo comun, Psychotria berteriana DC 964 xiii Page Madder family — Continued 742. Cachimbo grande, Psychotna grandis Sw 966 743. Cachimbo de gato, Ps?/c/ioina ma^eoZews Urban (E) 968 744. Cachimbo de Maricao, PsT/c/io^rm man'caewsts Urban (E) 970 745. Cachimbo de Mona, Psychotria nutans Sw 972 746. CordohsinciWo, Rondeletia iyiermis (Spreng.) Krug & Urban (E) 974 747. Cordobancillo peludo, Rondeletia pilosa Sw 976 748. Voa-vanga, Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel.* 978 Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae*) 980 749. Saiico, Florida elder, Sambucus siTnpsonii Rehd.* 980 Composite family (Compositae) 982 750. Guerrero, Eupatorium portoricense Urban (E) 982 LIST OF MAPS Page Figure 1. — West Indies, showing principal islands and location of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands with reference to Florida, Central America, and northern South America 2 Figure 2. — Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, showing principal islands (slightly revised from vol. 1, fig. 1) 3 Figure 3. — Climax forest types and forest regions of Puerto Rico (same as vol. 1, fig. 2) 24 Figure 4. — Public forests and forest lands of Puerto Rico (revised and combined from vol. 1, figs. 3 and 4) 25 XIV INTRODUCTION The trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, both United States and British, are described and illustrated in two volumes, of which this is the second (volume 2). "Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands" by Little and Wadsworth (52, 53),- the first, is cited here as volume 1. The first volume con- tains on facing pages the descriptions and drawings of 250 common tree species, both native and introduced. This second volume simi- larly treats 460 additional species and briefly describes 40 others, a total of 500. Thus, the two volumes together contain the text of 750 species and illustrations for 710 of them. The aim is to include all native species attaining tree size, even rarely, also the common and many uncom- mon trees introduced for various purposes. In- formation from the Introduction to volume 1 is repeated or revised here. Each volume can be used independently, and the second volume men- tions in keys all species of the first. Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (figs. 1, 2) are part of the West Indies or Antilles, an island chain extending from Florida to Vene- zuela and separating the Caribbean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. These tropical islands are about 1,000 miles east-southeast of Florida and 1,700 miles southeast of Washington, D. C., and New York City, also only about 500 miles north of Venezuela in South America. All are within 17-19 degrees north latitude and 64-68 degrees west longitude. As the smallest and easternmost of the four islands known as Gi-eater Antilles, Puerto Rico is rectangular, about 100 by 36 miles in size. Its area is 3,435 square miles, or 2,200,000 acres, about two-thirds that of Connecticut. Nearby are several smaller islands, including Mona, Vieques, and Culebra. Puerto Rico became a part of the United States in 1898, following the Spanish-American war. The island is a Com- monwealth or Estado Libre Asociado (literally free associated State) and under a constitution approved in 1952 has self-government except in matters aff"ecting national security. About 40 miles east of Puerto Rico are the United States Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix. These three islands, pur- chased from Denmark in 1917. have a total area of 133 square miles. 2 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 29. Adjacent on the northeast are the British Virgin Islands, a part of the United Kingdom. The four largest, Tortola, Jost Van Dyke, Vir- gin Gorda, and Anegada, and many smaller isles have a total area of 67 square miles. It is logical and convenient to ti'eat the trees of all these neighboring islands together, be- cause many species are widely distributed inde- pendently of political boundaries. Actually, al- most all the native tree species of the Virgin Islands grow wild in some part of Puerto Rico. The Virgin Islands have fewer than 10 native tree species that are absent from Puerto Rico. These few species are mostly rare and local or present also on nearby islands to the southeast. About 547 species of trees, from the giants of the luxuriant rain forest to the shrubby trees of dry areas and windswept mountain summits, are native to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is- lands, both United States and British (fig. 2), and are included in these two volumes. In addi- tion, there are described 203 of the several hundred tree species from other tropical lands around the world that have been introduced into the islands because of showy flowers, handsome foliage, dense shade, valuable timber, delicious fruits, or other values. With these two volumes, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands become one of the first tropical American areas to have a fully illustrated refer- ence on the trees. Identification is aided by the large drawings of the leaves, flowers, and fruit and the descriptive text that emphasizes ac- curately the distinguishing characteristics in mostly nontechnical terms. Naturally, there have been many requests for a reference on this subject. Information about most trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is- lands has not previously been assembled in non- technical form, and drawings of some have never been published. Nor are technical botan- ical floras, forestry publications, and miscel- laneous scientific references on this subject gen- erally available. The primary purpose of this 2-volume refer- ence is to answer for the people of these and nearby areas of the West Indies, both residents and tourists, the question: What tree is this? Having answered that, it aims to give the more important and interesting facts about the tree. It should be helpful to university students, teachers of high schools, and instructors in . ill ^ ^ 6. ?.J I I 5 ( !>• iH IJ* C u o OJ C C ™ 03 c3 w C ■i: >.'^^ a> S ft oj g c3 rt bo o "m .2 <D <U s rt i O 1^ a> o CO 3 o W CD 3^ ^ 2i « o :::; - •" "^ M to C r^ > 3 ^ •; OJ p! _ Oi M 2 p; 0) 03O s; =« y -M to <D C CO OJ T3 ^^ CO ft CO 03" M ■- ^ -a SiS f= -H toe '-' co.S '^ ^ 03-O X) d .:: g c I' to OJ 0) co.t; CO " .ti a C*^ 03 g.H c« O ,.ft E o^;=o3 o 03 O "O > _, CS ■^^ 73 -^ " ^ i; — oj CO a; " 03 O) 1) 3 C ^ tj 3 • - 03 .1^ M 033S c M ^ 03 -M oi o Oj to 03 "3 ?5 o o c 03 to 03 C« C _ C to-£ ^ 03 °5 C cu 03 ^ n! 'i - ^■:7 § 0%^^ 03^ o<^(nj -M ■'-s c3 o3 C3 rt — - CCCCc«o333bX) bo—; -i^ 3 03 03 c3 03 O O ;-! -t^ 01 O.-i 03 c* 03 ii o o OOCJOt— IC^CO'^LOCOt^OOCsO'— ICvlCO-^LO O LO to tC CD CD CO «D to O ^ cr> t~ t- t> t> L— l> 03 2 oj O) 03 3 ra j^ CO CO .2 C-s 03 o! 03 O 3 N O Oj O^ :3 03 03 be H C 03 , c^ 03 03 03 < ;-0 .■;:^-;-H to c3 . cs c •; oS-t; 03 bci-H O 03 c« p = S j; j; -o ci o 1-5 M m ■^' lo CD t-^ 00 05 o ■-! c<i CO ^' lo CO t-^ O — /- ° 03 o s s O « 03 o 03 c ■i.'J O O o o cfl 3 >. >. >. 03 " 03 03 03 ?H •+-' 3 3 3 3 o -2 03 Q o 03 03^ 3 C >» 03 OS ^ UOOUQ&HOOacOKKK»i2^^HqH:;j 3 03 to , O'-iiMC0^L0C0I:~00C5Ot-IC<1C0^l0C0 1~c0 03 cd OJ cs: 3 03 03 o3 i::: 3 3 3 ti O 03 3 <D '5 r- '^ ^PQ_g o g 0-.3 o 03 ^opo^o3o33^rt,^„ >— I OJ CO -^ LO CO t- 00 ci O i-H M CO M* i_0 CD t-' (» crj • ,^ to 03 youth programs such as 4-H Clubs, Boy Scouts, and Girl Scouts. It should be a useful reference in extension and technical assistance programs, agricultural research, forestry, and for land- owners, landscape architects, and gardeners. Foresters and forestry students in continental United States will find here the descriptions of many common timber trees of tropical America. For the rapidly increasing number of visitors from continental United States, this reference provides the tree names and answers questions. All interested in nature can use this field guide in identification. Public forests, both natural and managed, are easily accessible by paved highways. The four national parks are attract- ing more persons each year. Many of the tree species figui'ed, both native and introduced, are widely distributed over somewhat larger areas in tropical America. Thus, the 2 volumes may be used in the other West Indies and in countries bordering the Caribbean Sea or beyond not having similar publications. Also, this reference will be helpful within continental United States, notably in southern Florida, where more than one-fourth of these species are native or introduced. The Check List of Native and Naturalized Trees of the United States (47) has 75 of these as native, mostly in the Florida Keys or southern Florida mainland, and 34 as naturalized. The others are mostly planted ornamental and shade trees. Information presented in addition to that required for identification assists the readers to know the tree better and to judge its suitabil- ity for timber, shade, ornament, fruit, or other purposes. These notes for many species in- clude : ( 1 ) the size the tree attains at maturity ; (2) whether evergreen or deciduous (leafless part of year) ; (3) the normal shape of the crown; (4) the abundance, color, and fragrance of the flowers; (5) the kind of fruit and whether edible or poisonous; (6) the usual pe- riod of flowering and fruiting; (7) a brief description of the wood and its uses; (8) other uses of the tree and its products; (9) notes on propagation, growth rate, and site adaptability if available; (10) where the tree grows within Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands; (11) the geographical distribution, including native home if introduced; (12) other common names listed by country and language, and (13) botan- ical synonyms in use. For tree identification both volumes can be used best together, though each is an independ- ent reference. Volume 1 describes in detail and illustrates 250 of the more common and more important native and exotic tree species, those most likely to be seen. The key to families (vol. 1, p. 21-27) covers both volumes, and there are keys to the species illustrated. For further identification, 130 additional, related species, including all other native trees of the same genera, are mentioned briefly. Thus, volume 1 has 380 species, about half of the total number, but lacks 190 genera and 31 families. Volume 2 contains a slightly revised and en- larged key to families (pages 35-41) with 12 additions. For all 99 plant families in both volumes there has been inserted a paragraph of family description summarizing the main char- acters by which the family is known or identi- fied in the area covered, also a page reference to each family in the first volume. There follows a key to the species covering both volumes. For the 250 species of the first volume the names of authors, also the preferred Spanish and English common names, have been added. Species number 1-250 are in volume 1 and 251-750 in volume 2. The List of Tree Species following Contents at the beginning of each volume is arranged numerically by families. The Index of Common and Scientific Names (page 991) at the end of volume 2 covers both volumes and contains also several thousand other names in use through the New World. With volume 2 alone, it is possible to find the name of any specimen by means of the keys to families and species. Identification of species in volume 1 may be confirmed by reference under the number of the description and draw- ing. The Supplement to "Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands" (Volume 1) at the close of this volume (page 984) contains some additional information about many species. Several changes in scientific names have been adopted to bring nomenclature up to date. Also, the notes on distribution by public forests have been expanded to include public parks. A Spanish edition of the first volume was published by the University of Puerto Rico (55). That translation by Jose Marrero con- tains 48 colored plates by the late Frances W. Home not available for the English book. How- ever, the Spanish reference lacks the keys, notes on related species, and special lists that were added to the English manuscript after the former went to press. A Spanish edition of the second volume is planned. WORK BY OTHERS Preparing this book has called for full use of the previous work of botanists and foresters and also for additional field investigation. Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, discovered by Columbus, settled early, and both small and accessible, were among the first areas of trop- ical America to become well explored botan- ically. Principal publications on the plants of these islands are listed in the bibliographies by Britton and Wilson (10) and Otero, Toro, and Pagan (69), the latter containing also a his- torical summary. The most valuable reference consulted is the descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands by Britton and Wilson (10), published in English in 1923-30. Earlier, in 1903-11, Urban (77) wrote a flora of Puerto Rico in Latin and German. In 1883-88 there was published in Puerto Rico an incomplete flora in Spanish by Stahl (74), afterwards reprinted in 1936-37. The Virgin Islands have been the subject of other floras, the earliest in 1793 by West (81), head of the school in St. Croix. It was in Danish with a German translation the next year. About a century later, Eggers (21) pre- pared a flora in English, and Millspaugh (60) another of the island of St. Croix. Britton (.9) published a flora of the United States Virgin Is- lands in 1918, a year after their purchase from Denmark. More than a century ago, Jose Maria Fer- nandez (22, pp. 181-215) compiled a list of trees of Puerto Rico in his "Tratado de la Arboricultura Cubana," published in Havana in 1867. Entitled "Arbolado de Puerto-Rico," this annotated list contained about 175 trees ar- ranged by Spanish common names with scien- tific names for about 100. Introduced, as well as native, species and several shrubs were men- tioned. There were notes on size, occurrence, wood including specific gravity, and uses and also lists for special purposes. Shortly after Puerto Rico became a part of the United States in 1898, studies of the foi-ests began with a report by Hill (29) in 1899 which described 16 important timbers. In 1903 the Caribbean National Forest, now also Luquillo Experimental Forest, was established from former Spanish crown lands by proclamation of President Theodore Roosevelt. A preliminary list of trees of the Luquillo region was pre- pared soon afterwards by GiflFord (23) . Murphy (62), of the United States Forest Service, pub- lished a list of 292 tree species of Puerto Rico belonging to 172 genera and 57 families, with notes on size, distribution, wood, and uses by W. D. Brush, Louis S. Murphy, and C. D. Mell. Holdridge and Muiioz (32) described and il- lustrated seven poisonous trees in an article on the poisonous plants of Puerto Rico. In his manual on propagation of trees and establish- ment of forest plantations, Gilormini (2i) in- serted a list of native and exotic trees and shrubs of Puerto Rico with both Spanish and scientific names. Much information about forest trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands is contained in articles in The Caribbean Forester (1940- 1965) and other publications by the Institute of Tropical Forestry. Longwood (5i, 55) of the United States Forest Service, made a special investigation of the woods of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean region, including about 70 spe- cies in volume 1. Other important references are mentioned below and listed under Litera- ture Cited. The agricultural experiment stations in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands have made additional studies of trees. Wolcott (85, 86) tested the resistance of woods to attack by dry- wood termites and also evaluated trees for roadside planting in relation to insect pests. Lists of shade and ornamental trees including those not recommended because of insect pests or diseases were prepared by Martorell (56). Niiiiez Melendez (64) reported on the medicinal plants of Puerto Rico. Poisonous plants of the United States Virgin Islands, several being trees, were described and figured by Oakes and Butcher (65,66). The Agricultural Experiment Station at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, under the United States Department of Agriculture, has intro- duced and tested many tropical plants from other lands, including some trees described here. Further information is contained in sev- eral publications. Winters and Almeyda (84) reported on the ornamental trees in Puerto Rico. Hume (37) discussed some ornamental shrubs for the tropics, and Winters (83) some large-leaved ornamentals. The common fruit trees were described and illustrated by Kennard and Winters (39, 40) in their publication on some fruits and nuts for the tropics. The large collection of introduced palms at Mayaguez was cited by Gregory (28) . Selected plants for screens, hedges, and wind- breaks in the Virgin Islands have been de- scribed and illustrated by photographs in color (77a). Ornamentals for homes in Puerto Rico were shown in another publication. Plant scientists from the Agricultural Re- search Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, have made plant collections in Puerto Rico as part of spe- cial projects. Quantities of vegetative material of certain species were obtained for screening tests of chemicals of possible medicinal value, such as in the treatment of cancer. Also, some experiments with herbicides in defoliation of tropical forest vegetation were made. One re- sult was an illustrated key for identification of seedlings of woody species in eight forest types of Puerto Rico by Duke (19). Williams (82) compared the forests of Southeast Asia, Puerto Rico, and Texas. Various other specialists have studied the trees and smaller plants of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in the interval since the publica- tion of the first volume in 1964 (or completion of the manuscript in 1955). Several collectors, sometimes working in taxonomic groups of their special interests, have deposited and thus made available duplicate specimens in the Na- tional Herbarium of the United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. Liogier (45, 44) made large collections of herbarium specimens in Puerto Rico in 1960 and 1962. Among the trees were many range extensions, several new records for the island, and a few species new to science. A very useful list of nomenclatural changes and additions to Britton and Wilson's (10) flora of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands was prepared also by Liogier (45, 46). Several studies of the plants of smaller is- lands of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in recent years have contributed range extensions of tree species. D'Arcy (17, 18) has prepared lists of the dicotyledons of Tortola and the plants of Anegada, two of the British Virgin Islands. Woodbury, Martorell, and Garcia Tuduri (87) have published a list of the flora of Desecheo. Also, Woodbury and Martorell have made extensive collections in several of the small islands around Puerto Rico for publica- tion of lists with additional records. Among these are Mona, Caja de Muertos, and Icacos and the adjacent islands Palominos and Pifie- ros, and Culebra. A very intensive investigation of the plant and animal life of El Verde, a plot of lower montane rain forest in the Caribbean National Forest (also Luquillo Experimental Forest), was conducted from 1963 to 1968 by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Nearly one hundred scientists served as visiting partic- ipants in the researches on the effects of gamma irradiation, measurement of fallout ele- ments, and analyses of energy flow and meta- bolic processes of the ecosystem. The results were published in a comprehensive reference of 111 chapters edited by Odum and Pigeon (67). Chapters on tree identification were con- tributed by Little (Ch. B-2; 51), Duke (Ch. B- 15; i.9), and Smith (Ch. B-16; 75) . Dansereau and Buell (16) studied the vegeta- tion of Puerto Rico from 1962 to 1965 under a contract with the Waterways Experiment Sta- tion (Vicksburg, Mississippi) of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Their pub- lished report contains a map of the vegetation zones of Puerto Rico and a detailed study of the vegetation of the Roosevelt Roads area. Howard (36) and associates have made ex- tensive studies of the dwarf forest at Pico del Oeste (West Peak) in Luquillo Mountains within the Caribbean National Forest (Luquillo Experimental Forest) , with financial assistance from the National Science Foundation. Also, along with detailed investigations of West Indian plants, Howard (54, 35) monographed the genus Coccoloba in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and reported new records, in- cluding 2 shrub species new to science. In the field of paleobotany, Graham and Jarzen (27) examined fossil pollen from lignite deposits of Oligocene age between Lares and San Sebastian in northwestern Puerto Rico. Though only about one-fourth of the samples could be named, the identifications contain sev- eral tree genera not now represented here. Among these are Fagus, Liqiddamhar , and Nyssa of temperate eastern United States. These genera reappear now southward on mountains of Mexico (Liquidavihar also beyond to Nicaragua) but are absent from the West Indies. Also unexpected is the discovery of pol- len of a few tree genera now found no nearer than the tropical forests of Central America and northern South America. Examples are Benwullia, Bomhax, Catostemma, and Pelli- ciera. Perhaps the most significant conclusion is that geologic time has been very long, even since the relatively young Oligocene epoch, for trees to migrate to Puerto Rico across oceans from both Central or North America and South America during different climatic periods and to become extinct later. Thus, time is an impor- tant factor in the explanation of present geo- graphic distribution of tree species in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. A description of the forests of the British Virgin Islands was prepared by Beard (7) , who published a land utilization map. Additional information about the native and introduced trees is found in other publications. At the turn of the century. Cook and Collins (13) made a study of the economic plants of Puerto Rico. Food plants of the island were dis- cussed by Barrett (5). Claus (11) studied the wind-pollinated plants. Principal edible and poisonous plants of the Caribbean region were described and illustrated by Dahlgren and Standley (15). Some trees were classed as honey plants by Ordetx (68), because their flowers attract bees and secrete nectar in quantities. Many native and introduced tree species of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are culti- vated also in subtropical parts of the United States, and have been described in tree publica- tions of those areas. Examples are the refer- ences mainly for Florida by Sturrock and Men- ninger (75), Menninger (58, 59), Morton and Ledin (61), Barrett (4), Watkins (79), and Schory (72). Botanical floras and tree publications of vari- ous tropical countries, as well as taxonomic monographs, have provided useful information. Floras of other West Indian islands, such as "Flora de Cuba" by Leon and Alain (42), have been very helpful. The recent floras of Barba- dos by Gooding, Loveless, and Proctor (26) and Jamaica by Adams (2) have the current nomenclature. PREPARATION OF THE TWO VOLUMES Preparation of an illustrated popular refer- ence on the trees of Puerto Rico was one of the first projects undertaken when, in 1939, the United States Forest Service began forest re- search in Puerto Rico with the establishment of the Tropical Forest Experiment Station, now Institute of Tropical Forestry, in Rio Piedras. Leslie R. Holdridge, who was in charge of the project until the end of 1941, made botanical collections of Puerto Rican trees and supervised the preparation of a few hundred drawings. He wrote two preliminary volumes of "Trees of Puerto Rico" (30, 31) published in 1942 in both English and Spanish, each volume containing drawings and descriptions of 50 tree species. These small editions were soon e.xhausted. It was intended to issue additional parts covering a total of about 600 native and exotic tree species to be followed by a revision printed in a single volume. However, further work was suspended during World War II. The herbarium of the Institute of Tropical Forestry (RPPR), mainly of tree specimens, was begun in 1932, though a few specimens were collected as early as 1929. Britton and Wilson {10: 6: 523) acknowledged the coopera- tion of W. P. Kramer of the Forest Service and worked also with other foresters. This herbar- ium has several tree specimens collected by Britton alone and with foresters in 1931-1932, on his last field trip there. Between 1932 and 1939 more than 500 herbarium specimens of trees were collected, the first mo.stly by Claud L. Horn and G. A. Gerhart. Other collectors dur- ing that period and after forest research began were Leslie R. Holdridge, Luis E. Gregory, and Jose Marrero. Many duplicates wei'e deposited in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden and were identified there by Percy Wilson. The present project on the trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands was begun by Little and Wadsworth in 1950. Wadsworth had assisted in the earlier project upon his arrival in Puerto Rico in 1942, while Little did some reference work in 1941. The area was ex- panded to include the nearby smaller Virgin Islands, both United States and British, which have fewer tree species and very few additions. Little as dendrologist stationed in Washing- ton, D. C., made field trips to Puerto Rico in 1950, 1952, 1954, and 1955, obtaining about 1,200 collector's numbers of tree specimens, some range extensions, and 1 new tree species (45) . The botanical descriptions were prepared mostly by him from trees and living material supplemented by herbarium specimens. Wadsworth, Director of the Institute of Tropical Forestry, has conducted forestry in- vestigations in Puerto Rico continuously since 1942 and has studied many of these tree species in the forests and experimental plots. He pre- pared the chapter "Foresters and Forestry in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands," checked the descriptions, and contributed notes on wood and uses. Also, he compiled the data on propa- gation, growth rate, and site adaptability, and distribution by forest types. The manuscript of the first volume was com- pleted in 1955 and slightly revised in 1962 be- fore publication in 1964. In the meantime Jose Man-ero prepared the Spanish translation which went to the printers in 1960 and was published in 1967. Pi'eparation of the second volume was re- sumed in 1966. Roy 0. Woodbury, plant taxon- omist with the Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion of the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, was invited to be a coauthor. Coming to Puerto Rico in 1956 from south Florida, he made large plant collections, which were de- posited in the herbarium of his institution. He found some range extensions and rediscovered several rare tree species, such as Daphnopsis helleriana, with Nevling {63). His detailed observations and unpublished notes based upon extensive field work over many years have been incorporated into the second volume. Little made trips to Puerto Rico annually from 1966 to 1973 (except 1968). He and V/oodbury obtained additional specimens, about 500 collector's numbers, there and in nearby small islands, also the Virgin Islands, for rec- ords, notes, and drawings. Wadsworth and Woodbury visited each public forest to compile lists of tree species and take field notes. A spe- cial eft'ort was made to obtain additional in- formation from the islands lacking detailed distribution records and from the four newly established national parks. Little {50) pub- lished a list of the trees of Jost Van Dyke. Woodbury and Little have prepared for publi- cation a list of the seed plants of Buck Island Reef National Monument near St. Croix. The three authors made a list of the trees of Virgin Gorda, including Gorda Peak National Park. Little in 1954 and 1972 collected at Sage Moun- tain National Park. Woodbury prepared a list of the trees of Anegada. The flora of Desecheo by Woodbury, Martorell, and Garcia Tuduri {86) has been mentioned earlier. In checking the field identifications, the first author has examined the large collections from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in the Na- tional Herbarium of the United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Sets of his specimens, totaling about 1,700 col- lector's numbers, have been deposited there and in the herbarium of the Institute of Tropical Forestry. Many duplicates have been sent to herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden, Harvard University, and other institutions. PLAN The plan of the second volume is essentially the same as that of the first. Thus, the explana- tion from the Introduction is repeated here with minor revision. A few diff"erences may be noted. As previously mentioned, in this volume each plant family begins with a family descrip- tion and a key to all of its species in both vol- umes. Forty minor species are described in a single long paragraph without drawing. There are no small maps showing distribution of native species by municipalities within Puerto Rico, because the forest inventory did not cover the less common trees. Distribution by individual islands belonging to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands is given in greater de- tail because of new information. Also, occur- rence of native tree species is cited for the four public or national parks as well as public for- ests. Related species are not mentioned as they are in the keys and lists and are described in one volume or the other. The 500 tree species of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands described in this volume are grouped by plant families in the usual botanical arrangement, almost the same as Britton and Wilson (10) and within each family alphabet- ically by scientific names. However, the three large subfamilies of the legume family (Le- guminosae) often accepted as separate families are kept apart for convenience in identification. Illustrations Line drawings showing foliage and flowers and usually also the fruits face their respective descriptions for 460 species. Most are natural size, but some have been reduced to % and a few to 1/2 natural size as indicated. Also, most were made from fresh specimens in Puerto Rico. Tree Names The heading for the descriptive text of each species contains on the left the preferred com- mon names in Spanish for Puerto Rico and in English for the Virgin Islands and on the right the accepted scientific name. An asterisk (*) after the scientific name means that the species (or family) is exotic, or introduced, and not native to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. At the end of the text of each species are listed other common names in use and botanical syno- nyms, the other scientific names used formerly or sometimes now. These names appear also in the Index of Common and Scientific Names. English family names are derived from an im- portant example, while scientific or Latin family names terminate in "-aceae" with few exceptions. Preferred Common JSames Common names of trees often vary from place to place. One species may have several names in diff"erent areas, or the same name may be applied to unrelated trees in diff'erent regions. Still other species may sometimes lack a distinctive local name. The authors have at- tempted (1) to record all names commonly ap- plied within this region to each species ; and (2) to select as a preferred name the one most widely employed locally if not associated more commonly with another species. Since Spanish is the language of Puerto Rico, and English that of the Virgin Islands, two names are given for most trees present in both areas. The Spanish common name in the heading is that preferable for Puerto Rico, based chiefly upon prevalent usage. The selection has been made after consultation with local botanists and with foresters both of the Commonwealth De- partment of Natural Resources and of the Institute of Tropical Forestry, United States Forest Service. The catalog of Spanish com- mon and scientific names of Puerto Rico by Otero, Toro, and Pagan (69) has been an im- portant additional source. English common names in the heading in- clude those in the Virgin Islands or in wide- spread use elsewhere. These preferred names, many of which were listed by Britton and Wil- son (10) were checked in the field with rural inhabitants on difi'erent islands. For the species also native or naturalized in the United States, chiefly southern Florida, there is added the name accepted by the United States Forest Service in the Check List of Native and Nat- uralized Trees of the United States (47). For some less known species without local English names, those adopted elsewhere, such as in other West Indian islands, in Standardized Plant Names (38), or in commerce, have been accepted. Where two English common names are listed, the first is the local name in the Vir- gin Islands, and the second is either the Check List name adopted by the United States Forest Service and recommended for the United States or another name also widely employed. If no English name has been selected, the Spanish common name may be suitable. The same Spanish common name may be ap- plied independently to unrelated tree species, particularly in different localities or countries. In taxonomic groups with many similar species distinguished only by specialists, separate com- mon names often are lacking. For example, the Spanish name "camasey" refers to many species in the large genus Miconia as well as to species of related genera in the family Melastoma- taceae. Similiary, "hoja menuda" is given to many species within the family Myrtaceae. 8 For about 75 species in the second volume, mostly rare, minor, or without special use, no preferred common name in either language has been noted. Some of these trees have common names elsewhere that could be taken up, but several introduced trees lack suitable equiva- lents. Common names of the genus or of related species often may be appropriate. The Latin generic name is always available for adoption as a common name. If further precision is de- sired, species may be distinguished by the trans- lation of the specific epithet or by a descriptive name. Perhaps in time, appropriate common names will become established in usage fo- more trees. Other Common ISames For Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands many additional common names were obtained from local residents or taken from references, par- ticularly Urban (77), Britton and Wilson (10), and Otero, Toro, and Pagan (69). Most of these have been verified, but several, apparently mis- applied, have been omitted. As no Indian tribes have remained on Puerto Rico since the early Spanish settlement, there are now no separate aboriginal tree names. However, some Spanish names are of Carib Indian origin. Though the United States Virgin Islands belonged to Den- mark until purchased by the United States in 1917, the tree names were English, and no Danish tree names are now recorded. Principal common names in use in the New World have been compiled from many floras and tree lists of difi'erent countries, and some added from herbarium labels. These names often difl'er from country to country or from one island to another and may be in as many as five languages (Spanish, English, French, Dutch, and Portuguese), besides some of Amer- ican Indian origin. Variant spellings, aborig- inal names, long lists of local names within one country, and Old World names generally have been omitted. Other common names have been grouped by language and countries in the fol- lowing order: Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Spanish, other Spanish-speaking countries in West Indies, and from Mexico to South Amer- ica; United States, English, British lands, and other English-speaking countries; French. Haiti, French lands; Dutch Antilles, or West Indies and Surinam ; and Brazil. Names in international commerce or lumber trade or so recommended are indicated. Some prefered names of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are repeated under other common names to show usage elsewhere. In the West Indian islands many tree names are not in the same language of the governing country, which may have changed one or more times since colonization. Persons migrating from one island to another have brought with them names from different languages. Some common names are corruptions from other tongues, such as French words somewhat modi- fied in British areas. Various names have be- come adopted from Spanish, English, French, and Dutch into creole dialects. Also, European colonists often gave to tropical American trees the well-known names of similar though unre- lated Old World species. Scientific ISames Foresters, botanists, and other scientists use the scientific names in their technical writings and discussions. Being in Latin or Latinized, scientific names are definite and uniform and regulated by botanists under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Thus, the Latin name of a tree or other plant species in an international language is the same through- out the world. The scientific name of a species consists of two words : the generic name, which is capital- ized, and the specific epithet. In some species, varieties are distinguished, being designated by a third word preceded by the abbreviation "var." References and technical publications cite also the author or botanist who first named and described the species, usually abbreviated if common or long. Where the name has been transferred from one genus or combination to another, the original author's name is placed in parentheses and followed by a second author, who made the change. Botanical Synonyms As some species have borne more than one scientific name, any botanical synonyms com- mon in use, particularly in the West Indies, are listed. For example, a species may have been described independently by different botanists, or two species may have been united following later study of additional specimens. Also, there may be differences of opinion among specialists whether a variation merits recognition as a variet.y or separate species or needs no addi- tional name. Included under botanical syno- nyms are those scientific names accepted by Britton and Wilson (10) but afterwards changed because of differences in codes of botanical nomenclature or in accordance with monographic studies and conservative usage. Tree Descriptions The descriptive text for each species begins with a summary of the main distinguishing characters, which is followed by size and ap- pearance and by botanical descriptions of leaves, flowers, and fruits. Measurements of 9 trees and their parts are given in the English system of feet and inches. In conversion to the metric system, which is more commonly used in tropical America, these equivalents may be noted: 1 foot is 0.3048 meter, 1 inch is 2.54 centimeters or 25.4 millimeters, and i/s inch is approximately 3 millimeters. Main Distinguishing Characters The first paragraph summarizes the out- standing features for easy recognition, particu- larly leaves, flowers, and fruits. Mention is made of other characters useful in identifica- tion, such as distinctive bark or presence of latex or colored sap. Introduced trees are noted and indicated by an asterisk (*) after the sci- entific name. Size and Appearance In the r.econd paragraph the approximate size is given as small (less than 30 feet tall), me- dium (from 30 to 70 feet tall), or large (more than 70 feet tall). The average and maximum heights and trunk diameters represent mature trees in Puerto Rico, though larger trees may have existed in the virgin forests within the island or elsewhere. Trunk measurements are diameters at breast height (d.b.h.) or 4^/2 feet. Trees are classed as evergreen if in full leaf through the year or deciduous if leafless or nearly so for a brief period, such as in the dry season of late winter. Buttresses, or enlarged narrow outgrowths at the base of the trunk of large trees continuous with lateral roots, are noted if present. Data on shape of crown, branching, and twigs are added for many spe- cies. Notes on bark include color of the surface and texture, whether smooth or rough, and if fissured (with many narrow thin cracks) or furrowed (with broad deep grooves). As most trees have thin bark less than y^ inch in thick- ness, mention is made of thick barks. Color and taste (also odor if present) are given for the inner bark, that is, the living tissues exposed by cutting beneath the surface, since these details often are helpful in field identification. Leaves, Flowers, and Fruits Because of their importance for identifica- tion, the leaves, flowers, and fruit are described in detail and with measurements for reference. However, characters emphasized in the first paragraph are not repeated below. Descriptive terms are defined under the topic "Explanation of Botanical Terms" (p. 12) . Months or seasons of flowering and fruiting, as far as known, have been compiled from vari- ous sources. For a few years personnel of the United States Forest Service made field obser- vations of time of flowering and fruiting of many Puerto Rican tree species, which were summarized in a card file. Herbarium speci- mens collected by personnel of the Forest Serv- ice and others at different times of the year have contributed additional dates, as have the floras by Urban (77) and Stahl (74). Some tree species are cited as flowering and fruiting probably or nearly through the year. This state- ment means not that a particular tree bears flowers and fruits almost continually, but that on almost any date some trees may be found in bearing condition. An individual may have more than one blossoming period during the year. Generally flowering of trees is greatest from March to May, after the start of the spring rains. Wood and Uses Information on wood and its uses is given by species if known. However, many of the minor tree species in the second volume are noncom- mercial, being uncommon or small or introduced for other purposes. Notes on wood include color of sapwood and heartwood, hardness, weight and specific gravity, texture and dura- bility. These notes are from Puerto Rican specimens and published descriptions from other areas. Detailed data on wood properties and uses were condensed from the publications by Longwood (54, 55) for many species in the first volume and a few in the second. Relative resistance of the wood to attack by dry-wood termites has been compiled from Wolcott (86). Uses of the wood are primarily those of Puerto Rico, but special and diff'erent uses elsewhere are mentioned. Most of the native woods are available only in limited quantities, and none is sufficiently abundant for export. Nevertheless, as Longwood reported, many of these woods could be utilized in additional ways. Other Uses Other purposes served by trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are noted by species and in the Special Lists. Many kinds are planted for fruit, shade, ornament, and wood or more than one use. Others have bark that yields tannin, fibers, or dyes or have parts employed in home medicines. Some are classed as honey plants because their flowers attract bees and secrete nectar in quantities. Special mention has been made of the tree species introduced and hardy in subtropical parts of the United States, mainly southern parts of Florida, Texas, Arizona, and California. Much information about other uses has been compiled from the references mentioned and listed under Literature Cited. Additional notes on uses elsewhere have been taken from floras, and tree books of tropical American countries. 10 Propagation, Growth, and Other Notes Brief notes on propagation, growth rate, and site adaptability of some forest and planted trees have been summarized fromi records of the United States Forest Service and other sources. Miscellaneous notes of interest have been com- piled and added. Further details and methods on propagation of trees in Puerto Rico are con- tained in the manual on that subject by Gilor- mini (^4). Additional information on forest management of many Puerto Rican tree species may be found in various articles in The Carib- bean Forester (1940-1965) and in publications of the Institute of Tropical Forestry. Distribution For each tree species the natural distribution or range is stated, both in Puerto Rico and the United States and British Virgin Islands and also beyond through the West Indies and con- tinental tropical America. Introduced trees often spreading from cultivation and becoming naturalized, are further designated by mention of their native home. Names of individual islands belonging to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands where each species is known are recorded. Sources include the published ranges by Britton and Wilson (10), later published and herbarium records, and field work by the authors. The first map (fig. 1) shows names and locations of the prin- cipal islands. Largest of those under Puerto Rico are Mona and Desecheo on the west and Culebra and Vieques on the east. Other small islands of botanical interest are Caja de Muertos on the south and Icacos, Palominos, and Piiieros on the east. Occurrence in the Virgin Islands is cited in the following order: St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, Vii-gin Gorda, and Anegada. The first three are the United States Virgin Islands, while the last four as well as several smaller compose the British Virgin Islands. Within Puerto Rico the distribution is re- corded in greater detail by notes on abundance, altitudinal limits, and habitat or site. For many species are mentioned the forest regions or en- vironments, or ecological regions or provinces. The natural distribution of most native trees tends to be related to ecological regions defined by climate and soil. These eight regions, shown in figure 3, define climax forests of distinct types. They are described in detail under For- ests and Forestry (p. 20) . Public Forests and Parks Distribution of the native tree species is cited also by public forests and parks, which are lo- cated on the maps (figs. 2, 4) and further de- scribed in the chapter Forests and Foresti-y in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (page 20). The names of these widely scattered accessible areas indicate the general occurrence of a spe- cies and definite localities where most of the common species, as well as many rare ones, can be found. Lists of the tree species in each area could be prepared from these records. Occurrence in the 15 public forests of Puerto Rico is listed in alphabetical order, as in the first volume, as follows : Aguirre, Boqueron, Cambalache Experimental Forest, Carite, Ceiba, Guajataca, Guanica, Guilarte, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Maricao, Rio Abajo, San Juan, Susua, Toro Negro, and Vega. Four public parks have been established in the Virgin Islands since preparation of this reference was begun. Distribution is cited in this order: Buck Island Reef National Monu- ment (north of St. Croix), Virgin Islands Na- tional Park (St. John), Sage Mountain National Park (Tortola), and Gorda Peak Na- tional Park (Virgin Gorda). In the absence of a separate published flora, all native tree species recorded from St. John are cited from Virgin Islands National Park, which covers most of that island. Distribution Outside Puerto Rico Ranges outside Puerto Rico are given for the islands of the West Indies in detail and also for continental tropical America. These ranges are based upon recent botanical floras, tree lists, and monographs supplemented by specimens in the National Herbarium of the United States National Museum. Distribution for many spe- cies now is somewhat better known than when summarized by Britton and Wilson (10). Some species have a broad range through the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico) and Lesser Antilles (Leeward and Windward Islands) to Grenada or Barba- dos and are present on nearly all the islands except the smallest or those lacking suitable habitats. Thus it has not seemed necessary to list all these islands. Nearly all Puerto Rican tree species native also in the island of His- paniola are present in both Haiti and the Do- minican Republic, which countries are not men- tioned individually. For those species not ranging through the Lesser Antilles to Grenada, the southernmost island of distribution is re- corded. Islands near the Venezuelan coast of South America, including Trinidad and Tobago and Bonaire, Curasao, and Aruba of the Dutch West Indies (Windward Islands), have the flora of the South American mainland rather than the West Indies. Nearly all native Puerto Rican tree species also on these islands have a broad distribution in the Caribbean area, such as from 11 Bahamas and Cuba to Trinidad and on the con- tinent from Mexico through Central America to Venezuela or beyond. The distribution of those species native or naturalized in the United States is given by States, generally only southern Florida, though mention is made of introduced trees planted and hardy from southern Florida to southern California. Southward on the continent the northernmost and southernmost countries of range limits are stated. Thus, a species recorded from Mexico to Peru and Brazil is native through the countries of Central America and northern South America. Some important cul- tivated trees are widely distributed almost throughout the tropics, including the Old World. EXPLANATION OF BOTANICAL TERMS Botanical descriptions for the classification and identification of trees are based principally on diff"erences of leaves, flowers, and fruits, and their parts, such as presence or absence, num- ber, arrangement, shape, size, and union or separation. To record these details, systematic botanists, or plant taxonomists, have a special terminology of technical words derived from Latin and Greek, defined and illustrated in botany textbooks and floras. In this book, non- technical terms have been used wherever pos- sible, though some technical terms have been inserted in parentheses or adopted where there was no clearer equivalent. Principal terms used in this book are explained here, while many are illustrated by the drawings. Thus, it has seemed unnecessary to include a glossary. Leaves These flat, green organs serving for food manufacture are very useful in the identifica- tion of trees, usually present in quantities and of large size. A tree that has green leaves per- sistent throughout the year is evergreen; one that sheds its leaves and is leafless part of the year is deciduous. The point on a twig where 1 or more leaves are attached is the node. In arrangement on the twig, leaves attached singly or 1 at a node are alternate, leaves borne in pairs or 2 at a node are opposite, and leaves inserted 3 or more at a node are whorled. Parts of a leaf are the leafstalk or petiole and the flat expanded part or blade. In some species there are 2 (or 1) scales at the base of a leaf called stipules, usually shedding early but sometimes forming distinctive buds at the end of a twig. In number of blades a leaf with 1 blade is simple, while a compound, leaf has usually sev- eral blades (rarely only 2) called leaflets, which may or may not have stalks. A leaflet is dis- tinguished from a simple leaf by the absence of a bud at the base and by the shedding of the axis. Also, leaflets are in 2 rows along the axis, while simple leaves may be similar but more often not in 2 rows on the twig. Compound leaves are pinnate or pinnately compound when the leaflets are inserted along a common axis and digitate (or palmate) when attached to- gether at the end of the petiole. If the axis has branches a leaf may be twice pinnate or bipin- nate or if branched again the leaf is three times pinnate or tripinnate. Pinnate leaves may be even pinnate when the leaflets are paired and end in a pair, and odd pinnate when ending in a single leaflet. Several terms describe the shape of leaf blades. A linear leaf has a narrow grasslike blade with edges parallel, and an oblong leaf is broader but with edges also nearly parallel. A lance-shaped or lanceolate leaf has the form of a lance, several times longer than broad, pointed at apex or tip end, and broadest near base, while the reverse shape is oblanceolate. An ovate leaf has an oval shape broadest toward the base, more or less as in an egg, while an obovate leaf is the reverse, broadest toward apex. An elliptic leaf has an oval shape but broadest in the center. A circidar leaf has the blade more or less in form of a circle, while a spatulate leaf is spoon-shaped. As to margin or edge a leaf blade may be toothed, lobed, without teeth, or rolled under. The apex and base of a leaf blade may be long- pointed, short-pointed, blunt, or rounded, or the base heart-shaped, if with two rounded lobes. In venation or arrangement of the veins a leaf blade may be parallel-veined, if the veins are closely placed side by side or parallel; pin- nate-veined, with a single main vein or midrib and lateral veins on both sides somewhat as in a feather; or palmate-veined, when several main veins arise at the base and spread like fingers in a hand. Flower Clusters The grouping of flowers and fruits in clusters (inflorescences) and their location and arrange- ment often provide characters useful in identi- fication of trees. A flower cluster is terminal when it is at the apex or end of a twig and lat- eral when borne at the base of a leaf or on the side of a twig. The flowers may be produced singly, one by one. A spike is a flower cluster with elongated axis bearing stalkless flowers, while a raceme has an elongated axis with stalked flowers, and a panicle is a compound raceme with branched axis. An mnhel has flow- ers on spreading stalks of equal length attached together at the apex of a larger stalk somewhat like an umbrella. A head bears stalkless flowers 12 on the broad disklike apex of the axis. In a cy^ne the flower ckister is definite, with the main axis ending in the first flower and with other flowers borne on branches below. Flowers For classification and identification of trees and other flowering plants, the flowers and fruits, or reproductive organs, are the most im- portant parts. They show the relationships bet- ter than the leaves and other vegetative organs, which are less constant and often vary greatly under different environments. The commoner plant families can be recognized by their char- acteristic flowers. It has seemed desirable, therefore, to describe the flower structure of each tree species in simple terms with measure- ments. The flower is a modified stem bearing four or fewer groups or circles of specialized leaves known as calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil (or pistils). The calyx, or outermost group, is com- posed of reduced leaves generally green and called sepals, while the corolla consists of larger and usually colored parts known as petals. The corolla may be regnlar with equal petals or ir- regular with petals of unequal size and may be Uibular with the petals united into a tube. The stamens or male organs of the flower have a filament or stalk and an anther or enlarged, usually yellow, part which bears the pollen, or male elements. Sometimes, the stamens may be replaced by staminodes, which are nonfunc- tional or sterile stamens, usually small. In the center of the flower there is usually a single pistil or female organ (sometimes few to many) developed from one or more specialized leaves. The pistil consists of three parts : the ovary or enlarged part at the base, the style or stalk above the ovary, and the stigma, the usu- ally enlarged and often sticky end, which re- ceives the pollen. The ovary contains 1 to many ovules, rounded whitish female elements. The mature ovary is the fruit, while the ovules be- come the seeds. In position with respect to the other flower parts, the ovary may be superior or inferior. The superior ovary, the common type, is free or separate in the center of the flower and inserted inward from or above the other parts. The in- ferior ovary is located below the calyx, corolla, and the stamens, which appear to be inserted above. The structure of the ovary, including the number of cavities or cells from 1 to several and number and position of the ovules within, is important in classification of plant families. The receptacle is the enlarged base of the flower where the flower parts are inserted. Above the receptacle and inward from the corolla there is sometimes a disk or small part like a circle or ring, often glandular. The re- ceptacle may form a basal tube or cup called the hypayithium, which may enclose the inferior ovary or sometimes surround the superior ovary and bear the other parts located above. Though usually possessing stamens and pistil and thus with both sexes or bisexual, flowers may be of one sex only or unisexual. A male flower has stamens but no pistil, and a female flower has a pistil but no stamens. A species with male and female flowers on the same plant is said to be monoecious, while one with male and female flowers on different plants, which are also male or female, is dioecious. In polyga- mous species flowers of one sex and bisexual flowers are borne on the same individual. Fruits Developing from a mature ovary, the fruit contains the seeds and sometimes other flower parts still attached. Present often for longer periods than flowers or also remaining under the trees after falling, the fruits may be espe- cially helpful in identification. Commonly the fruit originates from a single pistil and is simple. A fruit from several pistils in one flower is aggregate (for example, corazon or custard-apple), while one from several united flowers often partly from an enlarged fleshly stalk is multiple (for example, higo or fig). Simple fruits are classed as dry or fleshy (juicy or succulent). Some dry fruits do not open to release the seeds (indehiscent), while others open (dehiscent). The akene is a dry fruit not opening and containing a single seed separate from the fruit wall. The )uit is also 1-seeded with a thick hard shell. The pod or legume is a dry 1-celled fruit which splits open usually along 2 lines (for example, the legume family) . The capsule is a dry fruit of 2 or more cells which opens on as many lines as cells. Fleshy fruits, which do not open, include the berry, which usually has several seeds, and the drupe, which has a central stone or hard part containing 1 or more seeds. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK IN TREE IDENTIFICATION Many trees can be identified by reference to the drawings, descriptions, ancl distribution notes. However, the illustrations alone may not emphasize differences among closely related species not figured. It is helpful to have for comparison the flowers and fruits in addition to foliage because many kinds of trees have leaves of similar shape. Often one tree can be found in blossom out of season, perhaps at the edge of a forest, and old fruits may be located on dead branches or on the ground. A ruler and a hand lens are useful in examining the specimen and comparing it with the description. 13 If the local common name of a tree in Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands is obtained, such as by asking residents, then the description, illus- tration, and scientific name can be found by consulting the page listed in the Index of Com- mon and Scientific Names. Since common names in other countries and as many as five lan- guages are included, the Index will be helpful in determining the same species elsewhere. To avoid errors, identification from a com- mon name should always be verified by inspect- ing the drawing and comparing the specimen with the main distinguishing characters or, if needed, with the detailed description of leaves, flowers, and fruits. Otherwise, the use of the same common name for unrelated tree species in diff'erent places or misapplication of a name may lead to confusion. The List of Tree Species following Contents in each volume will also aid identification be- cause it lists the species of that volume in the usual botanical arrangement with related trees together, alphabetically by scientific names under each plant family. If the family is recog- nized, names of the examples with page num- bers will be found in the Lists. Likewise, an un- known tree resembling a known one should be sought in both volumes under the same family. The Key to Families, revised from that in volume 1, serves to place an unknown tree in its plant family. This key includes the families of both volumes. Each family with two or more species contains a key to these species for further identification. The Special Lists may be helpful also in iden- tifying trees with unusual characters or special uses. Reference may be made also to Britton and Wilson's (10) flora of Puerto Rico and the Vir- gin Islands, which contains both technical keys to species and botanical descriptions but no il- lustrations. Also, botanical specimens of dried pressed twigs with leaves, flowers, and fruits, and with field notes (locality, altitude, date, common name, collector, whether wild or planted, size, abundance, etc.) may be for- warded to large herbaria or universities for identification by specialists, after prior ar- rangement. STATISTICAL SUMMARY A summary of the 750 tree species of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands described in the two volumes reveals the richness of the flora and the complexity of its origin. Of course, the number of tree species accepted for an area will depend upon the definition of a tree or mini- mum size considered. Trees may be defined as woody plants having one erect perennial stem or trunk at least 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) in diameter at breast height (d.b.h. or at 4 ',4 feet or 1.4 meters) , a more or less definitely formed crown foliage, and a height of at least 12 to 15 feet (4 meters). Accordingly, some small trees which are often shrubby have been included. Shrubby species rarely reaching the minimum size have been included, also a few tree-like or borderline. In the absence of similar publica- tions about shrubs, perhaps these additions will be useful for identification. The number of native species accepted here is 547, and the number of introduced species has been closed at 203 to make a rounded total of 750. Thus, nearly three-fourths (72.9 percent) are native and more than one-fourth (27.1 per- cent) introduced, indicated by an asterisk (*). Britton and Wilson (10) mentioned about 700 introduced tree species, but many of these were limited to tests in horticulture or forestry. Some were unsuccessful or not superior to those already available. More recently additional spe- cies are being tested. Several ornamentals have become common following commercial produc- tion by local nurserymen. An effort has been made in these two volumes to describe all the common exotic trees, as well as several of spe- cial interest. The 750 species of trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands described in the two volumes may be summarized by genera and plant fam- ilies in the tabulation below: Volume 1 Volume 2 Both Volumes Native species 178 369 547 Introduced species 72 131 203 Total species 250 500 750 Native genera 147 197 272 Introduced genera 38 76 104 Total genera 185 273 376 Native families 62 72 85 Introduced families 6 10 14 Total families 68 82 99 The largest plant families are listed below, with total number of tree species in both vol- umes, also introduced species in parentheses with asterisk (*). These 13 families, each with 15 or more species, contain 387 species, more than one-half the total of 750. Leguminosae, 70 (41*) Mimosoideae, 25 (14*) Caesalpinioideae. 21 (15*) Faboideae, 24 (12^ Myrtaceae, 54 (9*) Rubiaceae, 48 (6*) Euphorbiaceae, 36 (9*) ) Melastomataceae, 35 (1*) Rutaceae, 23 (10*) Sapotaceae, 22 (2*) Moraceae, 20 (11*) Lauraceae, 17 (4*) Bignoniaceae, 17 (8* Solanaceae, 15 (2*) Flacourtiaceae, 15 (3*) Palmae, 15 (5*) Largest genera are listed below with total number of tree species in both volumes, includ- ing introduced species also in parentheses with 14 asterisk (*). These 21 genera together have 189 species, more than one-fourth of the total. Eugenia, 26 (3*) Miconia, 17 Coccoloba, 12 Ficus, 12 (7*) Ilex, 9 Cordia,9 (2*) Ocotea, 8 Zanth ox Ilium, 8 Calyptranthes, 8 Cassia, 8(6*) Citrus, S (8*) Malpighia, 7 Guettarda, 7 A mem, 7 (3*) Erythrina,! (5^'0 Nectandra, 6 Cappaiis, 6 Solatium, 6 Antirhea, 6 Tabebuia,6 (2*) Annona, 6 (4*) An analysis of the geographic distribution of the tree species of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands contributes to an understanding of the relationships and origin. Urban (77, p. 675- 689) summarized the plant geographic affini- ties of the flora of Puerto Rico. Gleason and Cook (25, p. 12-20) discussed the development of the flora of Puerto Rico and plant migration. Analyses of the trees of Mona Island and the Luquillo Experimental Forest were made by Little (Jt9,51). Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands as oceanic islands arose in the geological past from sub- marine volcanoes on the ocean floor and have not been connected with a continent, according to geological references. Thus, the tree species reaching these islands had to migrate over long expanses of ocean. The 547 native tree species may be grouped into several classes according to their patterns of geographic distribution, approximately as follows : Also on continent, 229 species, 41.9% Puerto Rico to South America and Central America (also Mexico and/or Florida), 121 species, 22.1% Puerto Rico to South America (including Panama) only, 55 species, 10.1% Puerto Rico to Central America (or Mexico or Florida) , 53 species, 9.7% West Indies but not continent, 177 species, 32.4 %> Greater and Lesser Antilles (including Bahamas) only, 80 species, 14.6% Greater Antilles (including Bahamas and Virgin Islands) only, 77 species, 14.1% Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles only, 20 species, 3.7% Endemic to Puerto Rico and/or Virgin Is- lands, 141 species, 25.7% Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands only, 21 species, 3.8% Puerto Rico and adjacent island only, 6 species, 1.1%. Puerto Rico only, 109 species, 19.9% Virgin Islands only, 5 species, 0.9% Thus, according to the patterns of geographic distribution summarized above, many tree spe- cies of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are widely distributed in continental tropical Amer- ica. The main source of the original immigrants apparently was South America, because of the larger number of species in common, though Central America was another. Many other tree species are confined to the West Indies and apparently developed in an island after migration from the continent. Most of these are native on two, three, or all four of the Greater Antilles, which may have been connected at times. Perhaps of greatest interest are the tree spe- cies confined, or endemic, to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The tree species composing this class, more than one-fourth of the total, prob- ably evolved on one of these islands from an original immigrant. The large number is evi- dence both of relatively ancient age of the is- lands and their isolation. Also, the eastern and western mountains of Puerto Rico were isolated further by climate as though separate islands. ENDEMIC, RARE, AND ENDANGERED TREE SPECIES Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, like other oceanic islands isolated from continents, are rich in local and endemic plant species found nowhere else. It is important to prepare a list of these local tree species to determine which are rare and endangered and in need of meas- ures for protection. A compilation has been made from the ranges of the 547 native tree spe- cies in both volumes. Within the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Little (51) listed 61 tree species endemic to Puerto Rico, of which 26 were endemic to Lu- quillo Mountains or slightly beyond. Weaver (SO) cited 28 species including 18 of trees as endemic to the Luquillo Mountains and found in the dwarf forest. As summarized here, the endemic tree species total approximately 141 or 25.8 percent, of which about 79 may be classed as either rare or endangered. A more detailed report will be published separately. First, a few standard definitions. Endemic, or local, species are those whose natural range is local or limited to the area of study, usually small, and in this reference to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Rare species occur in small numbers, usually in limited range, or in such restricted or spe- cialized habitat that they could disappear, though not in immediate danger of extinction. Endangered species are in immediate danger of extinction and unlikely to survive without 15 special protection measures ; occurring in small numbers usually in limited range. Peripheral (border) species are rare at the edges of their ranges but not in danger of ex- tinction because of occurrence in greater num- bers elsewhere. Extinct species are no longer known to exist anywhere after search. Species that have dis- appeared from one island but not others are not extinct. Several tree species have ranges almost con- fined to Puerto Rico but have been found also in one or more nearby islands, such as the north- ernmost Lesser Antilles or Hispaniola. For ex- ample, Stahlia monospervia, long regarded as a species (and genus) endemic to Puerto Rico and Vieques, has been discovered also in eastern Hispaniola. These species have been excluded from the list of endemics. Also, the list may be reduced further by similar range extensions in the future and by union of species named inde- pendently on difi'erent islands. Of the 141 endemic, or local, tree species, 112 are described in this volume and followed by the letter (E) in "List of Tree Species" (pages iv-xiv). The 72 endemic species of this volume classed also as rare or endangered are further designated by the letter (R). Table 1 similarly lists the 29 endemic species of volume 1 and the 7 classed also as rare or endangered. Thus, 79 of the 112 endemics, or 70.5%, occur in small numbers usually in limited range and could disappear if not protected. The two volumes on trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands contain additional informa- tion about the 141 endemic tree species, particu- larly their distribution within the islands and their occurrence in public forests and parks. There are original drawings for 133, the first ever published for most of these. (Four of the 8 not illustrated are poorly known and not found in recent years.) However, water-color drawings of several endemic tree species by Frances W. Home appeared many years ago in Addisonia, accompanied by descriptions by Nathaniel L. Britton. The Spanish translation of the first volume {53) contains 6 endemics among its 48 color illustrations by the same artist. Most of these endemic species grow wild within one or more of the public forests of Puerto Rico. However, the 19 rare and en- dangered (E, R) species listed below are not found on any public forest or park but are con- fined to privately owned lands. The list should be reduced, because a few are poorly known or were named from incomplete or sterile speci- mens. 16 Calyptronoma rivalis Sabal cansiarum Acacia avegadensis Zanth oxylum th omasianum Malpighia shaferi Buxus vahlii Maytenns cymosa Sida eggersii Banara vanderbiltii Daphnopsis hellerana Calyptranthes kiaerskovii (Tortola only; flowers and fruits unknown ; not found) Calyptranthes portoricensis Calyptranthes th omasiana Eugenia hoqueroneyisis (fruit unknown; not found) Eugenia (?) corozalensis Britton (flowers and fruits unknown; not found) Eugenia serrasuela (flowers and fruits un- known ; not found since 1881) Eiigenia sessiliflora Antirhea portoricensis (weak species named in 1930, not distinguished, related to A. sintenisii) A ntirh ea sintenisii Of the list above, perhaps the rarest tree species in Puerto Rico is Banara vanderhiltii, represented by only 2 known trees on a farm near Bayamon. The rarest in the Virgin Is- lands may be Sida eggersii, now known from , 1 tree at Jost Van Dyke. The table below summarizes the numbers of endemic species native in several public forests. The endemic species are mostly in the mountain zone. Luquillo Experimental Forest has the highest number, 62 out of 141, including about 23 known only from Luquillo Mountains or also Carite. Maricao, Toro Negro, and Carite follow but have almost no local endemics. Guanica in the low dry zone has only 11 of the endemics and 1 apparently confined to that vicinity. Within public Known only from forest publ ic forest Luquillo 62 123 Maricao 52 2 Toro Negro 45 1 Carite 38 0 Susua 24 0 Guanica 11 1 • (A few of these also Carite.) Most of the 141 tree species endemic tc Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, designated by (E), are native only within Puerto Rico. However, about 30 species in the next three lists are present on other islands. These 6 tree species are known only from Puerto Rico and 1 adjacent island, as stated: Ficus stahlii (Mona) Malpighia shaferi (Vieques) Rheedia poitoricensis (Vieques) Eugenia xerophytica (Isia Muertos) Bunielia krugii (Vieques) Eupatorium portoricense (Vieques) The following 21 tree from Puerto Rico and al gin Islands : Acrocomia media Coceothrinax alta Roystonea borin- quena Neea buxi folia Erythrina eggersii Pictetia acideata Sabinea florida Zanthoxylum tho- masianu7n Croton rigidus Buxus vahlii species are known only so 1 or more of the Vir- Ilex urbaynana Maytcnus cymosa Reyuosia guama Ouratea littoralis Eugenia sessiliflora Psidium amplexica ule Miconia thoviasiana Liionia rubiginosa Ch rysoph yllum panci- fiorum Manilkara pleeana Cordia rickseckeri Four tree species are endemic to one or more of the smaller islands and obviously are en- dangered because of their very restricted area. Acacia anegadensis is confined to Anegada. Malpighia pallens is limited to St. Croix and Buck Island, though recorded also from Cuba. Sida eggersii is known now from only 1 tree at Jost Van Dyke, though it was named from Tor- tola and was collected twice at Culebra. Calyp- tranthes thomasiana occurs on St. Thomas and Vieques. A fifth species, Calyptranthes kiaer- skovii, was named in 1895 from a sterile speci- men from Tortola and has not been found or identified further. No endemic tree species of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands is known to have become extinct. Nearly all the endemic tree species named long ago from Puei'to Rico or the Virgin Islands have been found by later collectors in- cluding the present authors. Several not col- lected by Nathaniel L. Britton and associates during the preparation of the flora (10) have been rediscovered in recent years. Others prob- ably could be located after special search. How- ever, a few described from incomplete speci- mens, cited in the list above, have not been found. Specimens of Pleodendron macranthmn were collected by foresters in Luquillo Mountains in 1940 but not afterwards. As the habitat has been protected, this species probably could be located in a special search. Styrax portoricensis was found by one of the authors recently, not only in Luquillo Mountains but also in Carite, a range extension. One lost endemic, Goetzea elegans, was I'ediscovered by foresters in 1936 and was found on the Cambalache Experimental Forest in 1950 and later at other localities. Very few tree species new to science have been found in recent years in Puerto Rico and none in the Virgin Islands. After the comple- tion of the flora by Britton and Wilson (10), only the following 8 new tree species have been published from here by later authors : Linociera holdridgii Camp & Monachino (Lloydia2:223. 1939) Myrica hold)idgeana Lundell (Contrib. Univ. Mich. Herbarium 7 : 5. 1942) Licaria britfoniana Allen & Gregoi'y (Brit- toniaT: 267. 1951) Byrsonima wadsivortJiii Little (Phytologia 4:417, fig. 1953) Calyptranthes luquillensis Alain (Torrey Bot. Club Bui. 90: 189. 1963) Eugenia haematocarpa, Alain (Torrey Bot. Club Bui. 90: 190. 1963) Phialanthus grandif alius Alain (Torrey Bot. Club Bui. 92: 302. 1965) Alsophila bryophila Tryon (Rhodora 74 : 443, figs. 9-10. 1972) All 8 are endemic to Puerto Rico. Because of their restricted area, four of the above are classed also as rare and endangered (R), namely: Myrica holdridgeana, Calyptranthes luquillensis, Eugenia haematocarpa, and Lino- ciera holdridgii. Several other new species de- scribed as shrubs have not been included, though a few may be observed later to attain tree size. A few tree species of nearby islands were dis- covered also on Puerto Rico by nineteenth cen- tury collectors but were not found here by later collectors. Now all of these peripheral species have been rediscovered except Juglans jamai- censis and Urera caracasa.na. The last collec- tion of Juglans jamaicensis in Puerto Rico was in 1915. The forested area of its occurrence is now mostly in cofi'ee plantations. However, a careful search might be rewarding. This species is native of Hispaniola and Cuba and is not en- dangered. Urera caracasana, a species wide- spread on the continent and found also in the Lesser Antilles and Jamaica, was collected long ago in the Luquillo Mountains. It apparently was the ancestor of the endemic species U. chlorocarpa. In spite of thorough collecting during the past two centuries, a few range extensions of tree species new to Puerto Rico have been found in recent exploration. Conostegia hot- teana Urban & Ekman, of Haiti, was recorded from the Luquillo Mountains by Howard (35) and found also by Woodbury at Carite Forest. Alain Liogier (43, 44) has published a number of new plant records for Puerto Rico including 17 several tree species new to the island, most of which were collected independently by the au- thors. Examples are: Calyptranthes pallens, Chio7ie seminervis, Linociera lignstrina, Lu- yiania huchii, Solamim antillarum, Xylosma schaefferioides, and Zanthoxylum hifoliolatum. Woodbury found one tree of Pseiidophoenix sargentii at Mona Island. Besides the endemics, about 79 other species of native trees could be classed as rare or en- dangered in Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands. These additional rare or endangered species may be cited by number, as follows: 254, 268, 281, 285, 297, 300, 306, 314, 315, 318, 322, 324, 325, 335, 336, 338, 339, 341, 353, 375, 393, 394, 403, 406, 408, 409, 410, 417, 421, 423, 424, 436, 438, 450, 453, 458, 460, 476, 477, 489, 492, 494, 508, 510, 511, 528, 529, 531, 535, 539, 558, 574, 578, 593, 597, 599, 604, 606, 609, 612, 618, 630, 638, 643, 646, 654, 660, 663, 676, 677, 683, 695, 698, 719, 723, 724, 740, 745, 747. Common and scientific names may be found under "List of Tree Species" (pages iv-xiv). The native range elsewhere is stated under the description of each species. Thus, disappearance here would not mean extinction. Some are peripheral (border) species rare here at the edges of their ranges but more common on other islands. For many of these species the public forests and parks of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands provide protection, as well as accessible localities for study. Also, most of these species are not native elsewhere within the United States. Thus, about 158 tree species native in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, more than one- fourth or 28.8% of the total of 547, may be classed as rare or endangered here. About 79 are endemic and 79 also on other islands. The number of rare native tree species of Puerto Rico not yet discovered probably is very small. The native tree species of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, as accounted for in this 2-volume reference, are probably about as well known as those of any comparable area in tropical America. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Credit is due various persons of the United States Forest Service, past and present, for their assistance in preparing this book, first to Leslie R. Holdridge. He initiated the project, made extensive botanical collections, supervised drawing of numerous illustrations (also making a few), and wrote the two pre- liminary volumes (30, 31). In those volumes acknowledgment was made to assistance in the 18 preparation of the material by personnel of Work Projects Administration Official Project No. 165-2-36-20. The 460 line drawings of this volume were prepared at different times by several artists and botanists, whose aid is gratefully acknowl- edged. Many illustrations for both volumes were skillfully executed in the early 1940's by employees of the United States Forest Service ! and Work Projects Administration, among j them Francisco Roena Santiago and Jose I Gabriel Arroyo. While working on the first \ volume in 1954, Edwin C. Rivera S. made sev- [ eral illustrations for the second. In 1966 Edwin ! Villalon and Carmen M. Diaz prepared many. The remaining drawings were made in Wash- ington, D. C, by Suzanne Foster Manley, Hazel i M. Hartman, Marion D. Shoquist, and Barbara ' H. Honkala. About 10 others were prepared by ; Ruby Rice Little and Ellen de Jiirgenson for aj similar book on the common trees of Venezuela by the first author. The drawing of Castelol erecta is from Hooker (33, pi. 55), that of Eu-j phorhia cotinifolia from Dahlgren and Stand- ley (15), and that of the cone of Araiicario heterophylla from Barrett (6, fig. 6). Assistance of the New York Botanical Gar den, particularly the late Percy Wilson, in mak ing determinations of the earlier botanica 1 collections is appreciated. Acknowledgment i^ due the United States National Museum of Nat ural History for the privilege of examining th( large collections from Puerto Rico and the Virr gin Islands in the National Herbarium. Foresters, rangers, and others of both thi United States Forest Service and Common wealth Department of Natural Resources havt assisted the authors in field work and in vari ous other ways. Likewise, officials of the Na tional Park Service have been helpful at Buc'i Island National Monument and Virgin Island National Park. Katharina E. Birman aided i:i the compilation of data. Several specialists reviewed portions of th- manuscript. These include: David B. Lellingei'| Cyatheaceae; Robert W. Read, Palmae; Velv E. Rudd, Leguminosae; John J. Wurdack, M(. lastomataceae ; and Harold N. Moldenke, Verbet naceae. Hugh H. litis checked the names i j Capparaceae. The treatment of the genus Co( coloba (Polygonaceae), the third largest i number of native tree species, follows the rev sion of the Puerto Rican species by Howar (3Jf). Scientific names in Cyatheaceae follo^i the classification by Tryon (76). Rogers M" Vaugh reviewed the names in Myrtaceae. Luis F. Martorell reviewed the manuscrip assisted with the Puerto Rican common name and contributed notes on insect pests and di; eases. Alain H. Liogier, besides reviewing t\ manuscript, has contributed many commc names used in Hispaniola. Table 1. — Tree species of volume 1 endemic to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (E) and rare or endangered (R) . To be added to species so designated in List of Species of volume 2 (p. iv-xiv) . Palm family (Palmae) 4. Corozo, prickly-palm, Puerto Rico acrocomia, Acrocomia media 0. F. Cook (E, R) 5. Palma de coyor, Aiphanes acanthophylla (Mart.) Burret (E, R) 8. Palma de lluvia, Gaussia attennata (0. F. Cook) Beccari (E, R) 9. Palma real, royal palm, Puerto Rico i-oyalpalm, Roystonea borinquena 0. F. Cook (E) 10. Palma de sombrero, Puerto Rico palmetto, Sabal caiisiarum (0. F. Cook) Beccari (E, R) Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae) 34. Jagiiilla, Magnolia portoricensis Bello (E) 35. Laurel sabino. Magnolia splendens Urban (E) Laurel family (Lauraceae) 49. Nuez moscada, Ocotea nioschata (Meisn.) Mez (E) Rose family (Rosaceae) 57. Tcaquillo, Hirtella rugosa Pers. (E) Milkwort family (Polygalaceae) 117. Violeta, violet-tree, Polygala comeUii (Britton) Blake (E, R) Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) 120. Sabinon, Croton poecilanthus Urban (E) 126. Cedro macho, Hyeronima clusioides (Tul.) Muell.-Arg. (E, R) 129. Tabaiba, Sapium laurocerasus Desf. (E) Soapberry family (Sapindaceae) 142. Serrasuela. Thouinia portorice)isis Radlk. (E) 143. Ceboruquillo, Thouinia striata Radlk. (E) Mallow family (Malvaceae) 151. Maga, Montezuma speciosissima Sesse & Moc. (E) Tea family (Theaceae) 160. Maricao verde, Laplacea portoricensis (Krug & Urban) Dyer (E, R) Mangosteen family (Guttiferae) 165. Palo de cruz, Rheedia portoricensis Urban (E) Mezereon family (Thymelaeaceae) 177. Majagua brava, Daphnopsis philippiaiia Krug & Urban (E) Myrtle family (Myrtaceae) 185. Limoncillo, Calyptranthes krugii Kiaersk. (E) 191. GuayRhota, Eugenia stahlii (Kiaersk.) Krug & Urban (E) Melastome family (Melastomataceae) 196. Jusillo, Calycogonium squamulosmn Cogn. (E) 197. Camasey peludo, Heterotrichum cymosum (Wendl.) Urban (E) Sapodilla family (Sapotaceae) 212. Caimitillo verde, Micropholis garciniifolia Pierre (E) Borage family (Boraginaceae) 222. Muneco, Cordia borinqnensis Urban (E) Bignonia family (Bignoniaceae) 235. Roble cimarron, Tabebuia haemantha (Bert.) DC. (E) 237. Roble de sierra, Tabebuia rigida Urban (E) Madder family (Rubiaceae) 239. Quina, Antirhea obtusifolia Urban (E) 248. Juan tomas, Rondeletia portoricensis Krug & Urban (E) Volume 1: Endemic (E), 29 species; also rare or endangered (R), 7 species Volume 2: Endemic (E), 112 species; also rare or endangered (R), 72 species Totals: Endemic (E) 141 species; also rare or endangered (R), 79 species 19 FORESTS AND FORESTRY IN PUERTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS The trees native to Puerto Rico and the Vir- gin Islands, about 547 species, were found at the time of discovery in extensive and luxuriant forests. Whereas such forests have subse- quently all but disappeared, there is every rea- son to believe that at the time of Columbus' ar- rival the dominant vegetation throughout the islands, with the possible exception of a few small marshes, was forest. The reports of early voyageurs (1, 20, 57) all describe the islands as forest covered. Furthermore, in other regions of similar climate and soil the vegetation is forest wherever it has not been modified by man. The natural vegetation of Puerto Rico, in- cluding forests and plant successions, has been described by Gleason and Cook {25, 12), Dan- sereau and Buell {16), and others. Mapping of life zones as a basis for further identification of major categories of natural vegetation has recently been completed by Ewel and Whitmore {21a). THE VIRGIN FORESTS Description of the virgin forests of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands can now be only very approximate, since few relics remain in Puerto Rico and none in the Virgin Islands. Wherever partial cutting or complete deforesta- tion has once taken place, even where forests are subsequently allowed to redevelop, the rela- tive abundance of the different species suffers a marked change. The brief description repeated here from the first volume {52) is based upon a study of a few remaining virgin forests in Puerto Rico {78) and upon published descrip- tions of similar forests in nearby islands, par- ticularly those by Beard {7,8). The eight climax forest types or forest re- gions shown in figure 2 are described below with lists of the common trees. Reference is made primarily to Puerto Rico, and some spe- cies mentioned are not in the Virgin Islands. However, the general character of the vegeta- tion there was apparently as here described. The more important differences in the nat- ural vegetation of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands reflect variations in topography, cli- mate, and soil. The vegetation of the coastal plains was unlike that of the steeper slopes, and 20 a still different type of forest clothed the uppei most peaks. Differences in the total amount an seasonal distribution of precipitation produce i extreme differences between the forests of thi eastern mountains of Puerto Rico and those cm the southwest coast. Reduced moisture aval!! ability due to shallow soils, particularly in thi limestone regions, is manifest in the growth oi trees on such areas. The contrasts among thi various vegetative types are striking because oj the extreme range of conditions within shorr distances. Elevations range from sea level tt 4,398 feet, precipitation from 30 to 180 inchee annually, and soils from deep to very shallov* and from fine clays to coarse sands. Along the wind-swept seacoasts was a lo''^ scrubby littoral woodland so narrow and s- small in area that it is not shown in figure 'd Most of the trees in this woodland were smail and of poor form due to extreme exposure tij salt winds. On dry rocky slopes facing tMi southern or southwestern coasts, on Anegadsa on Mona, and other small outlying islands thi littoral woodland assumed the form of cactui scrub. In the more protected locations, particii larly on the north coast of Puerto Rico, gre^ trees of good timber species such as mari {Calophyllum calaba) , ausubo {Manilkara b deyitata), roble {Tabebida heterophylla) , an tortugo amarillo Sideroxylon foetidissimiim, One of the most prominent species near th| shore was uva de playa {Coccoloba uvifera] Along the shores of protected bays, lagoon and estuaries in an area too restricted to sho^ in figure 3 were dense stands of mangi'ove, th trees of only four species growing to a height c 60 feet or more. Five public forests borderin the coast, mapped in figure 4, still contain mai groves. In the water itself was mangle colorad {Rhizophora mangle). On the adjacent are normally subject to tidal flooding were mang. bianco {Laguncularia racemosa) and mang negro {Avicennia germinans). On the lan( ward side was mangle boton {Conocarpi erectus) . The strong durable timbers of mang Colorado and mangle boton were much used fc construction. On the coastal plain and lower slopes, up to a elevation of 500 feet or more in Puerto Ric and to the tops of most mountains of the Virgi Islands grew a forest which was largely ever- green but with some deciduous species, particu- larly in the drier coastal areas. At its best development, on the northern coastal plain of Puerto Rico, this forest attained 80 feet or more in height. Elsewhere, in the moist lime- stone region, on the south coast of Puerto Rico, and in the Virgin Islands, it was apparently shorter, from 40 to 60 feet tall. This forest consisted of two tree stories, each composed of distinct species. The lower story constituted a forest within a forest and depended upon the upper canopy for its existence. The vegetation varied in composition from place to place but it was everywhere a mixture of species. At least 200 tree species were present somewhere within the natural distribution of this forest. Within the area described are four distinct forest regions or ecological provinces, each giv- ing rise to a distinct type of forest. These re- gions or provinces, designated as moist coast, moist limestone, dry coast, and dry limestone, are shown in figure 3. The more common or characteristic species of the moist coastal forest included the following: side. In their places grew a few other species especially adapted to such conditions. The tree species of the dry coastal forest include: Acrocomia media Nectandra coriacea Hernmidia sonora Hyvienaea courharil Andira inermis Pterocarpus officinalis Zanthoxyhon martivicense Caloplnjllum calaba Mammea americana Manilkara. bidentata Sideroxylon foetidissimmn Citharexylimi fruticosnm Petitia domingensis Tabebuia heterophylla Genipa americana Guettarda scabra Randia acideata The moist limestone forest was similar to that along the coast and had many of the same species. The chief differences appear to be due to the drier soils on the well-drained limestone hills and the greater humidity in the protected areas between the hills, especially in the south- ern part of this area which is close to the central mountains. The tree species of the moist lime- stone forest include : Aiphanes acanthophylla Gaussia^ attenuata Coccoloba diversifolia Coccoloba pubescens Licaria salicifolia Zayithoxylmn martinicen.se Bursera simaruba Cedrela odorata Hyeronima clusioides Sapium laurocej-asus Thouinia striata Montezuma speciosissima Ochroma pyramidale Cliisia rosea Bucida buceras Tetrazygia eleag- noides Dipholis salicifolia Sideroxylon foetidissimum Guettarda scabra Terebraria resinosa Rayidia acideata Coccoloba venosa Capparis cynoph allo- phora Stall lia monosperma Lonchocarp us do min - gensis Pictetia acideata Erythroxylum areola- tum Guaia c utn officinale Polygala cowellii Ceiba pentandra Guazuma ulmi folia Canella winterana Bucida buceras Rauvolfia nitida Cordia nitida Citharexylum fruticosum In the limestone region of the south coast, as on the north coast, excessive soil drainage ac- centuates the dryness of the environment to a point that some species of trees cannot subsist. Others which are more hardy replace these. The trees of the dry limestone forest include : Pisonia albida Capparis cy)iophallo- pliora Pictetia acideata Guaiacum officinale G uaiacum, sanctum Amyris elemifera Bursera simaruba Gymnanthes lucida Thouinia portoricensis Colubrina arborescens Ziziphus reticulata Cephalocereus royenii Opuntia rubescens Bucida buceras Dipholis salicifolia Plumeria alba On the southern, dry side of Puerto Rico the more adverse moisture conditions excluded many of the tree species common on the north The coastal forests of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, unlike those of the other Greater Antilles, contained no mahogany {Swietenia mahagoni) . Widespread use of the wood and early introduction of the tree to these islands has led to a general impression that this species is native. However, whereas the young trees develop abundantly in Puerto Rico be- neath or near planted trees of this species, they are never encountered in native forest at any distance from such trees. Had the species been native, there would still be young trees through- out the coastal forests of the island without relation to the location of planted trees. It is extremely unlikely that it could ever have been exterminated, since aceitillo {Zanthoxylum flavum) , a tree in greater demand and with much weaker reproductive capacity than ma- hogany, is still to be found in remote forests. Typical mountain forests are confined to Puerto Rico, although a small patch of similar but unique forest is found on the top of Sage Mountain, Tortola. Between about 500 to 2,000 feet elevation in the eastern mountains, known as Luquillo Mountains, and to 3,000 feet in the central mountains or Central Cordillera, slightly higher on the south slope than on the north, was probably the most magnificent forest of Puerto Rico. Much of the original vegetation of this area is described as wet forest. At its maximum development this forest reached 110 feet in height, with trees to 8 feet in diameter. 21 Three forests of distinct size and composition grew together here, each forming a separate story of vegetation. Throughout the range of this type of forest there were probably about 170 tree species. Within the lower mountain area are two for- est regions or ecological provinces and corre- sponding distinct forest types. These provinces are designated as lower Cordillera and lower Luquillo. It is seen in figure 3 that the lower Cordillera province includes both the north and south lower slopes of the central mountains of Puerto Rico and the Sierra de Cayey and also the upper slopes of the disconnected Sierra de Atalaya in the northwest. The Luquillo Moun- tains are separate both geographically and ecologically from the Central Cordillera. The trees of the lower Cordillera forest in- clude the following: Cyathea arborea Cecropia peltata Ocotea leucoxylon Ocotea moscliata Hirtella rugosa Iiiga fagifolia Pithecellobmm arboreum Andira inermis Ormosia krngii Dacryodes excelsa Cedrela odorata Guarea guidonia Byrsoymna coriacea Dnjpetes glauca Cupania americana Meliosma herbertii Casearia arborea Homalium racemosum Buchenavia capitata Myrcia deflexa Dendropanax arbo- reus Didymoparmx morototoni Linociera doTningensis Cordia alliodora Cordia borinquensis Cordia sulcata Vitex divaricata Tabebuia heterophylla The forest of the lower slopes of the Luquillo Mountains is similar in general appearance to that in the Cordillera, but because of greater precipitation and higher humidity it is some- what more luxuriant, and several tree species are much more common here than elsewhere. The trees of the lower Luquillo province include the following: Cyathea arborea Cecropia peltata Beilschmiedia pendula Ocotea leucoxylon Ocotea moschata Hirtella rugosa Inga fagifolia Andira inermis Ormosia krugii Dacryodes excelsa Tetragastris balsami- fera Guarea guidonia Trichilia pallida Byrsonima coriacea Alchorneopsis portori- censis Drypetes glauca Sapium laurocerasus Cupania americana Meliosma herbertii Sloanea berteriana Ochroma pyramidale Casearia arborea Buchenavia capitata Myrcia deflexa Manilkara bidentata Linociera domingensis Cordia, borinquetisis Tabebuia heterophylla The similar forest on the top of Sage Moun- tain, Tortola, does not exceed 60 feet in height. 22 apparently because of a somewhat drier cl mate. It contains many species associated wit this forest in Puerto Rico and is dominated a most exclusively by bulletwood (Manilkara b dentata) . Farther up the slopes in Puerto Rico, extenc ing to near the tops of the peaks, was a sul tropical and lower montane rain forest. Her the temperature is lower, and rainfall, rangin from 100 to possibly 200 inches annually is s abundant as to produce swampy conditions an highly leached soils. The result was a compan tively poor forest about 60 feet tall and contaii ing about 60 tree species. This upper mountain forest is distinct in th Cordillera and the Luquillo Mountains pr marily because of more moist conditions in th latter. The common or characteristic tree spt cies of the upper Cordillera forest include : Cyathea arborea Prestoea montana Magnolia portoricen- sis Guatteria blainii Ocotea spathulata Brunellia comocladifolia Alchornea latifolia Turpinia panicidata Matayba domingensisi Clusia grisebachiana Calycogonium squamulosum Heterotrichum cymosum Micropholis chrysophylloides In the upper Luquillo Mountains the forest i similar to that of the Cordillera, but there arr in addition a number of species found only oi the Luquillo Mountains. The common tree spce cies of the upper Luquillo Forest include thii following : Cyathea arborea Prestoea montaym Magnolia spleyidens Ocotea spathidata Alchornea latifolia Croton poecilanthus Cyrilla racemifiora Matayba domingensis Clusia grisebachiana Calyptranthes krugii Eugenia borinquensii Calycogonium squamidosum Heterot7-ichum cymosum Micropholis ch rysophylloides Micropholis garciniifolia Tabebuia rigida One of the most prominent species in thee upper mountain forests is the sierra pah; (Prestoea montana) which forms extensive nearly pure stands on unstable soils. In th western part of the Cordillera and near I Yunque peak in the Luquillo Mountains grow Puerto Rico's only arborescent gymnosperm caobilla (Podocarpus coriaceus). On Puerto Rico's mountain peaks, abo\ 2,500 feet elevation, the forest is dwarfed to 2 feet or less in height. Little or no valuable tin ber is present in this forest, but tree species c interest include Weinmannia phinata and 5n ncllia comocladifolia. THE FORESTS OF TODAY The following description of today's forests has been revised from the first volume (52). Two trends in land use, since 1964, seem worthy of mention. The first is the continuing migra- tion of the rural population away from the lands which need the protection of tree growth. This movement, most pronounced in Puerto Rico, has given rise to the natural reforesta- tion of probably tens of thousands of acres formerly cultivated or pastured, in interior Puerto Rico, and also extensive areas in St. Croix. The other change, in part a direct result of the first, is the increasingly urban ownership of the rural lands. This trend has led to more residential development in formerly rural areas near the cities which now have be- come suburban, together with the decline of farming and the construction of roads and other facilities. The net eft"ects of this trend on the tree-covered area of these islands remain to be seen, but it may well lead to more, rather than less cover, since the viewpoint of urban or primarily residential owners is more favorable to natural vegetation than that of farmers con- cerned with making the soil produce crops. Within the total area of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, approximately 2,335,000 acres, there are about 945,000 acres covered by trees.' Of this, about 765,000 acres are covered by forests. This is a spectacular increase of more than 100 percent since the publication of the first volume, most of it apparently in the last five years. Part of this difference undoubtedly is due to improved estimates, but much of it can be explained only by the widespread, and everywhere evident reversion of abandoned farmlands to brush and forest. An additional 180,000 acres in Puerto Rico is covered by coffee shade forests, with much of it now abandoned as far as coffee production is con- cerned. It is thus seen that somewhat more than half of the land surface of Puerto Rico and the Vir- gin Islands is not in forests. Far more than this has been deforested at one time or another in the past. Less than one percent of the vegeta- tive cover of the islands (probably all of it in Puerto Rico) is in virgin, unmodified condition. The cutting of the forests, done partly to harvest their timber but more generally to clear land for farming, took place primarily in the 19th century. It eliminated tree growth from ■'■ The estimated areas in this chaptei' are based on a recent inventory of land use made by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources and official reports on agriculture in the United States Virgin Islands. Data on the British Virgin Islands are rough approximations, based upon personal observations in the area. the more fertile and accessible lands. The re- maining trees are located chiefly on steep slopes, rocky mountain summits, or where excessive shallowness, dryness, or wetness of the soil pre- cludes economic farming. Thus the best devel- oped forests have disappeared. Most of the forests remaining are those which reappeared after farming was abandoned on these poor lands. The remaining forests are nearly all very dif- ferent from those found by the early voyageurs. The most valuable trees, both as to species and as to size, have been removed. Few trees exceed 12 inches in diameter. Most of these are of species unused for purposes other than fuel, and thus of negligible value. These larger trees of inferior quality tend to suppress the develop- ment of any younger trees of more valuable spe- cies which may be growing beneath them. A number of the introduced exotic tree spe- cies have become natui'alized in the forests of the islands, now appearing as though native. Common naturalized species in the humid for- ests of Puerto Rico include pomarrosa { Eugenia jambos) , guayaba {Psidium gitajava), albizia (Albizia procera), emajagua [Hibiscus tilia- ceiis), almendra {Terminalia catappa) , bucayo gigante {Erythrina poeppigiana) , and tulipan africano (SpatJiodea campaiiulata). On the dry southwestern coast of Puerto Rico bayahonda (Prosopis juliflora) has become naturalized in pastures. In the United States Virgin Islands an outstanding naturalized tree in the forests (particularly in St. Croix) is Dominican ma- hogany iSwietenia mahagoni) and in pastures, tibet (Albizia lebbeck) . PUBLIC FORESTS AND PARKS The system of public forests in Puerto Rico is one of the Commonwealth's most important natural resources. With a total of 15 units, in- cluding some 88,000 acres, these forests are not only diverse but well distributed over the island (fig.4). Set aside primarily to protect soil and water values, these forest areas range from the larg- est mangroves along the seacoast to the highest peaks of the Central Cordillera and the Luquillo Mountains. They include the island's driest areas and its wettest. Ecologically the public forests are an un- equaled asset. They contain nearly all of the remaining virgin forest on the island. They in- clude representative areas of the major natural ecosystems. They contain, with few exceptions, all of the island's endemic tree and plant species in suflficient numbers to assure their survival despite continuing destruction of other forest areas. For most of the rare and endangered tree species, and for some of the wildlife as well. 28 o X! bo c a S o o be Pi o 3 Ph C o C 03 I § a: ^2 P 24 ^ z < 3 -3 ^ z < CO kj ^ / O k. t-H M ■ — -T3 O) C ■3 CLi 2 rt. w ; C . o w f3 ^ 0) o ° — fa .2 rt ;_( O) o a- > P ^ ^ J<^' o ;. bo 1-, O tC =tH -^ ll-S o rt ^ =« OS . -^^^ '> c3'~' a> 0) • ^ XI a -M 't^ T^ o ^ ma m "f 03 '2 t« S c3 c3 g i; t^ r- 0 a> c ~ O -, . M m C o OJ X e ;3 __ o w 1 > ° IM ^' ?: ^ <u « S ca s fa 25 these forests are currently their only protected habitat, and therefore their best base for sur- vival. In addition, they contain a large number of planted trees in timber plantations. And they are protected, available for study. The public forests in which each tree species is found are indicated in the text. The public forests are open and are being developed for recreational enjoyment as well as scientific use, to the extent that this does not jeopardize the protection of the resources. Some of the forests already have developed areas and facilities for picnicking, hiking, and other types of recreation. At least one of these forests is within a brief ride over a paved road from any point on the island. The Caribbean National Forest (Luquillo Ex- perimental Forest) is administered by the In- stitute of Tropical Forestry of the Forest Serv- ice, U. S. Department of Agriculture, with headquarters in Rio Piedras. The other public foi'ests are all administered by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources. One public forest area, the Estate Thomas Experimental Forest, exists on St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands (fig. 1). It contains 149 acres, mostly covered with natural mahogany forest, and is a base for the research program of the Institute of Tropical Forestry. Although small, it also has an area open to public enjoyment. The Virgin Islands have four national parks containing unusual forest vegetation and nu- merous tree species not subject to long-range protection elsewhere (fig. 2). These protected lands of mostly dry or seasonal forests are open to the public and accessible. The tree species known to grow within each area are noted in the text. The National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, administers two of these public parks. Buck Island Reef National Monument was established in 1961 primarily as an underwater park to preserve the beautiful barrier reefs of coral around most of the shore. This uninhabited island a mile long, containing 176 acres of protected forest vegetation, is lo- cated less than 2 miles north of the eastern part of St. Croix. Virgin Islands National Park, established in 1956 and also under the National Park Service, occupies nearly two-thirds of the island of St. John, a gross area of 14,418 acres. With moun- tains up to 1,277 feet altitude, it has large areas of several forest types and examples of nearly all tree species native on the island. Two national parks in the British Virgin Islands are administered by the National Parks Trust. On the island of Tortola is Sage Moun- tain National Park, about 50 acres in size. Sage Mountain, the highest peak in the Virgin Is- lands, has an altitude of 1,780 feet and supports a unique mountain forest. Gorda Peak National 26 Park contains undisturbed forest lands on the highest point of Virgin Gorda, altitude 1,371 feet. FOREST CONSERVATION The trees and forests of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are a valuable asset. The orna- mental value of trees around homes along the roadsides and in parks is apparent to all. Tree fruits provide valuable foods and important items of commerce. Forested areas in the mountains or along beaches offer peaceful shady environment for outdoor recreation andi on each of the islands constitute important tourist attractions. Not so apparent any more are the forests as a source of timber. The best trees of the orig- inal forests have been cut long since. Wood is no longer the dominant housing material, or is it even so commonly used on farms. Local fuel- wood and charcoal are no longer commonly used. The most persistent local forest product is the fence post, of which more than 10 million are used annually. The least obvious of the values of our forests is as important as any other, their capacity tc conserve soil and water resources. This pro- tective benefit from forest is unexcelled by any other crop. The forest litter reduces surface runofi" and erosion. The porous soil beneathi forests retains its maximum capacity to absort! rain water — water which may then appear gradually through clear springs rather than ir the form of muddy torrents. The importance of the trees and forests oi Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands is not sc much a matter of their present contribution as> it is a question of what they might contribute Past cutting of trees and land clearing have reduced these resources to a fraction of their potential. In recognition of the possibility oil enhancing local forest resources, several con- servation measures have been taken. A briei: history of this activity, confined largely tc Puerto Rico, is pi'esented here. There is little record of actual accomplish- ments in forest conservation in Puerto Riccc prior to 1900. Sixteenth century Spanish laws reflecting the scarcity of forests in Spain, werf( generally unrealistic for the completely forestecl island of Puerto Rico. Clearing of forests for farming was then needed, rather than preserva- tion of the forests. Possibly the first indication of official interesll in forest conservation within Puerto Rico was ii government circular of 1824 recommending that strips of trees be left along and at tht source of streams (71) . The first appropriatior of public funds for forestry in Puerto Rico h recorded for 1860 (70). Public forest reserve.' were established in 1876 (H), and a forest de- partment existed in the colonial government during the rest of the century. The extent and condition of the island's forest resources, as described at the end of that period, testify that conservation efforts to that time were not very effective. The first step toward forest conservation in Puerto Rico during the present century was the proclamation of the Luquillo Forest Reserve in 1903. This area was surveyed in 1916 and proved to contain about 12,400 acres. The tfnited States Forest Service appointed a super- visor to administer this forest in 1917. In the same year the Puerto Rico Forest Service was established and by 1920 was x-esponsible for the protection of more than 26,000 acres of un- alienated forest lands in the mangroves, at Guanica and Maricao, and on Mona Island. Forestry activities were materially expanded with the advent of the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1935. Since that time the area of Fed- eral forest lands has increased to about 28.000 acres in the Caribbean National Forest (Lu- quillo Experimental Forest). The Common- wealth now administers about another 64,000 acres in Commonwealth Forests (Bosques Estatales). The public forests of Puerto Rico were set aside to serve a number of purposes : to protect the soil on steep rainy mountain slopes and else- where as needed, such as in the mangroves, to conserve water in the headwaters of watersheds in which the minimization of flooding is critical, to protect forms of native wildlife which re- quire extensive forest habitat as a refuge, to provide areas for the outdoor recreation and education of the community, and to demonstrate the production of needed timber crops where this is compatible with the conservation of the other forest values mentioned. To achieve these objectives the public forests of Puerto Rico have been manned with pro- tective and managerial personnel. Boundaries have been identified and monumented. Road and trail systems and ranger stations have been built. Some 22,000 acres within these lands have been reforested. About 8,500 acres of nat- ural forest and plantations have been treated silviculturally to thin out undesirable trees or to harvest those mature. The yield to date has been more than 2,500,000 cubic feet of timber. Eleven recreation areas have been built for the use of the public. These improvements represent a total investment of about $20,000,000. The progress of forest conservation in Puerto Rico depends more on what happens outside the public forests than what is done within them. In effect they are merely publicly set examples intended to lead other owners of other lands to good practices. The critical condition of these lands is apparent when it is recognized that the public lands barely make up 10 percent of the more than 850,000 acres of lands which, because of climate, slope, or soil are best suited for a permanent forest cover. The location of the main concentrations of the lands which should remain forested is indicated in Figure 4 (shaded). Almost none of these lands are sub- ject to forest management ; more than half of them are not even forested. The areas are now more extensive than when mapped earlier (vol. 1, fig. 4, from Koenig (41, p. 115)). The Federal and Commonwealth govern- ments work together to foster proper conserva- tion of all of these lands which should be kept forested. The Department of Natural Resources provides planting stock and technical assistance to landowners. The Agricultural Extension Service, the Soil Conservation Districts, and the Soil Conservation Service also participate. The Forest Service conducts needed research and provides the results for direct use. This re- search program includes the search for better tree species and their productivity potential, improved techniques for tree propagation, planting, weeding, and plantation management and utilization of forest products. In the Virgin Islands a few old laws exist re- garding the protection of trees along streams, but in the course of time these islands, both the British and United States, became almost com- pletely deforested to the tops of the mountains. However, in the United States islands extensive secondary forests have developed with the de- cline in population and agriculture which took place in the past 60 years. Possibly the outstanding early development which is of significance to forestry was the in- troduction of Dominican mahogany {Swietoua maliafjo)n) into St. Thomas and St. Croix. This introduction, judging by the size of some of the older trees on St. Croix, must have been made at least 200 years ago. In all probability, some of these initial introductions now stand along Mahogany Road. A planting in the hills southwest of Christiansted, St. Croix (probably as shade trees in the estate yard at Bellevue), has given rise to natural regeneration of ma- hogany covering some 300 adjacent acres — most of it in sugar cane until 1928. Isolated pockets on St. Croix bring the total acreage of natural mahogany on this island to about 400. A limited government program of tree plant- ing was carried out in St. Thomas in the early 1930's, administered from Puerto Rico. Un- doubtedly some of the younger mahoganies on that island are a result. Nevertheless, this spe- cies is relatively unknown in St. John and Tortola. Since 1956, the U. S. Government has sup- ported a full-time forestry program in the U. S. Virgin Islands, initially through the Virgin 27 Islands Corporation and subsequently through the Forest Service, recently in cooperation with the Territorial Department of Agri- culture. About 250,000 mahogany and teak seedlings have been propagated on St. Croix during these 16 years, and planted on nearly 100 rough, mostly steep slopes on both private and public lands. In addition, many thousands of mahogany and other seedlings have been made available to the public as orna- mentals. A 1967 Conservation Needs Inventory shows 20,000 acres of the Virgin Islands as suit- able for forestry. Twenty-nine active studies place special emphasis on the establishment, growth rate, quality, and disease resistance of mahogany. Hybrids of Honduras {Sivietenia macrophylla) and West Indies mahogany (S. mahagoni) are being identified for their su- perior growth rate and desirability for specialty wood products. Estate Thomas Experimental Forest was established in St. Croix in 1963 and in addition, Federally owned lands at Ham Bluff and Sion Ridge are available for demonstration and re- search. Four thousand roadside trees planted within the last 15 years are given some protec- tion and maintenance — in addition to the older trees established under the Danish regime, and later under the U. S. Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930's. Encouragement is given plantations on private lands through a special tax rebate program which allows tax advan- tages to landowners who manage their planta- tions. The establishment of Virgin Islands National Park in 1956 was an important step in forest conservation. Occupying nearly two-thirds of St. John, this park assures the continued preser- vation of forests and other natural vegetation and wildlife on one island. Besides providing recreation, watershed protection, wildlife habi- tats, and other values, these forested areas pre- serve rare species from extinction and are available for comparison with managed forests and nonforested lands, also for education and research. The report on forestry in the British Virgin Islands by Beard (7) in 1945 contains a de- scription of the forests, recommendations for the forest policy, and a land utilization map.;. These islands, totaling 67 square miles in area.;, have a relatively low rainfall and vegetation mostly of dry or deciduous seasonal forest andi thorn bush and scrub. However, Sage Moun tain on Tortola has higher precipitation andi mountain or rain forest of larger trees, partlyv cut. Additional descriptions of the forests andd other vegetation with plant lists have been madce for the islands of Tortola and Anegada bjv D'Arcy {17, 18). The two national parks in the British Virgirn Islands, Sage Mountain near the summit ol* Tortola and Gorda Peak on the highest part olfi Virgin Gorda, are important in forest conserva-i- tion. These areas have many beneficial valuess of forest preserves, such as watershed protec:- tion, and could be developed also for recreationi. Plantations of mahogany have been made ora Sage Mountain by the Agriculture Departmentti 28 LITERATURE CITED (1) Ahbad y Lasierra, Inigo. 1866. Historia geografica, civil y natural de la isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico. Imprenta y Liberia de Acosta San Juan. 508 p. (2) Adams, C. D. 1972. Flowering plants of Jamaica. 848 p. Univer- sity of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica. (3) Allen, Caroline K., and Gregory, Luis E. 1951. A new species of Licaria from Puerto Rico. Brittonia 7: 267-269, illus. (4) Barrett, Mary F. 1956. Common exotic trees of South Flo)ida (Di- cotyledons). 414 p., illus. Gainesville. (5) Barrett, 0. W 1925. The food plants of Porto Rico. P. R. Dep. Agric. J. 9: 61-208. (6) Barrett, Wilfredo H. G. 1958. Las plantas cultivadas en la Republica Argen- tina; Araucariaceas. Vol. 1, fasc. 19, 26 p., illus. Argentina Inst. Bot. Agric. (7) Beard, J. S. 1945. Forestry in the Leeward Islands: The British Virgin Islands. 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Agric. 55: 478-505, illus. 31 SPECIAL LISTS Tree species of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands with some distinctive character, special feature, or use in common have been grouped together in various lists. These lists may be helpful in identification, in locating trees with useful products, and in selecting species for planting. Special Lists for the common trees were pub- lished in the first volume (pages 19-20). Simi- lar lists for the trees of the second volume are listed below. The less common native trees and the many small trees may have fewer uses, par- ticularly for wood products. However, some would make attractive ornamentals. Introduced trees have their special uses. The tree species are cited by their numbers to save space. Common and scientific names may be found under "List of Tree Species" (pages iv-xiv). POISONOUS TREES Poisonous trees with toxic fruits, seeds, OR LEAVES.— 257, 431, 444, 448, 480, 665, 668. Poisonous trees with irritating sap. — 440-443 (Euphorbia), 449-450 (Sapium) , 455- 456 (Comocladia) . Poisonous trees with irritating hairs. — 299-301 (nettle family), 421, 423-427 (Mal- pig Ilia), 4S^, 506. APPEARANCi.. AND TRUNK Giant trees. — (reaching 100 feet or 4 feet in trunk diameter). — 363, 500. Large buttresses. — 295, 388, 481, 587, 640, 645, 648. Prop roots (stilt roots). — 264, (Fie us), 51S. Unbranched stem. — 251-256 family), 257, 265-272 (palm family) (lilyfamily),276, 447, 456. Horizontal branching. — 259, 260 493, 528. Spiny trunk or branches. — 251, 299-301 (nettle family), 307, 355, 369, 376, 378-381 {Erythrina), 385, 403-407 {Zanthoxylum) , 408, 429, 452, 490, 491, 500, 501, 525, 526, 534, 539 (cactus family), 542, 544, 54d, 681, 684, 698, 699, 705, 733. 32 in height 388, 499, 494, 506, 288-291 (tree-fern , 273-275 , 355, 385, 25-5, 287, 359, 365, 395, 396, 441, 442, 535, 537- 536, 676, Peeling, smooth, mottled bark. — 583, 586 588, 590. COLORED SAP OR LATEX White or milky sap or latex. — 287-29i| (mulberry family), 432, 440-443 {Euphorhia)l 449, 450, 455, 456, 636-647 (sapodilla family)) 664-668 (dogbane family), 669. Yellow or orange sap or latex. — 342, 4^4 435, 517-520 (mangosteen family). Reddish sap or latex. — 388. LEAVES Very large leaves (more than 1 foot lonj including compound leaves). — 251-256 (tre»t] fern family), 257, 264, 265-272 (palm family ( 273-275 (lily family), 276, 290, 291, 312, 32i; 342, 388, 415, 448, 456, 546, 601, 623, 647. Spiny leaves.— 251, 252, 255, 274, 416, 43;ii 455, 488, 508, 698, 699, 729. Leaves reduced to scales or none. — 2611 263 (cypress family), 277, 278, 441-443 {Ei phorbia) , 521, 537-539 (cactus family). Fragrant or aromatic leaves (with odcj when crushed).— 279. 280, 283, 284, 325-34^ (laurel family), 353, 396, 397, 398, 399, 40 549, 551, 556, 559, 560, 563, 565, 580, 581, 58 587, 588, 590. FLOWERS White showy flowers. — 274, 275, 367, 39 399, 497, 502, 537, 543, 545, 546, 583, 665, 66 667, 671, 673, 687-690 (Brunfelsia) , 718, 72 732. Yellow showy flowers. — 369, 373, 37 495, 496, 497, 508, 509, 510, 668, 706, 707. Orange showy flowers. — 674, 675. Pink showy flowers. — 371, 501, 505, 54 665, 708. Red showy flowers.— 369, 378, 379, 38' 381, 446, 496, 497, 543, 545, 547, 551, 623, 66 731. Blue or purple showy flowers. — 366, 36 389, 622, 684, 685. Very fragrant flowers. — 395, 396, 3S 399, 508, 509, 544, 659, 666, 667, 680, 713. Unpleasant odors (foliage, flowers, fruits)— 320, 506, 547, 561, 572, 573, 743. FRUITS Very large fruits (more than 6 inches long and 4 inches broad or more than 1 foot long) . — 264, 366, 367, 371, 374, 395, 396, 499, 502, 547, 647, 700, 704, 706. Fruit a beanlike pod. — 343-347 (Cap- paris), 354-389 (legume family), 664-666 (dogbane family), 700, 704. 706-709 (bignonia family). USES Native timber trees.~332, 334, 341, 657, 730. Medicinal trees (U. S. Dispensatory or Pharmacopoeia).— 283, 326, 327, 328, 357, 376, 387, 400, 410, 444, 448 495, 503, 530, 544, 545, 583, 665, 668, 749. Medicinal trees (U. S. Pharmacopoeia or Dispensatory) .—326, 387, 444, 448, 503, 530, 749. Edible wild fruits.— 294, 295, 307, 320, 324, 349, 468, 486, 487, 488, 491, 551, 570, 571, 588. 599-614 (Micovia). Edible other parts (stems, leaves, flowers, young fruits, seeds).— 257, 274, 275, 433. PLANTING LISTS Trees for forest plantations. — 258, 260, 261, 353, 376, 377, 415, 496, 559, 560, 656, 700, 712. Trees for windbreaks. — 277, 278. Trees for shores (salt resistant). — 264, 349,517,521,546,665,711. Trees for dry areas and poor sites. — 260, 376, 377, 521. Trees for living fenceposts. — 378, 380. Cultivated fruit trees. — 303, 319, 350, 390, 395-397 (citrus), 398, 426, 480, 490, 519, 520, 526, 527, 580, 647, 721. Shade trees for coffee and cacao. — 364. Ornamental trees.^ — 251-256 (tree-fern family), 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 282, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 302, 312, 313, 326, 327, 328, 362, 366, 367, 368, 369, 371, 373, 374, 379, 381, 389, 399, 401, 402, 411, 446, 448, 457, 490, 493, 495, 496, 497, 499, 501, 502, 503, 505, 507, 508, 509, 517, 521, 530, 537, 543, 544, 546, 547, 551, 583, 619, 622, 623, 626, 658, 659, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 673, 674, 675, 684, 685, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 693, 694, 700, 703, 704. 705, 706, 707, 708, 711, 718, 721, 731, 732, 748, 749. Ornamental trees also producing effec- tive shade.— 260, 364, 377, 388, 414, 431, 517, 546. Ornamental trees also producing edible fruits.— 296, 349, 350, 363, 390, 490, 493, 506. 537, 545, 580, 748. Ornamental trees also producing val- uable TIMBER.— 260, 377, 388, 496, 708, 718. 33 KEY TO FAMILIES When the plant family of a tree is not known, this key to the families of the trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands aids identification. Ninety-nine plant families are included, all 85 with native plants and also 14 others with com- mon introduced trees. This key is slightly revised and enlarged from that of the first volume (p. 21-27) , which contained 87 families. The 12 additions, mostly representing introduced or shrubby trees are: Cycadaceae, Araucariaceae,* Cupressaceae,* Pandanaceae,* Liliaceae, Musaceae, Myrica- ceae, Papaveraceae, Oxalidaceae, Buxaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Gesneriaceae. Also, the family Podocarpaceae has been separated from Taxa- ceae. Keys to species are included in both volumes. The first volume has keys to the 250 species il- lustrated. All 35 families with 2 or more species illustrated have keys to those species. This second volume has keys to all 750 species of both. However, no further keys are needed for the 29 families represented by a single spe- cies, 13 in the first volume and 16 others in the second. The key to species covering both vol- umes follows the paragraph of family descrip- tion. For the 250 species of the first volume the names of authors, also the preferred Spanish and English common names, have been added. Several genera have been included in the key to families also. If a plant family has only 1 or 2 genera of native trees, these generic names are cited after the family name. Also, several genera difi'ering slightly from the main char- acters of their families have been inserted sepa- rately. However, this artificial key may not provide for a few odd genera and extreme vari- ations. Introduced or exotic genera and fam- ilies are indicated by an asterisk (*). Keys are outlines or shortcuts for identifying trees or specimens by the process of elimina- tion. Thus, trees are divided into two groups according to one or more pairs of contrasting characters. Each group is divided successively into two smaller groups until the name is reached. The name of a particular specimen is found through selection, one by one, of the group which fits and by elimination of the others. In these indented keys, paired groups are designated by the same letter, single and double, beginning with "A" and "AA" at the left of the page and are equally indented by steps. The page number refers to the descriptive text, the 34 beginning of the family in volume 2 or th genus listed. An unpublished card key to families of Wes Indian trees by the first author has served a the basis for this one. Nontechnical character and those readily observed have been emphs sized. The descriptive terms are defined unde the topic "Explanation of Botanical Terms- (p. 12). One character used in the key, presence o absence of stipules (one or two scales at thi base of a leaf) , may be difficult to determine be cause the stipules sometimes are minute or shei early. Stipules can be examined best in the buiij and immature leaves near the stem tip. Upo shedding, the stipules leave a scar, which als may be minute. Vegetative characters, especially those ( leaves, are placed first in the key. Some plai families of trees can be recognized or identifie by certain combinations of vegetative chara^ ters alone. However, many kinds of tropic;^ trees have foliage of similar appearance. For positive identification of many familieel the reproductive characters of flowers, fruitt; and seeds are needed. Even when these aii lacking, old fruits may be located on dei branches or on the ground, and one tree may It found flowering out of season. Some steri specimens, those lacking flowers or fruits, cii be identified to family by the vegetative cha.| acters beginning the key. If not, the key w eliminate many families. Then identificati( can be continued by consulting the descriptio: and drawings for the remaining families. The key to families is divided into four par according to the arrangement or position of t' leaves and the number of blades. Parts 1 and are for trees with alternate leaves, that is, i tached singly or 1 at a point on a twig (node Parts 3 and 4 are for trees with opposite leav(t that is, paired or 2 at a node, and also the with whorled leaves, 3 or more at a node. Pai 1 and 3 are for trees with simple leaves, with blade, and Parts 2 and 4, trees with compou leaves, divided into 3 or more blades (rar( only 2). The first step in using this key to families to place the unknown tree or specimen in one the four groups listed below. Then continue t key under the part or group on the page cit( Part 1. Leaves alternate, simple (p. 35) . Part 2. Leaves alternate, compound (p. 39) Part 3. Leaves opposite, simple (p. 40). Part 4. Leaves opposite, compound (p. 41). PART 1. LEAVES ALTERNATE, SIMPLE A. Seeds exposed or naked; flowers and fruits not produced; leaves needlelike, scalelike, lance-shaped, or narrowly ovate, thickened, without visible lateral veins (gymnosperms, conifers). B. Leaves lance-shaped, with midvein; seed exposed on 2-lobed red fleshy base — -Podocarp Family (Podo- carpaceae; Podocarpus; fomierly under Yew Family, Taxaceae) , vol. 2, p. 54. BB. Leaves narrowly ovate, needlelike, or scalelike, without midvein ; seeds often winged, boi*ne above scales of a hard woody cone — Araucaria Family ( Araucariaceae;* Agathis,* Araucaria*) , vol. 2, p. 54. AA. Seeds enclosed in fruits maturing from flowers; leaves various (angiospemis or flowering plants). C. Leaves parallel-veined; trunk unbranched or with few stout branches (very slender branches in bamboo), not increasing in diameter (monocotyledons). D. Leaves with very long petiole and with large blade more than 1 foot wide. E. Leaves palmlike, fan-shaped, spreading around apex of trunk — Palm Family (Palmae), vol. 2, p. 68. EE. Leaves bananalike, nari'owly oblong, in 2 vertical rows along trunk — Banana Family (Musaceae; Rai'enala*) , vol. 2, p. 86. DD. Leaves mostly without i)etiole and with narrow blade less 6 inches wide. F. Leaves borne singly, grasslike, divided into sheath and blade; bamboo — Grass Family (Gramineae; Bamhiisn*) , vol. 2, p. 66. FF. Leaves crowded, not divided into sheath and blade. G. Leaves arranged in a spiral; trunks spreading, supported by prop roots — Screw-pine Family (Pandanaceae,* I'aiidaniis*) , vol. 2, p. 66. GG. Leaves spreading in all directions; trunks erect, without prop roots — Lily Family (Liliaceae; Dracaena,* Yucca*), vol. 2, p. 80. CO. Leaves vi^ith veins forming network or inconspicuous, sometimes reduced to scales or none; trunk becoming branched, increasing in diameter (dicotyledons). H. Leaves reduced to scales or none. L Stems succulent, mostly spiny. J. Sap whitish or milky — Eiii>horhia, vol. 1, p. 270; vol. 2, p. 408. JJ. Sap watery — Cactus Family (Cactaceae), vol 2, p. 598. IL Stems wirelike, not spiny, with minute scale leaves 1 at a node — Tamarisk Family (Tamarica- ceae;* Tamarix*) , vol. 2, p. 568. HH. Leaves larger, with flat green blade. K. Sap or latex colored. L. Sap whitish or milky (sometimes darkening upon exposure). M. Stipules pi'esent (sometimes minute or falling early, leaving a scar) ; flowers unisexual. N. Stipule large, 1 at node, forming long-pointed bud; leaf blade without gland at base; nodes mostly with rings; female flowers with 2 or 1 style — Mulberry Family (Moraceac) , vol. 2. p. 106. NN. Stipules mostly small, 2 at node, not forming bud; leaf blades often with 2 or 1 gland at base; nodes without rings; female flowers with ?, styles — Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae), vol. 2, p. .384. MM. Stipules none. O. Leaves palmately lobed; flowers mostly unisexual — Papaya Family (Caricaceae;* Car/m*), vol."2, p. .5.98. 00. Leaves not lobed; flowers mostly bisexual. P. Corolla of 3-5 separate petals — Cashew Family ( Anacardiaceae) , vol. 2, p. 436. PP. Corolla tubular, of united petals. Q. Stamens opposite corolla lobes; fruit a berry, borne singly — Sapodilla Family (Sapotaceae) , vol. 2, p. 774. QQ. Stamens alternate with corolla lobes; fruits (drupes or follicles) usually paired, 2 from a flower — Dogbane Familv ( Apocynaceae) , vol. 2, p. 826. LL. Sap not whitish. R. Sap orange. S. Leaves with midvein and many toothed lateral lobes — Poppy Family (Papavera- ceae; Bucconia) , vol. 2, p. 216. SS. Leaves palmate-veined, not lobed or toothed — .Anatto Family (Bixaceae;* Bixa*), vol. 2, p. 568. RR. Sa)) reddish — Coccoloba uvifera, vol. 1, p. 82. KK. Sap watery. T. Nodes with rings. U. Stipules present. V. Stipules forming sheath around twig — Buckwheat Familv (Polygonaceae) , vol. 2, p. 148. VV. Stipules enclosing bud, soon shedding. W. Leaves pinnate-veined, elliptic — Magnolia Family (Magnoliaceae; Mag- ]wlia), vol. 2, p. 168. WW. Leaves palmate-veined, with 7-11 main veins from base, nearly round. X. Leaves heart-shaped, not lobed — Mallow Family (Malvaceae; Hibis- cus) , vol. 2, p. 516. 35 XX. Leaves very large, umbrellalike, with 7-11 rounded lobes — Cecropia, vol. 1, p. 66. UU. Stipules none — Pepper Family (Piperaceae; Piper), vol. 2, p. 90. TT. Nodes without rings. Y. Leaves in 2 rows along twig. Z. Leaves with swelling where petiole joins blade — Elaeocarpus Family (Elaeocar- paceae; Sloaiten) , vol. 2, p. 512. ZZ. Leaves without swelling on petiole. a. Stipules none; flowers with many pistils often uniting to form 1 large many- seeded fruit — Aiinona Family ( Annonaceae) , vol. 2, p. 170. aa. Stipules present (sometimes minute or shedding early, leaving scar) ; flowers with 1 pistil, b. Flowers unisexual or mostly so, petals none. c. Leaves asymmetrical; styles 2; fruit 1-seeded — Elm Family (Ulma- ceae; Celtis, Tremn) , vol. 2, p. 104. cc. Leaves symmetrical; styles 3; fruit a few-seeded capsule — Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae), vol 2, p. 384. bb. Flowers bisexual ; petals usually present. d. Petals 5, hood-shaped (sometimes none) ; stamens 5, opposite petals and often within; fruit with 1-4 seeds — Buckthorn Family (Rham- naceae), vol. 2, p. 498. dd. Petals 3-7, broad (sometimes none) ; stamens 5 to many; fruit with few to many seeds, e. Stamens 5-15, united toward base or borne on stalk — Chocolate Family (Sterculiaceae) , vol. 2, p. 532. ee. Stamens many, mostly separate. f. Leaves symmetrical, with 1 midvein from base — Flacourtia Family (Flacourtiaceae) , vol. 2, p. 570. ff. Leaves asymmetrical, \vith 3 main veins from very oblique base —Muntingia* vol. 2, p. 512. YY. Leaves in more than 2 rows along twig. g. Leaves with minute gland dots (seen with lens), h. Leaves not aromatic. i. Gland dots both large and small — Myoporum Family (Myoporaceae; * Bovtia*), vol. 2. p. 910. ii. Gland dots uniformly small — Myrsine Family (Myrsinaceae), vol. 2, p. 766. hh. Leaves aromatic, with distinctive odor when crushed. j. Gland dots orange or yellow, on surface; leaves small, toothed on edges — Waxmyrtle Family (Myricaceae; Myrica),Yo\. 2, p. 98. jj. Gland dots not orange or yellow, beneath surface; leaves various. k. Flowers with numerous separate stamens — -Myrtle Family (Myrta- ceae), vol. 2, p. 622. kk. Flowers with 12 or fewer stamens or if many, united in tube. 1. Stamens with anthers opening by pores with lids; leaves mostly elliptic with side veins long and curved; odor and taste of spices Laurel Family (Lauraceae), vol. 2. p. 182. 11. Stamens with anthers splitting open lengthwise. m. Leaves with odor and taste of citrus; stamens large, separate —Rue Family (Rutaceae), vol. 2, p. 320. mm. Leaves with peppery, stinging taste; stamens minute, united into a tube — Canella Family (Canellaceae; Canella, Plen- devdron) , vol. 2, p. 570. gg. Leaves without minute gland dots. n. Stipules present (sometimes minute or shedding early, leaving scar). o. Stipule a pointed scale above petiole, persistent — Coca Family (Erythro- xylaceae; Erythroxylum) , vol. 2, p. 314. 00. Stipules outside petiole. p. Leaves lobed. q. Leaves with 2 rounded lobes at apex and 13 or 11 veins from heart-shaped base — Bnnhinin, vol. 1, p. 168; vol. 2, p. 266. qq. Leaves deeply palmately lobed with mostly 5 long-pointed, finely toothed lobes — Cochlospei'mum Family (Coclospermaceae; * Cochlospermuyn *), vol. 2, p. 568. pp. Leaves not lobed. r. Leaves long, very narrow, finely toothed — Willow Family ( Salica- ceae; * Salix *'), vol. 2, p. 96." rr. Leaves broad, mostly not toothed. s. Flowers minute. t. Flowers unisexual. u. Leaves with stinging hairs — Nettle Family (Urtica- ceae; Urera) , vol. 2, p. 132. UU. Leaves without stinging hairs. V. Female flowers usually without petals, with 3 or 2 styles; fruit a drupe or capsule — Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae), vol. 2, p. 384. vv. Female flowers with usually 4 petals, 4 stigmas; fruit a berry with 4 nutlets — Holly Family (Aquifoliaceae; Ilex), vol. 2, p. 442. 36 tt. Flowers bisexual. w. Ovary inferior — Ginseng Family (Araliaceae; Dendro- panax) , vol. 2, p. 752. WW. Ovary superior — Bittersweet Family (Celastraceae) , vol. 2, p. 458. ss. Flowers larger, often showy. X. Fruits 2-5 from flower, herrylike, black, borne on an en- larged red disk; flowers yellow — Ochna Family (Ofhna- ceae; Ochna* Ouratea), vol. 2, p. 540. XX. Fruit 1 from a flower. y. Leaves pinnate-veined; flowers with cuplike base bear- ing sepals, 5 petals, and mostly many separate sta- mens— Rose Family (Rosaceae), vol. 2, p. 230. yy. Leaves palmate-veined (pinnate-veined in Quararibea, vol. 1, p. 33(5), flowers with parts inserted at base, stamens many, united into a column around pistil. z. Flowers with unbranched style — Bombax Family (Bombacaceae) , vol. 2, p. 524. zz. Flowers with style having mostly 5 branches — Mallow Family (Malvaceae), vol. 2, p 516. nn. Stipules none. A. Ovary inferior. B. Leaves palmate-veined, petiole joining blade usually above base — Hernandia Family (Hernandiaceae; Herwnidia) , vol. 2, p. 214. BB. Leaves pinnate-veined. C. Corolla none or minute — Combretum Family (Combretaceae) , vol. 2, p. 622. CC. Corolla present. D. Flowers and fruits small, less than IM inches long and wide. E. Flowers nearly stalkless at leaf bases; fruit a 1- seeded drupe — Sweetleaf Family (Sym.plocaceae; Symplocos) , vol. 2, p. 800. EE. Flowers at end of very long slender stalk; fruit a many-seeded capsule — Gesneria Family (Gesneria- ceae; (lesneria) , vol. 2, p. 908. DD. Flowers and fruits large, more than 2 inches long or wide — Lecythis Family (Lecythidaceae; * Barrmgtovin,* Coiiroupita *), vol. 2, p. 616. A A. Ovary superior. F. Corolla of separate petals or absent. G. Flowers unisexual. H. Calyx a cylindrical tube with 4 lobes; corolla absent — Mezereon Family (Thymeleaceae; Daphnopsis) , vol. 2, p. 604. HH. Calyx of mostly separate sepals. L Pistils 3, each forming a drupe with 1 curved seed — Moonseed Family (Menispermaceae; Hyperbaena) , vol. 2, p. 168. IL Pistil 1. J. Styles 3 or 2; fruit a capsule or drupe — Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae) , vol. 2, p. 384. JJ. Style 1, 3-forked; fruit of 3 winged keys — Thoui- nia portoricensis, vol. 1, p. 310. GG. Flowers bisexual. K. Pistils (or ovaries) 4 to many. L. Pistils many, crowded in ring — Dillenia Family (Dil- leniaceae, Dillenia *), vol. 2, p. 538. LL. Pistils (or ovaries) 4-5 — Ailanthus Family (Sima- roubaceae), vol. 2, p. 346. KK. Pistil 1. M. Flowers minute. N. Flowers regular. 0. Flowers in long narrow racemes, white; fruit a minute capsule — Cyrilla Family (Cyrillaceae, Cyrilla), vol. 2, p. 440. 00. Flowers in panicles or single; fruit a drupe — Icacina Family (Icacinaceae; Mappia, Ottoschulzia) ,\o\. 2, p. 478. NN. Flowers irregular, with 5 unecjual petals — Sabia Family (Sabiaceae, Meliosma) , vol. 2, p. 496. MM. Flowers larger. P. Flowers regular. 37 Q. Flowers with 4 petals, 4 to many long stamens; pistil usually stalked, with short style or none — Caper Family (Capparidaceae; Capparis, Morisonia), vol. 2, p. 218. QQ. Flowers with 5 overlapping sepals, 5 pe- tals, many stamens, and pistil with 2-5 styles — Tea Family (Theaceae), vol. 2, p. 548. PP. Flowers irregular, with usually 3 petals and 8 stamens united into a tube — Milkwort Family (Polygalaceae; Poly gala) , vol. 2, p. 382. FF. Corolla of united petals. R. Stamens separate and distinct. S. Fruit a drupe — Olax Family (Olacaceae; Schoepfia, Xi- rnenia) , vol. 2, p. 140. SS. Fruit a capsule — Heath Family (Ericaceae; Lyonia), vol. 2, p. 760. RR. Stamens inserted on corolla. T. Stamens 2-3 times as many as corolla lobes. U. Flowers unisexual (dioecious), styles 2-6; fruit fleshy, few-seeded — Ebony Family (Ebenaceae; Diospyros) , vol. 2, p. 794. UU. Flowers bisexual, style 1; fruit dry, 1-seeded — Storax Family (Styracaceae; Styrax), vol. 2, p. 798. TT. Stamens as many as corolla lobes or fewer. V. Flowers regular. W. Style 1 ; fruit a berry — Nightshade Family (Solanaceae), vol. 2, p. 866. WW. Styles 2 or divided into 4 forks; fruit a drupe or 1-4 nutlets — Borage Family (Boragina- ceae), vol. 2, p. 838. VV. Flowers irregular, lai-ge, with long corolla tube — Enallagma, vol. 2, p. 896. 38 PART 2. LEAVES ALTERNATE, COMPOUND A. Trunk unbranched, not increasing in diameter; leaves very large, more than 3 feet long. B. Leaves fernlike, bipinnate or tripinnate, coiled at tip when growing, often bearing brown masses of pow- dery spores beneath; seeds, flowers, and fruits not produced — Tree-fern Family (Cyatheaceae; Cyathea, Nephelea, Alsophila) , vol. 2, p. 42. BB. Leaves palmlike, once pinnate. C. Leaflets without lateral veins; seeds exposed or naked; flowers and fniits not produced — Cycad Fam- ily (Cycadaceae; Cycas *), vol. 2, p. 52. CC. Leaflets parallel-veined; seeds enclosed in fruits maturing from flowers — Palm Familv (Palmae), vol. 2, p. 68. A A. Trunk becoming branched, increasing in diameter; leaves less than 2 feet long, leaflets with veins forming net- work or inconspicuous (dicotyledons). D. Leaves pinnate, including bipinnate and tripinnate. E. Leaves bipinnate or tripinnate. F. Leaflets long-pointed, edges toothed — Melia azedarach* vol. 1, p. 246. FF. Leaflets rounded or short-pointed at apex, edges not toothed. G. Fruit a pod (legume) with beanlike seeds — Legume Family (Leguminosae) , vol. 2, p. 240. GG. Fruit a long 3-angled capsule with winged seeds — Horseradish-tree Family (Moringaceae; * Morivga *), vol. 2, p. 228. EE. Leaves once pinnate. H. Leaflets deeply divided into narrow segments, white hairy beneath; leaves fernlike, almost bi- pinnate— Protea Family (Proteaceae; * Grevillea*) , vol. 2, p. 138. HH. Leaflets not deeply divided or lobed. I. Leaflets 5-9, partly whitish green or bordored with white (variegated), with sharp teeth of 2 sizes — Polyscias,* vol. 2, p. 758. IL Leaflets not partly whitish. J. Stipules usually present; fruit a pod (legume) with beanlike seeds — Legume Family (Leguminosae), vol. 2, p. 240. JJ. Stipules none; fruits and seeds various. K. Sap whitish or milky (sometimes darkening upon exposure) or gray, resinous. L. Flowers with 1 very short style, stamens twice as many as petals — Bursera Family (Burseraceae) , vol. 2, p. 354. LL. Flowers with 3-5 stigmas or styles, stamens as many or twice as many as petals — Cashew Family ( Anacardiaceae) vol. 2, p. 436. KK. Sap watery. M. Leaflets with minute gland dots, with citruslike odor when crushed- — Rue Family (Rutaceae), vol. 2, p. 320. MM. Leaflets 'without gland dots. N. Leaves Vvith 13-19 lanceolate asymmetrical leaflets, sharply toothed, long-pointed; fruit a walnut — Walnut Family (Juglandaceae, Jug- Imiif) vol. 2, p. 102. NN. Leaves and fruit otherwise. O. Flowers with 2-5 pistils or 1 deeply lobed pistil and with 2-5 styles or stigmas. P. Fruits sharply 5-angled, yellow, sour (carambola) — Oxalis Family (Oxalidaceae; Averrhoa *) , vol. 2, p. 312. PP. Fruits not angled, mostly red or black, bitter and not edible; bark and sap bitter — Ailanthus Family (Simaroubaceae) , vol. 2. I). 346. 00. Flowers with 1 pistil and 1 style. Q. Flowers mostly unisexual, stamens 5-10, separate — Soapberry Family (Sapindaceae) , vol. 2, p. 482. QQ. Flowers bisexual, with mostly 8-10 stamens united into a tube (separate in Cedrela) — Mahoganv Familv (Meliaceae), vol. 2, p. 356. DD. Leaves digitate (palmate) or with 3 leaflets (trifoliolate). R. Leaflets with minute gland dots, with citruslike odor when crushed — Rue Familv (Rutaceae), vol. 2, p. 320. RR. Leaflets without gland dots. S. Leaflets 3. T. Stipules usually present; fruit a pod (legume) with beanlike seeds — Erythrina, vol. 1, p. 190; vol. 2, p. 292. TT. Stipules absent; fruit a drujie or winged key — Soapberry Familv (Sapindaceae), vol. 2, p. 482. SS. Leaflets 5 or more. U. Flowers minute; fiuit a small, slightly fleshy l)erry, 2-seeded — Ginseng Family (Aralia- ceae), vol. 2, p. 752. UU. Flowers large, with 5 whitish or pinkish petals; fruit a large oblong capsule with seeds mostly in woolly hairs — Bombax Family (Bombacaceae) , vol. 2, p. 524. 39 PART 3. LEAVES OPPOSITE, SIMPLE A. Seeds exposed or naked, borne above scales of a hard woody cone; flowers and fruits not produced; leavess scalelike and 2-3 at a node or needlelike and 2-5 in a bundle, resinous (gymnosperms, conifers). B. Leaves scalelike, 2-3 at a node — Cypress Family (Cupressaceae; * Cnpressus* Thuja; * formerly included in Pine Family, Pinaceae *), vol. 2, p. 60. BB. Leaves needlelike, long, 2-5 in a bundle — Pine Family (Pinaceae; * Pinus *), vol. 2, p. 58. AA. Seeds enclosed in fruits maturing from flowers; leaves various (angiospeiTns, flowering plants). C. Leaves consisting of 6-12 minute scales in a whorl on wiry green jointed twigs — Casuarina Family (Cai suarinaceae;* Casuarina *), vol. 2, p. 88. CC. Leaves larger, with flat green blade, opposite or sometimes whorled. D. Sap or late colored. E. Sap whitish or milky. F. Leaves 3-8 at a node, with petiole about as long as blade — Euphorbia, vol. 1, 270; vol. 22 p. 408. FF. Leaves 2-4 at a node, with short petiole. G. Leaves broadly elliptic, heart-shaped and nearly stalkless at base — Milkweed Famil:!] (Asclepiadaceae; Calotropis *), vol. 2, p. 836. GG. Leaves narrow, the base narrowed at petiole — Dogbane Family (Apocynaceae), vol. 22 p. 826. EE. Sap not whitish. H. Sap yellow or orange (whitish in Calophylhmi) — Mangosteen Family (Guttiferae) , vol. 22 p. "560. HH. Sap of young leaves reddish — Tectona* vol. 1, p. 484. DD. Sap watery. I. Leaves with border of coarse teeth, often unequal; flowers in a head boi'dered by many overlap;t ping scales — Composite Family (Compositae; Clibadium, Enpatorium) , vol. 2, p. 982. IL Leaves not toothed or finely toothed; flowers not in a head bordered by many overlapping scaless J. Leaves with 3 or more main veins from base. K. Leaves with 3-9 main veins from base and many smaller veins straight and parallel (melastome venation) — Melastome Family (Melastomataceae) , vol. 2, p. 696. KK. Leaves with 3 main veins from base and with small veins inconspicuous. L. Leaves aromatic, with distinctive odor when crushed — Laurel Family (Lauraceae'i vol. 2, p. 182. LL. Leaves not aromatic — Box Family (Buxaceae; Buxus), vol. 2, p. 432. JJ. Leaves with 1 main vein or midvein. M. Nodes with rings. N. Stipules present. 0. Stipules forming sheath around twig or paired and persistent. P. Leaves toothed — Chloranthus Family (Chloranthaceae; Hedyos^inum vol. 2, p. 94. PP. Leaves not toothed — Madder Family (Rubiaceae), vol. 2, p. 912. 00. Stipules not forming sheath, shedding early — Mangrove Family (Rhizophor: ceae; Cassipourea, Rhizophora) , vol. 2, p. 620. NN. Stipules none — Verbena Family (Verbenaceae), vol. 2, p. 854. MM. Nodes without rings. Q. Stipules present (sometimes minute or shedding early, leaving scar). R. Flowers small, inconspicuous. S. Petals 4 or 5, spreading; stamens alternate with petals — Bitterswe^ Family (Celastraceae) , vol. 2, p. 458. SS. Petals 5 (sometimes none), hood-shaped; stamens opposite petals ai often within — Buckthorn Family (Rhamnaceae), vol. 2, p. 498. RR. Flowers larger, often showy; petals fringed, with narrow stalk. T. Petals 5; fruit a drupe — Malpighia Family (Malpighiaceae) , vol. 2, p. 36' TT. Petals mostly 6, sometimes 4 or 5; fruit a capsule — Loosestrife Fami (Lythraceae), vol. 2, p. 608. QQ. Stipules none. U. Leaves with minute gland dots, often aromatic and with distinctive odor wh(> ci'ushed. V. Flowers irregular with 5-lobed crimson corolla; leaves with citruslili odor when crushed — Ravenia, vol. 2, p. 332. VV. Flowers regular. W. Stamens many, petals 4-5 — Mvrtle Familv (Myrtaceae), vol. p. 622. WW. Stamens 12 or fewer, anthers opening by pores with lids, sepals calyx lobes 6; odor of spices — Laurel Family (Lauraceae), v^ 2, p. 182. UU. Leaves without minute gland dots. X. Leaves 8-4 at a node (whorled), narrowly oblong, mostly with f( minute sharp teeth — Macndamia* vol. 2, p. 140. XX. Leaves mostly 2 at a node (opposite), not toothed. Y. Petioles with 2 glands near blade — Laguncularia, vol. 1, p. 392. YY. Petioles without glands. 40 I Z. stamens 10 to many, ovary inferior. a. Flowers large, more than 1 inch across, stamens many, petals 5-7 — Pomegranate Family (Punicaceae; * Pti- vica *), vol. 2, p. 614. aa. Flowers small, V2 inch, across, stamens 10, petals -^ — Mouriri, vol. 2, p. 738. ZZ. Stamens 10 or mostly fewer, ovary superior. b. Corolla absent or of separate petals; flowers mostly uni- se.xual. c. Stamens 8 in 2 sets of 4, inserted in calyx tube — Meze- reon Family (Thymeleaceae; Daphnopsis) , vol. 2, p. 604. cc. Stamens 2-10, separate or united. d. Ovary exposed, 2-celled; corolla when present of 4 narrow white petals — Olive Family (Oleaceae), vol. 2, p. 804. dd. Ovary enclosed in calyx tube, 1-celled; corolla ab- sent— Four-o'clock Family (Nyctaginaceae) , vol. 2, p. 162. bb. Corolla of united petals; flowers bi.sexual. e. Flowers regular, with 5-lobed spreading, waxy, orange or white corolla ; fruit a berry — Theophrasta Family (Theophrastaceae; Jacquinia) , vol. 2, p. 762. ee. Flowers irregular. f. Corolla tube short; fruit a drupe or 1-4 nutlets — Verbena Family ( Verbenaceae), vol. 2, p. 854. ff. Corolla tube long; fruit a capsule with winged seeds or a berry — Bignonia Family (Bignoniaceae), vol. 2, p. 888. PART 4. LEAVES OPPOSITE, COMPOUND A. Nodes with rings; leaves pinnate. B. Leaflets all paired (even pinnate), 4-10, oblique or asymmetrical, not toothed — Caltrop Family (Zygo- phyllaceae; Giiaiacum) , vol. 2, p. :j18. BB. Leaflets of odd number (odd pinnate), symmeti'ical or nearly so, toothed (except Hehetitiymn) . C. Leaf axis winged; leaflets rounded at apex — Cunonia Family (Cunoniaceae; Wcimnannia) , vol. 2, p. 280. CC. Leaf axis not winged; leaflets i)ointed at apex. D. Leaflets 7-9, not toothed — Hehestigma,* vol. 2, p. 298. DD. Leaflets toothed or lobed. E. Leaflets finely toothed, not lobed. F. Leaflets 5-11, elliptic or ovate, hairless or nearly so — Bladdernut Family (Staphylea- ceae; Turpinia) , vol. 2, p. 476. FF. Leaflets 11-15, lance-shaped, densely hairy — Brunellia Family (Brunelliaceae; Brn- nellia), vol. 2, p. 230. EE. Leaflets 3-7 (13), those at base deeply toothed and often divided into 3 lobes or leaflets (bipinnate) — Honeysuckle Family ("Caprifoliaceae;* SaDihKcus*) , vol. 2, p. 980. AA. Nodes without rings. G. Leaflets 2-8, all paired (even pinnate) — Matnyha, vol. 1, p. 304. GG. Leaflets of odd number, odd pinnate or digitate (palmate) or 3 (trifoliolate) . H. Leaflets with minute gland dots, aromatic, with citruslike odor when crushed — Anujris, vol. 1, p. 216; vol. 2, p. 321. HH. Leaflets without gland dots, not aromatic (except No. 685). L Leaves digitate; flowers with short corolla tube; fruit a drupe — Vitex, vol. 1, p. 486; vol. 2, p. 864. IL Leaves digitate or pinnate (bipinnate in Jacaranda. vol. 1, p. 492) ; flowers with long corolla tube; fruit a capsule (mostly long and nairow) with many winged seeds — Bignonia Family (Bignoniaceae) ; vol. 2, p. 888. 41 TREE SPECIES, DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS TREE-FERN FAMILY (CYATHEACEAE) Tree-ferns, plants without flowers, fruits, or seeds, known by: (1) unbranched trunk usu- ally slender, bearing a circle of large spreading alternate leaves at apex, elliptic leaf scars be- low, often with scales and spines, and toward base mats of fibrous air roots; (2) very large fern leaves 2 or 3 times pinnate into numerous divisions often toothed on edges, with fine fork- ing veins not forming network, unrolling fron: coil at apex; and (3) reproduction by numerous powdery spores produced in spore cases ir brownish balls, dots, or lines on the lower sur- face of some leaves. Also vol. 1, p. 28. Key to species A. Leaf axis spiny. B. Spines of leaf axis minute, less than Vjq inch long, absent from trunk; leaf bases with many goldei brown scales to IM inches long — 252. Cyatkea tenera. BB. Spines of leaf axis larger, also present on trunk. C. Leaf axis with spines less than % inch long and toward base with light brown scales less than % incl- long — 251. Cyathea aquilina. CC. Leaf axis with black spines to % inch long and toward base with many narrow blackish scales — 25£o| Nephelea jjortoricensis. AA. Leaf axis not spiny. D. Leaves twice pinnate (bipinnate), blades finely hairy — 256. Alsophila bryophila. DD. Leaves 3 times pinnate (tripinnate) , blades hairless or slightly hairy. E. Leaf axis with whitish scales to 1% inches long toward base — 1. Helecho gigante, tree-fern, Cyathe arborea (L.) J. F. Smith. EE. Leaf axis with dark reddish brown scales toward base. F. Leaf divisions (pinnules) connected with axis along base; brown masses of spore cases ami powdery spores on lower leaf surfaces about midway between border and midvein and borne iii whitish cuplike base (indusium) — 254. Cyathea wilsonii. FF. Leaf divisions (pinnules) separate from axis at base; brown masses of spore cases and powderr spores on lower leaf surfaces nearer border than midvein and borne in brownish cuplike bass] (indusium) — 253. Cyathea escuquensis. 251. Helecho gieante, tree-fern This locally abundant species of tree-fern is characterized by: (1) very spiny trunk, often with short curved branches, covered toward apex by crowded dead spiny leaf bases ; and (2) large fernlike leaves about 5 feet long and 2V2 feet wide, with blade divided 3 times (3-pin- nate) , the axis very spiny and with light brown scales toward base. Evergreen tree-fern shrubby or a small tree becoming 15-20 feet high and 3-4 inches in trunk diameter. The spiny trunk toward base is brown or gray and partly covered by short air roots. Toward apex of trunk among the crowded spiny leaf bases pressed flat are old brown narrow pointed scales less than 'Yi inch long. In Maricao Forest many plants produce after maturity several curved branches of 3-20 inches along the trunk. Within the hard dark brown outer layer is a whitish soft pith. As many as 15 leaves are erect to spreading at apex of trunk, and old dead leaves droop and persist. The leaf axis (rachis) is grooved above, dark purplish brown with many straight spines Vui-Vn iiich long in lower part, becoming light 42 Cyathea aquilina (Christ) Domii green toward tip. Many secondary or laterji axes (pinnae) 6-16 inches long bear man paired tapering divisions (pinnules) less tha 3 inches long. The smallest segments are ol long, less than % inch long, rounded at ape: thin, hairless, and with the minutely wav: toothed edges turned under. The upper surfa( is green to dark green and slightly shiny, tl lower surface dull light green. Lower surfaces of the segments of son- leaves bear 2 rows of dark brown masses lei than ^ 1 0 inch across, of spore cases and po\ dery spores exposed without a covering (i dusium). Lower and upper Cordillera forests at 2,00( 3,000 feet altitude and low^er Luquillo forest 1,500-2,000 feet. Abundant in Maricao Fores rare elsewhere. Public forests. — Guilarte, Luquillo, Mai cao, Toro Negro. Range. — Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Ric Botanical synonym. — Alsophila aquilv, Christ. 251. Helecho gigante, tree-fern Cyathea nquilinu (Christ) Domin Upper leaf surface (above), lower leaf surface (lower left), base of leaf axis (lower right), natural size. 43 TREE-FERN FAMILY (CYATHEACEAE) 252. Helecho gigante, tree-fern An uncommon or rare large tree-fern of Puerto Rican mountains, distinguished by : (1) large fernlike leaves 5-10 feet long and 2-4 feet wide, with very thin blade divided 3 times (3-pinnate), slightly hairy on veins; and (2) the leaf axis with many golden-brown scales to 11/4 inches long toward base and with many minute spines less than i^f; inch long in lower part. Evergreen tree-fern to 20 feet high. The trunk 2-5 inches in diameter has fine air roots near base and near apex oval leaf scars li/4 inches long but is not spiny. The leaf axis (rachis) is grooved above, purplish, with many golden-brown scales to- ward base and with many minute spines in lower part. Young leaves unrolling from spiral coils have golden-brown scales. Secondary or lateral axes (pinnae) to 2 feet long are slightly winged and slightly hairy. The smallest divi- sions (pinnules) are mostly alternate, 2-4 Cyathea tenera (J. E. Sni. ) Moorrt inches long, slightly hairy along veins. The segN ments are 1/4-% inch long, slightly pointedj forward, with rounded apex and finely wavyj toothed edges, dull green above and dull lighl green below. Near the midvein of the under surface ol some leaf segments are 2 rows of tiny lighi golden-brown balls (indusia) about %2 inch i::j diameter, containing the masses of spore casei^ and powdery spores. Upper Luquillo and upper Cordillera forests including dwarf forest, at 2,000-4,000 feet altiil tude in mountains of Puerto Rico. Rare exceppj locally common at Toro Negro Forest. Public forests. — Luquillo, Maricao, Ton Negro. Range. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, ani Lesser Antilles to Trinidad. Botanical synonym. — Cyathea brittoniari Maxon. 44 252. Helecho gigante, tree-fern Cyathea tenera (J. E. Sm.) Moore Upper leaf surface (above), lower leaf surface (lower left), base of leaf axis (lower right), natural size. 45 TREE-FERN FAMILY (CYATHEACEAE) 253. Helecho gigante, tree-fern This uncommon small tree-fern is identified by: (1) large fernlike leaves 41/2-7 feet long and 2V-i-3 feet wide, with blade divided 3 times (3-pinnate) ; and (2) the leaf axis with dark reddish-brown scales toward base, without spines. Evergreen tree-fern shrubby or a small tree to 15 feet high with spineless dark brown trunk to 5 inches in diameter and several spreading leaves at apex, the old leaves gradually shed- ding. The trunk has a hard blackish outer layer and whitish pith. The leaf axis (rachis) is flattened or grooved above, purplish to dull green, with dark reddish-brown scales about 1/2 inch long toward base. Many secondary or lateral axes (pinnae) to 24 inches long bear many alternate tapering divisions (pinnules) 4-6 inches long, separate from axis at base and often slightly stalked, hairless except for mi- nute hairs on veins. The smallest segments are oblong, less than -"j/j; inch long, rounded at apex. 254. Helecho gigante, tree-fern This rare species becoming 15 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter is related to No. 253 and is characterized by: (1) the secondary leaf divisions (pinnules) connected with axis along base; and (2) brown masses of spore cases and powdery spores on lower leaf surfaces about midway between border and midvein and borne in whitish cuplike base (indusium). Lower Luquillo and lower Cordillera forests at 300- 46 Cyathea escuquensis (Karst.) Domini thin, with minutely wavy-toothed edges turnec under slightly. The upper surface is shiny greei and the lower surface dull light green. The brown masses of spore cases and pow dery spores on lower surfaces of some leaves ar» nearer the border than midvein and about %:| inch across, borne in a cuplike brownish basnf (indusium). Uncommon in lower and upper Luquillo anci upper Cordillera forests at 1,500-4,000 fee?' altitude in mountains of Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Luquillo, Maricao, Tor<( Negro. Range. — Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Colombiaa and Venezuela. j Botanical synonym. — Hemitelia escuquew sis Karst. Named for Escuque, near Maracaibo, Veneej zuela, where first collected more than a centur:| ago. Cyathea wilsonii (Hook.) Procto 4,000 feet altitude in moist foothills and moui tains of Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Luquillo, Maricao, Toi Negro. Range. — Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puer Rico. Botanical synonym. — Hemitelia wilsoti Hook. 253. Helecho gigante, tree-fern Cyuthea escuqueusis (Karst.) Domin Upper leaf surface, (above), lower leaf surface (lower left), base of leaf axis (lower right), natural size. 47 TREE-FERN FAMILY (CYATHEACEAE) 255. Helecho gigante espinoso, tree-fern This locally common tree-fern known only from Puerto Rican mountains is identified bj^: (1) black spines to 14 inch long on trunk and the dark purplish-brown leaf axis (rachis) ; and (2) large horizontal fernlike leaves mostly 5-8 feet long and 1-2 feet wide, with blade divided 3 times (3-pinnate), slighty hairy on axes and midveins. Evergreen tree-fern to 20 feet high. The dark brown trunk 2-5 inches in diameter has many small air roots in lower part, many spines i/4 inch long in upper part, and old dead leaf axes hanging down near apex. The leaf axis (rachis) is grooved above, dark purplish brown, with many sharp slender black spines i/i inch or less in length, also narrow blackish scales near base. Secondary or lateral axes (pinnae) to 2 feet long are dark purplish brown and finely hairy. The smallest divisions (pinnules) are mostly alternate and about 3 ISephelea portoricensis (Spreng. ) Tryoni inches long, finely hairy on midveins. Segments^ are oblong, slightly pointed forward, rounded: at apex with border finely wavy, thin or slightlyi stiff" and leathery, the upper surface dull greeni and hairless except along midvein, the loweri surface dull light green and hairy along veins.. Two rows of tiny dark brown balls (indusia)i Yn; inch in diameter, deeply cup-shaped andi hairy, are borne near the midvein of the under surface of some leaf segments and contain that; masses of spore cases and powdery spores. Locally common in understory of upper Lu- quillo and upper Cordillera forests at 2,000- 4,000 feet altitude in high mountains of Puerto5 Rico. Especially in wet shaded ravines and] slopes and noted also in an old coff'ee plantation. Public forests. — Carite, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao, Toro Negro. Range. — Known only from Puerto Rico. 48 1 ^ {(7j 255. Helecho gigante espinoso, tree-fern Ncphelea portoricevsis (Spreng.) Tryon Upper leaf surface (above), lower leaf surface (lower left), base of leaf axis (lower right), natural size. 49 TREE-FERN FAMILY (CYATHEACEAE) 256. Helecho gigante de la sierra, tree-fern Ahophila bryophila Tryon One of the most distinctive tree-ferns and common, characterized by: (1) flat-topped crown composed of horizontal leaves; (2) large fernlike leaves 4-8 feet long and 1-2 feet wide, finely hairy, with blade divided only twice (2- pinnate) with narrow oblong outline, the sec- ondary or lateral axes (pinnae) mostly 6-10 inches long; and (3) leaf axis bristly in lower part, the bristles resembling spines but soft. Evergreen tree-fern 15 feet or more in height. The stout trunk 3-6 inches in diameter, dark brown, with some small air roots, often covered with mosses and liverworts, with old deaf leaf axes hanging down and oval leaf scars about 1 inch long, not spiny as reported. Trunk composed of thin very hard outer layer and hard black bundles scattered in light brown soft tasteless pith. Leaves about 15, spreading and in age hang- ing down and falling. The axis (rachis) is dark purplish brown, with brown bristly hairs and very narrow scales in lower part, the upper part finely hairy. Secondary or lateral axes (pin- nae) mostly 6-11 inches long, with slender brownish-green axis, finely hairy. Segments about 40-60 pairs about Yo inch long, more than Va inch wide, oblong, thin or slightly thickened, slightly curved forward, rounded at apex, border minutely wavy toothed and slightly turned under, the upper surface dull dark green and with scattered hairs or nearly hairless, the lower surface dull light green and hairy, espe- cially on veins. Lower surfaces of segments of some leaves bear near midvein 2 rows of 7-10 brown dotlike masses of spore cases and powdery spores in a. shallow cup (indusium). Locally common on peaks and ridges at 2,000— 4,000 feet altitude in upper Luquillo and uppeir Cordillera forests of mountains of Puerto Rico .; Common in understory of palm forest and in dwarf forest. Public forests. — Carite, Guilarte, Luquillo Toro Negro. Range. — Puerto Rico only. Named as a new species in 1972. Long know:? as Cyathea pubescens Mett. However, that sp€| cies, now Nephelea pubescens (Mett.) Tryoi is limited to Jamaica. 50 256. Helecho gigante de la sierra, tree-fern Alsophila bryophila Tryon Upper leaf surface (above), lower leaf surface (below), natural size. 51 CYCAD FAMILY (CYCADACEAE) Palmlike evergreen shrubs and trees of slow growth, without flowers or fruits, known by: (1) stout trunk (or none), mostly unbranched, covered by diamond-shaped scars or leaf bases, with thick pith; (2) large spreading leaves alternate and crowded in circle at apex of trunk, palmlike, pinnate, with stout axis and many narrow pointed thickened leathery leaflets often toothed on edges, with forking veins (dichoto- 257. Cica, crozier cycas Cycads are palmlike or fernlike plants be- longing to the gymnosperms, plants with naked seeds but no flowers, and thus are more closely related to the conifers than to flowering plants. This handsome ornamental species is distin- guished by: (1) stout unbranched trunk be- coming 15 feet or more in height and 1 foot in diameter, slightly rough with alternating bands of scales and leaf bases or diamond-shaped leaf scars; (2) many crowded palmlike leaves clus- tered at top of trunk, 5-8 feet long, pinnate, composed of very many narrow dark green drooping leaflets or segments; (3) erect cy- lindric brown male cones to l^/o feet long and 5 inches in diameter, borne on male plants and producing pollen; and (4) gray to orange el- liptic seeds iyo-2Vt inches long, borne exposed along edges of short woolly leaves on female plants (dioecious). An evergreen ornamental shrub or small tree to 20 feet high, unbranched except by accident, such as cutting of apex. The stout trunk has a hard outer layer like bark, light brown gray, slightly scaly, and becoming slightly fissured. The alternating horizontal bands or rings rep- resent stages of growth, perhaps annual. The trunk ends in a very large pointed bud com- posed of many tawny-brown narrow scales about 4 inches long, which form a band from their bases. Then a new growth of about 50 or more leaves is produced at the same time and after shedding forms another band of diamond- shaped leaf scars. The crowded leaves have a stout axis with 2 rows of .short spines replacing leaflets toward base. There are very many mostly opposite thick, stifi", hairless leaflets 6-12 inches long and ¥2-% iiich wide, straight or slightly curved, long-pointed at apex, and extending down axis at base, flat or nearly so at edges, with prom- inent yellowish midvein but without other vis- ible veins, slightly shiny dark green on upper surface and yellow green beneath. Old leaves turn brown, hang down, and finally fall off" or are cut, the base of the axis forming a diamond- shaped scar. 52 mous), persistent several years; and (3) plani male and female (dioecious) with large c: lindric cones (strobili), the male cones wit many cone-scales bearing many scattered spoi cases and abundant pollen, and female con< with many cone-scales bearing at base larj naked seeds with fleshy coat and 2(1-3) co yledons. Cycas circinalis L.. Male trees bear large brown male cones, haii and woody, which produce pollen in many do like sacs on the lower surface of numeroii scales 11/4.-2 inches long, ending in long narroj point. Female trees produce a ring of lig l| brown woolly fertile leaves 6-12 inches Ion Each leaf bears in notches along the axis 4-;i naked elliptic or nutlike seeds, hard with th outer flesh. Observed with seeds in February; The starchy pith of this and other cyca trunks has been made into flour and bre;i where the plants are wild. Also, the see(i which are very poisonous when eaten raw, en be ground into flour. Occasionally planted for ornament and gardens in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands a'i through the tropics. Easily propagated frca the suckers or sprouts at the base of larrii plants or from seeds but grows very slow:, Cultivated in southern Florida in areas that £;| nearly frostless or protected from frost. Range. — Native from tropical Africa throu southern Asia and Pacific Islands to Philippii and Guam. Introduced through the tropics. Other common names. — cica, cicadac (Spanish) ; false sago-palm, sago-palm, eye: East Indian cycas (English) ; queen S£|t) (United States) ; foengobon, foengoe-pa' krans-palm (Dutch Antilles). Cica, sago-palm, Cycas revoluta Thunl known also as palma de sagii, is a rela' shrubby species more common in cultivation Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and el where. It is mostly less than 6 feet high, ha short narrow trunk, leaves mostly 2-5 feet lo and shorter narrower leaflets ending in sp tip and turned under at edges. Native of Ja One genus of the cycad family, Zamia, represented in Puerto Rico by 3 native shrul species known as marunguey and arrown These trunkless plants have an enlarged undf- ground stem which bears a cluster of seve spreading palmlike pinnate leaves 1-3 feet lo Scattered in limestone regions of Puerto R The foliage is poisonous to livestock. Indi; s made starch and bread from the enlar; d underground stems of related species elsewht- ;. 257. Cica, crozier cycas Cycas circinalis L.* Portion of leaf and seed (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 53 PODOCARP FAMILY (PODOCARPACEAE) Trees, sometimes shrubs, without flowers or fruits, known by: (1) evergreen trees mostly with straight axis and narrow crown, usually with soft lightweight wood without vessels (nonporous) and without resin ducts; (2) leaves alternate or rarely opposite, in 2 rows (in Phyllocladus replaced by leaflike branches) , needlelike, lanceolate, or scalelike, without stipules; (3) pollen in male cones (strobili) and naked seeds borne on different plants (die cious) or the same plant (monoecious) ; ai (4) naked seeds solitary and often with flesl stalk or few in small female cones of few cor scales, with 2 cotyledons. Formerly and in V' 1, p. 30, included in yew family (Taxaceae One species: 2. Caobilla, podocarp. Pool carpus coriaceiis L. C. Rich. ARAUCARIA FAMILY (ARAUCARIACEAE*) Trees often large, without flowers or fruits, known by: (1) resinous evergreen trees with straight axis, narrow crown, and branches often in whorls, usually with resinous soft lightweight wood without vessels (nonporous) ; (2) leaves alternate often in 2 rows, of 2 forms, lanceolate or awl-shaped, leathery, with fine parallel veins, without stipules; (3) pollen ail naked seeds borne on diff'erent plants (diw- cious) or same plant (monoecious) in separj^; large cones (strobili) ; (4) female cones wooi-, of many cone-scales which fall at maturity; aiii (5) naked seeds 1 at base of cone-scale, wit]|^ or 2 lateral wings and 2 or 4 cotyledons. Key to species A. Leaves minute, %-% inch long, of 2 kinds, needlelike or scalelike, crowded and extending on all sides of twii - 259. Araucaria heterophylla* AA. Leaves 4-5 inches long, oblong or narrowly ovate, without visible veins, mostly opposite, spreading in 2 row - 258. Agathis robusta* 258. Kauri, Queensland kauri This evergreen coniferous tree introduced from Australia in recent years for forestry tests is recognized by: (1) the stout straight trunk with gray or brownish smoothish resin- ous bark and whorled branching; (2) dark green foliage of mostly opposite oblong or nar- rowly ovate, stiff" and leathery leaves commonly 4-5 inches long, without visible veins, spread- ing in 2 rows along light green twigs; and (3) egg-shaped or rounded woody cones 4-5 inches long. Queensland kauri is a large forest tree becom- ing at maturity in its native home 100-150 feet tall and 3-4 feet or more in trunk diameter. Im- mature trees in Puerto Rico have reached 50 feet or more in height and ly^ feet in diameter. The axis bears a long narrow crown, rounded at top, of short spreading, horizontal and slightly drooping branches of dense dark green foliage. The bark is gray or brownish, smoothish, slightly scaly and flaky. Gray resin flows from cuts. Inner bark is dark red, resinous, with turpentine taste. Twigs are light green, smooth, and hairless, becoming light brown and finely fissured. The end bud is rounded, about ^j ,; 54 Agathis robusta (C. Moore) F. M. Bail inch across, light green, covered by sev( rounded closely pressed and overlapping sea The leaves are mostly paired or oppos hairless, with short, flattened light green p oles less than I/4, inch long. Blades are mo 4-5 inches long and 1-1 V2 inches wide, so times as large as 6 by 214 inches or as smal 2 by V-i inch, slightly curved upward tow margin, short-pointed at base and gradu narrowed to blunt apex, the upper surface si dark green, and the lower surface dull 1 green. Upon drying, many fine parallel vll become visible. Male cones are stalkless, cylindric, ci'k brown, 2-4 inches long and V4.-V2 inch in di n- eter, composed of numerous minute scales, b r- ing pollen, formed in large numbers singlat leaf bases, falling after pollination. Seed-b r- ing or female cones few, borne singly at en of twigs on the same tree (monoecious), ( rk brown, consisting of many fan-shaped, poii pd, thick and hard overlapping cone-scales, ch bearing 1 seed, falling at maturity. Seeds ib- long, flattened, Vli inch long, with large v|ig. 258. Kauri, Queensland kauri Agathis rohnsfa (C. Moore) F. M. Bailey'-^ Leafy twig (above), seed and cone scale (lower left), cone (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 55 ARAUCARIA FAMILY (ARAUCARIACEAE*) The wood is cream to light brown, light- weight (specific gravity 0.40), fine-textured. It is important locally where native for cabinet- work and interiors, being easily worked and taking paint and polish well. Also suited to construction and pulpwood. Resin of clear pale brown color is obtained fresh from the trees and in the fossil state from soil under the forests. Quantities from this and related species have served like turpentine in the manufacture of paint and varnish. Native of Australia, this rapidly growing conifer is being tested in Puerto Rico. Possibly it may be a good forest tree for mountain sites with high rainfall. Planted from sea level to 259. Araucaria, Norfolk-Island-pine Norfolk-Island-pine is a handsome ornamen- tal tree that has become popular in Puerto Rico in recent years. It is easily recognized by: (1) the distinct symmetrical form with large erect straight axis ending in a point, with narrow conical crown of dark green foliage; (2) hori- zontal branches regular in whorls of 4-7; (3) many slender ropelike twigs regularly arranged in a horizontal plane; (4) very numerous mi- nute leaves V4.-V> inch long, crowded and ex- tending on all sides of the twig, of 2 kinds, needlelike or on large trees broader and scale- like; and (5) the rounded hard cone 4-5 inches long, with many cone-scales ending in a narrow curved point. Evergreen resinous introduced ornamental tree, in Puerto Rico mostly young and of small size. Elsewhere in cultivation becoming in age a large tree 80 feet high, with straight trunk 3 feet in diameter, enlarged at base or with small broad buttresses. The bark is blackish, almost smooth, with whitish resin drops of turpentine taste. The very slender lateral twigs 4-8 inches long are covered by the leaf bases and with the leaves form cylindric masses % inch broad, ending in an indistinct bud of very short young leaves. The leaves are crowded and alternate in spir- als, evergreen, falling together with the twig, hairless, of 2 kinds on diff'erent twigs, without petiole. Juvenile leaves have the form of a curved narrow needle, triangular in cross sec- tion, while adult leaves have the form of a broad curved pointed scale. Male and female cones are produced on dif- ferent trees (dioecious). The male cones are 2,500 feet altitude in the upper Cordillera an upper Luquillo forests. This species, thoug still rare and local, is also a handsome orm mental with attractive narrow crown of dar green foliage. One large specimen is located i front of the Forest Service office building at Ri Piedras. Public forests. — Luquillo, Maricao. Range. — Queensland and Eraser Island, Aui tralia, but introduced in humid tropical land Other common names. — kauri, kauri-pin^ Australia kauri, dundathu-pine (English). Botanical synonyms. — AgatJHs brown (Lemaire) L. H. Bailey, Damara robusta (( Moore. Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb. ) Franco) oblong, IV2-2 inches long. Female cones air rounded, 4^5 inches long, composed of man overlapping brown hard winglike cone-scaki; about lV-2 inches long and broad, ending in narrow curved point almost % inch long, fallin apart at maturity. One large oblong edible seee nearly I14 inches long is attached to the conM scale and at maturity sheds with it like winged seed. However, cones and seeds seldow mature in cultivation in Puerto Rico. The wood is described as soft like that <( pines and other conifers. Norfolk-Island-pine is often grown for orn;ii ment around city homes in moist parts <; Puerto Rico, especially San Juan. It is frequeii in parks and gardens, also in forest plantation in subtropical and tropical climates throughoi the world. Northward in temperate regions tl plants are raised indoors in pots or under glas resembling Christmas trees. Range. — Native only on Norfolk Island b tween New Zealand and New Caledonia in tl South Pacific. Extensively cultivated in su tropical and tropical climates of the world ; f< example, from Florida, southern Arizona, ai California south to Argentina and in Hawa Other common names. — araucaria (Spa ish, English) ; Christmas-tree (British Hond ras) ; siete pisos (Cuba, Dominican Republic Botanical synonym. — Araucaria excel (Lam.) R.Br. The generic name is derived from Arauco, tl province of Chile of the type species, monke puzzle araucaria (Araiicaria araucana (M lina) K. Koch). The specific name meaning di ferent leaves refers to the 2 types of foliage. 56 259. Araucaria, Norfolk-island-pine Arancaria heteropliylla (Salisb.) Franco '■' Twig with needlelike leaves (upper left) , twig with scalelike leaves (upper right) , seed with cone scale (lower left) , and cone, natural size. 57 PINE FAMILY (PINACEAE*) I Trees, becoming large to very large, without flowers or fruits, known by: (1) resinous mostly evergreen trees with straight axis and narrow crown, usually with soft lightweight wood without vessels (nonporous) and with resin ducts; (2) leaves mostly alternate or whorled, sometimes of 2 forms, very narrow and needlelike, with resin ducts, without stip- 260. Pino hondureno, Caribbean pine Pines are easily recognized by their needle- like evergreen leaves usually 2-5 in a bundle with a sheath at base and their hard cones with usually 2 long-winged seeds at the base of a cone-scale. Not native in Puerto Rico, these conifers are found mostly in forest plantations or as ornamentals. This species is the best adapted to Puerto Rico of several that have been tested. Caribbean pine is distinguished by : (1) resinous tree with straight axis and regular or symmetrical branches; (2) leaves needlelike, 3 in a bundle, 8-11 inches long; (3) reddish brown conical cones mostly 3-4 inches long and 114.-114 inches in diameter (closed), the many cone-scales ending in a stout prickle; and (4) seeds I14, inches long, including the detachable wing 1 inch long. Large introduced evergreen tree becoming in its native home 80-100 feet tall and 1-2 feet in trunk diameter, with straight axis and thin conical crown of regular rings or whorls of horizontal branches ending in clusters of needle- like foliage, resinous throughout and with odor like turpentine. Bark gray, rough, thick, with long scaly ridges or plates and deep furrows ex- posing the reddish-brown inner bark composed of rings like wood. The gray, scaly horizontal branches end in stout whitish-gray twigs. The 3 needles have at base a gray-brown persistent sheath V2 inch long. They are less than Vii; inch wide, dark green, sharp-pointed, slightly stiff, slightly rough on edges from minute teeth, and remain attached a few years. Like other gymnosperms and other conifers, pines bear exposed or naked seeds usually among scales of a cone, and differ from the flowers and seeds enclosed in a fruit. Caribbean pine produces its pollen or male element in male cones, narrowly cylindric, red brown, about 2 inches long and 14, inch in diameter, usually in numbers on lower side twigs and falling soon after pollen is shed. The female cones are borne usually 1-3 near the ends of erect twigs in the upper part of the same tree (monoecious) . Less than Vt inch long at pollination, they are less than 'Yi inch long as year-old conelets and continue to grow until maturity in September of the second year. The 58 ules; (3) pollen and naked seeds borne on sam( plant (monoecious) in separate cones (strobili) with many spirally arranged flattened cone scales, the male cones small and herbaceous (4) female cones large and woody, of cone scales each above a bract; and (5) seeds naked usually 2 at base of a cone-scale, mostly with[ wing at end, with 2-15 cotyledons. Pinus caribaea Morelet'' mature cone has a short stalk and may remain attached a few years. However, it usually opem < to release the winged seeds. ! The wood is reddish brown, soft, moderateljj lightweight (specific gravity 0.61-0.66), anc! resinous. Where the trees are native, the gen ■; eral utility lumber is widely used. In Puert(d Rico the wood is a potential source of both lum- ber and long-fiber pulp. Also, pine posts coulcij be available, as preservative is absorbed welil without pressure treatment. Pines are sparingly used in landscaping iitl Puerto Rico and are attractive while youngj Small plants are suitable also for Christmat^ trees. Caribbean pine has been planted widely iiij Puerto Rico, mostly in the central mountains ai) 500-2,500 feet altitude, and is common locally}' Apparently it is well adapted to sandy and well drained clay soils. It is suited to and found iir lower and upper Cordillera and Luquillo re gions. However, pine is rare or absent in tbt offshore islands and Virgin Islands. Public forests. — Carite, Guajataca, Gui larte, Luquillo, Maricao, Toro Negro. Range. — Bahamas, western Cuba and Isle o Pines, and Central America in British Hondu ras, (Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Three geographic varieties of this species a Caribbean pine are distinguished. Caribbea: pine (typical; Pinus caribaea var. caribaea) i found in western Cuba and Isle of Pines. Ba haman pine (P. caribaea var. bahamensis Bar rett & Golfari) is the pine native in Baham Islands. Honduran pine or pino hondureno (/ caribaea var. hondurensis Barrett & Golfari) the Central American variety, is the one bes adapted to Puerto Rico and recommended fo forest planting. Other common names. — pino, pino caribe (Puerto Rico) ; pino, pino bianco (Spanish) pino amarillo, pino macho (Cuba) ; pino cole rado, ocote (Guatemala) ; Caribbean pine, Hor duran pine (English) ; pitch pine, black pin* white pine (British Honduras). Botanical synonym. — Pinus hondurensi. Loock. 260. Pino hondureno, Caribbean pine Phutfi caribaea Morelet * Year-old conelets (upper left), closed cone (center left), open cone (lower left), leafy twig (right), two-thirds natural size. 59 CYPRESS FAMILY (CUPRESSACEAE*) Trees and shrubs, without flowers or fruits, known by: (1) resinous evergreen trees and shrubs mostly with straight axis and narrow crown, usually with soft lightweight wood with- out vessels (nonporous) and without resin ducts; (2) leaves opposite or whorled, usually of 2 forms, mostly small and scalelike or awl- shaped and producing flattened or angled twigs, without stipules; (3) pollen and naked seeds borne mostly on same plant (monoecious) in separate small cones (strobili) with few cone- scales, the male cones herbaceous; (4) female cones woody (berrylike in Jmiiperus) , usually of few cone-scales opposite or whorled and flattened or attached by middle; and (5) seeds naked, 1-2 at a cone-scale, often with 2 lateral wings, mostly with 2-4 (6) cotyledons. Key to species A. Leafy twigs flattened, V^ inch wide, composed of flattened scalelike leaves, branching in vertical fanlike or fern- like sprays; cones egg-shaped, % inch long, with usually 6 scales ending in hooked point — 263. Thuja orien- talis* A A. Leaf twigs slender, 4-angled, less than %g inch wide, composed of crowded paired pointed scale leaves; cones* rounded, hard — Cupressus. B. Leaves with gland dot on back; cones 1% inches in diameter — 262. Cupressus sempervirens* BB. Leaves without gland dot; cones about % inch in diameter— 261. Cupressus lusitanica* 261. Cipres, Mexican cypress This handsome aromatic, resinous conifer has been introduced for ornament and reforestation tests. It is distinguished by: (1) the very slender twigs branched in 4 rows, 4-angled and less than |^,; inch across; (2) crowded minute scalelike dark green leaves pointed and only about Yir, inch long; and (3) rounded brown hard cones about ^^\ inch in diameter. An evergreen tree generally small or medium- sized, becoming 45 feet in height and IVo feet in trunk diameter or where native a large tree, with straight erect axis and dense regular or narrow crown of green to dark green foliage. The bark is reddish brown, smooth to fissured and sometimes with few scales or shreddy. In- ner bark is whitish, slightly fibrous, and slightly resinous. The numerous twigs branch regularly in 4 rows, becoming reddish brown, rough and scaly with dead leaves persistent. The leaves are crowded, opposite in 4 rows, mostly dark green, short-pointed, angled or keeled, and with an inconspicuous gland dot. The foliage has a resinous odor and taste. Pollen and seeds are borne on the same tree (monoecious). The male cones are numerous toward the apex of short branches, cylindric, %,; inch long and less than Vs inch broad, greenish yellow, the scales in 4 rows bearing pollen sacs and pollen. The female cones (strobili) begin as a few inconspicuous green scales less than i/g inch across, with naked ovules, at the end of short twigs. At maturity the second year the hard woody cone changes color from whitish green to dull brown. It is composed mostly of 8 rounded but angular cone-scales, pressed to- gether at edges, each with a stout central raised point about Vh inch high. Later the cone opens 60 Cupressus lusitanica Mill.* to free numerous naked brown seeds more thani V« inch long, irregularly flattened with borderss slightly winged. j The sapwood is whitish and soft. Elsewhere? the wood is utilized in carpentry and construc- tion like that of other conifers. For ornament the plants can be pruned innf difi'erent shapes or trimmed also as livinggl hedges. Small symmetric plants 3-6 feet highh would serve as attractive Christmas trees andd could be grown in plantations for this purpose. The leafy branches serve for decorations anc wreaths also. In some countries this species if employed in reforestation. Occasionally planted in Puerto Rico for orna- ment and reforestation. Subject to windthrov^ on poorly drained soils. Public forests. — Carite, Guilarte, Maricao Rio Abajo, Toro Negro. Range. — Native in mountains of Mexico Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras. Widelj spread in cultivation and naturalized southwarc in mountains to Costa Rica and in Andes fron Colombia and Venezuela to Argentina and Chih and in the Old World. Introduced in northeri Florida. Other common names. — cipres mexican( (Puerto Rico) ; cipres (Spanish) ; Mexicai cypress, Portuguese cypress (English) ; cipref de Mexico, cedro, tlascal, tascate (Mexico). Botanical synonyms. — Cupressus ben thamii Endl., C. lindleyi Klotzsch. This variable species consists of severa forms. One has drooping or weeping branche; and another a very long and narrow columnaii crown. The scientific name, meaning of Portu gal, was based on planted trees in that country before the origin was definitely known. 261. Cipres, Mexican cypress Ctiprcs^us lusitanica Mill.' Twig with cones and male cones, natural size. 61 CYPRESS FAMILY (CUPRESSACEAE*) I 262. Cipres italiano, Italian cypress Italian cypress, an introduced conifer occa- sionally planted for ornament, is readily identi- fied by: (1) the very narrow columnar crown; (2) the minute dull gray-green scalelike leaves less than y,,; inch long, resinous with a gland dot on back, crowded, paired, and forming 4- angled twigs; and (3) rounded hard gray or brown cones 1-1 Vi, inches in diameter. Dis- tinguished from No. 261, cipres, Mexican cy- press {Cup)-essns lusitanica Mill.*), by the nar- row shape, gland dot on the scalelike leaves, and the larger cones. Medium-sized evergreen tree, coniferous and resinous, becoming 60 feet high and IV2 feet in trunk diameter. In its native home this is a large tree with stout trunk and spreading branches. The variety commonly cultivated has a very narrow long crown composed of short erect branches. Bark is gray, smooth or slightly fissured, and thin. Leafy twigs are alternate, numerous, crowded and spreading, much branched, slender, less than y^c inch in diam- eter. The scalelike leaves are paired or opposite, blunt-pointed, in 4 rows covering the twigs and shedding with them. Male and female cones are borne on the same tree (monoecious), the male elliptic, more than Cupressus sempervirens L. Ya inch long, yellowish. Mature cones short- stalked, woody, composed of 8-14 flat cone scales irregularly 5- or 6-sided, with a shori point or knob in center. Seeds 8-20 on eacl- cone-scale, Vs-Yir, inch long, brown, slightlj winged. Cones not observed in Puerto Rico. Italian cypress is uncommonly cultivated ass an ornamental in yards in Puerto Rico from th«i coast to high altitudes and in the Virgin IsJ lands. It is common in the mountains neaiij Jayuya. This classical cypress of the ancient Greeks and Romans is conspicuous in formal gardenn; and cemeteries of southern Europe. It is hardjv in subtropical and warm temperature climates , such as southern continental United States f romi' Florida to Arizona and California. Because or its narrow shape, it is used for borders as wel as formal planting. Hedges can be formed bj) clipping. Public forest. — Maricao. Range. — Native in the eastern Mediterr ranean region of southern Europe in Syriaa Cilicia, Greece, and the islands of Rhodeg^ Crete, and Cyprus and in the mountains o northern Iran in western Asia. Other common name. — cipres (Spanish). 62 JSPII/^"-' 262. Cipres italiano, Italian cypress CuprefssHS sempervlrens L.* Leafy twig (above), twig with cones (lower right), natural size. 63 CYPRESS FAMILY (CUPRESSACEAE-) 263. Tuya, oriental arborvitae Oriental arborvitae is a popular shrub or small tree planted around city homes in Puerto Rico. This conifer is recognized by: (1) the regular compact rounded to broad conical form, with lowest branches persistent to the ground, the leafy twigs branching on edge and flattened in vertical fanlike or fernlike sprays; (2) the minute scalelike leaves mostly Y^ ,; inch or less in length, dull green; and (3) egg-shaped cones, about % inch long, whitish or bluish but becom- ing dark brown, with usually 6 cone-scales end- ing in a hooked point. An evergreen shrub or small bushy tree 15- 25 feet high, often with several trunks to 6 inches in diameter, much branched, with dense symmetrical crown becoming thin and irregular at maturity, resinous and aromatic. Bark brown to dark reddish brown, finely fissured, fibrous and becoming shreddy. Inner bark whitish, fibrous, with slightly resinous taste. Branches brown, slender, becoming slightly rough, resinous. The leafy twigs are flattened in vertical plane, branching in 2 rows and forming fanlike or fernlike sprays. Leaves paired or opposite in 4 rows in flattened arrangement 14 i^ch wide, scalelike, short-pointed and pressed against twig, with gland dot on back, those on leading twigs to i/g inch long, narrow, and spreading. Cones are borne at ends of short twigs, com- posed of usually 6 paired hard cone-scales % inch or less in length and ending in a hooked point, opening at maturity. The lower cone- scales bear 2 oblong wingless seeds i/g inch long. Thuja orientalis L.' naked and shedding upon opening. Old opei cones remain on the tree at least a few months^ Pollen is produced in small yellowish male cone!; ■Yir, inch long on different twigs of the sam»( plant (monoecious). The sapwood is whitish and the heartwooct dark brown. The wood is described as aromatic soft, lightweight, and fine-textured. In recent years this species has been planted widely about city homes in moist areas o; Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands from sejj level to high altitudes. Easily transplantedi shallow-rooted, and adapted to moist soils. Hardy also in warm temperate areas, orientaa arborvitae has been planted for ornament iiil Europe, Asia, and eastern and southern conj tinental United States. In Florida it has spreati from cultivation though has not become exteni| sively naturalized. Planted southward to Brazilljl Argentina, and Chile. Many horticulturaJ varieties of different shape and color of foliage^; sometimes golden, are grown in parks and gardens. The plants can be used as living fence; i and trimmed as hedges also. Growth respond;!! to fertilizer. Range. — Native of northern China anci Korea. Other common names. — tuya (Puerto Ricoi Spanish) ; incienso (Guatemala) ; cipres, cipre; romano (El Salvador) ; arbol de vida, pinill (Dominican Republic) ; oriental arborvita' (United States) ; Chinese arborvitae, Asiatic arborvitae (English). Botanical synonym. — Biota orientalis (L." Endl. 64 263. Tuya, oriental aiborvitae Thujd orioitalis L.* Twig with cones, natural size. 65 SCREW-PINE FAMILY (PANDANACEAE*) Trees and shubs, sometimes woody vines, known by: (1) few stout widely spreading branches with rings; (2) many stiltlike prop roots, also brace roots from branches ; (3) many crowded very narrow spiny-margined sword- like leaves spirally arranged at ends of branches; (4) flowers male and female on dif- ferent plants (dioecious), mostly crowded. 264. Pandano, screw-pine A few species of screw-pine have been intro- duced but are infrequent. These curious palm- like ornamentals are easily recognized by: (1) the few stout widely spreading branches with rings; (2) many stiltlike prop roots or brace roots from the branches to the ground; (3) many crowded swordlike leaves spirally ar- ranged at ends of branches, stiff", hard, and leathery, bordered by sharp spines; and (4) fruit a large hard heavy ball 6-8 inches in diameter, with many protuberances, somewhat like a pine cone or pineapple. This species has the leaves about 3 feet in length and 1V2-3 inches wide. Small evergreen ornamental tree to 30 feet high, with trunk to 10 inches in diameter, the few large branches covered by old leaf bases ending in clusters of erect to spreading leaves. The light gray trunk has irregular ring scars from fallen leaves. Prop roots are 1-3 inches in diameter, light brown. Leaves alternate but crowded, without petiole but with broad clasping base, long and narrow, ending in a long tapering drooping point. The upper surface is shiny green with broad groove and a ridge on each side of midvein and many inconspicuous parallel side veins, the lower sur- face dull light green with midvein slightly spiny. Dead brown leaves hang down and grad- ually fall away. Flowers are male and female on different plants (dioecious) but seldom produced, small, simple and without calyx and corolla. Male flowers in drooping clusters 1-3 feet long con- sist of many stamens Va-'^/i inch long, crowded on threadlike branching stalks along an axis (raceme) with several bracts ending in long 66 small and without calyx or corolla, male flowei on an axis (spike) consisting of many stamer and female flowers in rounded heads compose of colored scales and densely crowded pisti with superior 1-celled ovary, 1 to many ovule : short style or none, and stigma; and (5) mu tiple fruit a large ball (syncarp) with mar angled hard many-seeded fruits (drupes). Pandanus utilis Borjf very narrow point bordered by sharp spine Female flowers in terminal heads have pisti: densely crowded with colored scales. The mii tiple fruit (syncarp) borne singly on a loin stalk, is a large hard heavy ball 6-8 inches i diameter, composed of about 100 frui (drupes). Each is li^-V/o inches long, aiii 1-11/) inches wide, angled and slightly flattenee shiny light brown, hard and fibrous, 3-8-celkei containing several seeds. Locally common as an ornamental, mostly sea level, and as a windbreak against the sea Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and St. Thomas. Baskets, mats, and place mats can be ma from the leaves. The starchy fruits are edil when cooked. Suckers formed at base of trun can be used in propagation as well as seei Planted in southern Florida for the tropii aspect. In temperate parts of the United Sta the young decorative plants are grown indo( in pots. Range. — Native of Madagascar but groi through the tropics. Other common names. — palma de tirabu2j (Puerto Rico) ; palma de tornillo (Spanisit common screw-pine (English). The English common name screw-pine ref to the spirally arranged leaves. The genus screw-pines (Pandanus) is represented numerous species in the Old World tropics, es cially Pacific Islands. Besides this species fe few others are grown in Puerto Rico. Pandai Ls pacificus L. H. Bailey,* from the Pacific Islar has larger shiny green leaves 6 feet or more length and 6 inches wide, with longitudi|l folds. ^4' 264. Pandano, screw-pine Pandanns ntlUs Bory " Male flowers (upper left), leaf, and single fruit (below), all two-thirds natural size; multiple fruit (lower right), about one-third natural size. 67 GRASS FAMILY (GRAMINEAE) Grasses are annual and perennial herbs, ex- cept for bamboos, which are woody shrubs or vines, sometimes reaching tree size. Known by : (1) jointed stems with enlarged rings at nodes, commonly hollow except at nodes, not increas- ing in diameter; (2) leaves alternate in 2 rows, composed of a sheath, which surrounds the stem, a scale (ligule), and the blade, generally narrow and parallel-veined, mostly ending in long point, not toothed at edges; (3) specialized mostly greenish or straw-colored flowers (florets) grouped along an axis in cluster (spikelets), generally bisexual, regular, conr posed of 2 greenish scales (glumes, lemma an palea) at base, no calyx or corolla, 3 stamens c in bamboos 6 stamens, and pistil with superic 1-celled ovary with 1 ovule and 2 feather styles; and (4) fruit a grain, a dry and J seeded. Vol. 1, p. 32. One species: 3. Bambu, common bambo< Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.* PALM FAMILY (PALMAE) Trees and shrubs, sometimes vines, ever- green, known by: (1) trunk stout or some- times slender, unbranched, not divided into bark and wood and not increasing in diameter, often with ring scars and sometimes spiny, with hard thick outer layer or rind and bundles of woody tissue scattered in large pith; (2) large spreading leaves alternate and crowded at apex of trunk, with stout hard petiole often forming sheath around trunk, and blades of 2 types, pinnate with many narrow leaflets with many fine parallel veins along the axis and fanlike or palmate- veined, thick and leathery; (3) larf branched flower clusters (panicles) developii from a large bract (spathe) among the le bases or below; (4) many small stalkless short-stalked flowers generally whitish, cor- monly male and female on the same pla (monoecious) or bisexual, regular, compost of calyx of 3 sepals or lobes, corolla of 3 pet£ or lobes, stamens mostly 6 and separate, som times many, and pistil with 1-3-celled ova and 1-3 ovules; and (5) fruit mostly a 1-seed' berry or drupe. Also vol. 1, p. 34. 68 PALM FAMILY (PALMAE) Key to species A. Leavfs pinnate. B, Spines on trunk and leaf axes. C. Leaflets long-pointed; fruits yellowish, 1% inches in diameter; trunk stout — 4. Corozo, prickly palm, Puerto Rico acrocomia, Acroconiia media O. F. Cook. CC. Leaflets ending in a broad jagged edge as if torn; fruits red, %-% inch in diameter; trunk slender — 5, Palma de coyor, Aiphnnes acanthophylla (Mart.) Burret. BB. Spines absent. D. Leaf sheaths not forming long tubular base or column. E. Leaves 12-20 feet long; fruit the familiar large edible coconut — 6. Palma de coco, coconut, Cocos nucifera L.* EE. Leaves 5-7 feet long; fruits about V2 inch in diameter. F. Leaflets erect to arching in 2 overlapping rows on each side of axis; fruit red — 8. Palma de Uuvia, Gaussia attenuata (O. F. Cook) Beccari. FF. Leaflets spreading flat along axis and not overlapping. G. Leaflets 20-36 inches long and 1^/4-2 inches wide; fruit black with 1 seed — 7. Palma de sierra, sierra palm, Prestoea montana (R. Grab.) Nichols. (Euterpe qlobosa) . GG. Leaflets to 18 inches long and 1 inch wide; fruit red with 1-3 seeds — 268. Pseudophoe- vix sargentii. DD. Leaf sheaths closed at base, forming conspicuous column (crownshaft) at apex of trunk. H. Leaves 6-8 feet long; trunks many, clustered, slender, less than 5 inches in diameter — 266. Chrysalidocarpiis lu tesceiis* HH. Leaves 8-15 feet long; trunks solitary. I. Leaf sheaths about 2 feet long; trunks 6-10 inches in diameter — 265. Calyptrouoina rivalis. IL Leaf sheaths forming column 4 feet long; trunks stout, 1-2 feet in diameter — Roystouen. J. Trunk tall, of uniform diameter; fruits dark purple — 269. Roystonea regia* JJ. Trunk enlarged at some distance above base; fruits light brown — 9. Palma real, royal- palm, Puerto Rican royalpalm, Roystonea horinquevn 0. F. Cook. AA. Leaves fan-shaped. K; Blades 3-6 feet or more in diameter, with definite midrib; petioles 3-8 feet long; trunk stout, 1-2 feet in diameter — Sabal. L. Leaves blue green; fruits brown, %-V2 inch in diameter — 10. Palma de sombrero, Puerto Rico pal- m.etto, Sabal caiisianan (O. F. Cook) Beccari. LL. Leaves green; fruits blackish, V2-% inch in diameter — 270. Sabal domingensis* KK. Blades 2-4 feet in diameter, without a midrib, petioles mostly 2-3 feet long; trunk slender, less than 8 inches in diameter. M. Petioles not split at base, forming coarse network of fibers ; ligule at base of blade rounded ; fruits blue-black, .iuicy, %-% inch in diameter; seed grooved over surface — 267. Coccothrinax alia. MM. Petioles split at base ; ligule at base of blade pointed ; fruits white, dry and mealy, about % inch in diameter; seed not grooved on surface — Thrmax. N. Leaf blades whitish beneath ; ligule at base of blade blunt-pointed; flowers and fruits stalkless — 271. Thrivax morrisu. NN. Leaf blades green beneath; ligule at base of blade long-pointed; flowers and fruits stalked — 272. Thrmax midtiflora.* 69 PALM FAMILY (PALMAE) 265. Palma inanaca, Puerto Ricaii manac Cnlyptronoma rivalis (O. F. Cook) L. H. Baile; Palma manaca, the rarest of Puerto Ricaii palms, grows wild only along a marshy stream about 3 miles east of San Sebastian in the northwestern part of the island. It resembles slightly the coconut palm both in trunk and leaves but is smaller. Identification is by: (1) the stout straight smoothish gray trunks 6-10 inches in diameter, not swollen at base, bearing rings but no spines; (2) large pinnate leaves 10-15 feet long, including sheathing base of the stout petiole and many long narrow leaflets 2i/o-3 feet long, paired or nearly so ; (3) numer- ous small white male and female flowers about 14, inch long, sunken in many green ropelike axes 8-12 inches long in stalked clusters; and (4) elliptic fleshy fibrous fruits %-'/> inch long, containing 1 large rounded seed. This medium-sized palm becomes 30 feet high. The cylindric trunk is hard, smoothish, slightly fissured, of uniform diameter, bearing horizontal rings of leaf scars mostly 2-4 inches apart. The thin evergreen crown is composed of about 15-20 alternate leaves, erect and spread- ing to 25 feet across, not drooping. The young- est, unopened vertical leaf forms a narrow vertical shaft or spire. The leaves have a sheathlike gray-green base of the petiole about 2 feet long, which extends halfway around the trunk, and the stout dull light green petiole continuing 2 feet or more. Blades are divided into leaflets, nearly opposite and about 2 inches apart along a keeled axis. The leaflets are mostly 2 1/2-3 feet long and to 3 inches wide, those on small leaves much smaller, narrowed and oblique at base, bent upward, spreading in 1 plane but drooping on both sides, thick, stiff and leathery, slightly shiny yellow green, hairless, with 10-12 parallel sunken veins, becoming torn between the veins. Dead leaves turn light brown, bend down, and break off" at the base, forming a smoothish scar. One to several flower clusters (panicles) 3-4 feet long, spreading and drooping, arise above the lowest leaves but at maturity are below the lowest remaining leaves. An oblong light green sheath (spathe) IV2 feet long covers the devel- oping flower cluster, and after elongation a second sheath about 2 feet long, boat-shaped, narrowly oblong and light brown, splits open along 1 side. The stout axis (spadix) bears in upper half many green ropelike branches 8-12 inches long and % inch in diameter, mostly 2-5 on short stalks, sometimes 1. Flowers are numerous, slightly curved and flattened, white, 2 male and 1 female borne to- gether sunken in a pit of the ropelike axi (monoecious), the male flowers opening first The male flower is more than 14. inch long, ex tends Y] ,j inch above the axis, and is composed o 3 narrow keeled sepals y, ,; inch long; tubula 1 narrow corolla ^ ,; inch long in bud, whicl breaks off" below middle, forming a cupliki corolla and a cap (calyptra) over the stamens and 6 stamens more than I'l,; inch long spread ing Vs inch across from a fleshy curved column ■y-ii; inch long. The female flower has calyx of ','. sepals, cuplike corolla with cap, tube with (( points representing nonfunctioning stamen, (staminodes), and pistil with deeply 3-angle( ovary and slender style. The numerous ellipti' fruits are smooth, rounded at both ends, witl thin outer layer. The seed is rounded. Witl flowers in November and fruits in summer. This palm is native along a small stream in ;; valley about 3 miles east of San Sebastian aloni the old carriage road east toward Lares. It wa discovered and named by Orator F. Cook ir 1901, during his study of the economic plant of Puerto Rico. This palm is known only fron^ one locality in the moist limestone forest at about 1,000 feet altitude. In 1970 only abou 20 plants of all sizes were seen. It was reporter that a second grove nearby might have beew destroyed by clearing for agriculture. Thus, palma manaca not only is the rares: palm but also may be considered endangered bee cause it is located on private land. However, thi present landowner has expressed an intent t > protect the remaining trees. Young plants ar^ growing in the botanical garden of the Univer sity of Puerto Rico at Lajas from seedlings col lected in 1958. At one time this palm was included in anothe species (Calyptrogyne occidentalis (Sw. Maza), then interpreted as found also in Ja maica, Cuba, and Hispaniola. However, th Puerto Rican palm is now accepted as distinc but with unknown history. Possibly the pair: may have been more widespread in the past an^ now may be nearing extinction. It may hav persisted along this marshy stream, or it migh have been an accidental introduction. Range.^ — Known only from one locality miles east of San Sebastian in northwester: Puerto Rico. Other common names. — palmilla (Puert Rico) ; manac palm (English). Botanical synonyms. — Calyptrogyne viva lis (O. F. Cook) Leon, Cocops rivalis 0. F Cook. 70 265. Palma manaca, Puerto Pvican manac Cahjptronoma rivalis (O. F. Cook) L. H. Bailey Flowers (lower left), fruits (lower right), natural size. 71 PALM FAMILY (PALMAE) 266. Palma areca, Madagascar-palm This small graceful ornamental palm with many crowded stems and feathery green to yellow-green foliage is commonly planted around buildings. It is easily recognized by : (1) the clusters of many slender smooth, spine- less ringed trunks resembling bamboo; (2) featherlike pinnate leaves, curved and arching from closed sheath at base, with many narrow paired leaflets, dull green but becoming yellow- ish before falling; (3) small whitish flowers, male and female, stalkless along a much branched flower stalk attached below the leaves ; and (4) long elliptic fruits greenish yellow when immature, becoming violet or blackish, '>!!-% inch long and % inch wide, blunt and oblique at apex. A small palm 10-25 feet high, bushy, spread- ing and producing additional stems from sprouts or suckers. The slender unbranched trunks are 2-5 inches in diameter, whitish green to green, with rings 2-5 inches apart. Bases become thickened, light gray, and fis- sured and produce many small brownish prop roots. The many leaves, including those from sprouts, partly cover the trunks of diff"erent lengths. A trunk ends in a column of whitish- green leaf sheaths 1-2 feet long and 6-9 spread- ing leaves. The unfolded youngest leaf extends as a narrow erect axis. The alternate leaves are mostly 6-8 feet long and 2 feet across, smaller on sprouts, and have a closed sheath 1-11/4 feet long and a slender yellow-green petiole 1-2 feet long and grooved above. The slender keeled yellow-green axis bears as many as 80-100 dull green leaflets, mostly paired or opposite, spreading and slightly curved. These are mostly 1-1 V2 feet long and very narrow, 1/2-% i^ich wide, slightly thickened, gradually narrowed, to a very slender point inconspicuously 2-toothed. The midrib is prominent and raised, and there are few inconspicuous parallel veins. The oldest leaves turn orange yellow toward the end before falling, then leave a smooth ring scar around the trunk. Chrysalidocarpus lulescens H. Wend'l The flower clusters (panicles) are 2-3 fi long and much branched. Sheaths (spathe are like large scales along the axis (spadi> The small whitish flowers are in groups of male and 1 female but diff'erent clusters on t same plant may appear to be all of the same s at one time (monoecious). Male flowers a crowded and stalkless along stout axes, %,j in wide, composed of 3 rounded yellowish sep; Vi ,; inch long, 3 pointed yellowish petals Vs in long, stiff" and concave, 6 spreading white s-; mens Vs inch long, and rudimentary pistil, female flower is usually between 2 male flow<t!fe and opening later, consisting of 3 sepals, |> petals, and pistil with ovary, short style, a:|l broad stigma. The fruits with sepals and pet ^p at base have a thin covering and a long brov ish seed of the same shape, hard and whit t within. Flowering and fruits through the yej Abundant as the most widely planted paai around buildings including homes in Puep Rico, Culebra, and Vieques, and through is Virgin Islands at all altitudes and in wet dl dry areas. This ornamental is easily prop gated from sprouts as well as seeds. The flow attract bees. Widely grown elsewhere through the trop Popular also in continental United States, c doors in southern Florida, southern Arizo t, and southern California and northward indo s in pots and tubs, also in Europe. Range. — Native of Madagascar, Other common names. — areca, palma rada (Puerto Rico) ; palma areca (Cub eureka (Colombia) ; Madagascar palm, gold: fruit palm, butterfly palm, red butterfly pgiii, bamboo palm, yellow palm (English) ; k(:C- palm (Dutch Antilles) ; palmeira barlu (Brazil). The generic name refers to the resembla ;e of the spotted fruit to a chrysalis or i-esi g stage of a butterfly, while the specific name, 1- low, describes the foliage. Formerly knowias Areca lutescens Bory. The local common n.-pe areca is now a misnomer since the species Iks removed from that genus. 72 266. Palma areca, Madagascar-palm Chrysalidocarpus liitesceiis H. Wendl/' Male flowers and fruits (lower right), natural size. 73 PALM FAMILY (PALMAE) 267. Palnia <le abanico, tyre-palm A slender, locally common palm, easily recog- nized by: (1) fan-shaped leaves with leafstalks 2-314 feet long, not split at base, forming coarse network of fibers; (2) leaf blades 2i/j- 31/2 feet long and broad, without a midrib, deeply split beyond middle into many folded narrow segments dull or shiny light green above and silvery white and minutely scaly be- neath; (3) large much branched flower clusters with many short-stalked small flowers ^^ inch long and broad ; and (4) many round blue-black juicy fruits (drupes) %-V2 inch in diameter, with 1 round seed grooved over surface. An evergreen shrub or small tree 10-50 feet tall, with unbranched slender trunk 2-5 inches in diameter, enlarged at base, and at apex with a thin crown of 8-15 leaves. The trunk is gray, smooth to slightly fissured, has faint rings rep- resenting scars of fallen leaves, and sometimes is enlarged a few feet above the ground up to 5 inches in diameter. Leafstalks of the alternate leaves are light green, slightly flattened. The bases of older, dead leaves separate along their edges to form coarse networks of light brown fibers around the trunk. Finally the fallen dead leaves break ofi", and the trunk below is smooth. The leaf- stalk joins the blade with an enlarged rounded ligule (hastula) V-o-'Yi. inch long. The fan- shaped blades are composed of many folded leathery segments 15-24 inches long, the folds V-i-'V\. inch wide, long-pointed or 2-forked with many fine lines of long parallel veins. The flower cluster (spadix or panicle) 1-1 Vl' feet long attached among the leaves has many slender horizontal branches. Numerous flowers scattered on short stalks of Vic, inch are com- posed of white 6-lobed calyx, usually 9 stamens, and pistil with 1-celled ovary and slender style. 268. Florida oherrypalin One small tree 20 feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter was found on Mona Island in 1970 by one of the authors. Distinguishing characteristics are: (1) trunk slender, slightly swollen at base and in middle and tapering to ends, whitish gray, smoothish, with conspicuous ring scars and no dead leaves; (2) pinnate leaves 4-8 feet long, with gray-green sheath of 6-12 inches, with petiole of 8-20 inches, and many narrow segments to 18 inches long and 1 inch wide, parallel-veined, dark yellow green above and paler beneath, those toward middle longest; (3) many small greenish-yellow flow- ers % inch across, mostly bisexual, and few male, consisting of stalk of Vs-z'it! inch, minute 3-lobed calyx, 3 spreading petals, 6 stamens, 74 Cocrothrinax altn (O. F. Cook) Becc The calyx is persistent at base of fruit. Then 1 round brown seed about -^i c, inch in diamet grooved with curved lines over surface. 1 corded in flower in May-June. The foliage has served for thatching hou and for making brooms. This attractive pain not much used as an ornamental, being diffic to transplant and slow growing. However, has been cultivated for its silvery leaves. Ih fruit may be edible as in related species. Locally common in moist limestone and no n coast forests of Puerto Rico from sea level 0 1,800 feet altitude, mostly below 1,000 f(\. Also common on hills through the islands ei ward, including Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, Thomas, St. John, and Virgin Gorda. Britton and Wilson {10; 5:118) repor-iti that only 1 tree was known on St. Croix by IS:- gers in 1876 and that they could find only llln 1923. The authors in 1954 found appareriy the same tree, also 2 old trees in Cotton Val>. Public forests and park. — Cambalack Guajataca, Rio Abajo, Susua, Vega; Virgin I- lands. This is the common native palm at Vir- gin Islands National Park, where it is scatteid from sea level to 1,000 feet altitude. j Range. — Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. Other common names. — palma plate^a (Puerto Rico) ; silver-palm, broom teyer, i palm (Virgin Islands) ; seamberry palm (E: lish). Botanical synonyms. — Coccothrinax egv sia)ia Beccari, C. sancti-thomasae Beccari, (User eta Bailey & Moore. The name C. arger (Lodd.) Sarg., also applied formerly, refer a species of Hispaniola. Apparently only 1 ; cies of this genus is native in Puerto Rico the Virgin Islands. Related species of Lesser Antilles may not be distinct. Psetidophoenix sargentii H. We and pistil with 3-angled 3-celled ovary ar styles, in erect much branched clusters 2i feet long from among the leaves; and many orange-red fruits (drupes) about -jjj : in diameter, with thin flesh and 1 seed % ,; : in diameter, often with 2-3 lobes and 2-3 se A lone palm of this species was seen in coastal plain forest near sea level at west of Mona Island. Except for a record from minica, this is the eastern limit of range extension of about 40 miles from Saona Is off the southeast coast of Hispaniola. Poss an accidental natural introduction, such as f seed by a bird, or less likely by man. Or the might be the survivor of a nearly extinct col Absent from Puerto Rico and Virgin Isla a 0 id 16 I 3 ;h :h s. le fid kn yd m lee s. .vXiKt^v^'/ 267. Palma de abanico, tyre-palm Coccothrinax alta (O. F. Cook) Beccari Immature fruits (lower right), natural size. 75 PALM FAMILY (PALMAE) Range. — Upper Florida Keys (where first dis- covered and very rare), Bahamas, Cuba, His- paniola, Mona, and Dominica ; also southeastern Mexico and British Honduras. Other common NAMES. — cacheo (Dominican Republic) ; palma de Guinea (Cuba) ; Florida cherrypalm, Sar- gent cherry palm, cherrypalm (United States) ; hog palmetto, hog-cabbage (Bahamas). The 269. Palma real cubana, Cuban royalpalm Cuban royalpalm is planted occasionally in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands but much less frequently than the native species. No. 9, Puerto Rican royalpalm (Roystonea horinqueyia 0. F. Cook). The introduced species is recog- nized by its tall stout trunk of uniform diam- eter either not enlarged above the base or only slightly so. Other distinguishing character- istics are: (1) the gray smooth trunk with horizontal rings ; (2) the green column or collar (crownshaft) of leaf sheaths about 4 feet high at apex of trunk; (3) very large pinnate leaves crowded at apex of trunk, forming an umbrella- shaped crown (lower leaves not drooping as in the native species) ; (4) many small white flow- ers 14. i'^ch long on the trunk below the leaves from a narrow cyclindric bud more than 3 feet long; and (5) fruits oblong or rounded, 1/2 inch long, dull dark purple or reddish brown, 1- seeded. Medium-sized to tall introduced palm becom- ing 60 feet in height. The stout trunk about 1 V-j feet in diameter has many minute short air roots at the enlarged base and is smooth, with- out spines or old leaf bases, with thick hard outer part. The bud is composed of a narrow vertical growing leaf. At the base of the crown there is often a dead basal leaf hanging down. The alternate pinnate leaves 10-13 feet long consist of a smooth green sheath that surrounds the trunk like a collar (crownshaft) and the stout grooved axis bearing many stalkless leaf- lets in irregular double rows on both sides. The narrow (linear) leaflets are more than 2 feet long and about 1 inch (Vi-l^A inches) wide and end in a long point divided into 2 unequal points. They are thick and leathery, parallel- veined, hairless, not toothed, and green on both surfaces. The lowest and oldest leaf dies and hangs down from the trunk, flnally separating completely and falling, leaving a smooth ring scar. The growing immature leaf is erect like a needle and often curves slightly toward the di- rection of the wind. 76 speciflc name honors the discoverer, Charl Sprague Sargent (1841-1927), United Stat dendrologist and director of the Arnold Art return of Harvard University. West Indi; plants have been distinguished as a variety , subspecies (var. saonae (O. F. Cook) Read; 1 saonae O. F. Cook) . Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) O. F. Cooll The flowers on the trunk below the leaves ci velop within a large narrow brown cylindi' sheath (spathe) more than 3 feet long and inches or more in diameter, which opens in j parts. The flower cluster (panicle) is a mui. branched rounded whitish mass 3 feet or mcf in length and width. There are many smis white stalkless flowers along straight slencf branches, male and female (monoecious). Mjj: flowers consist of 3 minute sepals and 3 point (1 petals 14 i^ch long united at base, 6-9 spread! \: stamens, and rudimentary pistil. The small- female flowers have 3 sepals, tubular coroli with 3 pointed lobes and bearing 6 short sterrJ! stamens (staminodes) inside, and pistil w^i ovary and 3 styles. The numerous dry meif fruits (like a drupe) are oblong or round'lf with calyx at base. Seed 1, rounded, hard ai oily. Flowering and fruiting continuou^^ through the year. Where this palm is native, the oily seeds hi served to fatten hogs and chickens. Beads hi been made from the seeds. Also, the leaves sei for thatch, fencing, and walls. Slabs of luml are cut from the trunks. The flowers attr; bees. This palm is planted for ornament and a; street tree in Puerto Rico and the Virgin lands at low altitudes near the coast but is i common. Recorded from St. Croix, St. Thom and St. John. Mostly confined to cities but n" escape from cultivation. Popular in parks a.^ gardens elsewhere. Range. — Native of Cuba but introduced other tropical regions. Other common names. — palma real (Pue Rico, Spanish) ; palma de yaguas, palma yagua cubana (Puerto Rico) ; royalpalm (E; lish) ; konningspalm (Dutch Antilles). Possibly not distinct from Florida royalpfi (Roystonea elata (Bartr.) F. Harper), Florida, which has rounded fruits nearly thick as long. Both are planted in southi|i Florida along avenues and for framing la |e buildings. 269. Palma real cubana, Cuban royalpalm Roystonca regia (H.B.K.) O. F. Cook * Male flowers (lower left), fruits (lower right), natural size. 77 PALM FAMILY (PALMAE) 270. Hispaniola palmetto This species apparently is the ornamental fan-palm introduced on St. Croix and St. Thomas and formerly referred to Bermuda pal- metto (S. hermudana Bailey, S. hlackhurn- ianum Glazebrook), of Bermuda, and known also as S. umbraculifera (Jacq.) Mart., a re- jected name. Characterized by: (1) the stout trunk with petiole bases often persistent nearly to base; (2) large fan-shaped leaves with blades 6-8 feet in diameter, gray green, and petiole as long or longer; (3) flower clusters (panicles) at leaf bases commonly shorter than petioles, much branched and bearing many small whitish flowers Yi,., inch long; and (4) 271. Palma tie escoba, brittle thatehpalni This small palm of limestone hills and cliffs is distinguished from the other native palms by: (1) fan-shaped leaves with leafstalks 2-3 feet long and split at base; (2) leaf blades 2-4 feet long and broad, without a midrib, deeply split about to middle into many narrow seg- ments which are shiny green above and silvery white scaly beneath; (2) large much branched flower clusters about 3-6 feet long with short drooping branches bearing many very short- stalked small white flowers about Vg inch long; and (3) round whitish fruit (drupe) about f■^n inch in diameter, with 1 round seed smooth and not grooved on surface. Usually shrubby and less than 15 feet tall, this small palm has unbranched slender smooth trunk 3-6 inches in diameter, columnar or slightly enlarged above. The narrow crown at apex consists of alternate spreading leaves, the upper ones erect and lower ones drooping. The gray trunk is rough with coarse vertical cracks and is covered with old dead leaves at apex and often a mass of fine rootlets at base. Leafstalks are V-z-'Vx- inch wide, flattened above and obscurely ridged beneath, hairy when young, and pale blue green. When old the leafstalks split in middle and hang against the trunk. The fan-shaped light green blades, hairy beneath when young, have a thick blunt- pointed ligule (hastula) less than 1 inch long and wide at apex of leafstalk, lined with white hairs at least when young. The leathery seg- ments, mostly 2-forked or split at apex, are 11/4-2 inches wide in middle of blade, while those at base are shorter and only 14 inch wide. The flower cluster (spadix or panicle) 2-6 feet long is attached among the leaves. Along side branches many long and narrow, boat- shaped sheaths (spathes), leathery and densely scaly, especially toward apex, enclose the young flowers. The slightly fragrant flowers are borne on verv short thick disklike stalks. The white 78 Sahal domingensis Beccai many fruits (drupes) rounded or obovoi V^-'Vu iiich in diameter. The leaves have servi; the same purposes as the native Puerto Rici relative. No. 10, Palma de sombrero or Puer Rico palmetto (S. causiarum (0. F. Cook) B€ cari). Straw hats have been made from tl young leaves, and baskets and mats from 1 1 leaf fibers. Range. — Native of Hispanioli Introduced in Virgin Islands and other islam of West Indies and from Florida to Louisiaii and California and southward through tropic continental America. Other common namis — cana, palma cana (Dominican Republic). Thrinax morrisii H. Wen«( I cupshaped calyx is i/g inch long, with 6 teet:l the 6 stamens united at base on tube ; and oran;| 1-celled ovary with stout style and funnie shaped flat stigma. The fruit contains whiti;' bitter flesh and 1 rounded shiny dark brow seed nearly f^,-, inch in diameter, smooth a: not grooved on surface. Flowering and fruitij seasonally or irregularly. The wood is hard and lightweight, with sco| pith toward center. Common locally on limestone hills and cliff and often in crevices of bare rock outcrojj Dry and moist limestone regions of Puerto Rii from sea level to 1,000 feet altitude. Especia'i common in the dry southwestern areas and all on coastal sands. Also Mona, Muertos, a Vieques. Rare at West End, Anegada, accor ing to Britton and Wilson. Sometimes planted for ornament in Puei Rico. As the common name indicates, the lea\ are used in making brooms (also thatch) a have supported local industries. Public forests. — Guajataca, Guanica, F Abajo, Susua, Vega. Range. — Southern Florida including Flori Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Moi Puerto Rico, Vieques, Anegada, Anguilla, a Barbuda. Reported also from Mexico (Yucata and British Honduras. Other common names. — yaray, pandere; palma de cojollo (Puerto Rico) ; guano sierra, miraguano, palmita (Cuba) ; brit thatchpalm, small-fruited thatchpalm, peaber palm (United States) ; buff"alo-top (Bahamas broom-palm (Anguilla). Botanical synonyms. — Thrinax mici carpa Sarg., T. ponceana 0. F. Cook. First collected at Anguilla in 1890 by Dan Morris (1844-1933), British specialist in trc ical economic botany, who worked in Jamai and other islands of the West Indies. 271. Palma de escoba, brittle thatchpalm Thrinax morrisii H. Wendl. Portion of leaf showing base of blade and ligule (above), natural size. 79 PALM FAMILY (PALMAE) 272. Jamaica thatchpalin This closely related small fan-palfti has been introduced and planted sparingly as an orna- mental in Puerto Rico. It is a small tree to 20 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter. Dis- tinguishing characters are: (1) fanlike leaves 3 feet or more in diameter, slightly lighter be- neath, divided halfway to center into narrow segments to I14. inches wide, with long-pointed ligule (hastula) and leafstalks of 2-3 feet; (2) Thrinax mtiltiflora Mart.* flower clusters about 3 feet long bearing along side branches many crowded flowers Vh inch long on distinct short stalks of ^/^ ,;-V8 inch ; and (3) whitish dry round fruits (drupes) 14 irich in diameter. Range. — Hispaniola, Cuba, Ja- maica, Bahamas, southern Florida, Mexico, and British Honduras. Other common names. — peaberry palm (English) ; bullhead thatch, sea thatch (Jamaica). LILY FAMILY (LILIACEAE) Mostly perennial herbs, often with bulbs or tubers, sometimes shrubs or small trees, known by: (1) the trees and shrubs with stout trunk unbranched or with few branches ending in crowded narrowed pointed leaves; (2) leaves generally alternate, narrow, and entire, paral- lel-veined; (3) flowers mostly clustered and showy, often large and white, bisexual, regular, composed of 3 sepals and 3 petals nearly equal and mostly separate, mostly 6 stamens separate- or attached to corolla, and pistil with mostly 3-celled ovary usually superior, with many ovules, usually 1 style, and 3-lobed stigma; and: (4) fruit a capsule or berry with many seeds. Key to species A. Leaves slightly thick, soft and curved, 2^/4-4 inches wide, with midrib and many fine parallel side veins, ending in long point — 273. Dracaena fragrans* AA. Leaves thick, stiff and straight, grooved above, less than 2% inches wide, without visible veins, ending in long sharp spine or point — Yucca. B. Leaves l%-2% feet long, ending in long sharp spine; fruit a capsule Z-ZVz inches long — 274. Yucca aloi-- folia* BB. Leaves 2-3 feet long, ending in long weak point; fruit fleshy, to 4 inches long — 275. Yucca gloriosa* 273. Dracaena This palmlike ornamental seldom flowering in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands is char- acterized by: (1) trunk slender and mostly unbranched; (2) many long lance-shaped or narrowly oblong leaves, parallel-veined, soft, spreading and curved down, crowded at and near top of trunk; (3) many yellowish funnel- shaped flowers about % inch long crowded in heads or balls of li/o inches in branched clusters; and (4) many rounded orange berries 1/2-% inch in diameter, with 1 round seed. An evergreen planted shrub or small tree 15- 30 feet high with slender erect trunk 1-4 inches or more in diameter, mostly unbranched or with few erect branches, becoming curved and spreading in age. Trunk and branches light gray, smooth to slightly fissured. Leaves alternate but crowded, spreading and curved down, 2-3 feet long and 214-4 inches wide, with margins straight and parallel, grad- ually narrowed to clasping base, wider beyond middle, and narrowed into long point at apex, slightly thick and leathery, and hairless. The shiny or dull green upper surface has indistinct grooved midvein and many fine parallel side veins, the lower surface dull light green. Horti- cultural varieties have stripes and markings of yellow or greenish white. Dracaena fragrans Ker.* Flower clusters (panicles) are terminal andl branched, 1-2 feet long, bearing heads of manj fragrant flowers on stalks of ^/kj-Vs inch. Flow- ers composed of funnel-shaped yellow calyx about ■'';• inch long with narrow tube and 6 narrow lobes Vi inch long ; no petals ; 6 stamens- inserted within tube and alternate with lobes and pistil with 3-celled ovary, long threadlike style, and slightly 3-lobed flat stigma. FruitS' (berries) many, clustered near ends oV. branches, round, 1/2-% inch in diameter, green turning orange, with base of style at apex, thin slightly sweet flesh, and 1 rounded yellowislii seed nearly Vo inch in diameter. Abundant as an ornamental shrub or smal tree in residential areas at all altitudes ir Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Noted frorr Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix, and St. Thomas One common variety (var. massangeana Hort.) has leaves with a broad yellow stripe along th(' center. Grown in borders, fences, hedges, anc elsewhere also as a windbreak. Propagatec vegetatively from cut segments of trunks Horticultural varieties of this and related spe cies have been grown in Puerto Rico anc shipped to florists in continental United State: for decorative plants. Also in southern Florids and northward grown as potted plants. Range. — Native of eastern tropical Africa 273. Dracaena Dracaena fragann Ker.* Leaf (left), flowers and fruits (upper right), two-thirds natural size; plant (center right), much reduced. 81 LILY FAMILY (LILIACEAE) Widely cultivated through the tropics and be- coming naturalized. Other common names. — coco macaco (Do- minican Republic), dracaena, fragrant dra- caena (English) ; white rayo (Trinidad) ; sang- dragon (Guadeloupe). Shrubs of the closely related genus Cordyline are commonly grown for their ornamental foli- age around houses and gardens and as fences in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Most of these plants probably are horticultural varie- ties of Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev.* (C terminalis (L.) Kunth, Dracaena terminalis L.) of tropical Asia. These unbranched shrubs 274. Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, aloe yucra This ornamental species of yucca or Spanish bayonet is characterized by: (1) stout trunks sometimes branched, to 20 feet high and 4 inches in diameter; (2) long bayonetlike leaves crowded in upper part of trunks, 12-20 inches long and l-l-'/i. inches wide, flat, thick and stiff, bordered by minute teeth and ending in a long sharp brown spine, the dead leaves persistent; (3) masses of white flowers 3-4 inches across the 6 spreading fleshy sepals; and (4) fruit an elliptic blackish berry 3-31/2 inches long, rarely produced. Large shrub or small tree, evergreen, with stout erect trunk, often clustered with several sprouts. Upper part covered by crowded dead leaves, which turn light brown and hang down- ward. Lower part of trunk exposed, brown, be- coming fissured or scaly. The trunk has a dark brown outer layer l^,^ inch thick and is soft whitish within, fibrous and almost tasteless. Leaves alternate, crowded at top of trunks, without petiole, narrowly lanceolate, stiff" and thick, grooved or curved above, without visible veins, dull green on both surfaces. Flower clusters (panicles) 11/2-2 feet or more in length, erect, bearing many flowers composed of calyx of 6 spreading blunt-pointed fleshy sepals about IV2 inches long, white or sometimes purple tinged, 6 stamens, and pistil with slightly stalked oblong slightly 3-angled 3-celled ovary and 6-lobed stigma. The nodding fleshy fruits have purplish black pulp without a central core and do not open. Seeds many, rounded, flat, black, about % in^^h across. Flow- ers at various times during year, especially spring and summer. 82 usually 3-8 feet high or treelike have un- branched slender ringed stems. At apex there are many crowded large narrowly oblong leaves 1-1 1/2 feet long and 1-3 V2 inches wide, curved and parallel-veined, with petiole of 4-6 inches. The leaves have different shades of red and purple. Many varieties are distinguished by shades and patterns of leaf color. The flowers are about '2 inch long, white to reddish, and the fruit a large red berry with several seeds. Cordyline is known also by the English common name dracaena and in southern Florida and Hawaii as ti (pronounced tee). Yucca aloifolia L. * Uncommonly planted in gardens and borders and along roadsides and beaches; coastal plain of Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, including the larger islands. Tolerant of salt and suitable for planting on coastal sands and dunes. Easily propagated from sprouts. The plants are often decorated by half of an e^g shell added to the spiny tip of each leaf. The sharp points can be removed from young leaves with pruning shears. Sometimes grown as a living fence. It is re- ported that the flowers of this species have served elsewhere as salad and those of other species eaten fried, also that the fleshy fruits of this and related species are edible. Pollination of yucca flowers by a particular small whitish moth (Pronuba) is necessary for formation of seeds. Thus, seeds normally are not produced outside the natural range. Range. — Native of southeastern United States along the coast mainly in sand dunes, from North Carolina to northern Florida and Louisiana, also in Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, and southeastern Mexico. Introduced else- where in West Indies and continental tropical America north to southern Arizona and spread- ing from cultivation. Other common names. — bayoneta (Span- ish) ; espino, flor de Jerico (Dominican Repub- lic) ; espino, pifion de pufial, maguey silvestre (Cuba) ; Spanish bayonet, aloe yucca (United States) ; Spanish dagger (Jamaica) ; bayo- nette, pinguin (Haiti) ; sward-plant (Ba- hamas). Several cultivated varieties with colored and striped leaves have been distinguished. 274. Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, aloe yucca Flowers (above), leaf (right), two-thirds natural size. Yucca aloifolia h.* 83 LILY FAMILY (LILIACEAE) 275. Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, bulbstem yucca This planted Spanish bayonet or yucca is distinguished by: (1) stout trunks sometimes branched, to 20 feet high and 9 inches in diam- eter, with swollen base; (2) long swordlike or bayonetlike leaves crowded and spreading at end of trunks, 2-3 feet long and mostly 1Vl>- 21/2 inches wide, concave, slightly thickened and stiff, rough on edges, and ending in a long weak point; (3) showy masses of large white bell-shaped flowers about 3 inches across the 6 spreading fleshy sepals ; and (4) oblong whitish fleshy berry fruits to 4 inches long, rarely pro- duced. No. 274, Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, aloe yucca, Yucca aloifolia L.,* has shorter, stiffer, sharp-pointed leaves and the trunk not swollen at base. Large shrub or small tree, evergreen, with 1 to several trunks, often clustered with sprouts. Trunk gray, rough, fissured, becoming swollen or broad at base. The thin outer layer is slightly bitter, and within is white starchy tis- sue with taste of raw potato. The leaves are alternate but crowded, nar- rowly lanceolate, widest near middle and grad- ually narrowed toward the stalkless spreading base and toward the weak point, rough on edges with minute teeth, hairless, without visible veins, dull dark green on both surfaces. Older leaves drooping, becoming straw colored and eventually shedding. The erect terminal flower clusters (panicles) are about 2 feet long and much branched. The many nodding short-stalked flowers are com- posed of calyx of 6 spreading elliptic blunt- pointed white fleshy sepals about ly^ inches Yucca elephantipes Regell long, 6 white stamens opposite the sepals, an pistil with oblong slightly 3-angled 3-celle ovary, many ovules, short style, and 6-lobe stigma. The fruits have white or yellowis | flesh, many flat rounded black seeds near! •!« inch across, and do not split open. Floweii ing in spring. In Mexico and Central America the youni flowers with pleasant or slightly bitter flavc are popular vegetables, for example, eaten frie with eggs, in stews, or raw in salads. The leave! can be split into strips like twine and were tY''\\ source of a fiber for the Indians. The plann' have been grown elsewhere in tall hedges an J on steep roadside banks for erosion contrcj Propagated by sprouts, cuttings, and seeds, j Cultivated for ornament in gardens, neti' houses, and along roadsides near coasts. Com mon in St. Croix ; uncommon in Puerto Ric St. Thomas, and others in Virgin Islands. Popi lar in Florida because the leaf tips are soft arn harmless, not sharp. Public forest. — Estate Thomas. Range. — Native of Mexico and Centr. America and widely distributed in cultivatic north to southern Arizona and south to Cosi Rica and Panama. Perhaps spread by th Indians. Other common names. — palmita, palm yuc (Mexico) ; izote (Central America) ; pa mera (Guatemala) ; espadillo (Nicaragua'! itabo (Costa Rica) ; palmito, espinero (Pa 1 ama) ; Spanish bayonet, Spanish dagger, bul stem yucca, spineless yucca (English). The scientific name meaning elephant's fo refers to the enlarged base of the stout trun 84 275. Bayoneta, Spanish bayonet, bulbstem yucca Yiccca elephantipes Kegel Flowers (upper left), leaf (right), two-thirds natural size. 85 BANANA FAMILY (MUSACEAE) Mostly herbs, often large and treelike, rarely palmlike trees with unbranched trunk (Rave- nala) , known by: (1) very large alternate leaves often in 2 rows, entire but becoming torn, with stout midvein and many parallel straight side veins, with base of petiole form- ing sheath around stem; (2) large flowers in large clusters (mostly spikes or panicles), bi- sexual or male above and female below in same 276. Arbol del viajero, travelers-tree Travelers-tree is a distinctive introduced ornamental easily recognized by: (1) the un- branched, ringed, palmlike trunk; (2) very large, long-stalked bananalike leaves erect and spreading in 2 rows on a single vertical plane like a giant fan; (3) flower clusters shorter than the leaves, with many boatlike scales bear- ing several large whitish flowers 6-8 inches long; and (4) fruit a brown cylindric hard capsule with many deep blue seeds. Evergreen palmlike planted tree to 40 feet high, with unbranched trunk 6-12 inches in diameter, smoothish and slightly fissured, light brown, slightly roughened by the narrowed and raised rings about 2 inches apart. Beneath the thin dark brown outer layer is whitish soft tasteless stem tissue. The crown borne at the upper end of the trunk is an erect giant fan or half circle 10-15 feet or more in height and nearly twice as wide, composed of 20 or fewer large bananalike whitish-green leaves erect and spreading in 2 rows along a vertical plane. At the base of the leaves are concave sheaths about 2 feet long, pressed tightly together, then the stout spread- ing petioles 3-5 feet or more in length, some- times to 10 feet. The bananalike oblong blades are 4-7 feet or more in length and 2-2 VL' feet wide, whitish green and slightly thickened and leathery, with straight margin slightly nar- rowed from the notched base to the blunt apex. From the stout slightly sunken midrib are many parallel almost straight side veins ex- tending at a right angle. The margin becomes torn into segments along the veins. The oldest, lowest leaves bend and turn yellow to brown, breaking off" above the sheath, which gradually weathers away irregularly, finally leaving a smoothish ring scar around the trunk. The large heavy flower clusters (spikes) are borne singly among the leaf sheaths and project 86 cluster (monoecious), each above a large Ion pointed scale or bract, irregular, composed 3 sepals and 3 petals of unequal size and soni! times united, stamens 6 or 5 and 1 staminoci and pistil with inferior 3-celled ovary with ax; placentation and 1 to many ovules in each ce style, and usually 3 stigmas; and (3) fruit 3-celled capsule or long berry, the seeds oft with covering (aril). Ravenala madagascariensis Sonni downward about 2 feet or more. Light greei boatlike scales (bracts) 7-9 or more, 1-1 feet long, spread in 2 rows and bear sevei-!; large irregular whitish flowers. Each flower ' composed of 3 narrow stiff" sepals 6-8 inchij long; 3 separate petals, 1 short and 2 like tt| sepals forming a sheath ; 5 stamens 4-5 inchtif long; and pistil with inferior 3-celled ovaii|| many ovules, slender style, and 3-lobed stignnji The hard brown capsule about 3 inches lo and IVi inches wide is slightly 3-angled a splits into 3 parts. Seeds many, elliptic, abc % inch long. With flowers and fruits more less continuously. The large flowers are adapted to pollinati by birds. While sucking nectar, birds cause t stamens to spring open from the petals a scatter the pollen on feathers for a ride anoi-her flower. Travelers-tree is occasionally planted 1 ornament and in gardens chiefly in the mo lowlands of Puerto Rico, and in moist ar( through the tropics including Florida a southern California. Propagated by seeds a divisions. The leaf sheaths or bases contain ckf watery sap, which can be extracted and dru by puncturing a hole near the base with a kni This source of water for travelers is said to the origin of the name. Any persons planni excursions into the forests of the island Madagascar, where this tree grows wild, ni wish to remember this drink. It is reported tlf the blue covering of the seeds is edible Range. — Native of Madagascar. Wid (^ planted for ornament through the moist tr< ics. Other common names. — arbol del viaje palma de viajero (Puerto Rico, Spanisl palma de abanico (Dominican Republic waaierpalm, waaierpisang (Dutch Antilles) ^■''^'':.^K.^ i' ''* IS 276. Arbol del viajero, travelers-tree Tree with fruits (much reduced). Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn/' 87 CASUARINA FAMILY (CASUARINACEAE=!=) Trees and shrubs, known by: (1) many drooping green very slender twigs like pine needles or wires, with longitudinal lines and many jointed nodes; (2) minute scalelike leaves 4-16 in a whorl forming a sheath and ring; (3) many minute crowded dark red flowers, male and female on the same plant (monoecious) or difl'erent plants (dioecious), regular, without calyx and corolla, the male whorled along an axis (spike) and composed of 1 stamen and 2 minute scales, and the female in small balls composed of pistil, 2 minute scales, and supe- rior 1(2) -celled ovary with 2 ovules and 2 long styles; and (4) multiple fruit like a ball or cone, hard and woody with many minute winged seeds. Also vol. 1, p. 48. Key to species A. Twigs mostly 3-7 inches long, very slender, somewhat less than \{r^ inch in diameter; scale leaves 8-10 in a ring; conelike fruits about % inch in diameter — 278. Casuarina cimninghamiana* A A. Twigs more than 9 inches long, slender, about i/ii; inch in diameter; conelike fruits more than 'i; inch inn diameter. B. Scale leaves 6-8 in a ring; conelike fruits Vz-^ inch in diameter — 11. Casuarina, Australian beefwood.l, horsetail casuarina, Casuarina eqiiisetifolia L.* BB. Scale leaves mostly 12-14 in a ring; conelike fruits y2-l inch in diameter — 277. Casuarina cristata* 277. Casuarina, scalybark casuarina A medium-sized evergreen tree 60 feet high and 11/2 feet in trunk diameter with pointed dense crown, distinguished by: (1) blackish scaly rough bark; (2) very long wiry drooping gray-green twigs 9-13 inches long and only %2 inch in diameter, jointed and grooved, the nodes about Vi i"ch apart; (3) leaves about 12- 14 minute brown scales in a ring (whorled) ; and (4) many minute light brown flowers, the male crowded in narrow cylindric terminal clusters Vt\-Vn inch long. The fruits, which are dark reddish brown hard conelike balls ^/o-l inch in diameter, are not produced in Puerto Rico (or Florida), reportedly because female trees are absent. This native species of Aus- tralia has been introduced experimentally in 278. Casuarina, Cunningham casuarina This tree resembles a pine because of its thin, pointed crown of needlelike twigs replacing leaves. It is recognized by: (1) long wiry drooping gray-green twigs like pine needles, somewhat less than 14 -j inch in diameter, jointed and grooved; (2) leaves reduced to 8- 10 tiny brown scales in a ring; (3) many crowded minute light brown flowers, male in narrow terminal clusters V4.-% inch long and female lateral in balls of Vn-V-i. inch on other trees (dioecious) ; and (4) small brown or gray ball fruits, hard and conelike, about % inch in diameter, sometimes to ■>■> inch. Distinguished from related species by the smaller cones and very slender wiry twigs. A medium-sized evergreen tree to 50 feet high with straight trunk 1 foot in diameter and ascending branches. The bark is brown. 88 Casuarina cristata Miq. * Puerto Rico. The trees grow very fast. In | South Florida this species with spreading root? is rated as excellent for windbreaks and screens or barriers against noise and dust, also suitable^' for shade in large areas. A distinctive feature^ is the ability to spread by abundant suckers oir sprouts from horizontal roots around a tree These root suckers can be undesirable excepi'6 in pastures. In Florida, sucker-free plants an^; produced by grafting upon stocks of No. 11, horsetail casuarina, Casuanna eqiiisetifolia L.M Other common names. — pino australiano, pirn de Australia (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; Aus tralian-pine (United States). Botanical syno NYM. — Casuarina lepidophloia F. Muell. Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. smoothish but becoming rough and furrowed: the inner bark light brown and slightly bittei The drooping wirelike twigs are mostly 3- inches long, with joints or rings less than V inch apart, older branches brown and smootjlj to rough. The tiny pointed leaves are 8-10 at a nod (whorled), less than ^cj inch long. The wirf like twigs remain green and function like leave in manufacturing food and in shedding gradi ally. The main twigs '^\^^ inch or more in dian' eter do not shed, turn from pale green to browi and bear larger scale leaves to Vs inch long. The light brown male flower cluster (spikes) are less than Vs inch wide. Tiny ma flowers crowded in rings within grayish scale consist of 1 exposed brown stamen less than i inch long with 2 minute scalelike brown sepa \ \ i • \ \ \ ' / -///■ 278. Casuarina, Cunningham casuarina Casuarina ciainiiighamiaua Miq.* Twig with male flowers (left), twig with female flowers and fruits (right), natural size. 89 CASUARIINA FAMILY (CASUARINACEAE- ) at base. The short-stalked balls of female flowers are more than Vi inch across the spreading dark red styles. Crowded female flowers within gray scales lack sepals but have a pistil less than 14. inch long with small ovary and long threadlike dark red style. The cone- like multiple fruit is composed of long broad hard points of i/a inch, each developed from a flower. The individual fruit nearly 14 inch long opens in 2 parts at maturity to release 1 light brown winged seed (akene) less than 14 inch long. The hard heavy wood is composed of light brown sapwood and reddish brown heartwood. This species has been tested in Puerto Rico in windbreaks but is suitable also for ornament and shade, having very fast growth. Perhaps better suited to the mountains than the coast. Elsewhere the plants have been pruned as hedges or living fences, also employed in re- forestation. Reported to attain the largest size in the g>,nus in Australia, also the most cold hardy. This species is adapted to subtropical moun- tains and is planted north to Florida, southern Arizona, and California, in the interior pla- teaus of Mexico, through the northern Andes, and south to Argentina and Chile. In central and south Florida it is recommended for shade, shelter, and windbreaks but not in cities, be- cause of the large root systems and space needed. Other common names. — pino australiano, pino de Australia (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; river-oak casuarina (English) ; Cunningham Australian-pine, Australian-pine, Australian beef wood (United States) ; casuarina cava- linha (Brazil). Casuarina is not related to the true pines, which also have been introduced into Puerto Rico. The wiry drooping twigs like needles obviously are the source of the common names pine and pino. PEPPER FAMILY (PIPERACEAE) Shrubs, small trees, also herbs, known by: (1) branches and twigs green with rings and enlarged nodes; (2) leaves mostly alternate simple, entire, pinnate- or palmate-veined, aro- matic, with spicy flavor and odor, with stipules united to petiole; (3) minute flowers crowded in fleshy cordlike cluster (spike), yellow or greenish, opposite a leaf, mostly bisexual, reg- ular, without calyx or corolla, with 1-10 sta- mens and pistil with superior 1-celled ovary containing 1 ovule, style (sometimes none), and 1-5 stigmas; and (4) fruit (drupe or berry) minute and greenish, 1-seeded. Also^ vol. 1, p. 50. Key to species A. Leaves ovate to elliptic, with 5 main veins from base — 279. Piper amalago. AA. Leaves elliptic to lanceolate, with 1 midrib. B. Leaves elliptic, thin, with sides slightly unequal at base, with long curved side veins. C. Leaves with 2 or 3 long curved side veins from near base on each side of midvein; flower cluster erect — 280. Piper hlattanim. CC. Leaves with several long curved side veins along midvein; flower cluster curved — 12. Higuillo, Piper adunciim L. RB. Leaves lanceolate, thick and stiff, oblique and with very unequal sides at base, with several short nearly straight side veins — 281. Piper tuberculatmn. 2,19. Higuillo de liition This common species is recognized as an higuillo or pepper by the enlarged, ringed joints (nodes), the tiny flowers and fruits crowded in cordlike lateral axes (spikes) op- posite the leaf bases, and the peppery taste and pungent or disagreeable odor of leaves, fruits, and seeds. Distinguishing characteristics of this species include: (1) the leaves ovate to elliptic, palmate-veined with 5 main veins from the rounded, slightly unequal base; (2) the cordlike flower clusters nearly straight, erect, 2-31/2 inches long, of minute flowers not borne in rings or spirals; and (3) the distinct egg- shaped fruits about y, ,j inch long. Piper amalago L. An evergreen shrub, sometimes becoming treelike and 18 feet high. The trunk to 3 inches in diameter is green and smooth, with many dotlike brown warts (lenticels). The twigs are green, slightly zigzag, finely hairy with en- larged ringed joints (nodes). The leaves are alternate in 2 rows and with finely hairy green petioles about 1/2 inch long. Blades are 3-6 inches long, lV-i-3V-i inches wide, thin, long-pointed at apex, not toothed on borders, with minute gland dots visible under a lens against the light, the upper sur- face slightly shiny green to dark green, hair- less, and with slightly sunken veins, the lowei 90 1 x^ \~ y 1 \ \ 27[). Higuillo de limon \, Natural size. Piper amalago L. 91 PEPPER FAMILY (PIPERACEAE) surface dull light green and minutely hairy on veins. The nearly straight erect flower clusters (spikes) are borne singly opposite a leaf, light yellow, and more than ',,; inch in diameter. The very many minute flowers, each less than %2 inch long, consist of 6 or fewer stamens, pistil with 3 stigmas, and 1 greenish-yellow hairy scale (bract). Fruits (drupes) are crowded but distinct, pointed with stigmas at apex, and contain 1 seed. Flowering and fruit- ing throughout the year. Elsewhere the leaves and flower clusters are used in folk medicine. Common in openings and thickets, lower Cordillera, lower Luquillo, and moist limestone forests from sea level to 2,000 feet altitude in Puerto Rico. Also in Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola. Public forests and park. — Cambalache, Carite, Guajataca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susua, Toro Negro, Vega; Virgin Islands. Range. — Greater Antilles and through Lesser Antilles to Barbados and Trinidad. Also from Mexico and British Honduras to Costa Rica. Other common names. — higuillo oloroso (Puerto Rico) ; guayuyo (Dominican Repub- lic) ; cordoncillo (Mexico, Central America) ; anisillo (Nicaragua) ; alcotan (Costa Rica) ; cirio, anisette (Haiti) ; malimbe (Guadeloupe, Martinique) . Botanical synonym. — Piper medium Jacq. 280. Higuillo Piper blattarum Spreng. Like the others of the genus, this uncommon species confined to Puerto Rico has enlarged ringed joints (nodes), tiny flowers and fruits in cordlike lateral axes at leaf bases, and the peppery taste and odor of leaves, fruits, and seeds. This species is recognized by: (1) numerous wartlike dots on the stems; (2) the pleasantly aromatic leaves elliptic, short- pointed at both ends, and pinnate-veined with 2 or 3 long, curved lateral veins on each side of midrib; (3) the cordlike flower clusters slender, curved, 3-6 inches long, whitish but becoming light green, the minute flowers scattered and not borne in rings or spirals; and (4) the dis- tinct orange rounded fruits about Yi ,; inch in diameter. Evergreen shrub, sometimes becoming a small tree 15 feet or more in height (recorded to 25 feet) and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is light brownish gray, smooth with many minute dotlike warts (lenticels). The light grown inner bark has a spicy odor and taste. Twigs are light green, turning to light brown, hairless or sometimes slightly hairy, with raised brown dots (lenticels) . The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, with light green petioles 14.-% inch long. Blades are 3-5^2 inches long and ll^-3l/2 inches wide, thin, not toothed on borders, with minute gland dots visible under a lens against the light, the upper surface shiny green to dark green with sunken veins, the lower surface : light green and slightly shiny, with prominent : veins. The slender, curved flower clusters (spikes) are borne singly opposite a leaf, the axis whit- ish and more than Vs inch across the stamens. The minute fragrant whitish flowers less than ' '/j,; inch across consist of 3-5 stamens, pistil t with 2-4 (usually 3) stigmas, and 1 minute whitish scale (bract). After flowering the axis and developing fruits turn light green. The rounded fruits (drupes) are broader than long, retain stigmas at apex, and have 1 seed. Flow- ering and fruiting continuously. The wood is light brown and hard. Uncommon in upper Cordillera and upper Lu- quillo forests, also rare in moist limestone for- est, at 1,000-3,500 feet altitude in Puerto Rico. Abundant in Maricao Forest. Recorded also from St. Thomas nearly a century ago. Public forests. — Carite, Guajataca, Gui- larte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro. Range. — Known only from Puerto Rico. Other common name. — higuillo oloroso (Puerto Rico). The odd specific name, meaning "of the roaches," refers to a note by the discoverer. Carlo Guiseppe Bertero, that the plant was in- fested with those insects. 92 280. Higuillo Piper bluttartini Spreng. Natural size. 93 PEPPER FAMILY (PIPERACEAE) 281. Higuillo Piper tuberculatum Jacq. From the other tree species of higuillo or pepper, this rare species is distinguished by : (1) numei'ous wartlike dots on the stems; (2) the aromatic narrowly ovate or lanceolate leaves, thick, stiff, dull green with sunken veins, almost stalkless, with oblique base V^-V-^ inch or more shorter on one side; (3) the cord- like flower clusters straight and erect, 4-5 inches long and Vh inch in diameter, the minute gray-green flowers crowded in regular rings; and (4) the fruit clusters becoming yellow green and more than ^o inch in diam- eter. An evergreen shrub of 5-10 feet, sometimes vinelike or becoming treelike and 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is gray with prominent raised dots (lenticels), the inner bark light yellow, turning reddish, with spicy bitter taste. The twigs are finely hairy, light green when young, becoming gray with raised dots (lenticels), with enlarged ringed joints (nodes), slightly zigzag. The bud or growing point is enclosed inside the base of the last leaf. The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, almost stalkless. The odd rounded base of the blade is unequal, extending almost to the twig on one side and i/i-Vi inch or more shorter on the other, with grooved split midrib like a petiole. Blades are 3i/j-5 inches long and 11/4-2 inches wide, long-pointed at apex, turned up slightly from midrib, with edges slightly turned under. the upper surface dull green and nearly hair- less, with midrib and the several short lateral veins slightly sunken, and the lower surface dull light green, finely hairy, with raised veins. Crushed leaves are aromatic and have a spicy taste. Flower clusters (spikes) are borne singly opposite a leaf. The rounded fruits (drupes) \\ ,; inch in diameter are borne crowded in rings. Flowering and fruiting continuously. The light brown wood is soft. Elsewhere the plants are grown in hedges, propagated by cuttings and becoming dense where trimmed. Also, the fruit has served as a substitute for pepper. Rare in moist limestone forest at 800-2,500 feet altitude in Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Guajataca, Maricao, Rio Aba jo. Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, and Trinidad and Tobago. Also widespread from Mexico and British Hon- duras to Guianas, Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador. Other common names. — cordoncillo (Span- ish) ; cordoncillo negro (Guatemala) ; cordon- cillo bianco, chile cordoncillo (El Salvador) ; guisanillo (Panama) ; pimienta (Colombia) ; guayuyo (Dominican Republic) ; Spanish-elder (British Honduras) ; pimienta longa, pimienta de Macao (Brazil). The specific name refers to the tubercles or warts on the twigs and branches. CHORANTHUS FAMILY (CHLORANTHACEAE) Small trees, shrubs, and herbs, known by : (1) gi-een fragile twigs, 4-angled with rings at the enlarged nodes and with large pith; (2) leaves (and other parts) aromatic when crushed, opposite, simple, somewhat thick and succulent, toothed, hairless, the petioles and stipules joined into a sheath and ring; (3) flow- ers male and female on dift'erent plants (dioe- cious; sometimes bisexual), minute, greenish, regular, the many male flowers crowded in 94 conelike clusters (spikes) with 1 stamen and no calyx or corolla, and the few female flowers in groups of 2-3 together enclosed by 3 whitish fleshy scales, the pistil with inferior 1-celled ovai'y containing 1 ovule, stigma or also style, and 3-toothed calyx above; and (4) 2 or 3 whit- ish juicy fruits (drupes) enclosed by 3 fleshy scales. Vol. 1, p. 52. One species : 13. Azafran, Hedyosmum arho- rescens Sw. 281. Hig-uillo Piper tHherculatum Jacq. Fruiting twig (left), flowering twig (right), natural size. 95 WILLOW FAMILY (SALICACEAE-=) Trees and shrubs known by: (1) plants de- ciduous, often aromatic; (2) leaves alternate, simple, mostly toothed, with stipules; (3) mi- nute flowers male and female on diff"erent plants (dioecious), regular, crowded along an axis (spike) , each above a scale, the male flower with cuplike disk or 1-2 glands and 1-40 sta- mens separate or united at base, and the f emal flower with pistil with superior 1-celled ovar^ 2-4 parietal placentas and many ovules, style and 2-4 stigmas; and (4) fruit a capsule oper ing in 2-4 parts, containing many minute seed with cottony hairs. Also vol. 1, p. 54. Key to species A. Leaves dull green on both surfaces, with inconspicuous side veins and broad stipules; crown narrow, wil nearly erect bi-anches — 14. Sauce, Humboldt willow, Salix luanholdtiana Willd.* A A. Leaves gray green on lower surface, with visible side veins and narrow stipules; crown broad, with long drooi ing branches — 282. Salix hahylonica.* 282. Sauce lloron, weeping willow Weeping willow is an introduced tree some- times planted as an ornamental. It is distin- guished by: (1) broad open irregular crown of spreading branches; (2) numerous very long, very slender drooping or "weeping" vertical yellowish green to brownish twigs; and (3) very narrow long-pointed, finely saw-toothed leaves gray green on lower surface, hanging down vertically from short petioles. A small to medium-sized evergreen or decidu- ous tree becoming 30-40 feet high and IV2 feet in trunk diameter, with crown nearly as broad as the height. The bark is thick, rough, and gray, deeply furrowed into long branching ridges and exposing rusty-colored inner layers. Inner bark whitish, fibrous, and bitter. The branches are smooth and greenish. Twigs hang down vertically 3-8 feet or more, mostly un- branched, being too slender and too weak to support themselves, with minute hairs when young but soon hairless. Buds at leaf bases, oblong, Vs inch long, light green, covered by a single scale, finely hairy. Leaves alternate, with short slender petioles Vs-Vi inch long, yellow green, finely hairy when young, sometimes with paired narrow greenish scales (stipules) at base. Blades very narrow, linear-lanceolate, 2V:)-5 inches long and V4.-V2 inch wide, thin, hairless, very long- pointed at both ends, with light yellow midvein and side veins fine and inconspicuous, the upper surface dull green, and the lower surface gray green. Willow foliage has a slight but distinctive odor, especially when crushed. This species may not bear flowers in Puerto Salix hahylonica L. ' Rico. Flowers are male and female on differeiil trees (dioecious), in scaly, greenish clustei| (catkins) ^V{\-\V^ inches long at the end of sho]i| side twigs. Male flowers consist of 2 stameiJ above a slightly hairy scale, and female floweiij with scale at base have a pistil composed of | celled ovary and 2 stigmas, each 2-lobed. Seef capsules about -Vi ,j inch long contain many smaa seeds with tufts of cottony hairs. The sapwood is whitish and soft. Weeping willow is a handsome ornamentti widely planted in temperate regions as lawn and landscape tree especially near watefj Easily propagated from stem cuttings and fati growing. The trees, like other willows, a:i| adapted to moist soil, and the roots may invar sewers and cause damage. Thus, planting nei water pipes is not recommended. The branchii are weak and brittle and easily broken ) strong winds. Planted as an ornamental, such as in cemnj teries, parks, and gardens, and near water. R;i ported as escaping from cultivation near May guez, but not persisting. Range. — Native of China. Widely plants in mild temperate regions from United Stat' south to Argentina, also in Eurasia, escapiii from cultivation and becoming naturalized. Other common names — sauce lloron (Spa ish) ; weeping willow (English, Unit States) ; Babylon weeping willow (Unit!) States). The scientific name referring to Babylon misleading, though the tree may have be- introduced there by early traders. 96 282. Sauce lloron, weeping wilk Salix babylonica L.* Leafy twig, natui-al size. 97 WAXMYRTLE FAMILY (MYRICACEAE) Small trees and shrubs, known by: (1) alternate simple leaves often oblanceolate, toothed, and leathery, with orange or yellow resinous dots, very aromatic when crushed, mostly without stipules; (2) minute greenish or yellowish flowers, mostly male and female on the same plant (monoecious) or diff"erent plants (dioecious), in short lateral clusters Key to species A. Leaves W2-2V2 inches long, oblanceolate, coarsely toothed above middle, slightly thickened — 283. Myrica ct fera. AA. Leaves Vz-'^Vi, inches long, spoon-shaped, finely toothed near apex, thick and stiff with edges much curv,| under — 284. MyHca holdridgeava. (spikes), regular, without calyx or corolla, ea above a scale, the male flower mostly with 4 (2-20) stamens sometimes united, and the 1 male flower with pistil composed of superi 1-celled ovary with 1 ovule and 2-forked sty) and (3) fruit (drupe) small rounded whitif covered with wax, 1-seeded. 283. Cerero, southern I>ayl>erry Cerero or southern bayberry is easily recog- nized by its distinctive slightly aromatic leaves and waxy fruits. It main characters for identi- fication are: (1) small oblanceolate coarsely- toothed yellow-green leaves nearly covered with minute gland dots visible with a lens, the dots dark brown on upper surface and orange on lower surface; (2) flowers minute in yellow- green clusters at leaf bases; and (3) small round fruits Vs inch in diameter, covered with bluish-white wax, on female trees. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray smooth, the inner bark light brown and slightly bitter. The slender dark brown twigs are covered when young with reddish hairs and orange gland dots, and bear raised whitish dots (lenticels). The alternate leaves without stipules are l'/o-2V2 inches long and Vo-% inch wide, ob- lanceolate, coarsely toothed above middle to- ward the short-pointed apex and gradually narrowed to the wedge-shaped base and short slender leafstalk less than i/4 inch long, slightly thickened and stiff", shiny dark green above and paler beneath. Flower clusters (spikes) at leaf bases are narrov/ly cylindric in shape and bear minute flowers without calyx and corolla, male and female on diff'erent plants (dioecious). Male flower clusters Vi-% inch long have many male flowers about Vi ,; inch long consisting of 4-6 stamens above a scale. Female flowers in shorter clusters are composed of scale and pistil with 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary and 2 long styles. The fruits (drupes), several at a leaf base, are light green but covered with wax, 1-seeded. With flowers in spring and fall and fruits in early summer. The wood is whitish and slightly hard. Elsewhere the wax from the berries is sepa- rated in boiling water and made into candles, which burn with a fragrance. Both the Spanish and scientific names mean wax bearer. Classed as a honey plant. Formerly, candles were made Myrica cerifera from the wax in Puerto Rico, according to Co and Collins (13, p. 200-201). The dried ba of the root has been used in medicine. In Florida recommended as one of the b native shrubs or small trees for screens, hedg (j, landscaping, and wildlife. Propagated by tD cuttings, layering, and seed and of medita growth rate. Adapted to wet and dry soils, at) cold hardy and salt tolerant. ! Uncommon and local in moist coastal fort (siliceous sands and Laguna Tortuguero) a 3 moist limestone forest from sea level to 3,(0 feet altitude in the western upper Cordillka forest of Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Maricao, Rio Abajo. Range. — Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamai *, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Coastal plain f southeastern continental United States fnn New Jersey to Florida and Texas. Also fr in Mexico and British Honduras south to Coia Rica. Other common names. — arrayan (Pue Rico, Spanish) ; arbol de cera (Dominican public, Mexico) ; arraijan (Cuba) ; cera vegc (Central America) ; bayberry, candle-bei waxmyrtle, southern waxmyrtle (Uni States) ; waxberry, waxwood (Jamaica) ; 1: bark, tea-box, myrtle (British Honduras) Botanical synonym. — Myrica me.rzc |>o Willd. Southern bayberry is one of the very Puerto Rican tree species native also in soi eastern continental United States in tempei climates north of Florida. This species gr wild along the Atlantic coast to southern !• Jersey, probably the farthest north of any five Puerto Rican tree. Thus, it apparent! |s the hardiest to cold weather and freezing t peratures. Perhaps this species merits rec mendation in response to requests for a trefto represent Puerto Rico in parks and garc northward on the continent. Found on var islands of the West Indies, this species parently reaches its southeastern limit Puerto Rico. 98 283. Cerero, southern bayberry Mtjrica cerifera L. Twigs with male flowers (above), fruits (lower left), twig with female flowers (lower right), natural size. 99 WAXMYRTLE FAMILY (MYRICACEAE) 284. Palo de cera A rare shrub or small tree known only from Luquillo Mountains, identified by: (1) small thick leaves, shaped like an inverted spoon, convex and much curved under at edges, the paler low^er surface with many minute orange gland dots visible with a lens; and (2) flowers minute in yellowish or greenish clusters at leaf bases, male and female on different plants. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 18 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, generally a compact much branched shrub of 5-8 feet. The light gray bark is slightly fissured and warty, the inner bark light brown and bitter. The short slender twigs are covered when young with hairs and orange gland dots. The alternate often crowded leaves without stipules have slender short, hairy leafstalks about Vs inch long. The spoon-shaped (spatu- late) blades are V-^-^Va, inches long and 1/4,-% inch wide, rounded and finely toothed at apex, gradually narrowed to wedge-shaped base, thick and stiff, with edges much curved under, slightly hairy on veins. The midvein and the few short side veins are much sunken on the slightly shiny dark green upper surface and raised on the paler lower surface, which is nearly covered with minute orange gland dots. Flower clusters (spikes) at leaf bases bear Myrica holdridgeana Lundel '• minute flowers without calyx or corolla, mal and female on different plants (dioecious), th male flower clusters 14-% inch long and les than Vs inch wide. Many male flowers abou Ym inch long consist of 2-4 stamens above greenish scale. Female flowers several in greenish scaly and hairy ball Vic inch in diamn eter, each with rounded ovary less than YsJ inch long and 2 spreading dark red styles ViJ inch long. Flowering in spring. Fruits nc(| seen, probably in summer. 1 Wood light brown, hard. t Rare and local in upper Luquillo fores-i (Colorado type) and dwarf forest of ridges c peaks in Luquillo Mountains at altitudes c 2,500-3,000 feet and above. Public forest. — Luquillo. Range. — Known only from Luquillo Mour tains of Puerto Rico. This species was named in 1942 for Leslie It Holdridge, who collected it in 1939, whili making extensive collections of Puerto Rica<' trees for the United States Forest Service. H authored "Trees of Puerto Rico" (30, 31\- forerunner of the present reference. An earliei specimen identified later was by George A. Gep hart, another forester, in 1935. 100 284. Palo de cera Myrica holdridgeana Lundell Twigs with male flowers, natural size. 101 WALNUT FAMILY (JUGLANDACEAE) Deciduous aromatic trees, known by (1) leaves mostly alternate, odd pinnate, without stipules, leaflets with toothed border and with resin dots beneath; (2) flowers male and fe- male on the same tree (monoecious), minute, greenish, the male mostly many in drooping scaly clusters (spikes), composed of 3 bracts, 4 or fewer sepals, no corolla, and with 3-40 or 285. Nogal, West Indian walnut more stamens, and the female flowers few in short erect clusters (spikes) or only 1-2, com- posed of 3 bracts and 4 or fewer sepals united to the ovary, and pistil with inferior ovary 1- celled (2-4 cells below) with 1 ovule and 2- forked style; and (3) fruit a nut with hard shell often splitting open or sometimes winged, or a drupe with large oily edible seed. Juglans jamaicensis C DC, West Indian walnut is one of very few native tree species of Puerto Rico that have not been found here in recent years. It is identified by : (1) large pinnate leaves 12-20 inches long, composed of mostly 16-20 lanceolate, finely toothed, long-pointed leaflets, rounded and un- equal at base; (2) flowers small, greenish, male and female in narrow unbranched clusters ; and (3) fruit a rounded walnut about IV2 inches in diameter. Large tree reported to reach 60-70 feet in height, the crushed parts probably with the dis- tinctive odor of walnut. Twigs, leaf axes, and buds with minute rusty hairs. Leaves alternate, composed of mostly 16-20 (12-22) nearly stalkless leaflets mostly paired. Leaflets 21/2-4 inches long and 1-1% inches wide, thin, becoming nearly hairless except on veins beneath. Flowers male and female in diff'erent clusters (catkins) on same tree (monoecious). Male flowers many in drooping narrow clusters 4-5 inches long on twigs of previous year, composed of 6-lobed calyx and many stamens. Female flowers several along axis 2-4 inches long at end of twig of new year, about 14 inch long, finely hairy, composed of a 4-toothed scale opening on 1 side, 4 sepals, and pistil with in- ferior ovary and 2 spreading feathery styles. Fruit (drupe) a walnut, composed of blackish husk, brown rough-ridged hard shell •"'/j.-li/i inches in diameter, and 1 large oily edible seed. The wood is reported to be of good qualityi like that of other walnuts. Elsewhere the leaves and bark have been used in home remedies.'* The seeds are edible walnuts. Botanical specimens of this species of walnut have been collected in the mountains of centra!i| Puerto Rico in the region of Arecibo, Utuado , Adjuntas, and Piiiuelas at about 2,000 feeii altitude. The first collection was probably that' of P. Sintenis in 1885 and the last was byvj Bartolome Barcela in 1915. The forests of thif- region have been largely removed and replacec by coffee plantations. Also, the walnut treess which probably were uncommon or rare, migh'i' have been cut for the prized wood. A carefu; search might be rewarding, as most other rant lost native trees have been rediscovered. Range. — Cuba and Hispaniola. Also col lected long ago in Puerto Rico. Other common names. — nuez, palo de nue: (Puerto Rico) ; nogal (Dominican Republic) nogal del pais, nuez (Cuba) ; West Indian wal nut, walnut (English). Botanical synonym. — Juglans insularU Griseb. This species, the only native walnut in thoi West Indies, is not in danger of extinction, am it grows wild in both Cuba and Hispaniolaa The scientific name is misleading, because thii species is not known from Jamaica. 102 285. Nogal, West Indian walnut Jugkms jamaicoisis C. DC. Twigs with female flowers (left), leafy twig (right), fruit (below), two-thirds natural size. 103 ELM FAMILY (ULMACEAE) Trees and shrubs, sometimes woody vines, known by: (1) leaves alternate in 2 rows, asymmetrical or unequal at base, often with 3 main veins, generally toothed, with paired stipules; (2) minute inconspicuous greenish flowers usually 1 to many lateral, male and female (bisexual in Ulrnus) , with calyx of 4- persistent sepals or lobes, no corolla, 4-8 sti mens opposite sepals, and pistil with superic 1-celled ovary with 1 ovule and 2 styles; an (3) fruit a drupe or winged (samara). Als vol. 1, p. 56. Key to species A. Leaves coarsely saw-toothed, becoming hairless or nearly so; fruits single at leaf bases, round or elliptic, ^ inch in diameter, purplish black — 286. Celtis trinervia. A A. Leaves finely saw-toothed, with short hairs; fruits clustered at leaf bases, round, % inch in diameter, pink ( orange — Trema. B. Leaves less than 2 inches long, short-pointed, rough hairy on both surfaces — 15. Palo de cabrilla, Wet i Indies trema, Trema lamarckinna (Roem. & Schult.) Blume. BB. Leaves 3%-6 inches long, long-pointed, rough hairy above, soft hairy on veins beneath — 16. Guacimill. false jacocalalu, Florida trema, Trema micrantha (L.) Blume. 286. Almez Almez is easily recognized by its small nar- rowly ovate leaves alternate in 2 rows with 3 main veins from the very one-sided, oblique, or unequal base, tapering into a long narrow point at apex, and saw-toothed on edges except near ends. Other characters for identification are: (1) minute yellow-green flowers i/s inch across, clustered at leaf bases; and (2) round or elliptic purplish black fleshy fruits Yic, inch in diameter, single at leaf bases. Deciduous small to medium-sized tree 50 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter. The bark is gray or light brown, smooth to finely fissured. Inner bark is light green and almost tasteless. The twigs are very slender, green to brown, slightly hairy when young. The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, with mi- nute paired stipules Yic, inch long that shed early. The very slender leafstalks are Vi,-% inch long, slightly hairy. Blades are mostly small, IV2-4 inches long and V2-IV2 inches wide, sometimes to 5 inches long and 3 inches wide, thin, becoming hairless or nearly so, green on upper surface, and light green be- neath. Flower clusters (cymes) at bases of new Celtis trinervia Lain leaves, 14-2 inches long and branched, bear se^v eral male flowers or 1-3 female flowers on tHi same tree (monoecious). Male flowers have j hairy sepals more than ^^g inch long and | stamens. Female flowers have 5 sepals ami pistil with ovary and 2 long finely hairy stylei| Fruits (drupes) 2-pointed at apex, with thii| flesh, large stone, and 1 rounded seed. Flowe:' ing and fruiting irregularly through the yeaji The wood is yellowish and hard. Rare in thickets and forests of coastal Puert Rico, particularly the southwestern part, fron sea level to 300 feet altitude and in moist limoi stone valleys on islands eastward. Also Mom; Desecheo, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, arii Tortola. Classed as a honey plant. Public forest and parks. — Guanica; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Greater Antilles and Virgin I lands. Also southern Mexico and Guatemala Other common names. — guacimilla, rasp, dor, ruiseiior (Puerto Rico) ; anisillo, ama guillo, palo amargo, lejio (Dominican Repu lie) ; guisacillo, gageda de gallina, ramon v sierra, ramon de costa, guasiriano, hues- guanasa (Cuba) ; bois feuilles blanches, bo raie (Haiti). 104 286. Almez Celtis tnitervia Lam. Fruiting twig (above), twig with male and female flowers (below), natural size. 105 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) Trees and shrubs, sometimes herbs, known by: (1) white sap or latex usually present, often abundant; (2) leaves alternate, often in 2 rows, simple, entire, toothed, or lobed, pin- nate- or palmate-veined; (3) stipules large (1 or 2 at a node), covering the conspicuous buds with long point, soon falling and leaving scars or often rings at nodes; (4) minute flowers often greenish, male and female on the same plant (monoecious) or different plants (dioe- cious), usually many and crowded, often iij spikes or heads; (5) flowers composed of calyvj with usually 4 (0-6) sepals or lobes and nit petals, male flower with 4-1 opposite stamenjij and female flower with pistil with superior oc| inferior 1-celled ovary and 1 ovule and 1- ' styles; and (6) fruit a drupe or akene, ofte multiple and fleshy, sometimes edible. Also vonj 1, p. 60. 106 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) Key to species A. Leaves deeply lobed with 7-11 lobes, very large. B. Leaves umbrellalike, rounded with 7-11 rounded lobes; petiole very long — 20. Yagrumo hembra, trumpet- tree, Cecropia peltata L. BB. Leaves elliptic, with 7-11 long-pointed lobes; petiole short — 17. Panapen, pana de pepitas, breadfruit, Artocarpns altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg.* AA. Leaves not lobed (sometimes with 3-5 lobes in No. 296). C. Leaves with 3 or 5 main veins from base and with many small rounded teeth — 296. Morns nigra.* CC. Leaves not as above, mostly with 1 main vein and without teeth, sometimes with pointed teeth. D. Leaves in 2 rows on twig, stipule leaving small scar at node. E. Leaves large, 10-18 inches long, oblong, densely hairy, edges with tufts of hairs appearing like minute teeth — 19. Caucho, Central .American rubber, castilla rubber, Castilla elastica Cer- vantes.* EE. Leaves smaller, mostly elliptic, mostly hairless. F. Twigs often spiny; leaves 2-5 inches long, often toothed and slightly hairy; fruit multiple, green, fleshy, %-% inch in diametei- — 287. Chlorophorn tiuctoria. FF. Twigs not spiny; leaves 3-6 inches or more in length, not toothed, liairless. G. Leaves narrowly elliptic; fruit rounded, % inch in diameter — 298. Tropins racemosa. GG. Leaves oblong-elliptic; fruit elliptic, % inch in diametei* — 297. Pseudolmedia spuria. DD. Leaves in more than 2 rows on twig; stipule leaving ring scar at node. H. Leaves elliptic or obovate, 4-6 inches long, rounded at apex; fruit multiple, elliptic or rounded, very large, 1-2 feet long — 18. Jaca, jackfruit, Artocarpns heterophyllus Lam.* HH. Leaves various; fruit small, figlike — Ficiis. J. Leaves large, mostly more than 6 inches long. J. Leaves very large, fiddle-shaped or obovate, 8-12 inches long, with 2 large rounded lobes at heart-shaped base, with veins deeply sunken, stipules persistent — 290. Ficns lyrata.'- JJ. Leaves mostly elliptic, rounded at base, with veins not sunken, stipules falling early. K. Buds, young twigs, petioles, and fruits with short bristly red-brown hairs — 289. Ficus drupacea.* KK. Buds, twigs, petioles, and fruits hairless or nearly so. L. Leaves with many straight, parallel lateral veins nearly at right angles to mid- rib— 21. Palo de goma. India-rubber fig, Ficxs elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.* LL. Leaves witli fewer lateral veins. M. Leaves crowded, the midvein and 5-7 pairs of lateral veins yellowish ; masses of air roots on branches and trunk — 291. Ficiis nekhnda.* MM. Leaves not crowded, with 5-11 pairs of sti'aight lateral veins at about 45° angle from midvein; without air root.s — 292. Ficns obtiisifolia. IL Leaves smaller, mostly less than 6 inches long. N. Leaves rounded or blunt at apex. 0. Leaves often slightly notched at base; fruit with raised ring at apex — 295. Ficiis trigonata. 00. Leaves rounded or blunt at base; fruit without ring at apex — 294. Ficns stahlii. NN. Leaves short- or long-pointed at apex. P. Petiole relatively long, more than V2 inch long, blades to 4 inches or more in length. Q. Leaves abruptly short-pointed at apex — 22. Jagiiey bianco, shortleaf fig, Ficns citrifolia Mill. (F. laevigata) . QQ. Leaves long-pointed at apex. R. Leaves broadly ovate, tapering to very long narrow apex, rounded at base — 293. Ficns religiosa.* RR. Leaves elliptic to ovate, short-pointed at base — 288. Ficns hevjamiva.* PP. Petiole short, less than V2 inch long, blades less than 3 inches long. S. Leaves diamond-shaped to elliptic, with 3 main veins from base — 23. Laurel de la India, India-laurel fig, Ficns microcarpa L.f.* (F. refnsa). SS. Leaves elliptic, with 1 main vein or midrib and many straight parallel lateral veins less than Vn; inch apart — 24. .Jafiriiey Colorado, Ficns perforata L. (F. sintenisii) . 107 287. Mora, fustic This spreading tree, often spiny, with whitish or cream-colored latex, is uncommon in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, though widespread in tropical America. It is recognized by: (1) inner bark orange and whitish streaked, with whitish or cream-colored latex; (2) elliptic, toothed leaves alternate in 2 rows on twigs often spiny; (3) minute flowers, male in nar- row slender di'ooping clusters, pale yellow, and female in greenish balls or heads yi(j-% inch across; and (4) green multiple fruits of irregu- lar form, V2-% iiich in diameter, fleshy, many- seeded. The secondary roots are bright red and when exposed serve for recognition. A medium-sized deciduous tree becoming 50 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, with broad spreading crown of thin foliage. The bark is light or yellowish gray, smooth or slightly fissured, with many corky dots and raised lines (lenticels) and often with some old spiny twigs. Inner bark is orange and whitish streaked, with whitish or cream-colored latex, and gritty, slightly bitter taste. Twigs green and sometimes hairy when young, be- coming gray with raised dots (lenticels) and often with slender green or gray spines %-% inch long. The buds are covered with pointed greenish stipules less than 14 inch long, which shed early. The leaves are alternate in 2 rows on the twigs, with petioles % inch long. Leaf blades are 2-5 inches long and 1-2 14 inches wide, thin, hairless or slightly hairy, the apex with long narrow point, the base slightly rounded, notched, or unequal, the margins usually ir- regularly toothed, the sides often curved up- ward slightly. The upper surface is green or yellow green, slightly shiny, and the lower sur- face dull light green. Flowers of the two sexes are on diff'erent trees (dioecious). Male flower clusters (spikes) are 2-41/4 inches long and Vs-'/ii; inch in diam- eter and droop singly from the leaf bases or nodes. The numerous crowded male flowers are composed of minute calyx of 4-5 sepals less than Vkj inch long and 4-5 pale yellow stamens less than i/s inch long, folded in bud. The balls or heads of crowded female flowers are single at the nodes and 'M>,-% inch across the spreading styles. Each flower consists of a minute calyx and pistil with ovary less than Yic inch long and slender threadlike whitish style more than 14 inch long. The multiple fruit is short-stalked, very juicy, sweetish, and edible. There are many flattened brown seeds less than Vs inch long. Flowering and fruiting during spring and early summer. The sapwood is whitish, well defined. The bright yellow heartwood changes upon exposure 108 Chlorophora tinctoria (L. ) Gaui 1 to brown or reddish, is lustrous, without dis tinctive odor or taste. The wood is hard, heav (specific gravity 0.6-0.85), of medium to coars texture, and with grain nearly straight or iri; terlocked. It is strong, tough, and very n sistant to the attack of dry-wood termites. ] takes a good polish, but is slightly difficult ti work. As tested elsewhere, the wood is classed a | good for all kinds of construction includin 1 naval construction, for plywood and veneer and staves. In other countries it is used als- for railroad ties, bridges, piers, vehicles, cabii net-work, furniture, flooring, tool handles; posts, balls, etc. This tree, the fustic of commerce, formeril; was an important dyewood and was exporter from the Antilles, Mexico, and Central Amerien to Europe and the United States. A yellowis-i dye, soluble in water, has been extracted frorii: the wood to produce the dull yellowish-brow.i color khaki, familiar in military uniforms. Thi bark has been employed in tanning. The exuiJ; date of resinous latex has been used for calkinj boats and in home medicine. * Rare on coastal plain, coastal hills, and lime stone forests of Puerto Rico to an altitude 0 300 feet in Puerto Rico. Also in Mona, Vieques ^ St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John. [ Public forest. — Cambalache. Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puertti Rico and Virgin Islands, and through Lessee Antilles to Barbados, Trinidad, and Bonairr and Curacao. Also from Mexico to souther ' Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru. Other common names. — mora, palo de mor ; (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; escambron de maderl (Puerto Rico) ; fustic (Virgin Islands, Enj: lish) ; palo amarillo, mora amarilla (Spanish) fustete, mora macho (Dominican Republic) mora del pais, fustete (Cuba) ; moral, mor lisa, moral de clavo (Mexico) ; brasil, morill. (Costa Rica) ; morillo, macano (Panama) dinde, avinje, palo moro, malal fustete, morit: (Colombia) ; moral, mora lisa, morita (Ventt zuela) ; moral fino, moral (Ecuador) ; insirj insira caspi, limulana, amarillo (Peru) ; tat£ yiva-saiyu (Argentina) ; red fustic, snoo (Jamaica) ; bois jaune (Haiti) ; palu di morj palu dushi, palu dushi di cabei (Dutch Anti les) ; tajuva, jurema de espinho, auroreir (Brazil). Botanical synonym. — Maclura tinctori (L.) D.Don. This species is related to Osage-orang {Madura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.), native c southern continental United States, and i sometimes placed in the same genus. 287. Mora, fustic Cliloropliora tiuctoria (L.) Guad. Twig with female flowers and fruits (left), twig witli male flowers (right), natural size. 109 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) 288. Laurel de Bejaniina, Benjamin fig The wild and planted trees of the fig genus (Ficus), known as jagiiey and fig, are recog- nized by: (1) milky juice, or white latex, slightly bitter or almost tasteless, which runs from cut parts, often abundantly; (2) air roots often present and extending from branches to the ground; (3) prominent long-pointed buds at end of each twig, formed by a scale (stipule) which makes a ring scar; and (4) small fleshy figlike fruits paired or single at leaf bases, sometimes edible, with minute flowers and seeds hidden inside. Eight species are described here and 4 in the first volume. This handsome species, which is planted for shade and ornament, is recognized by: (1) the rounded spreading dense crown of shiny green foliage, more than twice as wide as high and drooping to the ground; (2) leaves small, el- liptic to ovate, slightly thickened, with long narrow point and long petiole; and (3) paired elliptic figlike fruits Yt; inch long and "lo i"ch wide, at maturity turning dark red to purplish black and forming a stalk Vs-iA i^ich long. Evergreen tree 30 feet high and 80 feet in crown spread, becoming larger, hairless throughout. Trunks several to many, 1 foot or more in diameter, short, growing to- gether with air roots in a trunklike mass more than 5 feet across. Bark is gray, smooth with warts (lenticels), the inner bark light brown and gritty, yielding from cuts milky juice or white latex. The many stout branches are widely spreading, nearly horizontal and curved down nearly to ground, bearing wirelike air roots. Twigs are slender, slightly angled and flattened, light green, becoming gray, with Ficus benjamina 11 rings at nodes. End bud green, %-V-2 inch loiBi narrow and long-pointed, covered by a scaa (stipule). Leaves are alternate, with slender light grec* petioles V2-I inch long, grooved above. Bladi are 2-4 inches long and %-Vyi. inches widi short-pointed at base. The upper surface shiny green to dark green and turned ii slightly on both sides of midvein, with mair fine side veins connected in a curved vein aloii edge, the lower surface dull light green. The fleshy multiple fruits (syconia) ai paired, sometimes single, at leaf bases, yellcn green and stalkless when immature. Matuj fruits are dark red to purplish black (yellow h golden and larger in a variety) with lig.'! brown dots and a dark brown dot (hole) in t\\ sunken apex, and develop a fleshy stalk at basi With fruits in spring and fall. Uncommonly planted for ornament and sha«(i in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and elss where in the tropics. Requires a large arr and freedom from obstruction for roots. Recommended as one of the best ornament! figs for parks, school grounds, and streets south Florida. It grows fast in many kinds soil and withstands drought but not much col Popular because of the dense crown and droo ing foliage. The fruits are messy on sidewalli Range. — Native of southeast Asia from Ind to China and Malesia. Other common names. — higo, higo cim rron filipo (Dominican Republic) ; caucho Be jamin (Colombia) ; Jamaican evergreen (J: maica) ; Ceylon willow (Trinidad) ; waring; (Dutch Antilles). 110 288. Laurel de Benjamina, Benjamin fig Ficiis benjamina L. Natural size. Ill MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) 289. Mysore fig This handsome spreading fig tree is rarely planted in Puerto Rico. Besides the whitish latex and other characters of the group, it is distinguished by: (1) short bristly red-brown hairs on young twigs, buds, petioles, and fruits; (2) the stout twigs with rings at nodes and ending in pointed hairy bud Yi ii^ch long, formed by a stipule; (3) large leaves with thick and stiff ovate blades 5-9 inches long and S'/j-S inches wide, bent up slightly on both sides of midrib; and (4) oblong stalkless figlike fruits about 1 inch long and % inch in diameter, covered with reddish hairs. A medium-sized evergreen tree 30 feet high, with trunks and surrounding vertical air roots forming a trunklike mass several feet in diam- eter and bordered by large horizontal roots along the surface. Many massive nearlj^ hori- zontal branches form a broad flattened crown more than 100 feet across. Bark of the trunk, branches, and air roots is brown gray, smooth- ish or slightly fissured. The inner bark is orange brown, gritty in taste, and has whitish latex. Old twigs, buds, and petioles become gray and nearly hairless. The alternate leaves have stout rounded petioles 1 1/2-2 V2 inches long. Blades are abruptly long-pointed at apex, slightly notched Ficus drupacea Thunb.*' or rounded at base, slightly turned under at' edges, with many straight parallel side veins, j the upper surface slightly shiny dark green,! and the lower surface light green with raised! yellowish midrib and side veins and with minutet hairs. The figlike fruits paired or single at nodes* are distinctive in their oblong shape and cover- ing of bristly red hairs, bitter in taste and nott edible. Borne abundantly in summer, the fruitssj litter the ground beneath a tree. I Rare in parks and gardens in moist parts offl Puerto Rico. A large specimen tree is locatedij on the grounds of the University of Puerto Ricool Agricultural Experiment Station at Rio Pied-j ras, a short distance below the entrance too the Forest Service Building. A handsome shadeq tree for parks but requiring large space. Range. — Southeastern Asia from India andd Ceylon to Solomon Islands and Queensland. Botanical synonym. — Ficiis mysorensis Heyne. That species has been reduced to an variety, F. drupacea Thunb. var. pubescens (Roth) Corner, native from Ceylon, India, andd East Pakistan to Laos and Burma. The formerr specific name and the common name refer ten Mysore, a State of India. 112 ^ 0 289. Mysore fig Two-thirds natural size. Ficns drnpacea Thunb.* 113 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) 290. Fiddle-leaf fig An introduced fig tree occasionally planted for ornament and shade, distinguished from the others by: (1) the very large fiddle-shaped or lyre-shaped (obovate) leaves 8-12 inches long and 61/0-8 inches wide, broadest beyond middle, stiff", thick, leathery, curved and raised from midvein, the few side veins deeply sunken, and the edges much rolled under; (2) the very large long-pointed stipules paired and about lYo inches long, forming the bud and persistent at base of leaves; and (3) rounded or pear-shaped figlike fruits %-! inch long. Like other figs, this species has milky juice, or white latex. An evergreen medium-sized cultivated tree to 50 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, with rounded crown, hairless throughout. The twigs are relatively few and very stout, V2-% inch in diameter, gray and smooth, becoming fissured. The rings at nodes are hidden by the persistent stipules. The alternate leaves are attached about 2 inches apart for a distance of 2 feet or more on long unbranched twigs. The petioles are 11/2-21/2 inches long, very stout and slightly flattened, blue green. Leaf blades are rounded in upper two-thirds and blunt at apex, nar- rowed in lowest third with 2 very large rounded, overlapping lobes at the heart-shaped base. Ficus lyrata Warb.*' Instead of being flat like most leaves, the blades are much curved and raised between the 5-6 pairs of side veins, suggesting a relief map with valleys and ridges. The upper surface is shiny green, with midrib and side veins yellow and sunken, and the lower surface is dull yellow green with midrib and side veins yellow and raised. The leaves resemble in shape those of No. 184, almendra, Indian-almond {T erminalia catappa L.*). However, in that species thee, leaves are flat and only slightly thickened. The figlike fruits (syconia) are stalkless and mostly paired at leaf bases, green with whitislrhj dots, maturing in summer. ji Uncommonly planted as an ornamental ancf street tree in Puerto Rico and St. Thomas anc: elsewhere in parks and gardens through thtu tropics. Muiioz Riviera Park in San Juani( Also southern Florida and southern Arizonaij Northward grown under glass as a tub plants Propagated by cuttings. | Range. — Native of tropical Africa. P Other common names. — lyrate-leaf fijj (English) ; fiddleleaf fig (Curacao) ; folha-de lira, ficus-lira (Brazil). Botanical synonym. — Ficus pandiirab Sander. 114 290. Fiddle-leaf fig picns lyrata Warb.* Twig with very young fruits (above), one-third natural size; fruit (lower left), natural size. 115 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) 291. African cloth-hark tree Ficus nekbuda Warh.* This ornamental and shade tree of the fig genus is identified by: (1) the short trunk and several stout branches which form a dense crown wider than high; (2) air roots nearly covering the trunk and growing together, also masses of hairlike air roots often hanging from the branches away from the trunk; (3) large coarse, elliptic, dark green leaves stiff and leathery crowded at ends at twigs; and (4) round yellow-green figlike fruits Y^-Vv, inch in diameter, stalkless, mostly paired at leaf bases and clustered along twigs to 1 inch in diameter back of leaves. Evergreen medium to large tree 40 feet high with crown 50 feet or more in width. The trunk 2 feet or more in diameter becomes nearly covered with masses of vertical air roots 2-4 inches in diameter, which grow together and form a trunklike mass to 5 feet across. At only 5-10 feet above the ground the trunk forks into several widely spreading stout branches. The bark is gray and smooth with warts (lenticels). Inner bark is reddish, fibrous, and almost taste- less, the cut surface yielding much white latex or milky juice almost tasteless. The stout twigs V-i-M\ inch in diameter are gray and smoothish with ring scars from stipules and raised half- round to rounded scars of leaves and fruits, also with raised dots (lenticels), becoming hairless. The end bud formed from stipules is conical. 14-/4 inch long, yellow green, with a long sharp brownish point. The alternate leaves are crowded at ends of twigs with stout light brown petioles 1-1 V2 inches long, hairless. Blades are elliptic, 5-8 inches long and 3-41/2 inches wide, sometimes large, blunt at apex and rounded at base, turned upward toward the slightly wavy edges. The upper surface is dark green and slightly shiny, the midvein yellowish and the 5-7 pairs of side veins also yellowish, the lower surface dull yellow green. The fleshy multiple fruits (syconia) are slightly broader than long, have yellowish dots on the minutely hairy surface, and have 2 broad greenish scales less than 14 inch long at base. With fruits from spring to fall. The wood is whitish and soft. This species is planted uncommonly for orna- ment and shade in Puerto Rico and St. Croix. It grows well. Extensive rows of these street trees may be seen in Old San Juan. In temperate climates the plants can be grown under glass for decoration. Range. — Native of East Tropical Africa. Planted elsewhere in the tropics. Other common name. — zulu fig (English). Where native this is a large tree. Cloth was made from the fibrous bark, hence the descrip- tive common name. 116 291. African cloth-bark tree FicKs nekbuda Warb.*- Two-thirds natural size. 117 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) 292. Jagiiey Ficus obtusifolia H.B.K\i A species of jagiiey or fig in St. Croix, recog- nized by: (1) large ovate, elliptic, or obovate leaves with blades 5-9 inches long and 2V2-5V2 inches wide, rounded or blunt at apex; and (2) large rounded figlike fruits %-% inch in diam- eter, usually paired, finely hairy, with 2 broad scales at base. Medium-sized evergreen tree to 45 feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter. Bark light brown, smooth, with milky juice, or white latex. Twigs stout, gray, hairless, with rings at nodes. Bud conic, 3/4-1 inch long, long-pointed, covered by stipule. Leaves alternate, with stout petioles 11/4-21/2 inches long. Blades hairless, slightly thick, rounded, notched, or short-pointed at base, not toothed on edges, with 5-11 pairs of straight side veins at about 45° angle from midvein. The figlike multiple fruit (syconium) con- tains numerous tiny male and female flowers and is stalkless or nearly so. There is a small round opening at raised apex and at base 2 broad finely hairy scales %-V2 inch long. \ Rare in dry coastal forest from sea level tc' 400 feet altitude in St. Croix and occasionally planted there as a shade tree. Not found iiii others of Virgin Islands. i Range. — St. Croix. Lesser Antilles at Anti gua, St. Martin, St. Eustatius, Guadeloupe Martinique, and St. Vincent. Also continenta tropical America from central Mexico an(.,i British Honduras to Colombia, Venezuela, an<i| northern Peru. Other common names. — amate, matapaldf (Guatemala) ; amate, capulamate (El Salvaa dor) ; figuier blanc, figuier grandes-feuille* (Martinique). i Botanical synonyms. — Ficus urbaniamil Warb., F. involuta (Lieb.) Miq. var. urbaniant'x (Warb.) Dugand. ! The West Indian species Ficus urbaniana ha : been united with the continental species Fi obtusifolia. 118 292. Jag-iiey FicMs ohtusifoUa H.B.K. Natural size. 119 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) 293. Botree A spreading ornamental and shade tree, characterized by: (1) drooping hairless leaves with long, very slender petioles and triangular or ovate blades almost straight at base, often wavy at border, and ending in a long, very nar- row point; and (2) figlike fruits, paired and stalkless, rounded or broader than long, %-V-2 inch in diameter. Medium-sized evergreen tree to 50 feet or more in height and width, with 1 or more trunks 1-2 feet in diameter, often becoming united into pillars and often with aerial roots. Bark gray, smooth, with white, slightly bitter latex. Twigs hairless, light green, turning to gray or brown, ending in narrow pointed bud V4,-% i^ch long, formed by stipule, with rings at nodes. Leaves alternate, with round yellow green petioles 2i/o-4 inches long. Blades 4-7 inches long and 3-41/2 inches wide, slightly thickened, the upper surface shiny dark green with raised Ficus religiosa L. * yellowish veins, and lower surface dull light i green. The fleshy multiple fruits (syconia) at leaf' bases or on short side twigs are dark green; with purplish spots, becoming dark and pur- plish black, almost tasteless, with many minute- seeds. At the base are 3 flat rounded scales. Uncommon as an ornamental and shade treei in Puerto Rico. Range. — Native of southeast Asia but widelyi planted through the tropics north to Florida; and southern California and in Hawaii. Other common names. — alamo, higuillo, laurel (Dominican Republic) ; alamo (Cuba) ; higuera de las pagodas (Argentina) ; botree, peepul-tree (English) ; figueira-da-India, fi- gueira religiosa (Brazil). The long-stalked triangular leaves resemble those of poplar or cottonwood (Populus) , hence the Spanish common name alamo. This species is a sacred tree of the Buddhists in India, as thei scientific name suggests. 120 293. Botree Ficus religiosa L." Natural size. 121 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) 294. Jagiiey Ficus stahlii Warb. A species of jagiiey in limestone hills of Puerto Rico and Mona Island, distinguished by: (1) large oblong to ovate or elliptic leaves 3-6V2 inches long and l%-3y2 inches wide, rounded or blunt at both ends; and (2) small fleshy figlike fruits paired and stalked at leaf bases, rounded and about % inch in diameter, with scales at base about % inch long. Evergreen large tree becoming 50 feet high and 2 feet in trunk diameter. Bark brown, smoothish, with milky juice or white latex, which flows from cuts. The stout hairless twigs are ringed and end in a very narrow pointed bud to % inch long, covered by a hairless scale (stipule). The alternate hairless leaves have petioles %-% inch long. Blades are slightly thickened, not toothed on edges, green above and paler beneath. There are about 8-10 pairs of nearly parallel side veins. The fleshy multiple fruits (syconia) are borne on stout stalks V8-V4. inch long. At the base are 2 broad scales (bracts) about Vs inch long, finely hairy. An opening is prominent at the apex. Inside the edible fruit are borne many tiny male and female flowers (monoe- cious) and seeds. Fruiting in spring. Uncommon on limestone hills from sea level to 300 feet altitude along north coast of Puerto Rico and also Mona Island. Public forests. — Cambalache, Vega. Range. — Known only from Puerto Rico and Mona. This species has been united with a more common species. No. 295, Ficus trigonata L. (F. crassinervia Desf.), but seems distinct. The latter has a raised ring around opening att apex of fruit. Named for Agustin Stahl (1842- 1917), Puerto Rican physician and botanist, who wrote an unfinished flora of the island (70 • He collected a specimen near his home at Bayamon. 122 294. Jagiiey Ficus stahlii Warb. Natural size. 123 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) 295. Jagiiey, wild fij Ficus trigonata L. Characters for recognition of this common species of jagiiey or wild fig are: (1) ovate, oblong, or elliptic leaves blunt or rounded at apex, slightly notched or rounded at base, shiny green, stifi" and leathery, hairless; and (2) small short-stalked figlike fruits at leaf bases, elliptic or pear-shaped and %-Vl> inch in diam- eter, slightly flat-topped, with raised ring at apex, light green with brown dots, turning dark red. Evergreen medium-sized to large spreading tree to 90 feet high and 3 feet in trunk diam- eter, sometimes to 6 feet, and with prominent rounded buttresses and spreading crown. The bark is gray, smoothish or slightly fissured, with almost tasteless or slightly bitter milky juice, or white latex. The inner bark is whitish and fibrous and tasteless. Twigs are gray, stout, often finely hairy when young, with ring scars at nodes. The densely hairy buds are long and narrow, V^-'V-i. inch long, covered by a finely hairy scale (stipule) . The alternate leaves have stout leafstalks 1/4- 11/4 inches long. Blades are mostly 2-6 inches long and 11/4-4 inches wide, slightly thickened and leathery, the upper surface shiny green with veins often slightly sunken, and the lower surface light green with prominent network of minute veins. 1],; inch long. With fruits from spring tO' The greenish figlike fruits (syconia) are paired or single on short stalks Vs-fi,-, inch long at leaf bases, with 2 minute pointed broad scales Vn; inch long joined at base and raised ring at apex, the surface often warty, almost; tasteless. Within are many minute seeds less: than fall. The wood is whitish and soft. | Common through moist limestone, lower Cor- j dillera, and lower Luquillo forests at 100-3, OOOj feet altitude, especially mountain forests, in I Puerto Rico. Also Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Tortola. , Public forests and parks. — Cambalache,^ Carite, Guajataca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao, j Rio Abajo, Susua, Toro Negro, Vega; Saget Mountain. Range. — Cuba, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. Lucia. Also from southern Mexico to Colombia and: Venezuela. Other common names. — jagiiey bianco (Puerto Rico) ; higo cimarron (Dominican Re^- public) ; jagiiey (Cuba) ; chimon, higo (Guate^- mala) ; figuier (Haiti) ; figuier maudit ( Marti-' nique). Botanical synonym. — Ficus crassinervia Desf. 124 295. Jagiiey, wild fig Flcus trigoiiatn L. Natural size. 125 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) 296. Mora, black mulberry Morus nigra L.^ Black mulberry has been planted in Puerto Rico as an ornamental and for the edible fruits. It is characterized by: (1) milky sap; (2) ovate leaves with 3 or 5 main veins from the notched unequal base, many small rounded teeth on margin, and ending in long narrow point; and (3) edible sweet purplish black cylindric mulberries i/j-l inch long and '%-V'i inch wide. Small to medium-sized tree 30 feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter, with crown of dense dark green foliage. Bark light brown, smooth- ish and warty to finely fissured, the inner bark whitish and brown, slightly fibrous, almost tasteless, with small amount of whitish latex. Twigs slender, light green and finely hairy when young, becoming brown with raised dots (lenticels). Winter buds %(■, inch long, short- pointed and covered with brown overlapping scales at end of twigs and at leaf bases. Leaves alternate in 2 rows, with slender yellow-green petioles 1-2 inches long, finely hairy. Blades ovate, mostly 4-7 inches long and 3-5 inches wide, sometimes lobed, thin, the upper surface dull dark green, smooth or rough, with veins slightly sunken, the lower surface paler and dull light green with raised veins, finely hairy. Flowers male and female mostly on different trees (dioecious), short-stalked, in separate drooping clusters (spikes or racemes), minute, greenish, the calyx with 4 lobes more than 14 g inch long. Male flowers short-stalked, more than i/g inch long and broad, consist of calyx and 4 spreading whitish stamens opposite the lobes, the cluster %,-! inch long and falling early. The stalkless crowded female flowers have calyx and pistil with small greenish ovary and 2-forked whitish style Vs inch long. The multiple fruit (syncarp) is composed of fruits from many female flowers. The 4-lobed calyx becomes enlarged to Vs inch across and the sweet juicy part enclosing the brown flattened akene or "seed" more than ^i,j inch long. Flow- ering and fruiting in spring and summer. The light brown wood is soft. Rarely planted as a shade tree and fruit treei in Puerto Rico. Of rapid growth. Formerly, tested experimentally here as a good plant forr silkworms. This species is the source of the mulberryi varieties planted for fruit in southern Europe^ and Asia. It is naturalized in southern conti- nental United States and also planted north- ward. Range. — Native of western Asia, probably Iran and nearby areas. Widely planted and naturalized in warmer regions. Other common names. — mora negra, mo- rera negra (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; black mul- berry (English). 126 296. Mora, black mulberry Morns nigra L." Twig with male flowers (upper left), twig with female flowers and fruit (center), leafy twig (below), two-thirds natural size. 127 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) 297. Neera lora Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Grisebbj This tree species with milky juice, very rare in Puerto Rico, is identified by: (1) narrow oblong-elliptic leaves abruptly long-pointed at apex, alternate in 2 rows; (2) flowers minute, stalkless at leaf bases, the male many together in rounded cluster bordered by scales about l^ inch across; (3) female flowers on other trees single or paired, more than i/s inch long, cov- ered by overlapping scales with 2 stigmas pro- truding; and (4) elliptic red fleshy fruit % inch long. Evergreen tree to 50 feet in height and 8 inches in trunk diameter, hairless. The bark is rough and slightly scaly, with milky juice or white latex. The twigs are slender and light brown. The narrow pointed bud to % inch long is covered by a stipule, which sheds early, leav- ing a slight scar but not a ring. The alternate leaves have short leafstalks Vs- l^ inch long. Blades are 3-6 inches long and 114,-214 inches wide, short-pointed and unequal at base, not toothed on edges, the upper surface dark green, the lower surface paler with fine network of veins. Flowers are male and female at leaf bases on difl'erent trees (dioecious). Male flowers many within a headlike group of scales (involucre), each consisting of 1 stamen about Yin inch long, with narrow scales but no calyx or corollai* Female flowers single or paired, each coverecl by overlapping scales, consisting of pistil witil ovary inside calyx tube and with short style and 2 stigmas protruding. The elliptic fruit ii enclosed by the fleshy calyx and contains 1 seec ' within a slightly hard covering. The wood is described as with thick grayisJti; or pinkish brown sapwood and reddish browrii heartwood. It is very hard, of medium coarst| texture, variable grain, tough, and strong, noit durable in contact with ground. j The red cherrylike fruits are edible. Also ii honey plant. This rare species is known in Puerto Rice' only from moist limestone hills near the northij ern coast, at altitudes of 200-600 feet, fronn| Bayamon and Dorado to Rio Abajo and Guajaa taca. Public forests. — Guajataca, Rio Abajo. [ Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puert<t(l Rico. Also southern Mexico, British Honduras^ and Guatemala. | Other common names. — palo de leche, mai( cao (Dominican Republic); macagua (Cuba) ' manax (Guatemala) ; false breadnut, milkwooc (Jamaica) ; cherry (British Honduras) ; bois merise (Haiti). 128 297. Negra lora Psendolmedia spuria (S\v.) Griseb. Twig with male flowers (above), twig with female flowers (lower left), twig with fruits (lower right), natural size. 129 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) 298. Ramon Trophis racemosa (L.) Urbaii This rare tree with milky sap in twigs is characterized by: (1) narrowly elliptic leaves 31/2-7 inches long and l%-2% inches wide, long-pointed at apex, sometimes toothed on edges, alternate in 2 rows; (2) flowers male and female on different trees, small, stalkless in clusters (spikes) at leaf bases; and (3) rounded fleshy fruit % inch in diameter. Medium-sized evergreen tree 70 feet high and 11/2 feet in trunk diameter, also flowering as a shrub. Bark gray, smooth, with few hori- zontal lines, becoming very rough and scaly in age. The inner bark is whitish, with green outer layer, tasteless. Young twigs are green with minute hairs, becoming gray brown. The light green buds Vg inch long are covered with 2 pointed stipules, which shed early leaving a slight scar. The leaves are alternate in 2 rows along the slender twigs. Leafstalks are V4,-V-> inch long, slender minutely hairy. Blades are short- pointed or rounded at base, hairless, thin, edges without teeth or sometimes with few small teeth toward apex, upper surface dark green and slightly shiny, lower surface dull green with the few side veins raised. Narrow cylindric flower clusters (spikes) single or paired at leaf bases, 11/2-4 inches long and 14 inch broad, bear many crowded light yellow male flowers less than i/g inch long, com- posed of 4-lobed hairy calyx and 4 stamens. On other trees (dioecious) are short cluster-l (spikes) less than % inch long, which bear fe\' greenish female flowers about %« inch long', consisting of tubular 4-toothed hairy calyx er; closing the ovary and 2-f orked hairy style. Th berrylike reddish-brown hairy fruit contain within the fleshy calyx 1 reddish-brow^ rounded seed i/a inch in diameter. The fruit i edible but has thin flesh. Flowering irregularll during the year. Wood light, brown, hard. Elsewhere the foliage has been cut for fodde for livestock during the dry season. Rare in moist limestone and lower Cordillerrl forests from sea level to 1,800 feet altitude ii Puerto Rico. Also Vieques. Public forests. — Cambalache, Guajataca Maricao, Rio Abajo, Vega. Range. — Greater Antilles. Also from Mexic( and British Honduras to Colombia, Venezuelli Ecuador, and Peru. Other COMMON names. — ramoncillo (Pueri" Rico) ; ramon (Spanish) ; ramon de vaca (D; minican Republic) ; ramon de bestia (Domini can Republic, Cuba) ; ramon de caballcj balsamo (Cuba) ; ramoncillo, ushi (Mexicojj ramon Colorado (Guatemala) ; ojushte, chul!| juste, pilijuste (El Salvador) ; ojoche machnl breadnut (Panama) ; marfil (Venezuela ramoon (Jamaica) ; ramon, white ramon (Bri ish Honduras) ; ramon, bois neuf rameJi (Haiti). 130 298. Ramon Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban Twig with fruits (upper left) , twig with female flowers (center) , twig with male flowers (right) , two-thirds natural 131 NETTLE FAMILY (URTICACEAE) Herbs, sometimes shrubs, and less frequently small trees and vines, known by: (1) leaves mostly alternate, simple, often with 3 or 5 main veins from base, toothed, sometimes with stinging hairs, often with minute lines (cysto- liths) visible from lower surface (especially when dry), with paired stipules; (2) flowers usually in lateral branched clusters (cymes), minute, inconspicuous, greenish or whitish, ii male and female on different plants (dioecious) i or the same plant (monoecious), regular, with' calyx of 4-5 sepals or lobes, no corolla, 4-5 j opposite stamens, and pistil with 1-celled ovary with 1 ovule, style, and branched stigma ; and : (3) fruit an akene or drupe, often enclosed by the persistent fleshy calyx. Key to species A. Leaves coarsely toothed, witli large stout conical stinging hairs on surface — 299. Urera baccifera. AA. Leaves finely wavy toothed, with small stinging hairs. B. Leaves elliptic, widest near middle, rounded or slightly notched at base — 301. Urera chlorocarpa. BB. Leaves broadly ovate, widest below middle, notched at base — 300. Urera caracasana. 299. Ortiga brava, stinging nettle Ortiga brava or stinging nettle, which stings severely and painfully, is commonly a shrub in the understory of moist forests but sometimes becomes a small tree. It is easily identified by : (1) the many large sharp needlelike stinging hairs about Vs iiich long on stems and leaves, both leafstalk and blade; (2) the coarsely toothed elliptic to ovate leaves bearing on both surfaces large stout and conical stinging hairs ; (3) the small greenish or pinkish flowers clustered at leaf bases; and (4) the whitish to reddish elliptic watery fruits about Vi ii^^h in diameter. Evergreen shrub, rarely becoming a small tree 15 feet or more in height and 3 inches in trunk diameter, usually with several main stems. The bark is light gray, smooth, with few raised warts (lenticels) and few spines or stinging hairs. Inner bark has an outer light green layer and is whitish, soft, watery, almost tasteless. The twigs are stout, light green, al- most hairless, with scattered stout stinging hairs, raised large half-round leaf scars, and large greenish pith. The large alternate leaves have long stout petioles 114-4 inches long, round, purplish tinged, and bearing many stinging hairs. Nar- row pointed light green stipules % inch long form a pointed bud and fall early. The thin blades are 5-10 inches long and 3-5 inches wide, narrowed to a long point at apex, rounded or slightly notched at base, the margin coarsely toothed with teeth ending in stinging hairs. The upper surface is yellow green and slightly shiny, with veins and veinlets much sunken, the lower surface light green and slightly shiny, with many stinging hairs along the raised veins. 132 Urera baccifera (L.) GaudJ, The minute flowers are male and female on different plants (dioecious) in widely forking.; branched clusters (cymes) 1-2 V-i inches long- at leaf bases, with fleshy purplish branches.! Female flowers about Vie ii^ch long have pink--,' ish 5-toothed calyx and pistil with ovary anddj' tufted whitish stigma. Male flowers have calyxii! and 4 or 5 stamens. Fruits several, elliptic:) consisting of enlarged whitish watery calyx 5-)| lobed at apex enclosing 1 elliptic seed (akene)i' 1^5 inch long, shiny, greenish black. Flowering ' in autumn and fruiting in winter. j In Central America this species has beeril planted for hedges and fences, its spines mak- ing an impenetrable wall. Common in understory of wet forests, espe- cially in drainages, of moist limestone, loweij Cordillera, and lower Luquillo forests from se£i| level to 3,000 feet altitude through Puerto Rico I Also a weed in coffee areas. Recorded from St Thomas. Public forests.— Carite, Guajataca, Gui-i larte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susuaa Toro Negro, Vega. Range. — Greater Antilles, St. Thomas, St^ Vincent, Grenada, and Trinidad and Tobago Also widespread from Mexico to Brazil, Argen tina, Bolivia, and Peru. Other common names. — ortiga (Puerto Rico, Spanish, Portuguese) ; pringamozj; (Spanish) ; mala mujer (Mexico) ; chi ; chicaste (Central America) ; chichicaston nigua, niguillo, chichicaste cuyanigua (El Sal vador) ; guaritoto (Venezuela) ; ishangj (Peru) ; ortiga brava, ortiga colorada (Argen tina) ; stinging nettle (English) ; manmai:) guepes, feuilles enragees (Haiti) ; urtigJ bronca, urtiga grauda, ortiga de cipo (Brazil) 299. Ortiga brava, stinging nettle Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. Leafy twig (above), twig with female flowers (below), fruits (lower right), natural size. 133 NETTLE FAMILY (URTICACEAE) -I' 300. Ortiga Colorado, stinging nettle A nettle with stinging hairs recorded from Luquillo Mountains. It is characterized by: (1) large leaves with long petioles and broadly ovate blades, the border with blunt teeth and the base notched or heart-shaped with 3 prin- cipal veins; (2) stinging hairs on midvein be- neath and often on petioles and branches of flower clusters; (3) many inconspicuous tiny flowers YiQ inch long, greenish or pink in stalked clusters back of leaves; and (4) very juicy orange-red or whitish fruits nearly Vs inch in diameter. Small evergreen tree 20 feet high or a shrub, elsewhere to 30 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is gray to greenish brown, smooth or slightly fissured. Inner bark is light green, almost tasteless. Twigs are slightly stout and fleshy, often grooved, greenish but becom- ing brown. The alternate leaves have long round light- green petioles 2-5 inches long. Leaf blades are 2V2-I2 inches long and li/4-lO inches broad, thin, long- or short-pointed at apex, the upper surface dull green and often slightly rough, and the lower surface light gray green and finely hairy. The stinging hairs Yic inch long on the midvein beneath are almost flat and point to- ward the base. If the finger rubs the midvein toward the apex of the blade, the needlelike hairs prick the skin and inject quantities of formic acid and cause pain. However, if rub- bing is in the opposite direction, the hairs do not sting. The flower clusters (cymes) are widely fork- ing and spreading. Male and female flowers mostly are on different trees (dioecious). Male flowers have 4 light pink sepals, 4 stamens, and rudimentary pistil. Female flowers several in yellow-green fleshy masses about Va inch in diameter, each with 4 unequal rounded green Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gau< sepals less than 14g inch long and pistil with ovule. The seeds (akenes) about Vj,; inch Ion, are partly covered by the very juicy sepall forming the rounded fruit. ' The whitish wood is soft and watery an : not used. Elsewhere these stinging plants ar employed as hedges or living fences. In Puerto Rico rare and local in forest undei* story in Luquillo Mountains. Not found by thh authors. f Public forest. — Luquillo. Range. — Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Eustatiuii Saba, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, Si^' Vincent, and Trinidad. Also widespread fror Mexico south to Brazil, Argentina, Paraguaj and Peru. Other common names. — mal hombri (Puerto Rico) ; ortiga (Spanish) ; stinginii nettle (English) ; quemador, laal, laltsimin, 01 tiga de caballo (Mexico) ; chichicaste (Centrd America) ; chichicaste de hormiga, chichiil caston, la (Guatemala) ; chichicaste de florae rosadas (El Salvador) ; ortiga blanca, tabaa quillo, crespon (Costa Rica) ; pringamoza (Ccc lombia, Venezuela) ; picaton, guaritoto hembrr (Venezuela) ; orteguilla macho (Ecuador)) ishanga, ishanga del agua (Peru) ; ortiga braw (Argentina) ; bois fridoche (Guadeloupe) 1 urtiga (Brazil). This species, though of broad range throug/ tropical America, is the rarest of the 3 nativ species of the genus in Puerto Rico. It is of spe' cial interest as apparently the ancestor of th I more common closely related species, No. 301,. ortiga, stinging nettle, Urera chlorocarpit Urban, which is known only from Puerto Ricai 1 mountains including Luquillo Mountains. Th 1 scientific name obviously honors Caracas, Vene ■ zuela. 134 300. Ortiga colorada. stinging nettle Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaud. Fruiting twig, male flowers (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 135 NETTLE FAMILY (URTICACEAE) 301. Ortiga, stinging nettle Urera chlorocarpa LirbtJ This rare shrub or small tree of moist forests is quickly learned to be avoided because of its stinging hairs on young twigs, petioles, and on midrib and larger veins of lower leaf surfaces. It is recognized by: (1) long-stalked elliptic, thin leaves 5-10 inches long, and 2y).-4i/_) inches wide, widest near middle, long-pointed at apex, with 3 main veins from the rounded or slightly notched base, finely wavy-toothed, the upper surface dull green with network of veins sunken; and (2) the tiny greenish flowers and fruits in crowded clusters up to 1 inch across at leaf bases and on twigs back of leaves. A shrub or small tree to 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is light brown, smooth with minute warts (lenticels). The inner bark is whitish and tasteless. Twigs long, with few branches, stout, slightly angled, finely hairy, light green, becoming brownish, with light dots (lenticels) and with raised large triangular leaf scars, containing thin ring of wood and large greenish pith. The bud is formed by folded young leaves covered with stipules. At the base of each immature leaf is a stipule apparently double, a narrow pointed yellow-green scale %-V-2. inch long inserted in- side base of petiole, enclosing the next youngest leaf and growing point and shedding before leaves mature, forming a scar. The alternate leaves have long stout petioles 2-4 inches long, round with a narrow groove above, light green, often pinkish tinged. The thin soft blades, described above, have the upper surface slightly rough from scattered hairs or becoming nearly hairless, the lower sur- face light green, soft hairy with raised network of veins. The flower clusters (cymes) about 1 inch long and broad, are much branched regularly into 2 short slender forks, bearing numerous minute flowers on very short stalks. Male and female flowers apparently are borne either on the same plant (monoecious) or on difi'erent plants (dioecious). The female flower is ml nute, less than ^^^j iiich long, light green, corjj posed of calyx of 4 lobes, the outer 2 smallei and pistil with elliptic 1-celled ovary containiii 1 ovule and the whitish brushlike stigm; Fruits elliptic, light green, Vic i^^ch long, co i sisting of juicy 4-lobed calyx and round(» flattened greenish-brown seed (akene) wittj stigma at tip. Flowering and fruiting main : in winter. The sapwood is whitish and slightly hard. Rare in wet soil, such as along ravines, lowi; and upper Cordillera and Luquillo forests 1,000-3,000 feet altitude. Public forests. — Luquillo, Toro Negro. Range. — Known only from Puerto Rico. This species is characterized by greenis fruits, the derivation of the specific name, is described as having male and female flowe i on the same plant, but only female flowers an; fruits were observed on the specimen examine^ Recorded as a shrub 6-13 feet high but founi recently to reach tree size. Closely related to No. 300, ortiga coloradii stinging nettle, Urera caracasana (Jacq^l Gaud., a species widely distributed in conii| nental tropical America and the West Indietr including Luquillo Mountains. The latter h broader, ovate leaves broadly notched or hean shaped at base, male and female flowers usual! on diff'erent plants, and the fruits orange re The native species of this genus are knov as ortiga or stinging nettle. The stinging haii larger than the other hairs and projecting at { angle, have a needlelike point and are filled wi transparent liquid, more in a swelling at bat When the skin touches a stinging hair, the ei of the hair breaks off and the pressure injec the liquid into the flesh. This liquid is form acid, similar to that of ant stings, and caus stinging pain that lasts from several minutes several hours. In continental United States tl herbaceous relatives in this family with simil, [ hairs are called nettles (Urtica). 136 301. Ortiga Urera chlorocarpa Urban Twig with female flowers, fruits (below), two-thirds natural size. 137 PROTEA FAMILY (PROTEACEAE*) Trees and shrubs, known by: (1) leaves mostly alternate, simple, entire or deeply lobed, without stipules; (2) flowers mostly stalked on 1 side of axis (raceme) or in showy heads, bi- sexual, often irregular, with colored 4-lobed calyx, no corolla, 4 stamens opposite and in serted on calyx, and pistil often stalked, wit] superior 1-celled ovary, 1 to many ovules, ant ' slender style; and (3) fruit a follicle, nut, o drupe. Key to species A. Leaves alternate, fernlike, pinnate and deeply lobed, silky hairy beneath — 302. Grevillea robusta* AA. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, simple, oblong or lanceolate, saw-toothed, hairless — 303. Macadamia tei-nifolia. 302. Roble de seda, silk-oak Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. Roble de seda or silk-oak, an attractive Aus- tralian tree planted for shade and ornament, is recognized by: (1) fernlike leaves pinnate and deeply lobed, dark green above, the lower sur- face silky with whitish or ash-colored hairs ; (2) flower clusters of showy yellowish flowers on one side of the axis; and (3) black curved podlike fruits about % inch long on slender stalks and with long threadlike styles. A handsome planted medium-sized tree to 70 feet in height and 14 inches in trunk diameter, elsewhere attaining larger size, with straight axis and many branches. The bark is smooth gray on the branches, becoming rough with many deep furrows. The alternate pinnate fernlike leaves 6-12 inches long are almost bipinnate, being deeply divided into narrow pointed lobes with borders turned under. The unbranched flower clusters (racemes) 8-7 inches long arise mostly from the trunk, along twigs back of leaves, and at leaf bases. The numerous flowers with long slender stalks %-% inch long are crowded on one side of the axis. They are composed of 4 narrow yellowish sepals almost Vl> inch long, curved downward ; no petals ; 4 stalkless stamens inserted on the sepals and opposite them ; and pistil with stalk, ovary, long slender curved style, and enlarged stigma. The podlike fruits (follicles) are broad, slightly flattened and split open on 1 side. Seeds 1 or 2, about % inch long, elliptic, flattened, winged, brown. Collected with flowers and fruits in September. The light brown wood is attractive because of the prominent lines or rays, resembling oak or roble, as the common names suggest. It is du- rable but very susceptible to attack by dry-wood termites. Elsewhere the wood is utilized for furniture, cabinetmaking, paneling, interiors. 138 and barrel staves. [ The trees are propagated readily from th< great quantities of seeds, grow rapidly, and ar drought resistant. However, the branches brea! easily, and the trees become very infested with scale insects. Silk-oak has been widely planted in varioui parts of Puerto Rico for shade and ornamentti such as along roads. However, planting is n;| longer recommended. The trees are heavil:;j attacked by scale insects, and the silky foliag-i; becomes dirty. | In some countries the trees have served ad coff"ee shade. Also, they are grown for shadd and ornament, along highways, and in ree> forestation. This species is classed as a hone ; plant. I Northward in temperate climates, as in corri[ tinental United States, the fernlike plants an' grown indoors in pots. This species is plante i and naturalized in southern Florida, grow i also in southern Arizona and southern Call fornia. Recommended in central and sout : Florida as a fast growing flowering tree fo: well drained sandy soils. It is drought resistan ! and cold hardy. However, it produces much lea I litter and becomes ragged when large. i Public forest. — Maricao. Range. — Native of Australia but widely irr troduced and naturalized in tropical and suH tropical regions of the world. Through Wei> Indies and from Mexico to Brazil, Argentinj; and Peru. Naturalized in southern Florida. Other common names. — roble australiam roble de pelota (Puerto Rico) ; grevilea, gr£i vilea, "helecho" (Spanish) ; pino rojo (Ven<: zuela) ; roble australiano (Colombia) ; robl sedoso (Argentina) ; silk-oak (English) ; sill oak grevillea (United States) ; grevilea, cai valho sedoso (Brazil). 302. Roble de seda, silk-oak Gi-eviUea robusta A. Cunn.* Flowers (upper left), leaf, fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 139 PROTEA FAMILY (PROTEACEAE*) 303. Maoadamia This medium-sized evergreen tree 30 feet or more in height and 6 inches in trunk diameter, has been introduced sparingly in Puerto Rico as an ornamental and in experiments. Else- where in the tropics it is cultivated for its edible seeds or nuts. Distinguishing characters are: (1) leaves in 3's or 4's (v^^horled), nar- rowly oblong, 31/0-6 inches long (reported to 12 inches) and 1-2 inches wide, short-stalked, thick, stiff, and spreading, blunt at apex, with sunken midrib, edges much curved under and mostly with few minute sharp teeth, slightly shiny green, and hairless; (2) many short- r Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell. stalked whitish flowers y4,-% inch long 1 drooping narrow clusters (racemes) 4-6inchei long at leaf bases, consisting of 4 very narrow : whitish sepals each bearing a stamen and pist I with narrow hairy ovary and long bent style; and (3) round fruit nearly 1 inch in diametei , splitting in 2 parts and containing 1 round ver ' hard thick-shelled whitish edible seed or nu: V-2-'V-i- inch in diameter. Native of Queenslan I and New South Wales, Australia. Other com MON NAMES. — nuez de Australia (Puerto Rico) ; nuez de Queensland (Puerto Rico, Spar ish) ; Queensland-nut (English). j OLAX FAMILY (OLACACEAE) Trees, shrubs, and woody vines, mostly Old World, known by: (1) leaves mostly alternate, simple, and entire, without stipules; (2) small flowers in lateral clusters, mostly bisexual, regular, with 4-6 minute sepals, corolla of 4-6 petals or lobes, 4-12 stamens opposite petal (or more numerous), disk often present, ani pistil of 5 cells each with 1 ovule, style, ami 2-5 lobed stigma; and (3) fruit a drupe w{ berry, 1-seeded. Key to species A. Twigs with straight stout spines single at nodes — 307. Xirnenia americana. AA. Twigs spineless — Schoepfia. B. Leaves less than l*/4 inches long, obovate or elliptic, rounded at apex — 305. Schoepfia oboimta. BB. Leaves more than l^^ inches long, pointed at apex. C. Leaves ovate, gradually narrowed to blunt apex; fruits % inch long, shiny red — 304. Schoepfia areni ria. CC. Leaves lanceolate-ovate to ovate, long-pointed at apex; fruits % inch long, red to black — 306. Schoej fia schreberi. 304. Rare shrub of coastal forests of northern Puerto Rico, sometimes a small tree. Distin- guished by: (1) ovate leaves iyi.-3<y4, inches long, %-2i/4, inches wide, gradually narrowed to a blunt apex, short-pointed or rounded at base, not toothed on edges, slightly thickened, with few indistinct long curved side veins; (2) flowers 2-3 at leaf bases, 14 inch long, tubular, light yellow; and (3) elliptic shiny red fruits % inch long, fleshy. Evergreen shrub or sometimes a small spreading tree 20 feet high with several trunks from base to 4 inches in diameter, hairless throughout. Bark gray, very thick, deeply furrowed, the outer dead bark chocolate colored within. The inner bark dark pink, tasteless. Twigs slender, light gray, hairless. Leaves alternate, without stipules, with peti- oles i/g inch long. Upper surface green and slightly shiny, lower surface dull light green. Flowers 2-3 at end of a stalk 14-I/2 inch long at leaf bases. The tubular light yellow flower 14 inch long consists of small 4-toothed calyx, 140 Schoepfia arenaria Brittoi tubular 4-6 lobed corolla, 4-6 stamens on ccij rolla opposite lobes, and pistil with 3-cellei ovary partly in a disk and inferior and witj style inside tube. Fruits (drupes) elliptic, ■'»/ ' inch long and Vo inch in diameter, with ring a I apex, light green when immature, becomin ! shiny red, with thick whitish flesh and larg; stone. Seed 1, elliptic, % inch long, lighl brown. Flowering mainly in spring and fa. and fruiting in summer and winter. The wood is light brown and hard. Rare in moist coastal and lower Cordillen forests at 100-1,500 feet altitude in northerrj foothills of Puerto Rico. Public forest. — Rio Abajo. \ Range. — Northern Puerto Rico. ' This rare species was discovered at a sand ■• coastal thicket at San Jose Lagoon, Santurc*. and for many years was known only from then Afterwards it was found near Quebradillai The specific name, meaning sandy, refers to th first locality, where Amos Arthur Heller foun it in 1899. 304. Schoepfia arenaria Britton Fruiting twig (above), flowei'ing twig (below), natural size. 141 OLAX FAMILY (OLACACEAE) 305. Arafia Shrub or small tree of dry forests, recognized by: (1) small flat obovate or elliptic leaves %-l^/4 inches long and %-% inch wide, rounded at apex and narrowed to the short- pointed base, slightly thickened; (2) flowers 1-3 at leaf bases ^lo-i/i inch long, with red to greenish yellow tubular 4-lobed corolla; and (3) round to elliptic fruits, %6 inch long, yel- low or red, fleshy. Evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high or small tree to 25 feet and 4 inches in trunk diameter, hair- less throughout. Bark gray, rough, furrowed into narrow plates. Twigs slender, light gray, much branched. Leaves alternate, without stipules, with leaf- stalks less than Vs inch long. Blades slightly turned under at edges, with few curved side veins, dull light green. Flowers 1-3 at end of stalk 14 inch long or Schoepfia obovata C. Wright i[ less at leaf bases. The red to greenish-yellowv flower 14 inch long is composed of minute 4- toothed calyx, bell-shaped corolla with 4 spread- ing lobes, 4 tiny stamens on corolla oppositee lobes, and pistil with 3-celled ovary partly in aa disk and inferior, short style, and dotlike 3- lobed stigma. Fruits are round to elliptic drupes with ring at apex. Collected with flowers and fruits in winter and spring. Locally common in dry coastal forests fromi sea level to 500 feet altitude along the southi coast of Puerto Rico west of Ponce. Also Muer-- tos and Anegada. Public forests. — Guanica, Susiia. Range. — Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puertoo Rico, and Anegada. Other common name. — white beefwood (Bahamas). 142 305. Arafia Scltoepfia obovata C. Wright Natural size. 143 OLAX FAMILY (OLACACEAE) 306. Schoepfia schreberi J. F. Gmel. This shrub or small tree is absent from Puerto Rico but rare on the islands eastward. Distinguishing characters are: (1) lanceolate- ovate to ovate short-stalked leaves 1 V^-S inches long and %-2 inches broad, slightly thickened and with few indistinct veins, frequently folded; (2) flowers 1-3 at leaf bases nearly 1/4 inch long, the pale yellow corolla with red- dish lobes; and (3) elliptic fleshy fruits % inch long and 14 inch in diameter, red or black. An evergreen shrub or small erect tree to 25 feet high with single trunk to 5 inches in diam- eter. Bark deeply furrowed. Twigs slender, hairless. Leaves alternate, hairless, without stipules, with petioles about Vs inch long. Blades are long-pointed at apex and rounded or short- pointed at base, frequently folded and curved upward from midvein or V-shaped, not toothed on edges. Flowers 1-3 at end of short stalk 1/8-% inch long at leaf bases, composed of minute 4- toothed calyx, bell-shaped 4-lobed corolla, 4 stamens on corolla opposite lobes, and pistil with round 3-celled ovary partly inferior in a disk and short style. Fruits (drupes) are partly covered by the disk. Rare on mountain ridges in dry coastal or seasonal forest from sea level to 500 feet alti- tude in Culebra, Vieques, St. Thomas, and St. Croix. Range. — Culebra, Vieques, Virgin Islands,, and Lesser Antilles from St. Barts and Saba tO) Grenada, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and' Bonaire, Curacao, and Aruba. Also from Mex- ico and British Honduras to Colombia andi Venezuela. Other common names. — tecolotillo (Mex- ico) ; limoncillo (Guatemala) ; sombra de ar- mado (Honduras); paaloe swaati (Curacao).. This species is an erect tree with single? trunk, while the related Puerto Rican species, . No. 304, Schoepfia arenaria Britton, is a:' spreading tree with several trunks from the base. 144 306. Schoepfia schreberi Gmel. Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower left), natural size. 145 OLAX FAMILY (OLACACEAE) 307. Tallowwood Ximenia americana L. This shiny-leaved shrub or small tree is rare in dry areas of St. Thomas and southwestern Puerto Rico. It is distinguished by: (1) the straight stout sharp spines %-l inch long, single at nodes of twigs; (2) oblong or elliptic leaves 1 14-21/0 inches long and ■)\\-l'^/^ inches wide, the apex rounded or notched and the base short-pointed; (3) the fragrant yellowish white flowers % inch long, bell-shaped with 4 very curved narrow petals bearing long hairs within, few at leaf bases; and (4) the yellow elliptic to round fruits (drupes) %-li4 inches long and •%-l inch in diameter, with 1 large seed. Shrub or small tree probably deciduous (also evergreen elsewhere), to 25 feet high and 10 inches in trunk diameter, with spreading branches often twisted. Bark dark red, astrin- gent. The twigs are reddish brown or gray, and the gray spines arise as short twigs. The alternate leaves have short petioles less than % inch long. Leaf blades are slightly thick and leathery, not toothed on edges, hairless at maturity, the upper surface shiny green, and the lower surface pale green. Flower clusters (cymes) lateral at base of leaves bear 2-4 flowers on slender stalks. The flower is composed of the minute 4-toothed green calyx less than Y-^^-, inch long; the yellow- ish-white corolla with 4 narrow petals % inch long, curved and bearing long hairs within ; 8 narrow stamens ; and pistil with oblong green ovary 1-celled (4 cells at base) and slender style. The fruit contains thin pulp slightly sweet or sour and 1 large pale yellow seed rich in oil. As some common names indicate, the sour fruit is edible raw and cooked though not popu- lar. It has the odor of hydrocyanic acid and perhaps may be toxic in quantities. It is re- ported that the oily seeds can be eaten when toasted, also that the leaves are toxic to live- stock. The sapwood is yellow and the heartwood reddish brown or orange. The wood is slightly fragrant, very hard, very heavy (specific grav- ity 0.95), and fine-textured. It is hard, easy to work, and takes a fine polish. Elsewhere the wood has been used as a substitute for sandal- wood or sandalo (Santalum) . The astringent bark has served also in tanning. Rare in dry coastal forest of southwestern Puerto Rico west of Ponce and at Guanica Forest from sea level to 500 feet altitude, also Water Island and St. Thomas. Public forest. — Guanica. Range. — Widely distributed on tropical and! subtropical shores and inland in both New andl Old Worlds including tropical islands. Florida 1 including Florida Keys, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, St. Thomas, (Guadeloupe, Martinique, . Trinidad, and Bonaire. Also from central 1 Mexico south to Brazil, Argentina, and Bolivia. Also in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Pacific Islands. Other common names. — limoncillo, manza- nilla, ciruelillo (Spanish) ; jicaco, (Dominican 1 Republic) ; ciruelillo, jia manzanilla, yanai (Cuba) ; membrillo de monte, tocote de monte, , tepenance (Guatemala) ; cagalero, chocomicoi (Honduras) ; manzanillo (El Salvador) ; pepe- nance (El Salvador, Costa Rica) ; chocomicd (Nicaragua); limoncillo de playa, caimito de monte, espino de brujo (Colombia) ; manzanai guayaba, manzana del diablo, tigrito (Vene- zuela) ; albarillo del campo (Argentina) ; tal- lowwood, hog-plum (United States) ; tallow- wood, Spanish-plum (Bahamas, British West Indies) ; iguana-berry, tallow-plum, wild-olive (Jamaica) ; seaside-plum (Trinidad) ; wiri, wild-lime (Guyana) ; croc, macaby (Haiti) ; bois puant, prune bord de mer (Martinique) ; ishiri (Bonaire) ; fransman moppe (Surinam) ;; ameixa de espinho (Brazil). This species was first found in St. Thomas ini 1925 but apparently was not collected in Puerto Rico by botanists until about 1960. 146 307. Tallowwood Ximenia americana L. Flowering twig, fruit (below), natural size. 147 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGON ACE AE) Few tropical trees, also tropical shrubs and woody vines, and mostly herbs, known by: (1) nodes enlarged with rings and a membranous closed sheath (ocrea) from stipule; (2) leaves alternate, simple, entire; (3) small flowers in unbranched clusters (racemes or spikes), male and female on different plants (dioecious) or the same plant (monoecious) or bisexual, regu- lar, the parts commonly in 3's, mostly with c sepals and 3 petals, 6-9 stamens, and pistil with superior 1-celled ovary containing 1 ovule, style and 2-4 stigmas; and (4) fruit a triangular oi flattened akene enclosed by the calyx which sometimes is fleshy. Also vol. 1, p. 76. J Key to species AA. Leaves oblong, long-pointed, with many parallel nearly straight lateral veins and with 2-5 faint lines on eachf side of and parallel with midrib; fruits dry, with 3 showy pink wings — 30. Triplaris, anttree, Triplariii aimingiaiia Fisch. & Mey* (T. americava) . ' Leaves variously shaped, mostly rounded, blunt, or short-pointed, with fewer lateral veins and without faini lines; fruits slightly fleshy, not winged — Coccoloba. B. Leaves thin or membranous, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, mostly 4-7 inches long and 1^4-3 ^4 inches wide usually broadest beyond middle; flower bracts black; calyx lobes long and covering seed (akene) — 29. Calambrena, chicory-grape, Coccoloba venosa L. BB. Leaves thick to fleshy, variously shaped; flower bracts brown; calyx lobes short and at end of seed (akene) C. Leaves round or nearly so, about as wide as long. D. Leaves very large, mostly 1-1% feet in diameter. E. Leaves nearly flat with veins in network, finely hairy beneath; twigs not angled, hairj when young — 26. Moralon, Coccoloba pubesceiis L. EE. Leaves appearing wrinkled with lateral veins deeply sunken, hairless throughout; twigs.-! angled, hairless — 312. Coccoloba riigosa. 1 DD. Leaves smaller, mostly 3-8 inches in diameter, hairless or nearly so— 28. Uva de playa, seagrape :' Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. ! CC. Leaves mostly ovate to elliptic, mostly about twice as long as broad. I F. Leaves small, mostly 1-2 inches long. ; G. Leaves ovate-oblong, blunt-pointed or rounded at base, brownish when dry, minute veins ■, long and slender; nodes swollen — 310. Coccoloba microstachya. ;' GG. Leaves ovate, mostly heart-shaped at base, greenish when dry, minute veins short and stout' nodes not swollen — 309. Coccoloba krugii. [ FF. Leaves larger, more than 2% inches long. 8 H. Twigs and petioles stout; blades thick and leathery. I L Petioles %-l% inches long; twigs hairless — 313. Coccoloba sintenisii. IL Petioles less than % inch long; twigs with rusty or golden short hairs when young— : 308. Coccoloba costata. j HH. Twigs and petioles slender; blades slightly thickened. 1 J. Leaves mostly on short side twigs and crowded; petiole attached above base of sheatl'i (ocrea) ; blade with tufts of hairs in vein angles beneath — 314. Coccoloba tenuifolia JJ. Leaves mostly on long twigs, not crowded; petiole attached at base of sheath (ocrea) blade hairless. K. Leaves mostly rounded or blunt at apex ; flowers on stalks about Vs inch long — 25 Uvilla, doveplum, Coccoloba dii^ersifolia. Jacq. KK. Leaves mostly short-pointed at apex; flowers stalkless or nearly so. L. Leaves with 6-7 pairs of lateral veins, prominent beneath — 27. Ortegonn Coccoloba sivartzii Meisn. LL. Leaves with 4-6 pairs of lateral veins, inconspicuous beneath — 311. Cocco loba pyrifolia. 308. Uvilla Characters for identification of this locally common species are: (1) ovate to elliptic or rounded leathery leaves mostly 2-7 inches long and 2-4 V-j inches wide, rounded or blunt at apex, turned under at edges, almost stalkless; (2) twigs with enlarged ringed nodes, bearing at base of leaf a yellowish sheath (ocrea) ; (3) many small yellow-green flowers Va inch long on stout terminal axis; and (4) egg-shaped fruits 1/4 inch long. 148 Coccoloba costata C. Wrighb Evergreen small tree to 25 feet high and (( inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray, smoothishr. slightly fissured, with horizontal lines. Inneji bark light pink, slightly bitter. The stout twigi'; are green when young, becoming gray anc( hairless. The alternate leaves have short stout leaf stalks Vh-% inch long. Blades are short-pointed at base, thick and stiff", hairless. The uppe:; 308. Uvilla Coccoloba costata C. Wriglit Twig with male flowers (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size. 149 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGONACEAE) surface is dark green and slightly shiny, the lower surface dull green. Erect flower clusters (racemes) about 6-9 inches long bear many flowers on short stalks less than y, ,; inch long, male and female on dif- ferent trees (dioecious). Male flowers less than Vfj inch long have 5 sepals and 8 stamens. Fe- male flowers nearly Yq inch long have basal tube (hypanthium), 5 calyx lobes, 8 nonfunc- tional stamens, and pistil with ovary and 3 styles. Fruit with calyx lobes at apex, maturing in winter. The wood is whitish and slightly soft. Locally common in moist coastal forest at 300-1,000 feet altitude mostly in northern foot- hills of Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Guajataca, Rio Abajo, Susua. Range. — Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Other common names. — guayabo de mulo (Dominican Republic); raisinier (Haiti). Botanical synonym. — Coccoloba rupicola Urban. In number of native tree species, 12, Cocco- loba is the third largest in Puerto Rico, as noted in the Statistical Summary. The generic name meaning lobed berry refers to the calyx lobes of the grapelike fruits. 309. Wild-grape This shrub or small tree of dry areas is char- acterized by: (1) broadly ovate to nearly round leaves IV^-^Vi inches long and 1-2% inches wide, blunt at apex and notched to short- pointed at base, slightly thick and leathery ; (2) slender twigs ringed at nodes with a green sheath (ocrea) Vs-Vio inch high at base of young leaves; (3) the slender terminal erect flowering axis bearing many crowded almost stalkless minute greenish white 5-parted flow- ers less than Vs inch long and broad; and (4) slightly fleshy egg-shaped black fruit nearly 14. inch long. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high, often with several trunks to 4 inches in diam- eter, hairless or nearly so. Bark gray, smooth, becoming slightly fissured. The twigs are short and slender. The alternate leaves have stout reddish peti- oles Vs-Vi inch long. Blades are slightly thick and leathery, not toothed on edges, with reddish midvein, the veins forming a fine network. Flowers clusters (spikes) are lV-2-3 inches long. Flowers are male and female on difl'erent trees (dioecious). Male flowers have a short basal tube (hypanthium) and 5 widely spread- ing calyx lobes y^,; inch long, 8 white stamens, and rudimentary pistil. Female flowers have small stamens and pistil with 3-angled 1-celled ovary and 3 short styles. The fruit consists of the basal tube (hypanthium) bearing at apex the 5 calyx lobes nearly y^ inch long and en- closing a shiny dark brown seed (akene). With flowers in fall and fruit in winter. Uncommon in dry coastal forests from sea level to 400 feet altitude along south coast of 150 Coccoloba kritgii Lindau Puerto Rico. Also Mona (rare), Icacos, Vie- ques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Little St. James^ Island, St. John, and Anegada. Public forest and park. — Guanica ; Virgini Islands. Range. — Bahamas, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, St. Martin,, Barbuda, and Antigua. Other common names. — wild-grape, white-- wood (Virgin Islands) ; crabwood, bow-pigeoni (Bahamas). Some shrubs or small plants that are similar to this species and called wild-grape in the Virgin Islands have been identified as the hy- brid with No. 28, uva de playa or seagrape^ (Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.), and designated: by the formula of the two parents, Coccoloba krugii x uvifera. The hybrid has leaves inter- mediate, though variable in size, shape, and thickness between those of the two species. Dis- tinguishing characteristics : (1) ovate to ovate- elliptic leaves 2.\/.>_-A inches long and ly^-Sl inches wide or larger on sprouts, blunt to rounded at apex, slightly thickened, oblique and heart-shaped to rounded at base, with a lobe-^ often overlapping petiole of -Va inch; (2) flower' clusters (narrow racemes) to 8 inches long, finely hairy, the short-stalked flowers less than ys inch long; and (3) elliptic or egg-shaped fruits about % inch long. Groups of inter- mediate plants sometimes are found where the two species are absent. RANGE. — Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, St. Croix and Buck Island Reef, St. Thomas, Little St. James, St. John, Virgin Gorda (Gorda Peak), and St. Eustatius. 309. Wild-grape Coccoloba krugii Lindau Fruiting twig (above), twig with female flowers (left), twig with male flowers (lower right), natural size. 151 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGONACEAE) 310. Uverillo Uverillo, a small tree common and widely distributed in dry forests, is identified by: (1) short, slender zigzag twigs with enlarged ringed nodes from sheath at leaf base; (2) small broadly elliptic to ovate or nearly round leaves, slightly thickened; (3) terminal flower- ing axes 1-2 inches or more in length, slender and usually curved downward, remaining after the minute stalkless greenish white flowers have shed; and (4) egg-shaped blackish or dark brown fruits Yn; inch long. Deciduous or evergreen shrub or small tree to 40 feet high and 5 inches in trunk diameter, much branched. Bark gray, smoothish, be- coming rough and deeply furrowed into plates. The inner bark is reddish and tasteless. The short, much branched twigs are gray to light brown with dots (lenticels), finely hairy when young. The bud is formed by a dark red sheath 1/8 inch long, narrow and finely hairy. The alternate leaves have short yellow-green leafstalk Va-Vi inch long and a membranous sheath (ocrea) Vs inch long forming a ring at node. Blades are %-2 inches long, y->-lV4. inches broad, rounded or notched at apex, rounded at base, not toothed on edges, becoming hairless or nearly so, turning dark on drying. The upper surface is dull green and the lower surface dull light green, the many small veins inconspicuous but forming a fine network in dry leaves. The flower clusters (spikes) bear many male Coccoloba microstachya Willd. and female flowers on different trees (dioe- cious). Male flowers are less than i/a inch long and broad, composed of cuplike base (hypan- thium) bearing 5 spreading rounded greenish- white calyx lobes, 8 short stamens, and tiny nonfunctioning pistil. Female flowers have a deeper cup or basal tube bearing 5 calyx lobes, very short nonfunctioning stamens, and pistil with 3-angled ovary and 3 short styles. The egg- shaped fruit is composed of the basal tube bear- ing 5 calyx lobes at apex and enclosing a black- ish seed (akene). Flowering in summer and fall and fruiting in winter. The wood is light brown and hard. Common and widespread in moist and dry limestone forests and lower Cordillera forest (serpentine only) from sea level to 2,500 feet but mostly at low altitudes in Puerto Rico and i throughout the adjacent islands, large and i small. Mona, Muertos, Isla Palominos, Vie- ques, Culebra, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. Public forests and parks. — Cambalache, Guajataca, Guanica, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susua. Vega, Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, and Anguilla. Other common names. — uverilla, negra loca, uvillo (Puerto Rico); puckout (Virgin Islands). Formerly referred to Coccoloba ohtusifolia Jacq., a species of Colombia and Venezuela. 152 -Illt% 310. Uverillo Natural size. Coccohba microstachya Willd. 153 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGON ACE AE) 311. Uvera Coccoloba pyrifolia Desf. This shrub or small tree confined to Puerto Rico is identified by: (1) narrowly ovate or elliptic leaves 2-41/2 inches long and 1-214, inches wide; (2) slender twigs ringed and sometimes swollen at nodes with a gray sheath (ocrea) V4,-V2 inch long at base of young leaves; (3) the very slender drooping terminal flowering axis often much longer than the leaves bearing many minute stalkless whitish or greenish flowers nearly Vh inch long and broad; and (4) slightly fleshy egg-shaped fruit 1/4 inch long, changing color from pale green to red to black. Evergreen, usually a shrub but sometimes a small tree to 25 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Bark on small trunks is smooth and gray, the inner bark light brown and almost tasteless. Twigs are gray and slender. Petioles of the alternate leaves are i/4,-i/2 inch long. Blades are blunt or short-pointed at apex, blunt or rounded at base, not toothed on edges, slightly thick and leathery, the veins inconspicuous on both surfaces, the upper sur- face green to dark green, and the lower surface light green. Flower clusters (spikes) are 3-6 inches long or sometimes to 12 inches, bearing many stalk- less flowers, male and female on diff"erent trees (dioecious). Male flowers have a triangular scale less than Y^q inch long, a basal tube (hypanthium), 5 calyx lobes, 8 stamens, and rudimentary pistil. Female flowers have a longer basal tube, 5 calyx lobes, small stamens, and pistil with 3-angled 1-celled ovary and 3 short styles. The fruits are composed of the fleshy basal tube (hypanthium) with red juice,, bearing the 5 calyx lobes at apex and enclosing 1 large brown seed (akene) nearly 14 inch long, slightly 3-angled. Flowering irregularly through the year. The sapwood is whitish and hard. Locally common in moist coastal and lower Cordillera forests at 100-2,700 feet altitude in Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Cambalache, Carite, Gua- jataca, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susua, Toro Negro. Range. — Puerto Rico only. This Puerto Rican species was named in 1829 by the French botanist Rene Louiche Desfon- taines (1750-1833) in a catalog of the plants cultivated in the botanical garden in Paris. 154 311. Uvera Coccoloba pyrifolia Desf. Twig with male flowers (left), twigs with fruits and with female flowers (right), natural size. 155 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGON ACE AE) 312. Ortegon Coccoloha rugosa Desf. Once seen, this tree of eastern Puerto Rico is not forgotten because of several odd character- istics for easy recognition : (1) the very slender trunk has few or sometimes no branches; (2) the giant nearly round to broadly ovate leaves mostly 9-24 inches in diameter, very strongly wrinkled (rugose) with extremely sunken veins prominent beneath, very thick and brittle, rolled under at margin, hairless on both sur- faces, heart-shaped and clasping at base with a large sheath; (3) at the top a conspicuous nar- row but stout bright red or crimson flowering axis 1-2 V-2 feet long, bearing on slender stalks numerous small red flowers less than y,,; inch long; and (4) the many egg-shaped or rounded red fruits 14. inch long, slightly fleshy. A small evergreen tree to 30 feet in height and 5 inches in trunk diameter, with very nar- row, erect, polelike, slightly angled axis and thin narrow crown, hairless throughout. The bark is light brown or gray and fissured, with faint rings at the swollen nodes. Inner bark also light brown is slightly bitter. The green twigs are stout, more than Vy, inch in diameter, slightly flattened, with usually 12 prominent vertical ridges and with large white pith. At end is an oblong flat yellow-green bud 2-2 V-j inches long rounded at apex, formed by the leaf sheath (ocrea). The alternate stalkless leaves are borne along twigs for a distance of several feet back of apex. At the base of each leaf is a very large firm light green to brown sheath (ocrea) , which forms a clasping ring 1V1)-2VL> inches high, split into 2 oblong rounded lobes, and which upon falling makes a ring scar. The blade is rounded at apex, dull green above, and pale light green beneath. The flower cluster (raceme) consists of the stout minutely hairy axis and finely hairy flow- ers clustered together on slender dark red stalks V4.-V2 inch long, male and female on dif- ferent trees (dioecious). Female flowers in clusters of 2-6 have a funnel-shaped basal tube (hypanthium) more than ' j,; inch long bearing 5 rounded red calyx lobes 'k; inch long and usually 8 (6-12) minute dark red sterile sta- mens and partly enclosing the pink pistil more than Vfi inch long, which is composed of 3- angled ovary and 3 slender protruding styles with flattened stigmas. Male flowers have 8 larger stamens protruding beyond the calyx lobes and a nonfunctional small pistil with ovary and 3 small styles. The fruit is composed of the thin red fleshy basal tube (hypanthium) with sepals at apex, enclosing 1 shiny brown, pointed, 3-angled seed (akene) /IG inch long. Flowering irregularly, recorded with flowers from April to September and with fruits from July to September. The wood is white and very hard. It is re- sistant to attack by dry-wood termites but is little used except for stakes. The leaves are used for ornament. Formerly a portion of the axis with the stiff durable leaves brilliantly painted with gilt or silver served as a room decoration in many Puerto Rican homes. The plants are sparingly grown as ornamentals. Local and uncommon in moist coastal andl', lower Luquillo forests of eastern Puerto Rico from sea level to 1,800 feet altitude. Collected: years ago at several places but now less com- mon following clearing of forests. The largest known areas of this species are in Barrio Maizales above Naguabo in Luquillo Mountains and on coastal hills near Ceiba and Humacao. Another place where the trees could be seen until a few years ago was a patch of woods on the west shore of San Jose Lagoon in Santurce, ! since destroyed by the growing city. Trees! still persist at one area near Cataiio. Recorded \ also from St. Thomas more than a century ago. i Public forest. — Luquillo. ; Range. — Restricted to eastern Puerto Rico, j and formerly recorded from St. Thomas. | Named in 1815 and described with the pre- i ceding species in 1829 by the French botanist , Rene Louiche Desfontaines (1750-1833) in a; catalog of the plants cultivated in the botanical garden in Paris. 156 312. Ortegon Coccoloba rugosa Desf. Twig with male flowers (left) , one-third natural size; female flowers (upper right) , fruits (center right) , two-thirds natural size. 157 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGONACEAE) 313. Uvero de monte Coccoloba sintenisii Urban Uvero de monte, which is known only from mountains of Puerto Rico is distinguished by: (1) the oblong stiff and leathery leaves 5-8 inches long and Si/j-S inches wide, short- pointed at apex and notched or heart-shaped at base; (2) stout twigs ringed at nodes with sheath (ocrea) ^4-% inch long at base of young leaves; (3) stout reddish flower stalks IVo-S inches long bearing many bright red flowers Vg inch long on slender red stalks of Vs-'^kj inch; and (4) red to brown egg-shaped fleshy fruits yif>-% inch long. Evergreen small tree 20 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, reported to reach 30 feet and 12 inches, hairless throughout. The bark is gray or light brown and fissured, the inner bark light brown and almost tasteless. Twigs are gray or light brown and stout, with rings at nodes. The alternate leaves have stout petioles i/o- 114 inches long. Blades are thick, not toothed on edges, with midvein in a groove, with few side veins, the upper surface shiny green, and the lower surface dull blue green. Flower clusters (racemes) on side twigs or below the leaves bear many bright red male and female flowers on different trees (dioe- cious). Male flowers have a rounded scale less than 1/],; inch long, a short red basal tube (hypanthium) and 5 red calyx lobes, 8 stamens, and rudimentary pistil. Female flowers have a longer basal tube, 5 calyx lobes, 8-10 small sta- mens and pistil with 3-angled 1-celled ovary and 3 short styles. The axis of the fruit clusters becomes as much as 6-8 inches long and %>]-%. inch in diameter. The red fruits are composed of the fleshy basal tube (hypanthium), 5 calyx lobes at apex, and 1 large brown seed (akene) nearly 14 inch long, slightly 3-angled. With' flowers and fruits from spring to fall. The sapwood is whitish and hard. Locally common in upper Cordillera forest at 1,000-2,800 feet altitude in western Puerto Rico from Aibonito to Maricao. A form near Coamo has white flowers on a whitish axis. Public forests. — Maricao, Susua. Range. — Mountains of central and western Puerto Rico. 158 Coccolo Leafy twig (above), male flowers (below), fruits (lower right), natural size. Urban 159 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY (POLYGON ACE AE) 314. Coccoloba teniiifolia Ll, This rare shrub or small tree was first found in Puerto Rico in 1963 by one of the authors. It is recognized by: (1) twigs with slightly en- larged ringed nodes bearing at base of leaf a sheath (ocrea) to i/o inch long; (2) elliptic leaves ,lV->-4V2 inches long and "^4-4 inches wide, thin, the petioles attached above base of sheath; (3) many small flowers, less than i/g inch long on stalks of \\ ,; inch in slender ter- minal clusters of 3-7 inches; and (4) egg- shaped to rounded fruits nearly I/4, inch long. An evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs slender, finely hairy when young. The leaves are alternate but mostly on short side twigs and crowded. The minutely hairy petioles 14,-% inch long are attached above base of sheath (ocrea) . Blades are short-pointed at apex, rounded or slightly notched at base, not toothed on edges, the upper surface shiny green and hairless, and the lower surface paler and slightly hairy along veins and with tufts of hairs in vein angles. Flower clusters (racemes) with slende: . finely hairy axis bear many small flowers, maL and female on diff'erent trees (dioecious). Mali flowers 1-4 in a cluster, are composed of minuti basal tube (hypanthium) , 5 calyx lobes, and I spreading stamens. Female flowers borne singl; have larger basal tube, 5 calyx lobes, minut nonfunctional stamens, and pistil with ovar; and 3 styles. The fruits consist of basal tub (hypanthium) with calyx lobes at apex and seed (akene). Known in Puerto Rico only from mois coastal forest along coastal cliffs to 300 fee* altitude near old railroad tunnel at Rio Guaja. taca near Quebradillas. Range. — Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, ani Puerto Rico. Other common name. — Bahama pigeon plum (Bahamas). Botanical synonym. — Coccoloba hahavierv sis Britten. i 160 /"^■^ Coccoloha tenui folia L. Twig with female flowers (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size. 161 FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY (NYCTAGINACEAE) Shrubs, woody vines, and trees in the tropics and herbs in temperate climates, known by: (1) leaves mostly opposite, simple, entire, with- out stipules; (2) flowers small or minute, in branched clusters (cymes), sometimes with showy bracts, bisexual or male and female on different plants (dioecious) or the same plant (monoecious), regular, with tubular 5-lobe- calyx often showy, no corolla, 1-30 stameiifi separate or united, and pistil with superior 11 celled ovary containing 1 ovule, and long style and (3) fruit an akene enclosed by the pen sistent, sometimes fleshy calyx. Also vol. ] p. 88. Key to species A. Leaves small, narrowly oblong, ^/4-l% inches long, almost stalkless, mostly whorled and crowded on short sid twigs but alternate on long twigs — 317. Neea buxifolia. AA. Leaves, larger, broader, opposite. B. Leaves elliptic or nearly round, rounded or short-pointed at both ends, hairy at least when young; fruil dry, narrow, with 5 rows of dotlike glands — Pisonia. |i C. Leaves about half as broad as long, the lower surface densely fine hairy — 31. Corcho bobo, Pisonii albida (Heimerl) Britton. CC. Leaves nearly as broad as long, rusty brown hairy when young but becoming hairless or nearly so- 32. Corcho bianco, water mampoo, Pisonia subcordata Sw. BE. Leaves elliptic to obovate or oblong, mostly short-pointed at ape.x (except No. 315), hairless; fruits cyliri dric, fleshy, red or turning to black — Gnapira. D. Leaves %-l% inches long, oblong or elliptic, rounded or slightly notched at apex. — 315. Guapir' discolor. DD. Leaves larger. E. Young twigs, petioles, flower stalks, and flowers with minute reddish hairs; leaves elliptiii mostly 2^-5 inches long, forming prominent network of many small veins upon drying — 31(11 ( Guapira obtusata. EE. Young twigs and petioles hairless; leaves obovate or elliptic, usually broadest beyond middl<l( 2-6 inches long, slightly thick and succulent — 33. Corcho, black mampoo, Guapira fragran\ (Dum.-Cours.) Little (Torrubia fragrans) . 315. Barrehorno Shrub or small tree on Desecheo and Mona Islands and found near Guanica, Puerto Rico. Identified by: (1) opposite, small oblong or elliptic leaves V-2-lV-i inches long and %-l inch wide, sometimes larger, rounded or slightly notched at apex; (2) many clustered cylindric fleshy 1-seeded fruits more than 14 inch long, bright red. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high, often with several trunks to 5 inches in diam- eter, spreading and sometimes leaning. The bark is gray and smooth, becoming slightly cracked into small rectangular plates. Inner bark has a thin green outer layer and light brown fibrous beneath, almost tasteless. Twigs light gray, hairless, brittle. The opposite hairless leaves have slender petioles Vi-% inch long. Blades are short- pointed at base, not toothed on margins, slightly thickened, without visible veins except midrib, dull green on upper surface and paler beneath. Flowers are male and female on diff'erent trees (dioecious) few to many in terminal and lateral branched clusters (panicles) V-i-lV2 inches long and broad. The flowers are small, 162 Guapira discolor (Spreng.) Littll greenish, minutely hairy or almost hairless^ stalkless or nearly so. Male flowers are com- posed of a funnel-shaped 5-toothed calyx -y^ inch long and 6-10 longer stamens. Femal flowers have a tubular 5-toothed calyx Vb inc. long and pistil with ovary, slender style, an- much branched stigma. The fruit (anthocarp consists of the red fleshy calyx with 5 minut lobes at apex and within a brown lO-ridge oblong dry fruit and 1 seed. With flowers i: spring and summer and with fruits in summe and fall. The sapwood is light brown and soft. Rare and scattered in the dry coastal fores from sea level to 700 feet altitude on Deseche and Mona Islands. Collected also at Punt Montalva near Guanica in the southwester: part of Puerto Rico but not known elsewher- on the island. Range. — Puerto Rico, Desecheo, Mona, His paniola, Cuba, Jamaica, and Grand Caymar Also a variety at Navassa ( U. S. ) . Other COMMON name. — barrehorno (Cuba) Botanical synonyms. — Pisonia discolo Spreng., Torrubia discolor (Spreng.) Brittor : I 315. Barrehorno **"• Guapira discolor (Spreng.) Little Twig with male flowers (above) , fruiting twig (lower left) , twig with female flowers (right) , natural size. 163 FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY (NYCT AGIN ACE AE) 316. Corcho prielo A tree of western mountains of Puerto Rico characterized by : ( 1 ) minute dark reddish hairs on young twigs, buds, petioles, branches of flower clusters, and flowers; (2) opposite el- liptic leaves slightly thickened and leathery, forming a prominent network of many small veins upon drying; and (3) many clustered elliptic red fruits 14 inch long, fleshy and 1- seeded. Small to medium-sized deciduous tree to 60 feet high and 14 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray or light brown, smoothish, finely fissured. Inner bark is light brown or whitish, slightly bitter. The green twig becoming gray ends in a pointed bud Vic-Vs inch long, both covered with minute dark reddish hairs. The opposite leaves have slender petioles mostly 1/2-1 inch long, sometimes shorter. Blades are broadly to narrowly elliptic, mostly 21/0-5 inches long and 1V4-2V2 inches wide, slightly thickened and leathery, hairless, short- pointed at base, not toothed on edges, and short- pointed or blunt at apex, slightly shiny green or yellow green, and paler green beneath. Many small male and female flowers are borne on diff'erent trees (dioecious), nearly stalkless, greenish with reddish hairs, in much branched clusters 1V2-4 inches long and broad at or near ends of twigs. Male flowers have funnel-shaped 5-toothed calyx % inch long and Guapira obtusata (Jacq.) Little 6-8 stamens about twice as long. Female flow- ers have a narrow tubular 5-toothed calyx Vg inch long and pistil with ovary, slender style, and much branched stigma. The fruit (antho- carp) is composed of the red fleshy calyx with 5 minute lobes at apex and within a 10-ridged dry fruit and 1 oblong seed %c> inch long. Flow- ering in spring and summer and maturing.; fruits in summer. The wood is light brown with darker streaks'^! and hard. \ Uncommon to rare in lower Cordillera and" moist limestone forests, also on serpentine, at 200-2,800 feet altitude in western mountains; of Puerto Rico. * Public forests. — Cambalache, Guajataca,!,; Guanica, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susua. Range. — Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Cuba, Ja maica, and Bahamas; bois cassave sylvestree (Haiti). Other common names. — corcho, corcho bianco (Puerto Rico) ; vibora, mala mujer (Dominican Republic) ; sapo, macagiiey (Cuba) ; broad-leaved blolly (Bahamas). Botanical synonyms. — Pisonia obtusatm Jacq., Torrubia obtusata (Jacq.) Britton. ! Britton and Wilson (10) did not list this spe- cies from Puerto Rico, though Cook and Collins (13) did. Originally named from Bahamas, it reaches its eastern limit here. 164 ^ 316. Corcho prieto "^ Gnapira obtnsata (Jacq.) Little Twig with male flowers (upper left), twig with female flowers (upper right), fruiting twig (below), natural size. 165 FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY (NYCTAGINACEAE) 317. ISeea buxi folia (Hook, f.) Heimeci This rare shrub or small tree is easily recog- nized by: (1) very slender light gray twigs; (2) small narrowly oblong leaves 1/4-1^8 inches long, Vs-'/K! inch wide, mostly whorled and crowded on very short lateral twigs but alter- nate on long twigs; (3) flowers male and fe- male on different plants, small, light yellow, borne singly at leaf bases; and (4) elliptic red fruits 1/4 inch long. Evergreen shrub or rarely small tree to 15 feet high (reported to 25 feet) and 3 inches in trunk diameter, with few slender spreading branches and without a definite crown. Bark gray, smooth, the inner bark greenish and whit- ish, bitter. The very slender light gray twigs have minute brown hairs when young and bear rounded leaf scars on raised bases. The leaves have very slender short leafstalks less than y^,- inch long from a raised base on twig. Blades are rounded at apex, short-pointed at base, hairless, slightly thickened, without visible side veins, the upper surface shiny green, the lower surface dull light green. Flowers are male and female on different plants (dioecious), borne singly at leaf basei hanging down on short stalks Vk; inch lon:{ Male flowers have a narrowly cylindric tubuki hairy calyx '^^i,; inch long, 5-toothed at ape;' with 2 hairy scales at base, containing 5-8 ui equal stamens less than ■%,-, inch long and in side the tube. Female flowers have tubulsii 5-toothed calyx, with 3 hairy scales at base, ei ; closing pistil with ovary and short style. Th: fruit (anthocarp) is red, light green whe ^ immature, with 5-toothed calyx at apei' slightly fleshy, 1-seeded. Flowering in sprin j and summer and maturing fruits in summer, i Wood whitish, soft. I Uncommon in moist limestone forest at 200fi* 1,500 feet altitude in limestone hills of northen, Puerto Rico. Also Piiieros, Culebra, S5| Thomas, and St. John. Public forests and park. — Cambalachtj Guajataca, Rio Abajo, Vega; Virgin Islands. Range. — Known only from Puerto Rico an the Virgin Islands. 166 317. Neea buxifolia (Hook, f.) Heimerl Leafy twig (left), twig with female flowers (right), natural size. 167 MOONSEED FAMILY (MENISPERMACEAE) Woody vines, also few shrubs, herbs, and small trees, known by: (1) leaves alternate, simple, mostly entire, sometimes palmately lobed, palmate-veined, without stipules; (2) minute greenish flowers in branched clusters (cymes), male and female mostly on different plants (dioecious), regular, with usually 6 sepals and 6 smaller petals separate or unitec: stamens mostly 6 and opposite petals, and 3-- pistils with superior 1-celled ovary containin; 2 ovules, and stigma; and (3) fruit a drupe o akene, with seed curved in form of crescent o moon. I 318. This rare woody vine or sometimes a small tree of northern and southwestern limestone hills of Puerto Rico is characterized by: (1) oblong to lanceolate leaves, thick, leathery, and brittle, with very fine network of veins on both surfaces when dry, the petioles enlarged below blade; (2) minute greenish yellow flowers male and female in separate branched clusters at leaf bases; and (3) rounded but slightly flattened fruit %-l inch in diameter, blackish, fleshy, with large crescent-shaped or moonlike stone. Evergreen woody vine or small tree to 15 feet high and 2 inches in trunk diameter. The twigs are stiff", slender, and hairless. The alternate leaves have leafstalks Vo-'Vi inch long, enlarged in the 14 inch below blade, without stipules. Blades are 3-6 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, short-pointed or blunt at apex and rounded at base, not toothed on edges, thick and leathery, hairless, the upper surface shiny green, the lower surface paler dull green. Hyperbnena laurifolia (Poir. ) Urbain' Flower clusters (panicles) to 2 inches lon;| at leaf bases contain many tiny flowers on fineJ rusty hairy branches, male and female 0:1 difi'erent plants (dioecious). Male flowers les ! than i/g inch across are composed of 6 sepal! in 2 series, the inner larger and nearly ^io inclli long, 6 petals shorter than sepals, and 6 shor' stamens. Female flowers in short cluster'' (racemelike), consisting of 6 sepals, 6 petals- 6 minute nonfunctional stamens, and 3 pistil: with ovary and hooklike style. The fruiij (drupe) contains thin flesh and large crescent'^ shaped or moonlike stone and seed. Flowerin ; in spring and with fruits in spring and summei ! Rare in northern limestone region at 200 1 600 feet altitude near Bayamon and Rio Abaj \ and in San Jose Lagoon, northern Puerto Rice and near Cabo Rojo in southwestern part. A\s^ St. Thomas. j Public forests. — Guajataca, Rio Abajo. ! Range. — Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, and Moni:; serrat. MAGNOLIA FAMILY (MAGNOLIACEAE) Trees and shrubs, known by: (1) leaves al- ternate, simple, entire, mostly with large stip- ules that form the bud and leave ring scars at nodes; (2) flowers often large and showy, frequently solitary, bisexual, regular, with 3 to many sepals, 6 to many petals commonly white, many stamens in spiral on elongated axis, an' in a spiral many simple pistils with 1-celle ovary and 1 to few ovules; and (3) fruit o many follicles or berries often united like cone. Vol. 1, p. 94. Key to species (Nos. 34-35) A. Leaves broadly elliptic to nearly round, abruptly short-pointed, hairless — 34. Jagiiilla, Magnolia portoricens* Bello. A A. Leaves ovate or elliptic, short- or long-pointed, the lower surface silky gray green with fine hairs — 35. Lauvi sabino, Magnolia splendens Urban. 168 318. Hyperbaena laurifolia (Poir.) Urban Twig with male flowers (upper left), fruiting twig (below), natural size. 169 ANNONA FAMILY (ANNONACEAE) Small to medium-sized trees and shrubs, known by: (1) leaves alternate, commonly in 2 rows, simple, entire, sometimes aromatic and with gland dots, without stipules; (2) flowers generally solitary, large, bisexual, regular, com- posed of 3 sepals, 6 petals in 2 series of un- equal size, and on the axis many stamens in i; spiral and few to many separate pistils witl superior 1-celled ovary containing 1 to man; ovules, style, and stigma; and (3) fruits, oftei stalked, berries, follicles, or aggregate, some times edible. Also vol. 1, p. 98. Key to species A. Fruit 1 from a flower, from many pistils united, edible (except No. 36 and doubtfully No. 320). B. Flowers with petals united at base, the outer 3 forming thickened wings; fruit rounded, 2y2-4 inches ii: diameter, with many conic tubercles — 324. Rollinia mucosa. '• BB. Flowers with petals distinct, not winged — Annona. C. Leaves with tiny pockets on lower leaf surface where side veins join midrib; fruits bearing man; fleshy spines. D. Leaves broadest at middle; fruit rounded, with short straight spines, not edible — 36. Guanaban; cimarrona, wild soursop, Annona montana Macfadyen. DD. Leaves broadest beyond middle; fruit elliptic or egg-shaped, with long curved spines, edible— 37. Guanabana, soursop, A^rnona muricata L.* CC. Leaves without pockets; fruits smooth. E. Fruit composed of many rounded tubercles — 39. Anon, sugar-apple, Annona squamosa L.* EE. Fruit not tubercled. F. Fruit egg-shaped, almost tasteless; flowers nearly as broad as long — 320. Anyiona glabra FF. Fruit rounded or heart-shaped, sweetish ; flowers narrow, about twice as long as broad. G. Leaves ovate to elliptic, velvety hairy beneath — 319. Annona cherimolia.* '' GG. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, finely hairy beneath when young — 38. Corazon, custardii! apple, Anriona reticulata L.* AA. Fruits several to many from a flower, separate, inedible. H. Flowers with 6 very narrow long-pointed drooping petals 3-5 inches long; fruits 8-15 long-stalked ellipt,, tic berries %-! inch long — 40. Ilan-ilan, ylang-ylang, Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms.* HH. Flowers with 6 petals less than 1 inch long; fruits mostly short-stalked. I I. Flowers with petals ¥2-% inch long; fruits many — Guatteria. J. Leaves oblong, lV^-3 inches long, short-pointed or rounded at apex, thick and leathery — 41. Hayj; minga, Guatteria blainii (Griseb.) Urban. \ JJ. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 3-8 inches long, long-pointed at apex, slightly thickened — 321. Guatteritik caribaea. IL Flowers with petals yiB-'^Kr, inch long; fruits several or few — Oxandra. K. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 3%-8 inches long; flowers %6 inch long; fruits several, % inch long long-stalked — 323. Oxandra laurifolia. KK. Leaves lance-elliptic, lV2-^% inches long; flowers %6 inch long; fruits few (or 1), nearly V" inch long, almost stalkless — 322. Oxandra lanceolata. 319. Chirimoya, cherimoya Cherimoya is planted occasionally as a fruit tree but is less common than its relatives. Dis- tinguished by: (1) yellow-brown hairs on young twigs and leaves; (2) leaves mostly ovate to elliptic, blunt-pointed at apex and rounded at base, velvety hairy beneath, alter- nate and in 2 rows ; (3) flowers greenish yellow, 1-1 14. inches long, with 3 narrow outer petals, velvety brownish hairy; and (4) fruit rounded to conelike or heart-shaped, about 3-41/2 inches in diameter, the surface often marked with small protuberances separated by line borders of individual fruits. A small deciduous (?) tree to 25 feet high. Twigs finely hairy. The leaves hang down in 2 rows along hori- zontal twigs. Petioles I/4.-V2 inch long, finely hairy. Blades are mostly 3-6 inches long and Annona cherimolia Mill.' li/o-3Vo inches wide, sometimes larger, slightly hairy above, with many straight parallel latera veins. The large fragrant flowers are borne singly or 2 or 3 on short nodding hairy stalks oftei opposite a leaf. There are 3 narrow outei petals %-lV4 inches long, greenish yellow am velvety hairy, within pale yellow with a purpl( spot at base, 3 inner petals very small am scalelike, usually pinkish; many crowded mi nute stamens; and many tiny pistils crowdec on conical axis. The aggregate fruit is variable in shape an( composed of many united pistils, each usuallj with a tubercle from the style or the surface smooth with a network formed by borders 0: individual fruits. From each flower there ii an oblong slightly flattened brown or blacl' 170 319. Chirimoya, chevimoya Annona chcrimolia Mill.'' Flowering twig, natural size. 171 ANNONA FAMILY (AJNNONACEAE) seed about Vi; inch long. The pulp, which separates easily from the seeds, is white and has a pleasantly acid taste. Uncommon as a fruit tree in Puerto Rico, mostly in mountains, and grown experimentally in St. Croix. Better adapted to subtropical re- gions in mountains or northward than to the lowland tropics. Range. — Native apparently of the Andes from Colombia to Peru and Bolivia but intro- duced early and naturalized north to Centra America and Mexico. Planted north to south^fi ern Florida, southern California, south t i\ Brazil and Chile, in the West Indies, Hawai;,i[ and in the Old World tropics. Other common names. — chirimoya, cheri moya, anona (Spanish) ; anona blanca, anon poshte (El Salvador) ; cherimoya (English) : cachiman la Chine (Haiti). The common nam chirimoya is applied also to related species. 320. Corazon cimarron, pond-apple Annona glabra I Corazon cimarron or pond-apple, which is un- common in coastal swamps back of the man- groves, is recognized by: (1) shiny leathery elliptic leaves 3-6 inches long and li4-2% inches wide; (2) flowers solitary, almost round, whitish, about •% inch wide, with 6 large fleshy petals of 2 sizes; and (3) large egg- shaped fruits 2'Yi-h inches long, smooth, pale yellow with brown spots, edible but almost tasteless. Small tree to 20 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, with spreading crown, decidu- ous. The trunk becomes swollen at base and sometimes has buttresses. Bark dark reddish brown, fissured and scaly. Twigs brown or yellow, becoming warty, hairless. The leaves are alternate in 2 rows on stout petioles about V2 inch long. Leaf blades are short-pointed at apex, rounded at base, not toothed on edges, hairless, shiny green on upper surface and pale beneath. Flowers open from a triangular bud on a stout lateral drooping stalk. There are 3 pointed green sepals about %,-, inch long; 6 fleshy petals in 2 series, the 3 outer larger, %-% inch long, concave, and short-pointed with a red dot near the base within, and 3 inner smaller; many stamens Vs inch long; and many pistils less than Vs inch long. The aggregate fruit is formed from the many pistils and composed of light yellow aromatic pulp, which is almost tasteless. There are many elliptic shiny brown seeds Vo— Va inch long. Flowering in spring and maturing fruits in summer. The wood is light brown with yellow streaks, soft, lightweight (specific gravity 0.5), weak, and not durable. The lightweight wood, cork- like, especially that of the roots, has been em- ployed for floats of fishing nets and for bottle stoppers. 172 The fruits resemble those of No. 38, corazo or custard-apple, Annona reticulata L., an other related species cultivated for their del: cious fruits. However, fruits of this wild trei are seldom eaten by people because they arr almost tasteless. Uncommon in coastal swamps and alon streambanks back of the mangroves in fres water almost at sea level around the coast ( Puerto Rico and through the Virgin Island Recorded from Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thoma : St. John, Tortola, Jost Van Dyke, and Virgi Gorda. Not found on Mona or Desecheo. Public forests and park. — Aguirre, Bt! queron, Cambalache, San Juan ; Virgin Islands Range. — Southern Florida including Flo: ida Keys and widespread from Bahamj: through West Indies. Also from southei' Mexico along Atlantic coast to Brazil and alor:: Pacific coast to Ecuador including Galapag( Islands. Also coast of western Africa. Other common names. — cayur, coyuiij corcho (Puerto Rico) ; pond-apple, corkwooi (Virgin Islands) ; mamon de perro, anon de ri: baga, guanabana cimarrona (Dominican R: public) ; baga, palo bobo (Cuba) ; corcho, pa de corcho, xmaac (Mexico) ; anonillo (Guat; mala) ; anona (Honduras) ; guanabana (Nici ragua) ; guanabana silvestre (Costa Rica I anon de puerco (Panama) ; mayos (Colombia ' anon liso, chirimoya cimarrona, guanabai^ cimarron, guanabano bobo (Venezuela) ; anoi. del campo (Ecuador) ; pond-apple, alligatc^ apple, custard-apple (United States) ; coru wood, monkey-apple, pond-apple (English ; courasol, courasotte, sweet-sop (Dominica 1 bobwood, corkwood, alligator-apple (Briti j Honduras) ; corossol marron, mammi:: (Haiti) ; kayuda (Dutch Antilles) ; araticuij do brejo (Brazil). Botanical synonym. — Annona pahistris 320. Cox'azon cimarron, pond-apple Flowej'ing twig (above), fruiting twig (below), two-thirds natural size. Aitnoiia glabra L. 173 ANIVONA FAMILY (ANNONACEAE) 321. Hay a hianca Guatteria caribaea Urban \ Haya blanca is a small to medium-sized tree of moist forests, characterized by: (1) nar- rowly elliptic leaves 3-8 inches long and 1-3 inches wide, long-pointed at apex, slightly thickened, alternate in 2 rows; (2) flowers single at leaf bases, about •% inch long, with 6 oblong whitish fleshy petals; and (3) clusters of several to many short-stalked oblong fruits about % inch long and 14 inch wide, 1-seeded, from a flower. Evergreen small to medium-sized tree 20-70 feet high and 6-10 inches in trunk diameter, with spreading horizontal branches. The bark is smooth and gray, the inner bark light brown and slightly spicy. Twigs are green and finely hairy when young, becoming dark brown, slightly zigzag. The alternate leaves have short petioles Vs- 14 inch long. Blades are short-pointed at base, not toothed on edges, the upper surface shiny dark green and hairless with faint side veins, and the lower surface dull light green and slightly hairy or almost hairless. The fragrant flowers are composed of a slender stalk about '/•> inch long; 3 broad hairy sepals Va inch long; 6 oblong thickened finely hairy petals %-% inch long; many crowded short stamens less than Vio inch long; and many small pistils less than Vs inch long, each with a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary. With flowers from spring to fall and with fruits from summer to winter. The sapwood is yellow or light brown. The hard heavy wood has served for posts. Else- where the wood has been used for lumber, and! rope ha!s been made from the fibrous bark. Uncommon to rare in moist limestone, lower' Luquillo, and upper and lower Cordillera for- ests at 500-4,000 feet altitude in Puerto Rico. Also in mountain forest of Sage Mountain, Tortola. Reported from St. Thomas more than a century ago. Public forests and park. — Luquillo, Rio Abajo, Susua, Toro Negro; Sage Mountain. Range. — Puerto Rico, Tortola, St. Kitts, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and Grenada. Other common names. — cachiman grand bois, corosol grand bois (French) ; mahot I'anglais, corossolier, corossolier montagne, mahot noir (Martinique) ; maho noir, bois vio- lon (Dominica). Botanical synonym. — Cananga caribaea (Urban) Britton. 174 y 321. Haya blanca <-/ r- i\ Guatteria caribacu Urban Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size. 175 ANTVONA FAMILY (ANNOINACEAE) 322. Haya prieta, lancewood Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill. Lancewood of this species is very rare in western Puerto Rico. Its distinguishing char- acters are: (1) lance-elliptic leaves 11/2-3% inches long and %-lV2 inches wide, alternate in 2 rows; (2) flowers mostly single and almost stalkless at leaf bases, about %,; inch long, with 6 elliptic petals; and (3) few (or 1) almost stalkless elliptic reddish berries nearly V2 i^ich long and Yi ,; inch wide from a flower, 1-seeded. From No. 323, yaya lancewood, Oxayidra lauri- folia (Sw.) A. Rich., this species is separated by its shorter lance-shaped leaves, smaller flowers, and smaller, stalkless fruits. Small to medium-sized tree to 50 feet in height. The bark is gray and fissured. Twigs slender, slightly zigzag, gray brown, hairless. The alternate hairless leaves have very short petioles about V],; inch long. Blades are short- pointed or rounded at base, not toothed on edges, long-pointed at apex, gland dotted, form- ing a dense network of fine veins. The flower consists of 3 rounded sepals about Y-n'i inch long; 6 elliptic petals the 3 outer •>],, inch long and the 3 inner slightly shorter; many stamens ending in a long tapering ap- pendage beyond the anther; and many pistils with 1-celled ovary, 1 ovule, short style, and enlarged stigma. The light yellow wood is described as very fine textured, very strong, durable, elastic, and extremely hard, equaling boxwood. Formerly it was imported into England from Jamaica as "lancewood spars" for carriages. Other uses elsewhere are general turnery, fishing rods, poles, and masts. It is reported that hogs relish the fruits where the trees are common. Very rare in woods and thickets near Que- bradillas and Cabo Rojo, both in western Puerto Rico, collected nearly a century ago by P. Sintenis and reported by Britton and Wilson 1 (10). Collected in 1971 east of Cabo Rojo, where locally common, by one of the authors. Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Other common names. — haya blanca (Pu- erto Rico) ; yaya (Dominican Republic, Cuba) ; yaya, yaya prieta, yaya, yaya boba macho (Cuba) ; lancewood (English) ; black lance- wood (Jamaica); bois de lance (Haiti). 176 322. Haya prieta, lancewood Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill. Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size. 177 ANIVONA FAMILY (ANNONACEAE) 323. Yaya, lancewood This species of lancewood is uncommon in the Luquillo Mountains. It is identified by : (1) oblong-elliptic leaves 31/2-8 inches long and 1 1/4.-2 V-> inches wide, long-pointed at both ends, brittle, alternate and spreading in 2 rows; (2) flowers few or 1 at leaf bases, about y^c, inch long, with 6 spreading oblong white petals; and (3) several long-stalked elliptic purplish black berries % inch long and % inch broad from a flower, 1-seeded. Small evergreen tree 30 feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter, elsewhere becoming a large tree. Twigs green, slender, slightly zigzag, finely hairy. The alternate leaves have short stout petioles about Mj-Vi inch long. Blades are soft hairy beneath when young, becoming hairless, slightly thickened and leathery, not toothed on edges, dark green above and light green be- neath. The short-stalked flowers are composed of 3 sepals i/ic inch long; 6 oblong white petals Vi-Yir, inch long, the outer 3 slightly longer; many stamens nearly % inch long ending in a long tapering appendage beyond the anther; Oxandra laurifolia (Sw.) A. Rich. and many pistils Vie inch long, consisting of hairy 1-celled ovary, 1 ovule, short style, and |; enlarged stigma. Several separate fruits on ( stalks %,; inch long are produced from a flower. The brown elliptic seed is more than 1/2 inch long. Collected in flower in May and July and j in fruit from February to May and in Novem- 1 ber. The wood is described as similar to that of the related species No. 322, haya prieta, lance- wood, Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill., and to be used for the same purposes. However, in Puerto Rico the supply is limited and the size ; restricts use to posts. Public forest. — Luquillo. Uncommon in lower Luquillo forest at 500- 2,000 feet altitude in Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Reported long ago from St. Croix. Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Guadeloupe. Other common names. — haya, haya mala (Puerto Rico) ; yaya, yaya boba, yaya blanca (Dominican Republic) ; purio (Cuba) ; lance- wood (English, Jamaica) ;boisderan (6uade- , loupe) ; bois de lance batard (Haiti). 178 323. Yaya, lancewood Oxcnidra laurifoliu (Sw.) A.Rich. Flowering twig (upper right), fruiting twig (below), natural size. 179 ANNONA FAMILY (ANNONACEAE) 324. Anon cimarron This rare tree with edible mucilaginous fruit is distinguished by: (1) the elliptic leaves 4-8 inches long and iy4.-2% inches wide, alternate in 2 rows on nearly horizontal twigs; (2) flowers 1-1 14 inches broad, yellow green, with 3 large thick, winged petals; and (3) rounded multiple fruit 2i/j-4 inches in diameter, whitish green, with many spreading, pointed conic tubercles l^-y2 inch long, whitish sweet and edible pulp, many-seeded. A small evergreen tree to 45 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray, smooth, slightly warty. Twigs nearly horizontal, green and finely hairy when young, afterwards brown with light dots (lenticels), ending in bud of minute folded brown hairy leaves without scales or stipules. The leaves are alternate in 2 rows and have petioles % inch long, yellow green, slightly hairy. Leaf blades are elliptic, thin, with long point at apex and short point at base. The upper surface is shiny green, almost hairless, turned up on both sides of midvein, with many curved sunken side veins, the lower surface dull light green with raised side veins and with minute inconspicuous hairs. Flowers 3 or fewer opposite the base of a leaf on stalks yi-lV^ inches long, yellow green. The flower consists of calyx of 3 pointed sepals •% ,; inch long ; corolla of 6 thickened finely hairy petals, the outer 3 pointed and 14 inch long and 3 forming oblong thickened wings 1/0-% inch broad; stamens many, crowded in ring, Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Bail) i;vj inch long, light yellow; and many ligh. yellow pistils crowded on conical base in centra 1 mass Vs inch long and broad, each composed 0 narrow ovary and stigma. The rounded multiple fruit is composed 0 many crowded individual fruits ending in stou spreading points, each with a brown ellipti seed % inch long in sticky whitish pulp. Flowerr ing in spring and summer and with fruits in: summer. The yellowish wood is reported to be hare heavy, and strong. Planted in various tropical countries for th edible mucilaginous fruits, to which the specific name refers. Rare in moist limestone and upper Cordiller, forests at 500-2,000 feet altitude in Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Guajataca, Maricao. Range. — Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and fror- Guadeloupe and Dominica to St. Vincent ani Trinidad. Also northwestern South Americ;. from Colombia and Venezuela to Brazil, Peru and Ecuador. The native range uncertain an( extended by cultivation. Other common names. — cachiman (Puerti Rico) ; candongo (Dominican Republic) ; mu- lato (Colombia) ; rinon, riiion de monte (Vene- zuela) ; chirimoya (Ecuador) ; anon (Peru) wild sugar-apple (Trinidad) ; cachiman mor veux (Guadeloupe) ; araticum, araticum pitay . (Brazil). I 180 324. Anon cimarion Rollhtia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill. Flowering twig (above), fruit (left), flower (lower right), natural size. 181 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) Trees, mostly large, and few shrubs, known by: (1) bark, wood, and leaves aromatic; (2) leaves mostly alternate (sometimes opposite or whorled), simple, commonly elliptic, entire, pinnate-veined with few long curved side veins, often leathery, with minute gland dots, without stipules; (3) flowers mostly small, yellow, greenish, or whitish, usually many in lateral branched clusters (panicles), bisexual or some- times male and female on different plants (di- oecious), regular, often with short cup (hy- panthium), 3 sepals and 3 similar petals (or 6 tepals), 9-12 stamens or some reduced to sta- minodes, the anthers opening by 2 or 4 pores with lids, and pistil with superior 1-celled ovary with 1 ovule, and short style; and (4) fruit a berry or drupe with 1 large seed, mostly with cup or tube from calyx or corolla persistent at base. Also vol. 1, p. 110. Key to species A. Leaves with 3 main veins from near base. B. Leaves alternate, dull green, thin; twigs finely hairy when young; native species of mountains — 341. Phoebe montana. BB. Leaves mostly opposite, shiny green, mostly thickened; twigs hairless; introduced species. C. Twigs ending in enlarged buds covered by overlapping scales, with odor and taste of camphor — 327. Cinnamomum camphora.* CC. Twigs with buds not enlarged or covered by overlapping scales, with odor and taste of cinnamon. D. Leaves lanceolate, about 3 times as long as broad, less than 1% inches wide — 326. Cinnamomum burmannii.* DD. Leaves elliptic, about twice as long as broad, mostly more than 2 inches wide — 328. Cinnamo- mnm zeylanicum* AA. Leaves with 1 main vein bearing side veins (pinnate-veined). E. Leaves broadest beyond middle, rounded or blunt-pointed at apex. F. Leaves clustered at or near ends of twigs, 1^/^-3% inches long — 50. Nemoca, Ocotea spathulata Mez. FF. Leaves borne singly, 3-7 inches long. G. Leaves with lower surface densely hairy, reddish brown when young but becoming gray — 46. Canelon, Ocotea cuneata (Griseb.) Urban. GG. Leaves shiny on both surfaces, hairless or nearly so, veins mostly reddish tinged near base — 49. Nuez moscada, Ocotea moschata (Meisn.) Mez. EE. Leaves broadest below or near middle, mostly long-pointed. H. Leaves very narrow, lanceolate, more than 4 times as long as broad. L Leaves large, 7-14 inches long, often 3 or more at node (whorled) — 325. Ayiiba bracteata. IL Leaves small, mostly less than 4 inches long, borne singly. J. Leaves with side veins forming fine network, lower surface soft hairy — 43. Canelilla, Lica- ria salicifolia (Sw.) KosteiTn. JJ. Leaves with side veins inconspicuous and not forming network, lower surface densely cov- ered with pressed rusty haii'S — 337. Ocotea ivrightii. HH. Leaves broader, mostly elliptic to ovate, mostly 2-3 times as long as broad. K. Leaves thickened, shiny green on both surfaces, with prominent network of fine veins. L. Leaves very thick and stiff; fruit cup with double margin — 329. Licaria brittoniana. LL. Leaves thick but flexible; fruit cup with simple margin. M. Leaves with side veins sunken; fruits oblong, %-l inch long, whitish — 333. Nectandra patents. MM. Leaves with side veins not sunken; fruits round or elliptic, %-% inch long, blackish or dark blue — 45. Laurel avispillo, Jamaica nectandra, Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb. KK. Leaves slightly thickened, dull green or the upper surface slightly shiny, the small veins in- conspicuous. N. Fruit without calyx or cup at base. O. Fruit pear-shaped or nearly round, yellow green, 4-5 inches long, edible (avocado) — 51. Aguacate, avocado, Persea a^nericana Mill.* 00. Fruit elliptic, black, 1-1% inches long, inedible — 42. Guajon, Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.) Benth. & Hook. f. NN. Fruit with calyx or cup at base. P. Fruit with 6-lobed calyx at base. Q. Fruit round. R. Leaves whitish beneath — 339. Persea urbaniana. RR. Leaves covered beneath with short pressed brown hairs — 338. Persea krugii. QQ. Fruit elliptic, twice as long as broad — 340. Phoebe elongata. 182 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) PP. Fruit with cup at base, not 6-lobed (lobes often persistent in No. 47). S. Fruit cup with double margin. T. Fruit nearly round, about % inch long — 47. Laurel espada, Ocotea flori- bumla (Sw.) Mez. TT. Fruit elliptic, about twice as long as broad, % inch or more in length. U. Fruit green or dark blue, in half-round red cup; leaves abruptly long- pointed at apex — 44. Palo de misanteco, Gulf licaria, Licaria tri- andra (Sw.) Kosterm. UU. Fruit black, in saucer-shaped cup; leaves broadly short-pointed at apex — 335. Ocotea fopniculacea. SS. Fruit cup with simple margin. V. Fruits many, round, about 'Yw, inch in diameter, the cup covered with warts; leaves often with scattered raised dots (galls) — 48. Laurel geo, Ocotea leucoxylo-n (Sw.) Mez. VV. Fniits mostly few, larger, with smooth cup; leaves without raised dots. W. Fruit nearly round. X. Fruit stalk much thickened below cup — 332. Nectandra mem- hratiacea. XX. Fruit stalk not thickened — 330 Nectandra antillana. WW. Fruit elliptic, about twice as long as broad. Y. Leaves often with calluslike thickenings (galls) in vein angles beneath — 336. Ocotea portoriceiisis. YY. Leaves without calluslike thickenings in vein angles beneath. Z. Twigs, branches of flower clusters, and flowers with loose rusty hairs — 331. Nectandra krugii. ZZ. Twigs, branches of flower clusters, and flowers hairless or with short pressed hairs — 334. Nectandra sintenisii. 183 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 325. Canelillo Aniba bracteata (Nees) Mez This rare tree of mountain forests of eastern Puerto Rico is identified by: (1) large lance- shaped to elliptic slightly thickened leaves com- monly 3-4 at a node; (2) elliptic berry % inch long, with warty irregularly toothed cup %-V-2 inch long and broad at base. Evergreen small to medium-sized tree 40 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter or larger, with horizontal branches. Twigs stout, rusty hairy when young. Leaves commonly 3-4 at a node, sometimes 5-6 (whorled), also partly alternate, with short stout petioles Vi-V^ i^^ch long. Blades 6-16 inches long and 1V2-4VL> inches wide, the straight margins gradually narrowed to blunt or short-pointed base and long narrow apex, hairless, the upper surface green, and the lower surface light green with raised network of veins. Flower clusters (panicles) 2-5 inches long, branched, at leaf bases. Flowers many, nearly \ stalkless, about V-m inch long and broad, com- ; posed of finely hairy calyx with 6 pointed lobes less than i/^,-, inch long; 9 stamens and 3 smaller sterile stamens (staminodes) ; and pistil with 1-celled ovary. The fruit has a half-round cup and contains 1 large seed. With fruits in winter and spring. Wood yellowish, hard, heavy, and fine-tex- : tured. Rare in lower and upper Luquillo forests at ; 1,000-2,000 feet altitude and near Yabucoa in eastern Puerto Rico. Public forest. — Luquillo. ' Range. — Puerto Rico, Montserrat, Guade- loupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. Other common names. — bois jaune, laurier bois, laurier jaune (Guadeloupe, Martinique); laurier rouge (Dominica). | ! 184 325. Canelillo Auiba brncteata (Nees) Mez Twig with immature fruits (left), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 185 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 326. Malay cinnamon Though not the main source of the spice, this species of cinnamon is sometimes grown in Puerto Rico as an ornamental. Distinguishing characters are : (1) bark and foliage with pleas- ant taste and odor of cinnamon; (2) mostly paired oblong to lanceolate slightly thickened leaves long-pointed at apex, with 3 main veins from near the short-pointed base; (3) many small yellowish flowers about Vi inch wide, in branched clusters; and (4) many elliptic blue- black fruits about '/o inch long with shallow cup bordered by base of calyx lobes. A small evergreen planted tree 25 feet or more in height and 8 inches in trunk diameter. Bark brown, smoothish, the inner bark brown and spicy. Twigs slender, finely hairy when young. Leaves mostly opposite, with slender petioles of 1,4-% iiich. Blades mostly 21/2-4 inches long and %-!% inches wide, sometimes larger, hair- less or nearly so, the upper surface shiny green, and the lower surface dull whitish green. Cinnamomutn biirtnannii (Nees) Blume * Flower clusters (panicles) about 3 inches long and broad, at ends and sides of twigs. The flowers on slender stalks have finely hairy calyx with 6 lobes %,-, inch long, 9 stamens mostly with glands toward base, and pistil with elliptic ovary, slender style, and enlarged stigma. The fleshy fruits (berries) have at base a shallow cup with 6 spreading broken calyx lobes. Col- lected with fruits in January. Uncommon as an ornamental in Puerto Rico. Range. — Native of southeastern Asia from India. to China and Malaya. Planted beyond in tropical regions as an ornamental and source of cinnamon. Other common name. — canela de China (Cuba). Trees of this species have been referred to cassia-bark-tree, Cinnamomum cassia (Nees) Nees & Eberm. That species also from south- eastern Asia has larger, thicker leaves with the 3 veins raised beneath and the fruit with deep cup. 327. Alcanfor, camphor-tree Cinnamomum camphora (L. ) Sieb. A small evergreen tree to 25 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, with gray rough furrowed bark and dense oval crown, easily recognized by its distinctive odor of camphor in crushed leaves and twigs. Other characters for identification are : (1) mostly opposite ovate to elliptic leaves 2-3 inches long and %-2 inches wide, sometimes larger, long-pointed at apex and blunt to rounded at base, slightly thickened, hairless, with 3 main veins from near base, shiny green above and dull whitish green beneath, pinkish when young, with slender mostly long petioles of %-li/4 inches; (2) greenish hairless twigs ending in enlarged el- liptic brownish buds i/i-% inch long, covered by many rounded overlapping scales; (3) small yellowish flowers Vs inch broad in lateral branched clusters (panicles) of 2-3 inches; and (4) the round black berries % inch in diameter with short cuplike base, 1-seeded. Not ob- served to bear flowers and fruits locally. The wood is yellowish, fine-textured, takes a good polish, and has served elsewhere in cabinet- work, especially chests because the odor is re- pellent to insects. Camphor gum and oil, used in medicine and industry, are prepared by steam distillation of leaf clippings and wood from plantations. Uncommon as an ornamental in moist parts of Puerto Rico and in St. Croix. Grown from seeds and cuttings. Widely planted for ornament, also windbreaks and hedges, in subtropical and warm temperate regions north to southern continental United States from Florida to Texas and California. Range. — Native of China, Japan, and Taiwan and widely introduced through tropical and subtropical regions. Other common names. — alcanfor, alcanfor del Japon (Spanish) ; camphor-tree, Japanese camphor-tree (English) ; camphier (French) ; canforeiro (Brazil). Botanical synonym. — Camphora camphora (L.) Karst. 186 326. Malay cinnamon Cinnamomum hurmnmiii (Nees) Blume* Fruiting twig, natural size. 187 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 328. Canela legitima, cinnamon-tree Cinnamomum zeylanicum Brevne Canela legitima or cinnamon-tree, sometimes cultivated for ornament and shade, is the source of the spice of the same name. This aro- matic tree is recognized by: (1) the aromatic, spicy bark, the cinnamon of commerce; (2) the paired, very shiny green ovate or elliptic leaves also aromatic, stiff and slightly thick- ened, vi'ith 3 or 5 long main veins from the base; (3) many small yellow- white flowers less than 14 inch wide, in branching clusters at and near twig ends; and (4) the elliptic blackish berry fruits Mi-'Vv, inch long, with 6-lobed cup- like base. A small evergreen planted tree to 20 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, with widely spreading dense crown. The bark is brown, smoothish with warts (lenticels), be- coming slightly fissured. Inner bark is light brown, turning reddish brown on exposure, with spicy odor and strong taste of cinnamon. The slender twigs are light green and hair- less, with same taste. The leaves are opposite, or paired, or nearly so, hairless. The yellow-green petioles are Vi>-1 inch long, flattened above, with spicy taste. Blades are 3-6 inches long 11/2-3% inches wide, blunt or short-pointed at apex, the rounded base abruptly narrowed into the widened petiole, not toothed on edges. The upper surface is shiny green, yellow green when young, with 3 or 5 yellowish raised main veins, curved up on both sides, and the lower surface dull whitish green. Flower clusters (panicles) 2-3V2 inches long bear many flowers with distinctive odor, on forking yellow-white stalks. There are 6 spreading calyx lobes less than Vs inch long, yellow white and finely hairy; 9 stamens; and pistil with 1-celled ovary, slender style, and enlarged stigma. The fleshy fruits have 6-lobed cuplike calyx at base and contain 1 large seed. With flowers and fruits from late spring to fall. The reddish brown bark is the source of the cinnamon or Ceylon cinnamon of commerce and has served in medicine. The sapwood is light brown and slightly soft. Rarely planted for ornament and shade in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Elsewhere through the tropics the trees are grown also for the spice and locally naturalized. Range. — Native of southern Asia from India and Malaya. Other common names. — canela (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; canela de Ceilan (Spanish) ; cinnamon (English) ; Indian cinnamon-tree (Jamaica) ; cannelle, cannellier (French) ; canela, canela da India (Brazil) . 188 328. Canela legitima, cinnamon-tree Chniaiiioninm zeylanictim Nees* Two-thirds natural size. 189 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 329. Canelon This distinct species of the laurel family is known only from western Puerto Rico, where it is rare or locally common. It is recognized by: (1) erect branching with several trunks and columnar crown; (2) leaves elliptic, 2'/2-6 inches long and 11/4-3 inches wide, thick, stiff and leathery, both surfaces slightly shiny and with prominent network of minute veins; (3) yellow-green flowers 14 inch long and Vh inch broad, in clusters at leaf bases; and (4) fruit an oblong, pointed violet berry V-2-% ^^ch long, half covered by a deep brown cup with double 6-lobed border. Evergreen medium-sized tree to 60 feet high and 11/2 feet in trunk diameter, commonly 30 feet and 6 inches, often with several trunks. Bark gray to pinkish, smoothish with warts (lenticels), becoming slightly rough, coming off in flat scales. Inner bark is brown, with spicy aromatic taste. Twigs gray, brown when young, smoothish with raised dots (lenticels), hairless. The alternate hairless leaves have stout petioles V4.-V2 inch long. The blades are short- pointed at both ends, dark green on upper surface and yellow green on lower surface. Flower clusters (panicles) at leaf bases are 1-2 inches long, brownish. Flowers several to many, stalkless or nearly so, composed of urn- shaped fleshy 6-lobed finely hairy calyx, the 3 outer lobes pointed and 3 smaller rounded inner lobes, 3 stamens united into a tube, 6 sterile stamens (staminodes), and pistil with elliptic ovary and short slender style. Collected with flowers in summer and fall and with fruits from summer to winter. Licaria brittoniana Allen & Gregory* ! The wood has been used locally for stakes^ and in general construction. However, the< trees with several trunks seldom reach saw-- timber size. Rare or locally common in moist limestonet forest from Vega Baja west and lower andd upper Cordillera forests, especially on serpen- tine, at 500-3,000 feet altitude in westernr Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Guajataca, Maricao, Rioo Abajo, Susiia. Range. — Known from western and northernr Puerto Rico. Other common names. — canela, canelaa! amarilla, Casa Maria laurel, cacao macho (Puerto Rico). This species was discovered in 1932 by Nathaniel Lord Britton (1859-1934) on thei grounds of the Interamerican University near? Casa Maria at San German, altitude about 400 feet. However, his manuscript name was never effectively published. The next specimens weret obtained in 1939 by Luis E. Gregory, while' making a large collection of tree specimens with the United States Forest Service. The. scientific name dating from 1951 appropriately honors the director-in-chief of the New York^ Botanical Garden and coauthor of "Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands." (10) Apparently there are no closely related trees in Puerto Rico and nearby islands. In foliage this species resembles Licaria puchury-major (Mart.) Kosterm., known as puchury, a small tree of Amazonian Brazil and Venezuela. The latter has larger, more numerous flowers and much larger fruits and has been planted for medicinal purposes. 190 329. Canelon Licaria brittoniana Allen & Gregory Fruits (upper right) and flowering twig, natural size. 191 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 330. Aguacatillo This uncommon laurel in eastern and central Puerto Rico is identified by: (1) leaves oblong to broadly lance-shaped, 21/2-9 inches long and %-3 inches wide, long-pointed at apex, with few side veins, hairless or nearly so; (2) flowers whitish, % inch across the 6 spreading calyx lobes, many in wide forking clusters ; and (3) round berries almost -'/a inch in diameter, blue black, on a red saucer-shaped shallow cup. Evergreen medium-sized to large tree to 65 feet high and V/2 feet or more in trunk diam- eter. Bark gray, becoming scaly. Twigs slender, slightly angled, finely hairy when young. Leaves alternate, with petioles Vj^-'Yh inch long, slightly hairy. Blades slightly thickened, mostly short-pointed at base, with 5-7 curved veins on each side of midvein, the upper surface dull green, and the lower surface paler with prominent veins and hairy on midvein. Flower clusters (panicles) at leaf bases, 2-5 inches long, widely branching. Many fragrant short-stalked flowers consisting of finely hairy whitish calyx with 6 spreading lobes '1 <i inch long, 9 stalkless stamens, and pistil with rounded ovary and short style. The fruits have Nectandra antillana Meisna slightly enlarged reddish stalks and contain 11 round seed nearly 14 inch in diameter. Flower-r. ing and fruiting in spring and summer. The light brown wood serves for posts and^ may be cut for lumber but not distinguished from related species of laurel. Elsewhere used for shingles, staves, and lumber but reported not durable where exposed. Uncommon in moist coastal, lower Luquillo and lower Cordillera forests from sea level tc 1,500 feet altitude in central and western Puerto Rico. Also in St. Thomas. Public forests. — Guilarte, Luquillo, Tore Negro. Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puertc Rico and St. Thomas, Guadeloupe, Martinique.i and Tobago. Other common names. — laurel bobo, gee' rojo (Puerto Rico) ; laurel bianco, laurel cam- bron (Dominican Republic) ; aguacatillc (Cuba) ; shingle-wood, white- wood, long-lea vec sweetwood, yellow sweetwood (Jamaica) laurier caca (Grenada) ; laurier grandes feu- illes (Haiti) ; bois dous avocat (Guadeloupe) laurier gland (Martinique). 192 330. Aguacatillo Nectaiidra aiitilknia Meisn Flowers (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size. 193 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 331. Laurel canelon An uncommon laurel in mountain forests of Puerto Rico, identified by: (1) twigs, young leaves, petioles, branches of flower clusters, and flowers with short rusty or light brown hairs; (2) oblong to broadly lance-shaped leaves, 41/2-II inches long and lVi;-4 inches wide, the side veins sunken; (3) white flowers % inch across the 6 calyx lobes, several to many on a long-stalked lateral cluster; and (4) nar- rowly elliptic berry, %-% inch long and about % inch wide, dark violet, with half round cup. Evergreen medium-sized tree to 70 feet high and 14 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray, smooth. Leaves alternate, with petioles %-% inch long. Blades long-pointed at apex, short-pointed or blunt at base, not toothed on edges, thin, the upper surface shiny green with sunken veins and finely hairy when young, the lower surface dull light green and finely hairy, especially on the raised veins. Flower clusters (panicles) at leaf bases, 3-5 ISectandra krugii Me« inches long, branched. The slightly fragrann flowers on stalks of Vs-'Ya inch have whitt calyx with 6 elliptic finely hairy lobes y, ,■ incr long, 9 stamens, and pistil with rounded ovarj and short style. Fruits with cups about % incJc long and broad. Flowering in fall and matuii ing fruits in winter and spring. The wood has served for posts. Uncommon in upper Cordillera forest a 1,000-2,000 feet altitude in central Puerto Ric( also Sierra de Cayey. Public forests. — Carite, Toro Negro. Range. — Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)) Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, and Dominica. Other common name. — laurel (Puertt Rico). The scientific name honors Leopold Kru;i (1833-98), German consul in Puerto Rice businessman, botanist, and patron of science who aided P. Sintenis, collector of the typ specimen in 1885. 194 ?1. Laurel canelon Nectandra kruc/ii Mez Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 195 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 332. Laurel prieto This member of the laurel family is distin- guished by: (1) lance-shaped or narrowly el- liptic leaves, long-pointed at apex and abruptly long-pointed at base with edges rolled under and with the few lateral veins long curved and prominent beneath; (2) numerous minute 6- parted white flowers Va-fw, inch across in branched clusters at base of leaves ; and (3) the black fleshy fruit (drupe) about 1/2 inch long, rounded to elliptic, with saucer-shaped cup at base. Small to large evergreen tree to 80 feet high and 16 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs, bark, and leaves have the spicy taste characteristic of the family. The bark is gray or brown and smooth, inner bark light brown. The slender green twigs and leafstalks are minutely brown hairy when young. Leaves are alternate, the leafstalk 1/4-V2 inch long and merging into base of blade. Blades are 3-9 inches long and 1-2 1/2 inches broad, thin, hairless or nearly so, above green to dark green and slightly shiny with lateral veins a little sunken, and beneath shiny lighter green with lateral veins prominent. Flower clusters (panicles) 2-6 inches long, lateral at base of leaves, with branches often finely hairy bear numerous minute white 6- parted flowers. The calyx has 6 spreading white lobes less than Vic inch long, finely hairy on outside ; 9 minute white stamens ; and whitish pistil less than i/g inch long, with 1-celled ovary, style, and stigma. The black fleshy fruit (drupe) is 1-seeded and has a saucer-shaped cup 54. inch across at base and a thickened stalk. ISectandra membranacea (Sw. ) GriseW Recorded in flower nearly through the year an in fruit in winter and spring. The sapwood is gray and the heartwood ye lowish brown to golden brown. The wood moderately soft and lightweight (specific gra' ity 0.45) and moderately strong. It has straigl to occasionally wavy grain, medium textur and medium luster. Air-seasoning is at a moi erate rate and satisfactory. The wood saws ar machines easily but tends to tear and develc fuzziness during sawing and torn grain in tun ing. The heartwood is very susceptible to dr; wood termites and other insects. Laurel prieto is used for posts and is suitab for boxes, crates, interior trim, general ca pentry, and light construction. However, lacks attractiveness and good working prope ties for use in furniture and cabinetwork. Uncommon in lower Cordillera, lower L quillo, and moist limestone forests at 600-2, 0( feet altitude in foothills and mountains 1 Puerto Rico. Also recorded long ago from S Thomas and St. Croix. Public forests. — Carite, Guajataca, L quillo, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro. Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puer Rico, St. Thomas and St. Croix (?), near throughout Lesser Antilles to Grenada ai Barbados, and Tobago and Trinidad. Also Central America from British Honduras Costa Rica and in Venezuela. Other common names. — laurelillo, laurt' laurel geogeo (Puerto Rico) ; laurel, laur bianco (Guatemala) ; laurier noir (Dominica sweet wood (Barbados) ; bois violon (Guad; loupe). 196 32. Laurel piieto Nectandra memhranacea (S\v.) Griseb. Flowering twig (left), fruits (lower right), natural size. 197 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 333. Laurel geo Colorado This common species of laurel flowers as a shrub, often vinelike. It is characterized by : (1) leaves elliptic, 3-8 inches long and 114-3 inches wide, slightly thickened and leathery, shiny green, with prominent network of veins on both surfaces and tufts of hairs in vein angles beneath; (2) small whitish flowers %i; inch across the 6 spreading calyx lobes, many in branched clusters at leaf bases; and (3) ob- long berries %-% inch long, with shallow red cup at base. Evergreen shrub, often vinelike, or small tree 6-25 feet high and to 6 inches in trunk diam- eter, sometimes a medium-sized tree to 60 feet high and 1 foot in diameter. The bark is smooth, gray or brown, the inner bark whitish with spicy taste. Twigs are slender, brown, finely hairy when young. The petioles of the alternate leaves are V8-% inch long, finely hairy. Blades are short- to long-pointed at apex, short-pointed at base, the upper surface shiny green, hairless, with 6-8 pairs of curved, slightly sunken side veins and raised network of small veins, the lower surface yellow green with raised veins and hairless ex- cept for tufts in vein angles. The branched flower clusters (panicles) at ISectandra patens (Sw. ) Griself, leaf bases are 1V2-3 inches long. Flowers man: short-stalked, composed of finely hairy whitis calyx with 6 spreading lobes v^,. inch long, tiny stamens with hairy stalks, and pistil wit elliptic ovary and short style. The fruits wit slightly enlarged reddish stalks are reported 1 be blackish or whitish at maturity. There is oblong seed about 'J/i. inch long. Flowering i spring and fall and fruiting in summer an winter. The wood is light brown and hard, used fc posts. Common and widely distributed in moi; forests of Puerto Rico, including moist coasta moist limestone, lower Luquillo, and low( Cordillera forests from sea level to 2,000 fei altitude. Public forests. — Cambalache, Carite, Gui: jataca, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abaj,; Toro Negro, Vega. Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerl' Rico, and Martinique. Other common names. — laurel roset laurel (Puerto Rico) ; cap-berry, sweetwoc (Jamaica). The specific name, meaning spreading, d scribes the shrubby or vinelike growth habi; I ' 198 338. Laurel geo Colorado Nectandra pate))s (S\v.) Griseb. Two-thirds natural size. 199 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 334. Laurel amarillo ISectandra sintenisii Mez An uncommon laurel in moist forests of Puerto Rico, characterized by: (1) young twigs and branches of flower clusters with short pressed or flat hairs; (2) lance-shaped to elliptic leaves 2-8 inches long and -'/j.-S inches wide, long-pointed at apex, hairless, with few side veins; (3) white flowers ''Aa-'Vn inch across the 6 calyx lobes, many in long-stalked widely forking cluster; and (4) elliptic berry 1/2 inch long, with warty half-round cup. Evergreen medium-sized tree to 60 feet high and 14 inches in trunk diameter. Bark smooth, grayish. The slender twigs are slightly angled and covered with short pressed hairs when young. Leaves alternate, with petioles 1/4-V2 ii^ch long. Blades are slightly thickened, short- pointed at base, with 5-6 curved veins on each side of midvein, slightly shiny green above and paler beneath. Flower clusters (panicles) at leaf bases and ends of twigs are 2V2-6 inches long and wide, with long slender widely forking branches, hairless. Flowers many on short stalks V8-V4, inch long, composed of finely hairy white calyx with 6 spreading lobes i/g inch long, 9 stalkless stamens, and pistil with rounded ovary and slender style. The fruits have enlarged reddish stalks and contain 1 oblong seed. Flowering from spring to fall and fruiting in summer and winter. The pale greenish-yellow heartwood merges gradually into the slightly lighter colored sap- wood. The wood is moderately soft, lightweight (specific gravity 0.55), has satiny luster, me- dium texture, and interlocked or straight grain. It is very susceptible to attack by dry-wood termites but may be moderately durable in the ground. Rate of air-seasoning is moderate, without excessive degrade. The easily worked wood produces good surfaces in all operations except planing, requiring considerable sanding of exposed surfaces. Wood of laurel amarillo is used for posts or poles and is suitable for general construction, boxes, crates, carpentry, millwork, flooring, and interior trim. It should serve also for some kinds of furniture and cabinetwork. Similar species are utilized also for tool handles, instru- ments, crossties, and boat construction. Uncommon in lower Cordillera, lower Lu- quillo, and moist limestone forests at 500-1,800 feet altitude in Puerto Rico, mainly foothills. Also recorded long ago from St. Thomas. Public forests. — Carite, Guajataca, Lu- quillo, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro. Range. — Puerto Rico. Other common names. — laurel bianco, laurel geo, laurel macho, laurel (Puerto Rico). The scientific name honors Paul Ernst Emil Sintenis (1847-1907), German botanical col- lector, who discovered this tree in 1885. 200 334. Laurel amarillo Nectaiidra sintenisii Mez Fruiting twig (above), flowers (lower right), natural size. 201 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 335. Palo santo Ocotea foeniculacea Mez A rare species found in Puerto Rico only in central and western mountains and distin- guished by: (1) leaves stiff and leathery, el- liptic, 2-314 inches long and 1-1 V2 inches wide, short-pointed at both ends, hairless, shiny, with prominent network of veins beneath; and (2) elliptic berry -Yi. inch long and Y-o inch wide, black in saucer-shaped cup double-margined. Small evergreen tree 30 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, reported to reach 80 feet in height. Bark described as very aromatic and spicy as in fennel (Foeniculum, source of the specific name). Twigs slender, with long and short internodes, hairy when young. Leaves alternate but clustered near ends of twigs. Petioles stout, V8-V4, inch long. Blades hairless on upper surface, the lower surface with prominent network and minute hairs on veins. Flower clusters (like racemes) shorter than the leaves, hairy. Flowers composed of white hairy calyx with 6 pointed lobes, 9 stamens with short hairy filaments, and pistil with rounded hairless ovary and short style. Col- lected in flower from spring to fall and with fruits in May and June. Rare and local in upper Cordillera forest at 2,500-3,500 feet altitude in high mountains of central and western Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Maricao, Toro Negro. Range. — Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Cuba. Other common names. — laurel (Puerto Rico) ; canelilla (Dominican Republic). 202 335. Palo santo Ocofca foeniculacea Mez Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower right), natural size. 203 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 336. Laurel de paloma This uncommon tree found only in upper mountain forests of Puerto Rico is identified by: (1) lance-shaped or elliptic leaves 2-41/2 inches long and %-l% inches wide, long- pointed at both ends, slightly thickened, with calluslike thickenings in vein angles beneath; and (2) cylindric berries % inch long and 14 inch in diameter, on a short narrow reddish brown cup. Evergreen tree to 50 feet high and 10 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs and petioles finely hairy when young. Leaves alternate, with petioles i/4,-% inch long. Blades slightly shiny, becoming nearly hairless. Flower clusters (panicles) 2-4 inches long at leaf bases, much branched. Flowers many on slender stalks of Yg inch, male and female on Ocotea portoricensis Mez different trees (dioecious), more than i/g i^^ch across the calyx of 6 spreading finely hairy lobes. Male flowers have 9 stamens and non- functional pistil with hairless ovary, slender style, and enlarged stigma. The berries on a stout stalk have a short funnel-shaped cup more than % inch long and are 1-seeded. With flowers from spring to fall and with fruits in summer and winter. Uncommon in upper Cordillera and upper Luquillo forests at 1,000-3,000 feet altitude through high mountains of Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Carite, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao, Toro Negro. Range. — Known only from Puerto Rico. Re- ported long ago from Cuba. Other common names. — laurel, laurel avis- pillo, laurel geo (Puerto Rico) . 204 336. Laurel de paloma Ocotea portoricensis Mez Twig with female flowers (above), fruiting twig (lower left), twig with male flowers (lower right), natural size. 205 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 337. Laurel canelon Ocotea wrightii (Meisn. ) Mez A rare species of the western mountains of Puerto Rico, characterized by: (1) lance- shaped leaves 2V2-5 inches long and %-lV8 inches wide, long-pointed at both ends, thick and leathery, the lower surface with a dense covering of rusty or grayish pressed hairs; and (2) oblong berries, %-l inch long, in a large funnel-shaped thick cup nearly % inch long and i/> inch wide, with double margin or ring. Evergreen tree to 60 feet high and 16 inches in trunk diameter. Bark aromatic. Young twigs and petioles are covered with small pressed hairs. The alternate leaves have narrowly winged petioles about 14. inch long. Blades are stiff, slightly shiny and hairless on upper surface, and turned under at edges. Flower clusters (panicles) shorter than the leaves, with hairy branches. Flowers about Vh inch long have densely hairy calyx with 6 lobes, 9 stamens, and pistil with hairless 1-celled ovary and long style. The seed is oblong. Noted with flowers in summer and fall and with fruits in winter and spring. Rare to uncommon in upper Cordillera forest at 1,500-3,000 feet altitude in mountains of western Puerto Rico. A variation or closely re- lated species with shiny hairless leaves was found in La Torrecilla. The very aromatic bark serves for tea in folk medicine elsewhere. Public forests. — Guilarte, Maricao. Range. — Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Cuba. Other common names. — canelon, canela (Puerto Rico) ; canelilla (Dominican Repub- lic) ; canelle (Haiti). Charles Wright (1811-1885), botanical col- lector from the United States, discovered this species in Cuba. He made important plant col- lections in Cuba and the Dominican Republic, as well as in the Southwest along the Mexican border. 206 337. Laurel canelon Ocotea ivrtghtii (Meisn.) Mez Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower right), natural size. 207 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 338. Canela The soft coat of silky brown pressed hairs on lower leaf surfaces, young twigs, branches of flower clusters, and flowers distinguish this rare tree of mountain forests of western Puerto Rico from other native members of the family. Other characters are: (1) lance-shaped to narrowly elliptic leaves 11/2-4 inches long and V2-IV4 inches wide; and (2) round berries % inch in diameter, with 6-lobed calyx and en- larged stalk at base. Evergreen small to medium-sized tree 45 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter. Bark gray, smoothish, becoming rough. Inner bark is brownish, with slightly spicy taste. Twigs brown, finely hairy. The alternate leaves have hairy petioles 14- 1/2 inch long. Blades are long- or short-pointed at apex, short-pointed or blunt at base, not toothed, slightly thick and leathery, the upper surface becoming nearly hairless, with side veins inconspicuous. Flower clusters (panicles) at leaf bases, 2-4 inches long, branched. Flowers many on stalks less than % inch long, about %« inch across, Persea krugii Mef cup-shaped, yellow; the hairy calyx compose of 3 outer lobes slightly shorter than the 3 inne lobes i/g irich long; 9 stamens and 3 smallei pointed nonfunctional stamens, and pistil wit hairless 1-celled ovary and slender style. Th fruits have thin greenish flesh and 1 larg round seed. With flowers from spring to fa!, and with fruits in winter. The sapwood is whitish and moderately softi Rare to uncommon in upper Cordillera fores at 1,500-2,500 feet altitude in high mountain of central and western Puerto Rico, also dwar forest above 4,000 feet altitude on Cerro d Punta. Recorded from near Coamo and Ad: juntas west to Maricao and Aguadilla. Public forest. — Maricao. Range. — Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. Other common names. — canela de la tierra almendro, macao, aquacillo (Dominican Re public) ; peche marron (Haiti). The scientific name commemorates Leopok Krug (1833-98), German businessman, bot anist, and patron of science, who lived in Puert* Rico and studied West Indian plants. 208 Persea ki'itgii Mez Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower left), natui-al size. 209 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 339. Aguacatillo As indicated by its common name, aguaca- tillo is a relative of the cultivated aguacate or avocado (No. 51). Identified by: (1) leaves slightly thick and leathery with edges turned under, elliptic, mostly 2-6 inches long and 1-3 inches wide, long- to short-pointed at both ends, the lower surface pale whitish green with mi- nute short pressed hairs and often whitish ; and (2) the rounded berries %-% inch in diameter, with 6-lobed calyx at base. Small to medium-sized evergreen tree becom- ing 35-70 feet high and 8-12 inches in trunk diameter, with low buttresses to 1 foot high. Observed with fruits when only 8 feet high. Bark gray, smooth, with raised dots (lenticels). Inner bark light brown to orange, bitter. Twigs light green, becoming darker, with fine pressed hairs when young. Leaves alternate, hairless or nearly so, with slender petioles %-l inch long. Upper surface dark green, slightly shiny, the midvein and side veins slightly sunken. Flower clusters (panicles) at leaf bases, 1-4 inches long, branched. Flowers few, almost stalkless, yellowish, about i/g inch long and broad; the cup-shaped finely hairy calyx com- posed of 3 short outer lobes and 3 rounded inner lobes Vs inch long; 9 stamens and 3 Persea urbaniana Me- smaller nonfunctional stamens; and pistil wit! hairy 1-celled ovary and slender style. The n slightly enlarged calyx lobes remain at base o fruit. With flowers and fruits through much o the year. Uncommon in lower Luquillo and upper Cor dillera forests at 1,500-4,000 feet in mountain of Puerto Rico. Dwarf forest on the highes^ peak, Cerro de Punta, altitude more than 4,00'i feet. Public forests. — Luquillo, Maricao, Tor Negro. Range. — Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Lesse^ Antilles in Montserrat, Guadeloupe, DominicSj Martinique, and St. Lucia. Other common name. — sweetwood (Mont' serrat). Botanical synonym. — Persea portoricensi Britton & Wilson. The name Persea portoricensis was given t' shrubby plants from Cerro de Punta. Howevei ' that species has been united with P. urbanian of Jamaica and the Lesser Antilles. This sp( cies was dedicated to Ignatz Urban (1848 1931), director of the botanical garden at Bei lin and author of floras of Puerto Rico an I other West Indian islands. 210 339. Aguacatillo Persea urbaniana Mez Fruiting twig (left), flowering twig (upper right), two-thirds natural size. 211 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 340. Laurel avispillo Phoebe elongata (Vahl) Nees This tree of moist forests is identified by: (1) large buttresses at base of trunk; (2) nar- rowly elliptic shiny leaves 2-7 inches long and 1-3 inches wide, hairless or nearly so, long- pointed at apex and short-pointed or rounded at base; and (3) elliptic shiny black berries about % inch long with 6 pointed calyx lobes remaining at base on enlarged red cup and stalk. Small to large evergreen tree becoming 100 feet or more in height and 16 inches in trunk diameter, with marked buttresses at base. The bark is smooth and gray. Twigs slender, droop- ing, often finely hairy when young. The alternate leaves have slender petioles %-% inch long. Blades are slightly thickened, with few curved side veins, shiny green or dark green on upper surface, the lower surface paler and often hairy on veins. Flower clusters (panicles) are 3-9 inches or more in length, with many slender branches, hairy or hairless. Flowers many on stalks of Vs inch or less, about -y,,; inch wide. Calyx composed of 6 greenish white lobes less than i/s inch long ; stamens 9, with 3 smaller pointed sterile stamens (staminodes) ; and pistil with rounded 1-celled ovary and slender style. The berries are green when immature, 1-seeded. Flowering and fruiting irregularly over the year. The common name laurel avispillo is applied also to another species {Nectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb.), and woods of the two have been confused. This species has pinkish-colored heartwood, which merges gradually into light brown sapwood. There are attractive slightly darker colored bands or stripes which develop fuzziness in machining operations. The wood is moderately soft and lightweight (specific gravity 0.47) and moderately strong. It has straight to irregular and tightly interlocked grain, medium texture, and medium to high luster. Air-seasoning at a moderate rate is easy and is satisfactory except for a moderate amount of warping. The wood is easily ma- chined but requires extra care in turning and sanding. It is very susceptible to dry-wood termites and other insects, while logs are attacked by pinhole borers. Like that of related species, the heartwood may be moderately du- rable in the ground. The wood is suitable for furniture, cabinet- work, interior trim, paneling, toys, novelties, and turning. It should serve also for car- pentry, interior and exterior construction, and possibly for decorative veneer and plywood. Miscellaneous uses would be boxes, crates, toys, and boatbuilding. Uncommon in moist limestone, lower Cor- dillera, and lower Luquillo forests at 100-800 feet altitude in northern foothills of Puerto Rico. Also St. Thomas and St. Croix. Public forests. — Guajataca, Luquillo, Rio Abajo, Vega. Range. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and from Montserrat to Trinidad. Other common names. — laurel bobo, avis- pillo (Puerto Rico) ; boniatillo (Cuba) ; laurier canelle (Guadeloupe) ; laurier de rose (Domi- nica). Botanical synonym. — Cinnamomum elon- gatum (Vahl) Kosterm. 212 340. Laurel avispillo Phoebe elongata (Vahl) Nees Flowering twig (left), fruits (upper right), leaf (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 213 LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) 341. Avispillo The leaves with 3 main veins, 2 prominent long curved side veins joining the midvein about 1/4, inch above the base distinguish this rare member of the laurel family from all other native species. Other characteristics for recog- nition are: (1) leaves relatively small, 2-4 inches long and '■Y\.-lV-2. inches wide, paler be- neath; (2) minute greenish white, finely hairy flowers less than Vs inch long; and (3) elliptic blackish berries about % inch long with 6 pointed calyx lobes remaining at base, on an en- larged reddish stalk. Medium-sized evergreen tree to 65 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter. Young twigs finely hairy. The petioles of the alternate leaves are slender, about 14 inch long, finely hairy. Blades are short-pointed at base, not toothed, long- pointed at apex, thin, the upper surface dull green, hairless or nearly so, with veins slightly sunken, and the lower surface paler and slightly hairy on veins. Flower clusters (panicles) at leaf bases are Phoebe montana ( Sw. ) Griseb. 1-2 inches long, bearing many flowers less than Vh inch long on stalks of about Vn; inch from the hairy branches. The calyx has 6 greenish white finely hairy lobes more than y^,-, inch long; there are 9 stamens and 3 smaller pointed sterile stamens (staminodes) ; and pistil with 1-celled ovary and short style. The fleshy fruits green when immature have 1 large seed. With flowers in spring and summer and with fruits from spring to fall. Rare in lower Luquillo and moist limestone forests at 500-1,500 feet altitude in Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Luquillo, Rio Abajo. Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Other common names. — laurel (Puerto Rico) ; laurel, sigua boba, sigua laurel (Do- minican Republic) ; boniato del Pinar, sigua macho (Cuba) ; laurier rose (Haiti). Botanical synonym. — Cinyiamomum mon- tanum (Sw.) Berchthold & Presl. J HERNANDIA FAMILY ( HERN ANDI ACE AE) Trees, shrubs, and woody vines, known by: (1) leaves alternate, mostly simple, large, en- tire or palmately lobed, palmate-veined, with- out stipules; (2) many small greenish flowers in branched clusters (cymes), bisexual or male and female on the same tree (monoecious), regular, with 3-8 sepals, no corolla, 3-5 sta- mens, often staminodes or glands, and pistil with inferior 1-celled ovary and 1 ovule, style, and broad stigma; and (3) fruit an akene en- closed by inflated base (receptacle) or with 2 long wings. Vol. 1, p. 130. One species : 52. Mago, Hertmndia sonora L. 214 341. Avispillo Phoebe montana (Sw.) Griseb. Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 215 POPPY FAMILY (PAPAVERACEAE) Herbs, rarely shrubs and small trees (Boc- conia), known by: (1) milky or colored sap (orange in Bocconia) ; (2) alternate simple leaves, entire to deeply lobed, with stipules; (3) flowers mostly solitary and showy (many in panicles in Bocconia), bisexual, with 2-3 sepals 342. Pan cimarron A treelike shrub of the poppy family, easily recognized by: (1) orange bitter sap in stems and leaves; (2) large elliptic leaves deeply lobed and toothed along edges, blue green and densely fine hairy beneath; (3) many small greenish flowers % inch long in large branch- ing clusters; and (4) fruit an elliptic light gray capsule yj5 inch long, splitting into 2 parts. Evergreen shrub usually less than 10 feet high, rarely reaching the minimum size of a tree, 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diam- eter, with few spreading branches and without a definite crown. The bark is light brown, smoothish to slightly fissured, with enlarge- ments at leaf scars, thin, orange red within, and bitter. Twigs are stout, green, and finely hairy. The alternate leaves have stout green, finely hairy petioles. Blades are 6-12 inches long and 3-6 inches wide, slightly thickened, the border deeply lobed and toothed, the lobes and base short-pointed, the upper surface green and al- most hairless, the lower surface blue green and densely fine hairy with very thick midvein. The flower clusters (panicles) at ends of twigs are large and much branched, 8-15 inches long, elliptic in shape. Lacking petals, the many slender stalked flowers have 2 greenish elliptic sepals -34 6 inch long, 12-13 or more stamens that shed early, and pistil with stalked 1-celled that fall early, 4-6 (12) petals (none in Boc- conia) , many stamens, and pistil with superior 1-celled ovary, 2 to many parietal placentas and stigmas and many ovules (1 in Bocconia) ; and (4) fruit a capsule. Bocconia frutescens hii ovary containing 1 ovule, style, and 2 spreading! stigmas. The pods (capsules) separate fromn an elliptic frame with persistent style. Flower-i ing and fruiting through the year. The wood is brown to orange red, soft, witbi large pith. Elsewhere the sap has served locally as a dye and in home medicines. Uncommon and scattered in openings and' thickets in upper Cordillera forest at 1,000- 3,000 feet altitude in central mountains oi Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Carite, Guajataca, Gui-i larte, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro. Range. — Greater Antilles, St. Kitts to Sti' Vincent, and from Mexico to Costa Rica anc Colombia. Recorded as introduced in Hawaii i Other common names. — panapen cimmaron; pasilla (Puerto Rico) ; yagrumo macho, palo d( toro, gengibrillo, llorasangre (Dominican Re public) ; palo amarillo, yagrumita, palo de par cimarron (Cuba) ; gordolobo, calderon, llora sangre (Mexico) ; sangre de toro, camotilk (Guatemala) ; guacamayo, tabaquillo (Costs Rica) ; celiduena, celedonia, trompeto, golon drinia (Colombia) ; celandine, John-Crow-busl (Jamaica) ; bois codine, bois de coq (Haiti) The Spanish common name may be derivec from the slight resemblance of the leaves tc those of breadfruit. „ 216 342. Pan cimarron Bocconia frutescens L. Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), two-thirds natural size. 217 CAPER FAMILY (CAPPARACEAE) Herbs, shrubs, woody vines, and small to medium-sized trees, known by: (1) leaves alternate, simple or palmate with 3-7 leaflets, with minute or spiny stipules or none; (2) flowers often large, in unbranched clusters (racemes), bisexual, regular or irregular, gen- erally with 4 sepals, 4 rounded or elliptic petals commonly white, that shed early, 4 to many very long threadlike stamens, and pistil gen erally on a long stalk with superior l-celle( ovary with 2 placentas and few to many ovules and style; (3) fruit a capsule sometimes like? pod or berry; and (4) sometimes with slightlj disagreeable odor. The family name is spellec- Capparidaceae also). Also vol. 1, p. 132. Key to species A. Petiole enlarged at both ends and often joining blade slightly above base, leaves oblong, 3-10 inches long; flow< ers few along twigs mostly back of leaves; fruit a ball l%-2 inches in diameter — 348. Morisonia americana\ A A. Petiole mostly not enlarged at ends (except in No. 76), joining blade at base; flowers few in terminal clusten or at base of upper leaves — Capparis. B. Leaves with minute scales beneath, narrowly elliptic, mostly 2-4 inches long; scales also on twigs, flowers" and fruits; fruit narrowly long cylindrical, to 8 inches long. C. Leaves with upper leaf surface shiny green, lower leaf surface densely covered with silvery scales — 53. Burro prieto, Jamaica caper, Capparis cynophallophora L. CC. Leaves with upper leaf surface only slightly shiny, lower leaf surface gray green and scaly — 3471 Capparis indica. BB. Leaves without scales or hairs. D. Leaves slightly thickened, elliptic, l%-4% inches long, blunt or short-pointed at both ends; fruitil elliptic, 1^/4-2% inches long and %-l inch in diameter — 343. Capparis amplissima. DD. Leaves thick and leathery. ' E. Leaves notched at base. F. Leaves broadly elliptic, l%-4% inches long, blunt, rounded, or notched at apex; fruit an oblong, slightly flattened pod 4-8 inches long and to 1^/4 inches wide — 346. Cappari hastata. FF. Leaves elliptic to narrowly obovate, 3-8 inches long, short-pointed at apex; fruit short, l-\ 3 inches long and % inch broad — 345. Capparis frondosa. EE. Leaves I'ounded or short-pointed at base, of varying shapes from narrowly oblong to elliptic l%-4 inches long, blunt, rounded or slightly notched at apex; fruit long, narrowly cylindrici^ 3-9 inches long and % inch in diameter — 344. Capparis flexuosa. ( 343. Burro bianco This tree of dry forests is identified by: (1) elliptic leaves 1 1/2-4 V2 inches long and 1-2 1/4. inches wide, slightly thickened and leathery ; (2) whitish flowers with 4 oblong petals and many white stamens spreading to 2V2 inches across; and (3) gray dry elliptic fruits li4-2i/o inches long and 1/2-! inch in diameter, hanging down on long slender stalks. Evergreen small- to medium-sized tree to 60 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, with spreading crown. The light brown bark is smoothish but slightly fissured into small plates. Inner bark light brown, gritty, with slight spicy taste and odor like radish. The slender twigs are greenish gray, finely hairy or hairless. The alternate hairless leaves have petioles 14.-% inch long. Leaf blades are blunt or short- pointed at both ends, not toothed on edges, green on upper surface and slightly lighter be- neath. A few flowers are borne in clusters (cor- ymbs) at end of twigs on stalks i/4-% inch long. The pale green calyx consists of 2 rounded 218 Capparis amplissima Lamn sepals 1/4 inch long and 2 inner 1/2 inch long; white oblong petals % inch or more in length; many white stamens 11/2-2 inches long, spread- ing to 2V2 inches across; and pistil on a Ion stalk, with narrow ovary and stigma. Th elliptic fruits hang down on long slender stalks 2-21/2 inches long from the flower, not nai rowed between the seeds, and opening irregi- larly. Flowering and fruiting intermittent!];, The sapwood is light brown or whitish, hard; and heavy. The wood is used for posts. Uncommon in dry forests of south slopes £. 500-1,000 feet altitude in Puerto Rico. Ran near Hatillo on north coast. Also Vieques (sei level), St. Thomas, St. John, and Virgin Gordi, Public forests and park. — Guanica, Susua ; Virgin Islands. Range. — Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands amlj Dominica. i Other common names. — burro, sapo, palii i guan (Puerto Rico) ; matabecerro (DominicaJ Republic). Botanical synonym. — Capparis portoricer sis Urban. 343. Burro bianco Capparis amplissima Lam. Fruit (above), twig with flower buds (below), natural size. 219 CAPER FAMILY (CAPPARACEAE) 344. Palinguan, limber caper Usually a shrub, often vinelike, sometimes a small tree, this species is characterized by : (1) leaves of varying shapes from narrowly oblong to elliptic or linear, leathery, dull green and hairless, alternate in 2 rows; (2) few terminal flowers nearly 2 inches across the 4 spreading white to pink petals and with many spreading white threadlike stamens 1^2-3 inches long; and (3) long, narrowly cylindric pod 3-9 inches long and about ^2 i^^ch in diameter, rusty brovm but reddish within. An evergreen shrub, often vinelike with slender stem climbing on trees, or a small tree to 20 feet high and 5 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is gray, smooth, the inner bark light yellow, with spicy taste like horseradish. Twigs are often slightly zigzag, green, turning to light gray with dark dots (lenticels) , hairless. Leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, with minute paired scale stipules and with petioles 14 ii^ch or less in length. Blades vary from nar- rowly oblong to elliptic, 13/4-4 inches long and 1/2-2 inches wide, or narrow and linear on shoots and young plants, the apex blunt, rounded, or slightly notched, the base rounded or short-pointed, border not toothed, the upper surface dull green, lower surface dull light green. Flower clusters (corymbs) are terminal with few fragrant flowers short-stalked, open- ing in late afternoon and night and closing in late morning. The flower consists of calyx of 4 rounded yellowish sepals 14 i^ch long, united at base ; corolla of 4 white to pink petals %-l inch long ; many spreading white threadlike stamens 114-3 inches long; and pistil at the end of a long stalk 2-2 1/0 inches long, the narrowly Capparis flexuosa (L. ) L.i. cylindric yellowish ovary about 14 inch long, 1-celled with many ovules, ending in flat stigma., The long pod hangs down on a slender stalk 2- 21/2 inches long beyond base of flower and is; slightly narrowed between the seeds. It opensn late exposing the red pulp and many greein seeds. Flowering probably through the year. The sapwood is light brown and hard. Thd root reportedly has the taste of horseradish and has been used in home remedies. Common in dry and moist coastal and lime- stone forests from sea level to 1,000 feet alti-i tude along both coasts of Puerto Rico. Also^ Mona, Desecheo, Muertos, Icacos, Vieques, St.' Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. Public forests and parks. — Cambalache, Guajataca, Guanica, Susua, Vega, Estate li Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Southern Florida including Florida: Keys and from Bahamas through West Indies' to Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. AlsO' from northern Mexico through Central Amer-r ica to Brazil, Argentina, and Peru. Other common names. — burro, palo de burro (Puerto Rico) ; bottle wiss (Tortola) ; frijol de monte (Dominican Republic) ; palo barba de indio, mostacilla (Cuba) ; potal ((Gua- temala) ; cansa caballo (Venezuela) ; naran- juelo (Colombia) ; limber caper, caper-tree, dog caper, bay-leaved caper (United States) ; caper-tree (Bahamas) ; mabouya (Trinidad and Tobago) ; bois rave, bois moutarde (Haiti) ; bois malouge (Guadeloupe). Botanical synonym. — Capparis cynophal- lophora L. (1759, not 1753) . 220 344. Palinguan, limber caper Capparis flexiwsa (L.) L. Flowering twig (above), fruit (below), two-thirds natural size. 221 CAPER FAMILY (CAPPARACEAE) 345. Sapo, rat-bean From the other native species of the genus this species of burro is distinguished by: (1) leaves elliptic to narrowly obovate, leathery, 3-9 inches long and 1%-^ inches broad, with- out hairs or scales, slightly notched at base, the upper surface dull green with midrib and the few curved lateral veins all sunken, the petioles unequal in length; (2) flowers about i/o inch long, with 4 pale greenish white or purplish petals and the stamens only slightly longer than the petals; and (3) fruit like a bean pod, short, 1-3 inches long and % inch broad, oblong, ir- regularly narrowed between seeds. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high and 2 inches in trunk diameter, in Culebra to 25 feet and 4 inches in diameter, and in Vieques to 45 feet and 6 inches. The bark is brownish gray, smooth to slightly fissured and slightly warty. Inner bark is light yellow, slightly pep- pery in taste. Twigs are light gray, hairless, becoming slightly fissured. The internodes are of unequal length, with leaves clustered where internodes are short and separated by others long. The alternate leaves have green petioles of varying length, V8-2^/4 inches, round and swol- len at both ends. Blades are elliptic or nar- rowly obovate and broadest beyond middle, leathery, hairless, short-pointed at apex, slightly notched or heart-shaped at base, edges not toothed, upper surface dull green with sunken veins, and lower surface dull light green with veins slightly raised. Few to several short-stalked flowers are borne in clusters (corymbs) terminal or at base Capparis frondosa Jacq. of upper leaves. The flower is composed of calyx of 4 rounded light brown sepals Yn-, inch long; corolla of 4 rounded petals % inch long, pale greenish white or purplish ; about 50 white sta- mens slightly longer than petals; and stalked pistil with cylindric green ovary i/g inch long, 1-celled with many ovules, and dot stigma. The beanlike fruits (berries) are borne a few together, each with stalk about 14 inch long above calyx as well as longer flower stalk. Mature fruits are brown, slightly soft, and break open irregularly. Within the whitish pulp are a few rounded dark brown seeds about 14 inch in diameter. Flowering and fruiting inter- mittently through the year. The wood is whitish and slightly soft. Common locally in dry coastal, dry lime- stone, and lower Cordillera forests from sea a level to 1,500 feet altitude, on southern coast t and southern slopes of central mountains in ■: Puerto Rico. Also in Culebra, Vieques, St. . Croix, St. Thomas, St. John (reported manyvf: years ago) , Jost Van Dyke, and Tortola. Public forests and park. — Guanica, Susua; Virgin Islands. Range. — Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, and Lesser Antilles from Barbuda to Trinidad. Also from Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, and French Guiana. Other common names. — burro (Puerto Rico) ; palo verraco (Cuba) ; quita-calzon (El Salvador) ; rope (Grenadines) ; bois bourrique, saint-esprit (Haiti). Botanical synonym. — Capparis baducca auth. 222 345. Sapo, rat-bean Capparis frondosa Jacq. Fruiting twig (above), flowers (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 223 CAPER FAMILY (CAPPARACEAE) 346. Burro Capparis hastata Jacq. This small tree or shrub is characterized by : (1) thick, leathery, broadly elliptic leaves notched or rounded at base and blunt, rounded, or notched at apex, dull green and hairless, alternate in 2 rows; (2) few terminal flowers nearly 2 inches across the 4 spreading white petals and with many spreading white thread- like stamens 2-3 inches long; and (3) fruit an oblong, slightly flattened pod 4-8 inches long and 114 inches wide, red when mature and open. An evergreen small to medium-sized tree to 50 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter or a shrub. Bark smoothish, gray or brown, the inner bark light brown, with slight taste of horseradish. Twigs stout, with minute hairs, green when young, becoming light gray or brown with many raised dots (lenticels), some- times slightly zigzag. Leaves alternate in 2 rows, with minute paired scale stipules and with stout brownish, minutely hairy petioles ^/4-% inch long. Blades elliptic to nearly round, 1%-414, inches long and 114-2% inches wide, thick, leathery, often stiff", border not toothed, upper surface dull green or slightly shiny and with the sides slightly turned up at midrib, the lower surface dull light green. Flower clusters (corymbs or racemes) are ter- minal, with few to several flowers on stout green stalks V2-I inch long, opening at night, 1 at a time. The flower is composed of cup-shaped calyx % inch long and broad, greenish with 4 rounded yellow lobes 14 inch long ; corolla of 4 oblong concave whitish petals about 1-11/2 inches long, tinged with green; many white threadlike stamens 2-4 inches long, spreading more than 4 inches across ; the pistil at the end of a long stalk 2-3 inches long, the narrowly cylindric yellowish ovary •%,•, inch long, 1-celled with many ovules, ending in flat stigma. Fruit hanging on a long stalk from 2-3 inches beyond base of flower, an oblong heavy pod 4-8 (sometimes 10) inches long, becoming slightly flattened and up to li/4 inches wide, red, splitting open on 2 lines. In the dark red juicy pulp are many whitish elliptic seeds about 1/2 inch long, arranged in 2 rows. In flower and fruit nearly through the year. The sapwood is light brown and hard. The wood has been used for posts. Sometimes planted as an ornamental road- side tree in Puerto Rico. Common in dry coastal, limestone, and lov/er Cordillera forests from sea level to 1,000 feet altitude of south coast and southern slopes and east end of Puerto Rico. Also Palominos, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Jost Van Dyke. Public forest and parks. — Guanica; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, and from Antigua to Grenada and Trinidad. Also Curacao, Venezuela, and Co- lombia. Other common names. — sapo (Puerto Rico) ; contra, arara, paniagua (Venezuela) ; mabouya (Trinidad). Botanical synonym. — Capparis coccolobi- folia Mart. 224 346. Burro Capparis hastata Jacq. Flowering twig (left), natural size; fruit (right), one-half natural size. 225 CAPER FAMILY (CAPPARACEAE) 347. Sapo prieto, linguam Capparis indica (L. ) Fawc. & Rendle A shrub or small tree of relatively dry low- lands, identified by: (1) minute brown scales on twigs, petioles, lower leaf surfaces, flower stalks, flowers, and fruits; (2) narrowly el- liptic, slightly leathery leaves short-pointed or blunt at both ends, gray green and slightly shiny on upper surface, gray green beneath; (3) whitish flowers turning red, about % inch across the 4 petals and 2 inches across the long threadlike spreading stamens, in flattened clus- ters at or near ends of twigs ; and (4) long, nar- rowly cylindric, silvery-brown pods 3-8 inches long and 14 ii^ch in diameter. From its close relative No. 53, burro prieto or Jamaica caper, Capparis cynophallophora L., this species is distinguished by: (1) bark light gray instead of dark; (2) the leaves only slightly shiny above and the lower surface gray green with the scales not forming a solid silvery-brown coat; and (3) the flowers with shorter calyx only i/g inch long, the lobes overlapping, and the petals densely hairy instead of scaly. An evergreen small tree becoming 20 feet tall and 4 inches in trunk diameter or larger. The bark is gray or light brown and smoothish, the inner bark yellow or red and bitter. Twigs are angled, covered with minute brown and silvery scales, becoming gray. The narrow pointed buds are formed of minute leaves with- out stipules. The alternate leaves have scaly petioles l^- % inch long, grooved above. Blades are 2-41/2 inches long and ■%.-!% inches wide, not toothed on edges, with upper surface green, hairless, and slightly shiny, the lower surface gray green with many minute scales not forming a solid coat. Flower clusters (corymbs) are branched and flattened at or near ends of twigs, with several slightly fragrant flowers on scaly stalks. The flower is composed of brown scaly calyx i/s inch long, deeply 4-lobed, the lobes overlapping and open in bud ; corolla of 4 elliptic petals nearly V2 inch long, whitish but turning red, densely hairy on both sides ; about 20 slender white sta- mens 1 inch long, with yellow anthers, soon withering; and pistil on a long whitish stalk about % inch long, the ovary nearly 14 inch long, narrowly cylindric and scaly, 1-celled with many ovules, and ending in flat stigma. The scaly pod hangs down on a slender stalk more than 1 inch long beyond base of flower. It opens irregularly on 2 sides, is red within, and is slightly narrowed between the blackish seeds, which are elliptic and about 14 inch long. Flowering and fruiting intermittently. The sapwood is light brown and hard. Common in thickets, dry coastal and lime- stone regions from sea level to 500 feet altitude in southern and eastern Puerto Rico. Also in Desecheo, Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. Public forests and parks. — Guanica, Su- sua. Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles from St. Barts and Barbuda to St. Vincent, The Grena- dines, and Barbados. Also from Mexico to Venezuela and Dutch Antilles. Other common names. — burro (Puerto Rico) ; colorin, vara prieta, palo zapo, taiche (Mexico) ; endurece maiz (Nicaragua) ; cu- rumo, guacoco (El Salvador, Panama) ; naran- juelo, pachaca, olivo macho (Colombia) ; olivo (Venezuela) ; bois de meche, bois puant (Gua- deloupe) ; white willow (Barbados) ; bois noir (Martinique) ; paaloe pretoe, raba, stokki (Curacao). 226 47. Sapo prieto, linguam Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. & Rendle Flowering- twig (left), fruits (right), natural size. 227 CAPER FAMILY (CAPPARACEAE) 348. Rat-apple Morisonia americana I This shrub or small tree grows in the dry forests of the Virgin Islands, also Culebra, Vieques, and Desecheo, and is rare in south- western Puerto Rico. It is characterized by: (1) oblong shiny leathery leaves varying greatly in size and hanging down, the petioles of unequal length, enlarged at both ends and often joining blade slightly above base; (2) few flowers in clusters along twigs back of leaves, nearly 1 inch wide, with 4 white petals ; and (3) fruit a hard light greenish brown ball IV2-2 inches in diameter, hanging down from stout stalk along twigs back of leaves. Similar to No. 345, sapo, rat-bean, Cappaiis frondosa Jacq., except for the large round fruit and shiny leaves. Evergreen shrub or small tree becoming 25 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, some- times partly climbing on trees. The bark is gray to blackish, smooth to slightly fissured, the in- ner bark light brown, with peppery taste. The stout light gray or light brown twigs are cov- ered with minute scales. The alternate leaves have yellowish petioles 14-21/2 inches long, of unequal length and round and enlarged at both ends, covered with minute scales. Blades are 3-10 inches long and %-3<%, inches broad, oblong, stiff and leathery, hairless, short-pointed or rounded at apex, the base rounded or often slightly cup-shaped from attachment to petiole slightly above base, border not toothed, with few curved lat- eral veins, the upper surface shiny green, and the lower surface dull light green. Several short-stalked flowers are borne in lateral clusters (corymbs) about 1 inch long at leaf bases and along twigs back of leaves, the flowers and stalks covered with minute scales. The flower consists of greenish yellow scaly calyx 1/4, inch long, which covers the elliptic bud and breaks open into 2 parts ; corolla of 4 white rounded petals about Y^ inch long scaly outside and hairy within; about 20 or fewer stamens attached on a disk; and hairy pistil on a stalk. with narrow cylindric ovary 1-celled with man ovules and flat rounded stigma. The fruit (berry) has a stout stalk about V inch long from inside the flower, separated b; an enlarged ring from the less stout flowe stalk. The hard fruit covered with minute scale does not open, except perhaps by decay or actio; of animals. Inside the whitish wall more tha: i/h inch thick are many elliptic light brow; seeds about % inch long, in thin whitish juic; pulp which is slightly aromatic and peppery i: taste. Flowering and fruiting intermittentlj The wood is light brown and hard. In other regions this small tree is an orna mental in plazas, along avenues, and nea homes. It has a domelike crown and show coloration, is drought-resistant, and grow slowly. Common locally on dry slopes and in dry foi ests from sea level to 600 feet altitude. Dt secheo, southwestern Puerto Rico, Culebra, an Vieques. Also St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. Johi Jost Van Dyke, and Tortola. Public forest and parks. — Guanica; Virgi Islands, Sage Mountain. Range. — Hispaniola, Desecheo, Puerto Ric( Culebra, Vieques, Virgin Islands, and Lesse^ Antilles from St. Martin, St. Barts, and Sab to Trinidad. Also from Mexico to Nicaragui and from Colombia to Venezuela, Aruba, an' Ecuador. Other common names. — rat-apple (Virgi Islands, Saba) ; guarapo, aguacatillo (Domin can Republic) ; chico (Mexico) ; cacao mic (Nicaragua) ; naranjito, nispero de saino, pa galleta, toco (Colombia) ; zorrocloco, pachac (Venezuela) ; sapote de perro (Ecuador) ; s? potille marrow (Trinidad) ; wild misple (Dutc Antilles) ; jumbie sapodilla, dog sapodilla (T? Grenadines). The genus honors Robert Morison (1620 1683), professor of botany at Oxford Univei sity, England. HORSERADISH-TREE FAMILY (MORINGACEAE*) Trees of only 1 genus (Moringa), known by: (1) leaves alternate, twice or three times pin- nate, deciduous, the stipules like glands or none; (2) many showy, mostly white flowers in branched clusters (panicles), bisexual, slightly irregular, with very short cup (hypanthium) that bears 5 unequal sepals, 5 unequal petals, 5 stamens and 3-5 staminodes inserted on disk. 228 and pistil with superior 1-celled ovary, parietal placentas and many ovules, and slend( style ; and (3) fruit a long 3-angled capsule thi opens in 3 lines, with many large seeds ofte winged. Vol. 1, p. 134. One species: 54. Reseda, horseradish-tre Moringa oleifera Lam.* 48. Rat-apple Morisonia americana L. Leafy twig (above), fruits and flowers (below), two-thirds natural size. 229 BRUNELLIA FAMILY (BRUNELLIACEAE) Trees, sometimes shrubs, known by: (1) op- posite or whorled leaves, odd pinnate or some- times simple, toothed, commonly hairy, some- times spiny, with stipules; (2) small greenish flowers in branched clusters (panicles), male and female on different plants (dioecious), regular, with 4-5-lobed calyx, no corolla, 8-10 stamens inserted on base of lobed disk, and in female flowers 5 separate pistils with 1-celled ovary containing 2 ovules, and curved style; and (3) fruits 5 or fewer follicles with 1-2 seeds. Vol. 1, p. 136. One species: 55. Palo bobo, Brmiellia como- cladifolia Humb. & Bonpl. CUNONIA FAMILY (CUNONIACEAE) Trees and shrubs, known by: (1) opposite or whorled leaves, odd pinnate with leaflets paired except the terminal, or with 3 leaflets, rarely simple, often toothed, with stipules sometimes large and united in pairs; (2) small bisexual regular flowers, generally with 4-5 sepals, 4-5 petals often lobed and mostly smaller than sepals (or none), 8-10 to many stamens on a disk, and pistil with superior ovary generally 2 (-5) -celled with few to manj ovules, and 2 (-5) styles (or 1-5 simple pistils) ; and (3) fruit a 2 (-5) -celled capsule or nut with few to many minute seeds. Vol. 1, p. 138. One species: 56. Oreganillo, Weinmannio pinnata L. ROSE FAMILY (ROSACEAE) Trees, shrubs, and herbs, known by: (1) leaves alternate, generally simple, with paired stipules; (2) small to large bisexual flowers, usually regular or sometimes slightly irregular, generally with cuplike base (hypanthium) that bears 5 sepals, 5 petals, and many (sometimes 10) separate stamens, and with 1 to manji simple pistils or 1 compound pistil with mostlj: superior 2-5-celled ovary with few ovules, ami 2-5 styles; and (3) fruit various, a drupe pome, akene, or follicle. Also vol. 1, p. 140. Key to species A. Leaves rounded or slightly notched at apex, elliptic or nearly round, thick and leathery, turned upward — 349 Chrysobalamis icaco. AA. Leaves mostly long-pointed at apex, mostly oblong or ovate, thin (except No. 350), spreading. B. Petioles less than % inch long. C. Leaves with saw-toothed edges, brownish woolly beneath — 350. Eriobotrya japonica* CC. Leaves not toothed on edges, hairy on veins beneath — Hirfella. D. Leaves with veins much sunken in upper surface and raised beneath; twigs bristly hairy; fruit dark red — 57. Icaquillo, Hirtella nigosa Pers. DD. Leaves with veins not sunken; twigs finely hairy; fruits blackish — 351. Hirtella triandra. BB. Petioles %-i/^ inch long; crushed foliage with taste and odor of almond — Primus. E. Leaves ovate, 2-4% inches long; fi'uit rounded, about % inch in diameter — 352. Primus viyrtifolia EE. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 4-8 inches long; fruit elliptic, %-l inch long — 353. Pnmus occidentalis. 349. Hicaco, coco-plum Hicaco or coco-plum is characterized by : (1) numerous shiny, dark green thick and leathery, elliptic or nearly round leaves IV-i-^Va, inches long and 1-214. inches broad, alternate in 2 rows and turned upward along twig, the visible lower surfaces yellow green; (2) small green- ish white flowers less than % inch long, sev- eral in clusters at leaf bases; and (3) the el- liptic or nearly round, pink, whitish, or dark- purplish fruits %.-lV2 inches long, juicy and 230 Chrysobalamis icaco L^ edible, containing 1 large 5-6-ridged browi stone and an edible white seed. Evergreen and mostly shrubby with severa stems from base to 10 feet in height, or creep ing when growing on sandy beaches. Some times becoming a much-branched small tree t< 15 feet tall and 4 inches in trunk diameter, witl dense crown, especially in cultivation inland The bark is brown or gray, smoothish or becom ing scaly, and astringent. The twigs are greei 49. Hicaco, coco-plum Chrysobalamis icaco L. Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower left), fruits (lower right), natural size. 231 ROSE FAMILY (ROSACEAE) and hairless when young, turning reddish brown, with raised dots (lenticels). The leaves are alternate on short stout peti- oles Vs inch long. Leaf blades are rounded or slightly notched at apex and short-pointed at base, and yellow green beneath. Flower clusters (cymes) near ends of twigs are 1-1 V2 inches long, shorter than the leaves. The finely hairy, light green, bell-shaped base (hypanthium) is nearly Vs inch long and the 5 spreading pointed sepals the same length ; there are 5 narrow white petals %c, inch long, shed- ding early; about 20 hairy white stamens V4, inch long, united into tube at base ; and pistil of green hairy 1-celled ovary with 2 ovules and slender hairy style 14 inch long attached at base. The soft fruits (drupes) resembling plums have a whitish, thin and spongy, slightly sweet or almost tasteless flesh, astringent until ma- ture. Immature fruits are light green and 5-6- angled. The nutlike edible seeds weigh about 80 to a pound. Flowering and fruiting nearly through the year. The wood is described as light brown, hard and heavy (specific gravity about 0.8). It is not used in Puerto Rico but elsewhere has been employed in carpentry. Occasionally planted as an ornamental shrub and for the fruits. These are commonly pre- pared as preserves or made into jelly but are edible raw. Also the nutlike seeds have a high oil content and can be eaten. It is reported that the Carib Indians strung them on sticks and burned them like candles. Various parts of the plant are astringent and have served in folk medicines. A honey plant. Elsewhere the shrubs have been used for stabilization of sand dunes. 350. Nispero de Espana, loquat Loquat is a handsome small tree introduced in Puerto Rico as an ornamental and for its edible fruit. It is recognized by: (1) oblong thick and leathery leaves 5-10 inches long and 11/4,-31/4 inches wide, toothed on edges, the up- per surface shiny with sunken veins, the lower surface covered with soft gray or rusty hairs; (2) many fragrant flowers about i/^ inch across the 5 white petals, in terminal branched woolly clusters; and (3) yellow elliptic or pearlike fruits (loquats) 11/4-2 inches long, slightly sour and edible. Evergreen small tree to 20 feet high with shiny green foliage. The bark is gray and slightly fissured. Twigs are light brown and hairy. The alternate leaves have short stout petioles less than % inch long. The blades are often 232 Locally common forming thickets on coastal lowlands and sandy beaches and elsewhere on shallow wet soils from sea level to 1,500 feet altitude in eastern mountains of Puerto Rico, also islands eastward. Also Icacos (this island apparently named for the species), Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Vir- gin Gorda. Public forests and parks. — Aguirre, Bo- queron, Cambalache, Carite, Luquillo, San Juan ; Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain. Range. — Southern Florida including Florida Keys and throughout West Indies from Baha- mas and Cuba to Trinidad and Tobago. Also from Mexico to Brazil and Ecuador. Native of sea coasts but the range extended by planting, inland. Also a closely related species in western Africa. Other common names. — hicaco, icaco, jicaco (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; coco-plum (Virgin' Islands, English) ; icaco de costa, icaco dulce^ (Cuba) ; icaco rosado, icaco negro (El Salva- dor) ; icaco coco-plum, coco-plum (United States) ; pork-fat-apple, white-plum (Baha- mas) ; red coco-plum, white coco-plum (St. Barts) ; fat-pork, icaque, zicaque (Trinidad) ; zicaque (St. Lucia) ; icaco (British Honduras) ; fat-pork, pigeon-plum, kulimiro, caramio (Gu-i yana) ; zicaque (Haiti) ; icaque (Guadeloupe.t Martinique) ; prune de Guyane (French Gui-i ana) ; coco-plum, fat-pork, ecacs (Dutch An-; tilles) ; pruim (Surinam) ; icaco, guajuru, ajuru (Brazil) ; zicaque, fat-pork (Dominica) J A variety with smaller, purplish black fruits and smaller leaves has been distinguished (Chrysobalanus icaco var. peUocarpus (G. F. W. Mey.) DC; botanical synonym, Chrysoba- lanus peUocarpus G. F. W. Mey.). II Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb. ) Lindl.* broadest beyond middle, short- or long-pointed ' at both ends, slightly curved up on both sides oi midvein, with straight sunken veins ending ir teeth. Flower clusters (panicles) are 4-6 inches long. The flowers about % inch long are com- posed of a brown hairy basal cup (hypan- thium), which bears 5 rounded brown hairj sepals, 5 white elliptic petals % inch long, anc about 20 white stamens. The pistil has an in- ferior 5-celled ovary and 5 whitish styles. Thf fruits (pomes) are hairy when young, slightlj shiny, with 5 protuberances and 5 sepals at apex, and contain pale yellow pleasantly acid , mealy pulp and few brown elliptic seeds %-% \ inch long. Uncommonly grown around houses in Puertc Rico but apparently not adapted as a fruit tree. 50. Nispero de Espana, loquat Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.* Flowering twig and fruits (lower left), two-thirds natural size. 233 ROSE FAMILY (ROSACEAE) The fruits are eaten fresh, cooked, and made into preserves and jelly. The bitter seeds should be removed before cooking. Propagated by seeds and grafting. Classed as a honey plant. As a commercial fruit tree in orchards, loquat is better suited to subtropical climates of mountains and to warm temperate regions. It is hardy across southern United States from Florida west along the Gulf and to southern Arizona and California. Along the Atlantic Coast it can be grown northward to Philadelphia 351. This rare shrub or small tree of moist forests is characterized by: (1) lance-shaped to el- liptic leaves 2-6 inches long and 1-2 1^ inches wide, alternate in 2 rows; (2) many small whitish and pinkish flowers with 3 threadlike stamens % inch long, in branched terminal clusters; and (3) blackish or purplish oblong flattened hairy fleshy fruits %-l inch long and ^^-/4o inch wide. To be separated from No. 54, icaquillo, Hirtella rugosa Pers., by the erect form (branches not drooping), softer pressed hairs, and smoother flattened leaves with veins not sunken. Evergreen shrub 10-15 feet high or a small tree to 40 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diam- eter. Bark gray smooth, the inner bark pink. Twigs slender, finely hairy, with lighter dots (lenticels). The alternate leaves have paired minute nar- row hairy stipules Vs-^io inch long and hairy petioles i/s inch long. Leaf blades are long- pointed at apex, short-pointed or rounded at base, slightly wavy on edges, thin, hairy on midvein, the upper surface green, and the lower surface paler and finely hairy. Flower clusters (panicles) are 11/2-4 inches long, the branches finely hairy. The finely hairy flowers on short hairy scaly stalks have a basal tube (hypanthium) about Vs inch long; 5 rounded sepals Vs inch long and bent down, 5 elliptic white petals %,; inch long and shedding early ; 3 threadlike pink or purplish stamens % with some protection in winter. In cold climates also an ornamental in conservatories and { potted plant. Range. — Native of China but introduced ii subtropical and warm temperate regions of thr world. West Indies, southern United States and from Mexico to Brazil. Also from southerr Europe to eastern Asia and Japan. Other common names. — nispero, nispen japones, nispero del Japon (Spanish) ; loquat Japanese medlar (English) . Hirtella triandra Sw- inch long; and pistil with densely hairy l-cellec ovary and threadlike style attached near base- The dry drupelike fruits have calyx at base thin sweetish edible pulp, and 1 large pointe( seed with fine grooves. With flowers and fruitr through the year. The wood is light brown, hard, and heavy elsewhere used in construction. Rare in lower Luquillo, moist limestone, anc lower and upper Cordillera forests at 200-2,000 feet altitude in moist lowlands and upper west" ern mountains of Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Carite, Guajataca, Lui quillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Toro Negro. Range. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, am Lesser Antilles from Saba and St. Kitts am Nevis to Trinidad. Also from southern Mexic( and British Honduras to Surinam, Brazil, Bo livia, Peru, and Ecuador. Other common names. — cocuyo (Domini can Republic) ; siguapa, icaquillo, icaco de aun (Cuba) ; barazon (Nicaragua) ; camaroncillo conejo (Panama) ; pasito (Colombia) ; mere curillo, freso, icaquillo, caramate negro (Vene zuela) ; vara rosada (Ecuador) ; quinulh (Peru) ; fruta paloma, cocochat (Trinidad am Tobago) ; zicaque (Dominica) ; wild cocoplum wild pigeonplum (British Honduras) ; icaque { polls, icaque a ramiers, icaque pendant (Guade loupe) ; icaque poileur (Martinique) ; hairy plum (Saba) ; marisi balli (Surinam). 234 351 Hirtella triandra Sw. Natural size. 235 ROSE FAMILY (ROSACEAE) ^^ 352. Myrtle laurelcherry This rare small tree of mountain forests is identified by: (1) elliptic to ovate leaves 2- 41/4 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, with odor and taste (when crushed) of almond; (2) many small flowers •% ,t inch wide, with 5 white petals, in drooping unbranched clusters; and (3) rounded shiny black-purple stone fruit about V2 inch in diameter. Evergreen small tree 25 feet or more in height and 4 inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. The bark is light brown or reddish brown, smooth or slightly fissured. The twigs are slender, orange brown, becoming gray or light brown, with light dots (lenticels) . The alternate leaves have slender leafstalks about 1/0 inch long and paired narrow pointed stipules 14 inch long, shedding early. Blades are narrowed to a long blunt point at apex, short-pointed at base, slightly thickened, slightly wavy at borders, shiny yellow green on upper surface, and pale dull green on lower surface. Flower clusters (racemes) at leaf bases are shorter than the leaves and bear many flowers on stalks Vs-V^ inch long. The flowers have a basal cup (hypanthium) Vie inch long, 5 rounded petals more than Ym inch long, many stamens, and pistil with ovary and short style. The fruits (drupes) have thin flesh and large Primus myrtifolia (L. ) Urbam stone. Flowering mostly in spring and summer? and maturing fruits in summer. The hard wood has light brown sapwood, and light red heartwood. Rare in moist limestone and upper Cordillera forests at 100-2,500 feet altitude in central and western Puerto Rico. Collected in dwarf forest above 4,000 feet altitude at Cerro de Punta, the highest peak of Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Cambalache, Guajataca,. Maricao, Rio Aba jo, Toro Negro, Vega. Range. — Southern Florida including Florida; Keys, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, St. Eusta- tius, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Vincent, and Trinidad. Also from Venezuela to Surinam and Brazil. Other common names. — almendrito, mem-, brillito (Dominican Republic) ; almendrillo, cuajani hembra, cuajanincillo (Cuba) ; al- mendro (Venezuela) ; myrtle laurelcherry, West Indian cherry, laurelcherry (Unitedc States) ; wild cassada, cassada-wood, ants- wood J (Jamaica) ; amandier a petites feuilles> (Haiti) ; amandier des bois (Martinique) ; noyau (Guadeloupe) ; duraznero de monte, marmelo bravo, marmelo do matto, viraru (Brazil). Botanical synonyms. — Laurocerasus myrti- folia (L.) Britton, L. sphaerocarpa (Sw.) Roem., Prunus sphaerocarpa Sw. 236 352. Myrtle laurelcheriy Primus my rtifolia (L.) Urban Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size. 237 ROSE FAMILY (ROSACEAE) 353. Almendron, West Indies laurelcherry Prunus occidentalis Sw. Almendron, a rare large tree of mountain forests, is distinguished by: (1) oblong-elliptic leaves 4-8 inches long and ly^-^ inches wide, in 2 rows, with odor and taste (when crushed) of almond; (2) many small flowers about 1/4 inch wide, with 5 white petals in drooping un- branched clusters; and (3) the elliptic stone fruits %-l inch long. Evergreen large tree to 80 feet high and 2V2 feet in trunk diameter, developing large but- tresses at base. Bark dark brown, scaly, becom- ing rough and furrowed. The brown inner bark and the twigs have the taste of almond. Twigs are hairless, green when young, becoming light brown. The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, with petioles i/i-Vi inch long. The paired nar- row pointed stipules 14 inch long form the bud. The blades are long-pointed at apex and short- pointed or rounded at base, slightly thickened and slightly turned under at edges, the upper surface green and slightly shiny, the lower sur- face dull light green. Flower clusters (racemes) at leaf bases are 11/4-31/2 inches long, bearing many fragrant flowers on slender stalks of about l^ inch. The flower has a basal cup (hyanthium) more than Vs inch long, which bears 5 pointed sepals, 5 white rounded petals about % inch long, and many stamens more than i/a inch long. The pistil has a 1-celled ovary and short style. The fruit (drupe) like an almond has thin flesh and a large stone containing 1 seed. Flowering from February to April and with fruits in spring and summer. Rare in upper Cordillera forest at 2,000- 3,000 feet altitude in central Puerto Rico. One very large tree of this species is at the edge of Villalba-Manati Highway at kilometer 36, alti- tude 2,500 feet. The wood is described as having flesh-colored sapwood and rich dark reddish-brown heart- wood. It is very hard, heavy (specific gravity 0.90 to 1.05), of medium to coarse texture, tough, and strong. The wood has been used for construction and elsewhere for cabinetwork, furniture, flooring, posts, poles, implement frames, and railway crossties. This species has been planted experimentally in forestry. Elsewhere a drink has been made from the cherrylike fruits. Classed as a honey plant. Public forests. — Guilarte, Luquillo, Tore Negro. Range. — Greater Antilles and Lesser An- tilles from St. Kitts to St. Vincent. Also re- corded from Guatemala, Panama, and Vene- zuela. Other common names. — almendrilo (Puerto Rico) ; almendro, almendrito, almen- dron membrillo (Dominican Republic) ; al- mendro, cuajani, cuajani macho, juba (Cuba) ; prune-tree (Jamaica) ; amandier a grandes feuilles (Haiti) ; amandier, noyeau (Domi- nica). Botanical synonym. — Laurocerasus occi- dentalis (Sw.) Roem. 238 353. Almendron, West Indies laurelcherry Primus occidentalis Sw. Flowering twig, natural size. 239 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) Herbs, shrubs, and trees, often large, known by: (1) leaves alternate, compound (mostly pinnate, also bipinnate and with 3 leaflets), rarely simple, with paired stipules sometimes becoming spines; (2) flowers small to large and showy, often in racemes, spikes, and heads, bisexual, mostly irregular in shape of bean flower or butterfly (regular in Mimosoideae), the calyx usually tubular with 5 lobes, corolla : of 5 unequal petals (equal in Mimosoideae), 10 to many stamens distinct or united at base, and I pistil with superior 1-celled ovary containing 2' to many ovules and with slender style; and (3) fruit generally the pod (legume), which opens in 2 lines and contains 1 to many elliptic bean- shaped seeds. Also vol. 1, p. 142. Key to the 3 subfamilies II A. AA. Flowers regular, with 10 to many long, spreading stamens, separate or united at base; petals meeting by edgesi in bud; leaves bipinnate (pinnate in Inga) — Mimosa Subfamily (Mimosoideae; Mimosaceae), below. Flowers irregular, with 10 or fewer stamens, often united ; petals overlapping in bud. B. Flowers only slightly irregular; the 5 petals separate, the largest petal innermost in bud; leaves pinnate (■; or bipinnate, sometimes of 2 leaflets or simple — Cassia Subfamily (Caesalpinioideae; Caesalpiniaceae),!; p. 264. Flowers very irregular, beanlike or butterfly-shaped; the 5 petals being the standard (largest and outer- most in bud), 2 wings, and 2 slightly united forming the keel; leaves pinnate, sometimes of 3 leaflets — Pea Subfamily (Faboideae or Lotoideae; Fabaceae), p. 288. BB. % MIMOSA SUBFAMILY (MIMOSOIDEAE; MIMOSACEAE) i Shrubs and trees, nearly all tropical and sub- tropical, known by : (1) leaves bipinnate (even pinnate, or paripinnate, in Inga and few species of Pithecellobiuni) ; (2) flowers regular, gener- ally many crowded in a head or spike; (3) petals 5 equal, separate or united in a tube meeting by edges in bud; and (4) stamens 10 to many, long and threadlike, spreading, and i very conspicuous, separate or united at base. Also vol. 1, p. 142. 240 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMIINOSAE) Key to species A. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets in pairs (even pinnate) — higa. B. Leaf axis winged; leaflets hairy. C. Twigs bristly red hairy; flowers bristly hairy; pods to 12 inches long and 2V2 inches wide, flattened — 364. Inga fastuosa* CC. Twigs densely brown hairy when young; flowers finely hairy; pods nearly cylindrical, 4-arigled — 64. Guaba, Inga vera Willd. BB. Leaf axis cylindrical, not winged; leaflets hairless or nearly so; pods flattened. D. Leaflets 4 (sometimes only 2) — 62. Guama, ".sweetpea," Inga fagifolia (L.) Willd. (/. laiirina) . DD. Leaflets usually 6 or 8 (sometimes 4)- — 63. Guama venezolano, higa quaternata Poepp. & Endl.* AA. Leaves bipinnate. E. Leaflets very narrow, less than Vs inch wide, relatively long. F. Twigs with paired spines at some nodes. G. Lateral axes (pinnae) 1 or sometimes 2 pairs, each with 12-25 pairs of leaflets "%,-% inch long; spines brown or gray — 70. Bayahonda, mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.* GG. Lateral axes 2 to many pairs, each with many pairs of leaflets less than M inch long — Acacia. H. Lateral axes 2-8 pairs, each with 10-30 pairs of leaflets. L Pods abruptly narrowed at base, cylindrical, l%-3 inches long and %-% inch in diam- eter, dark brown to blackish, hairless, pulpy within — 58. Aroma, sweet acacia. Aca- cia farnesiayia (L.) Willd.* IL Pods narrowed into short stalklike base, cylindrical or flattened, thin and dry. J. Pods cylindrical, 3-6 inches long and V4, inch in diameter, narrowed between seeds, gray, finely hairy — 359. Acacia tortnosa. JJ. Pods flat, 2-6 inches long, ''Ar-Yn inch wide, narrowed between seeds, whitish, finely hairy — 357. Acacia nilotica.* HH. Lateral axes 10^0 pairs. K. Pods slightly flattened and narrowed between seeds, 2V2-4: inches long, %-*^ inch wide, dark brown, finely hairy — 355. Acacia macracantha. KK. Pods flattened, 2^/^-5 inches long, %-% inch wide, hairless — 358. Acacia polya- cantha.* FF. Twigs not spiny. L. Lateral axes (pinnae) no more than 10 pairs. M. Leaflets shiny dark green, % inch long, 20-40 pairs on each of 8-10 pairs of lateral axes — 67. Cojoba, Pithecellobium arborewn (L.) Urban. MM. Leaflets dull gi'een to gray green, •'/!(;-% inch long. N. Pods gradually narrowed from apex to base and opening from apex — Calliandra. 0. Lateral axes 1 pair, with 10-20 pairs of gray-green leaflets; stamens pink to purple — 362. Calliandra surinamensis.* 00. Lateral axes 2-6 pairs, each with 10-30 pairs of green leaflets; stamens white — 361. Calliandra caracasana. NN. Pods not gradually narrowed to base. P. Pods splitting open along both edges; lateral axes 3-10 pairs, each with 10-20 pairs of leaflets — 65. Zarcilla, tantan, leadtree, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (L. glauca) . PP. Pods curved into a circle, not splitting open; lateral axes 4-9 pairs, each with 20-30 pairs of leaflets — 363. Enterolobinm cyclocarpum* LL. Lateral axes 12 to many pairs. Q. Lateral axes 12-16 pairs, each with 12-30 pairs of leaflets less than % inch long — 360. Al- bizia carbonaria.* QQ. Lateral axes 20-35 pairs, each with 30-100 pairs of minute narrow leaflets Vs inch or less in length — 66. Cojohana, Piptaderiia pcregrina (L.) Benth. EE. Leaflets more than % inch broad, less than 4 times as long as broad. R. Twigs with paired spines at some nodes; lateral axes (pinnae) 1 pair, each with 1 pair of oblong or obovate leaflets. S. Leaflets %-% inch long, thickened, shiny green on both surfaces — 354. Acacia anegadensis. SS. Leaflets %-2 inches long, mostly thin, dull green above and light green beneath. T. Flower heads pinkish or yellowish; native shrub or small tree of coastal thickets — 365. Pithecellobium ungnis-cati. TT. Flower heads creamy white; introduced shade tree — 68. Guama americano, guamuchil, Pi- thecellobium dnlce (Roxb.) Benth.* RR. Twigs spineless; lateral axes (pinnae) 2-7 pairs with many leaflets. U. Leaflets slightly diamond-shaped, blunt-pointed at apex, asymmetrical — 69. Saman, raintree, Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth.* UU. Leaflets oblong, rounded at apex. V. Leaflets symmetrical, rounded at both ends, with tiny point at apex — 59. Peronias, jumbie- bead, Adenanthera pavonina L.* VV. Leaflets oblique or asymmetrical at base. W. Leaflets %-% inch long, shiny dark green on upper surface — 356. Acacia muricata. WW. Leaflets %-!% inches long, dull green on upper surface. X. Lateral axes 2-4 pairs, each with 4-9 pairs of leaflets; the flat pods straw col- ored, more than 1 inch broad — 60. Acacia amarilla, tibet, lebbek, Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.* XX. Lateral axes 4-7 pairs, each with 6-14 pairs of leaflets; the flat pods rich red, turning to brown, less than % inch broad — 61. Albizia, tall albizia, Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.* 241 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 354. Anegada acacia This distinctive small tree known only from Anegada in the British Virgin Islands is recog- nized by: (1) straight spines Vs-Vv, inch long paired at nodes and to 3 inches long on trunk and larger branches; (2) bipinnate leaves with only 1 pair of side axes, each with usually 2 paired oblong leaflets %-% inch long and less than 14 inch wide; (3) many minute flowers in yellow balls (heads) 14 inch in diameter; and (4) narrow curved pods 11/4-1^2 inches long and 14 inch wide. A deciduous spiny tree to 26 feet high and 5 inches in trunk diameter, with many widely spreading branches. Twigs slender, gray, hair- less. Leaves alternate, pinnate, M.-li/i inches long. Stipules paired, developing into slender straight dark brown spines. Petiole Vs-Vi inch long, hairless or nearly so, with dot gland at apex, forking into 1 pair of side axes slightly longer and with gland dot at apex, each ending in 1 pair (rarely 2 pairs) of stalkless leaflets. Leaflets oblong, thick and leathery, hairless, unequal and rounded at base, rounded or notched at apex, not toothed on edges, with prominent network of raised veins, shiny dark green on both surfaces. Flower heads 1-4 on short stalks at leaf bases. Flowers about Ys inch long, consisting of minute 5-toothed calyx, narrow tubular 5- toothed yellow corolla y^ inch long, about 20 Acacia anegadensis Brittonij spreading threadlike stamens, and slender pistil. Pods short-stalked, dark brown, hair- less, thick-walled, opening late. Seeds few, rounded, %-%6 inch long, dull brown. Col- lected with flowers and fruits in February, flowering intermitttently in wet season. Common on the rocky plain and occasional! on the sandy plain in the dry limestone forest' at sea level near the west end of Anegada. Range. — Known only from Anegada, thee farthest northeast of the British Virgin Is- lands. J Botanical synonym. — Fishlockia anega-i densis (Britton) Britton & Rose. | This very different species was discoveredrff in 1913 by N. L. Britton during his exploration of Anegada and was named by him for that" island in 1916. Afterwards it was placed also^ in a new segregate genus, Fishlockia. Thee foliage is not like that of other species of Acacia<i but resembles that of Pithecellobium. Thee closest relative may be in the nearby Bahamas,, according to D'Arcy (17). Being confined to one small island, this local : species without near relatives is classed as rare and endangered. Also, the vegetation of Ane- gada is threatened by destruction through pro- posed real estate developments. Seeds should be collected and distributed to botanical gar- dens in the West Indies for propagation. 242 354. Anegada acacia Acacia anegadensis Britton Flowering twig, natural size. 243 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 355. Tamarindo silvestre, casha This deciduous tree with thin spreading crown is common in the Virgin Islands but rare in Puerto Rico. It is characterized by: (1) the twigs slightly zigzag, with paired spines, gen- erally short, at some nodes; (2) twice pinnate (bipinnate) leaves 2%-5Vl> inches long, with 10-25 pairs of axes, each with 12-30 pairs of minute gray-green leaflets less than Vs inch long; (3) orange balls % inch in diameter, of many minute flowers; and (4) pod 2-4 inches long, slightly flattened and slightly curved, reddish brown, minutely hairy. A deciduous tree, small or medium-sized to 30 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, with thin spreading crown broader than high or only a shrub. The trunk is slightly angled with grooves, with gray outer bark. The twigs are covered with minute gray-green hairs becom- ing dark brown with light dots. The alternate bipinnate leaves have paired minute stipules, some of which become minute dark brown flattened spines Vs-Vn inch long, sometimes to 1-2 inches or more. The axes are hairy gray green, the secondary axes paired, %-% inch long. Leaflets very numerous, stalk- less, minute, oblong, hairy beneath. The balls (heads) of flowers are inserted 1-5 on stalks %-•%. inch long at the base of the leaves, composed of many minute stalkless flow- ers, somewhat fragrant. The flower %,; inch long is formed by the calyx less than Vi,; inch long, corolla less than Vs inch long, both tu- bular, greenish yellow, hairy, and 5-toothed; many tiny separate orange stamens 'Yn; inch long; and pistil •%(■, inch long with narrow greenish ovary and thin white style. The pod, which does not open, measures %-V2 inch wide and •%,; inch thick. Seeds several, elliptic. Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. brown, less than 14 inch long. Flowering inter- mittently and with fruits persisting through the year. The wood is reported to be very durable. It is used for posts and elsewhere for construction and charcoal. The plants can be grown and pruned as hedges. Locally common in dry lowlands, forming costal thickets, from sea level to 500 feet alti- tude in Muertos, Vieques, Culebra, and Virgin Islands, including St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Jost Van Dyke. Rare in Puerto Rico, for example, at Cambalache. Public forests and park. — Cambalache, Estate Thomas ; Virgin Islands. Range. — Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, and through Lesser Antilles to Gre- nada and Barbados. Also northern South America from Colombia and Venezuela to Ecuador and Peru. Introduced in Florida. (A related species possibly not distinct ranges north in Central America to Mexico.) Other common names. — wild tamarind, stink casha (Virgin Islands) ; cambron, aroma, carambomba (Dominican Republic) ; guata- pana (Cuba) ; faique, aromo, vilca, guarango (Ecuador) ; taque, espino (Peru) ; steel acacia (United States) ; long-spined acacia (Baha- mas) ; wild tamarind, park-nut (Jamaica) ; acacia piquant (Martinique) ; acacia (Haiti) ; French casha, Creole casha, Spanish casha (Dutch Antilles). Botanical synonyms. — Acacia 7nacraca7i- thoides Bert., A. lutea (Mill.) Britton, Poponax macracantha (Humb. & Bonpl.) Killip, P. macracanthoides (Bert.) Britton & Rose. 244 355. Tamarindo silvestre, casha Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. Flowering twig (above), fruit (lower right), natural size. 245 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 356. Acacia nutlosa, spineless acacia This species of acacia, which is more common in the Virgin Islands than Puerto Rico, is dis- tinguished by: (1) the absence of paired spines at leaf bases, as in the other native species of the genus; (2) twice pinnate leaves 6-10 inches long, with 4-6 pairs of secondary axes, each with 6-16 pairs of oblong leaflets %— % inch long and %-% inch wide, shiny dark green above and dull whitish green beneath, almost stalkless; (3) white flowers about 1/4 ii^ch long stalkless on slender axes 3-6 inches long; and (4) oblong flat pods 3-5 inches long and 1/2-% inch wide, dark brown, opening on 1 side. A deciduous small tree 30 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, reported to become larger, with thin crown. The smooth gray bark consists of an outer dead purplish layer and the pinkish, bitter inner bark. The slender spine- less twigs are light green and minutely hairy when young, becoming brown, with raised whitish dots (lenticels). The naked buds are composed of minute brown hairy leaves with 2 stipules less than Yn- inch long. The alternate bipinnate leaves have a yellow- green axis 2-5 inches long, minutely hairy, with 4-6 pairs of secondary axes each 3-5 inches long, mostly with a cuplike gland on the main axis at base of each pair. The paired leaf- lets are oblique with midrib near one edge and sides unequal, slightly notched or rounded at apex, unequal and slightly notched at base, with sunken midrib and edges slightly turned under, thin or slightly thickened, and hairless at maturity. The slender unbranched flower clusters (spikes) are borne near apex of twigs before the new leaves unfold. Along the narrow axis are many stalkless white, slightly fragrant Acacia muricata (L. ) Willd. flowers 1/4 inch long, spreading in masses more than 1/2 inch across. The flower is composed of light yellow 5-toothed calyx less than y^^ inch long; tubular light yellow corolla less than Vs inch long, with 5 pointed lobes; many white threadlike spreading stamens about 14 inch long, united at base ; and pistil of minute green- ish ovary and white threadlike style. Usually 1 or 2 flat pods develop along an axis. They have straight edges not narrowed between the seeds, dark brown walls cracked at the sur- face and slightly thickened, and open widely on 1 side, exposing the inner walls with reddish brown impressions of seeds separated by light yellow bands. Seeds 6-12, elliptic or oblong, V2-% inch long, dark brown, flat and thin. Flowering intermittently through the year, the fruits persistent. The sapwood is light brown and the heart- wood reddish brown. The wood is hard, heavy, strong, and durable. Locally common in moist forest at 100-1,000 feet altitude, lower foothills in eastern and southeastern Puerto Rico. Also in Vieques, Culebra, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Jost Van Dyke, and Virgin Gorda. Public park. — Virgin Islands. Range. — Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles from Antigua to Guade- loupe, lies des Saintes, Dominica, and Marti- nique. Recorded long ago from Hispaniola (Haiti). Other common names. — tamarindo cima- rron, cajoba (Puerto Rico) ; amarat (Virgin Islands) ; ironwood (Antigua) ; tendre a ca- illoux, amourette (Martinique). Botanical synonym. — Senegalia muHcata (L.) Britton & Rose. I 246 356. Acacia nudosa, spineless acacia \ Acacia miiricata (L.) Willd. Leafy twig (left), flowers and fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 247 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 357. Coma arabica, gum arable Acacia nilotica (L. ) Delile'' This species of gum arabic is planted for ornament in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and naturalized locally. It is recognized by: (1) long slender straight light gray spines V-i-^V-i inches long, paired at base of some or most leaves; (2) bipinnate leaves 2-6 inches long, with 3-8 pairs of side axes, each with 10-30 pairs of narrow oblong leaflets Vs-Vi inch long and less than y^^^, inch wide; (3) balls of yellow flowers •"'>^> inch in diameter; and (4) narrow whitish gray flattened pods 2-6 inches long and Vic-% inch wide, finely hairy, slightly nar- rowed between seeds. Introduced deciduous shrub or spiny tree 10- 25 feet high. Twigs gray to dark brown, slender, finely hairy or nearly hairless. Leaves alternate, bipinnate, with paired spines formed from stipules, the axis finely hairy, with a few dot glands. Lateral axes 1/2- 11/2 inches long. Leaflets blunt at both ends, with minute hairs along edges. Flower heads few at leaf bases or nodes on slender jointed stalks V2-I inch long. Flowers ^ (• inch long are composed of tubular 5-toothed slightly hairy calyx, narrow yellow tubular 5- toothed corolla i/s inch long, many yellow sta- mens more than 14 inch long and united at base, with bright yellow dotlike anthers and slender pistil with threadlike style. Pods stalked at base, ending in a short point. Seeds several, rounded but flattened, %,j inch in diameter, blackish. An ornamental in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, becoming naturalized locally and form- ing thickets. Elsewhere the gum that exudes from the trunk has been used in mucilage, ink, and medi- cine. The hard wood has been utilized. The pods have served in tanning, and the flowers attract bees. Range. — Native of tropical Africa and Asia. Planted and naturalized in many islands of the West Indies including Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles from Anguilla and St. Parts to Barbados and Tobago. Widespread through the tropics. Other common names. — goma arabica, goma de acacia (Spanish) ; gum arabic, Amrad gum (English) ; casha (Anguilla) ; cassis (Antigua) ; acacia saline, pompons jaunes (Martinique). Botanical synonym. — Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. 248 357. Goma arabica, gum arabic Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile* Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower left), leafy twig (lower right), natural size. 249 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 358. Catechu-tree Acacia polyacantha Willd.* This Old World tree introduced in St. Croix is characterized by: (1) paired short conic curved spines at base of some leaves; (2) bi- pinnate leaves 6-9 inches long, with 7-25 pairs of side axes, each with 25-50 pairs of narrow leaflets V8-V4, inch long and less than Y^q inch wide; (3) small flowers l^ inch long, white to pale yellow, stalkless along axes 21/^-4 inches long; and (4) narrow flat gray pods 2\/-2,-b inches long and %-% ii^ch wide. A deciduous spiny spreading shrub or small tree to 30 feet high, with gray bark. Twigs slender, light gray or whitish, velvety hairy. Leaves alternate, bipinnate, with paired spines developing some stipules, and with vel- vety hairy axis bearing a gland below leaflets and at base of some side axes. Leaflets short- pointed at apex, unequal at base, finely hairy or nearly hairless, paler beneath. Flower clusters (spikes) at leaf bases, slender, finely hairy. Flowers consist of hairy 5-toothed calyx more than Vi,; inch long; tubu- lar 5-toothed hairy corolla Vs inch long, white, changing to yellow; many threadlike stamens 14 long; and pistil with elliptic ovary and threadlike style. Pods pointed at both ends, hairless, hard, with fine network of veins. The wood is described as hard, heavy, very durable, and polishing well. Catechu or cutch is a resinlike astringent substance obtained by boiling down an extract from the heartwood chips of this and the related species Acacia catechu Willd. of the East Indies. This decoc- tion has been used medicinally as an astringent in chronic diarrhea and dysentery, also in tan- ning and dyeing. Introduced and naturalized in St. Croix. Range. — Native of tropical Asia and Africa, originally described from India. Planted and naturalized througti the tropics. Recorded from Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, and Grenada. Botanical synonyms. — Acacia suma (Roxb.) Kuvz, Senegalia suma (Roxb.) Britton & Rose. ■, 250 358. Catechu-tree Acacia polyacantha Willd.* Flowering twig and fruits (lower right), natural size. 251 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 359. Casia, twisted acacia A flat-topped spiny shrub of dry forests in the Virgin Islands and eastern Puerto Rico, identified by: (1) slender zigzag twigs with paired straight spines at enlarged nodes; (2) twice pinnate (bipinnate) leaves 1-2 inches long, with 2-8 pairs of side axes, each with 10- 20 pairs of minute oblong leaflets Vs-^A i^^ch long ; (3) many tiny flowers with threadlike sta- mens crowded in orange balls -Xg i"ch in diam- eter; and (4) the narrow cylindric blackish pods 3-5V2 inches long and %(j inch in diam- eter, not splitting open. Usually a shrub about 10 feet high, some- times a tree to 20 feet, with trunk 6 inches in diameter often crooked, deciduous, with very thin flat-topped crown. Bark light gray, finely fissured, the inner bark light brown with darker streaks, slightly bitter. Twigs slender, light green and hairy when young, becoming reddish brown with whitish dots (lenticels). At each node are 2 straight slender sharp spines (stipules) V8-IV2 inches long. The leaves are alternate, twice pinnate (bi- pinnate), and finely hairy, the axis with gland below leaflets. The oblong leaflets are almost stalkless, blunt at apex, dull green on upper sur- face, and light green beneath. The numerous stalkless fragrant orange flowers are in heads on stalks about %-li4 inches long, 1 or 2 at base of a leaf. Each flower Vs inch long consists of funnel-shaped whitish hairy calyx less than Vio inch long, 5-toothed; funnel-shaped light yellow corolla more than %6 inch long, 5-toothed; many threadlike orange stamens i/s inch long, united into tube in lower half; and greenish pistil with ovary and slender style, often not functional. The Acacia tortuosa ( L. ) Willd. pods are slightly narrowed between the sev- eral seeds. Flowering intermittently through the year. ■ The wood is light brown and hard. * Livestock eat the pods. Elsewhere the plants have been grown and pruned as hedges. Locally abundant on dry coasts and lower slopes in dry forests from sea level to 600 feet altitude, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tor- tola, and perhaps others of Virgin Islands. Also in eastern Puerto Rico, Palominos, and Muer- tos. Public parks. — Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles from St. Barts, St. Eustatius, and Antigua to Marti- nique. Also northern South America from Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao and Venezuela to Colombia and Ecuador including Galapagos Is- lands. Southern Florida, apparently introduced. Other common names. — acacia-bush (Vir- gin Islands) ; acacia, carambomba (Dominican Republic) ; aromo (Colombia) ; cuji, cuji tor- cido (Venezuela) ; twisted acacia (United States) ; wild poponax, acacia-bush (Jamaica) ; akasee, sweet-briar (Barbados) ; bayahonde rouge (Haiti) ; wabi, hobada, Dutch casha (Dutch Antilles). Botanical synonym. — Poponax tortuosa (L.) Raf. Plants of southern Texas, Mexico, and Guate- mala known as huisache and included in this species are now referred to a closely related species. Acacia schaifneri (S. Wats.) F. J. Hermann. 252 359. Casia Acacia tortuosa (L.) Willd. Flowering twig (above), fruits (below), natural size. 253 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 360. Carbonero Albizia carbonaria Britton* Carbonero, an uncommon legume introduced in forestry tests, is characterized by : (1) young twigs, foliage, and flower clusters with dense short brownish hairs; (2) leaves twice pinnate (bipinnate), 6-12 inches long, with 7-16 pairs of side axes, each with 10-30 pairs of oblong stalkless leaflets; (3) many flowers in many whitish heads 1 inch or more across the thread- like spreading stamens ; and (4) oblong narrow flat brown pods 21/0-4 inches long and %-% inch wide. A medium-sized to large planted tree becom- ing where native 70 feet high and 2 feet in trunk diameter, with flattened spreading thin crown. Bark light gray, scaly. Twigs brown, densely short hairy when young. Leaves alternate, bipinnate, finely hairy, with axis 4-9 inches long, often with dotlike gland at end, and side axes 2^2-4 inches long. Leaflets oblong, •^^,;-% inch long and Yi,-, inch wide, oblique or unequal at base with midvein not in center, blunt at apex, not toothed on edges, thin, without side veins, the upper surface dull green with minute hairs, and the lower surface paler and soft hairy. Flower clusters (panicles) shorter than leaves, with finely hairy branches, bearing many heads on stalks up to 1^4 inches long. Flowers on stalks less than Vi^ inch are composed of narrow bell-shaped hairy 5-toothed greenish calyx Vs inch long; hairy greenish corolla less than 14, inch long, with narrow tube and 5 short lobes; many white threadlike stamens V)-% inch long united near base, and slender pistil with narrow ovary and threadlike style. The pod has a stalk about % inch long at short- pointed base, is rounded and abruptly pointed at apex, thickened at borders, finely hairy. Seeds 15-25, oblong, Vs inch long, gray. The wood is light brown and soft, reported to be suitable for lumber. Tested in forest plantations in Puerto Rico. Common at a finca above Coamo. Of very rapid growth but short-lived and with fragile branches. In Colombia the trees have served for shade in coffee plantations. Range. — El Salvador, Panama, and Colom- bia. This species was named by N. L. Britton in 1926 from trees planted by the Forest Service in 1921 from seed obtained from Palmira, Colombia, the year before. Other common names. — carbonero bianco, carbonero de sombria, pisquin, muche bianco, guamuche, dormilon, bayeto antioqueiio (Co- lombia), gallinazo (Venezuela). Botanical synonym. — Albizia malacocavpa Standi. 254 360. Carbonero Flowering twig and fruit (lower right), natural size. Albizia carbonaria Britten* 255 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 361. Cojobillo, white calliandra Calliandra caracasana (Jacq. ) Benth. This spineless shrub seldom more than 10 feet high rarely becomes a small tree. It is characterized by: (1) twice pinnate (bipin- nate) leaves 3-7 inches long with 2-6 pairs of side axes each with 10-30 pairs of crowded narrow leaflets %-% inch long and Yi e-Vs irich wide; (2) many showy white flowers crowded in heads 1-11/4 inches or more across the numer- ous threadlike stamens; and (3) narrow flat pods 2-4 inches long, the hard stifi" walls split- ting open from the apex and curving back spirally. A deciduous shrub or rarely a small tree to 20 feet or more in height and 3 inches in trunk diameter, with twigs and foliage hairless or slightly hairy. Leaves alternate, bipinnate, with paired pointed stipules %,; inch long, the slender axis without glands. Leaflets stalkless, narrow, straight or slightly curved, blunt at both ends, thin, with few veins, light green, paler beneath. The heads with about 15 flowers are 1-3 at leaf bases on stalks ll^-4 inches long. Each flower is composed of 5-toothed calyx about Yi ^ inch long; tubular 5-lobed whitish corolla more than i/g inch long; many long threadlike white stamens %-l inch long, united into tube toward base ; and pistil with narrow ovary and slender style. The hard pods are V4.-% inch wide, blunt or rounded at apex, narrowed to base, raised at margins, hairless or nearly so, splitting elastically from apex. Seeds several oblong, flat, brown, •%,., inch long. Scattered in dry and moist forest at lower and middle altitudes in Puerto Rico. Also in Vieques, Culebra, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola. Public park. — Virgin Islands. Range. — Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, and Grenada. Also from southern Mexico and British Honduras to Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador. Other common names. — morivivi cimarron, zarza boba, acacia puertoriguefia (Puerto Rico) ; granolino (Dominican Republic) ; tama- rindo de monte (Guatemala) ; guacamaya montes, pelo de vieja (El Salvador) ; riverain shrub (British Honduras) ; night-flowering acacia (Jamaica). Botanical synonyms. — Calliandra portori- censis (Jacq.) Benth., Anneslia portoricensis (Jacq.) Donn. Smith, A. caracasana (Jacq.) Britton & Rose. 362. Surinam calliandra Calliandra surinamensis Benth.* This planted ornamental shrub or small tree with flowers suggesting a pinkish paint brush becomes 10-20 feet high, spreading, irregular, and very open, with several light gray stems to 6 inches in diameter ending in long arching branches. Further identified by: (1) leaves alternate on short side twigs, bipinnate, 1-3 inches long, with slender petiole i/4-% inch long, and 1-3 pairs of slender axes 1-2Y2 inches long, each with 7-10 pairs of narrowly oblong yellow-green leaflets Y4.-% inch long and less than Vs inch wide, blunt and unequal at both ends, almost hairless; (2) showy flower heads nearly 2 inches long and broad, composed of many narrow stalkless fragrant flowers with yellow-green 5-toothed calyx, yellow-green 5- toothed corolla % inch long, and very narrow funnel-shaped white stamen tube 14-1% inches long ending in many spreading pink to purple threadlike stamens, and mostly without pistil; and (3) pods single, to 4 inches long and V2 inch wide, flat with raised border, splitting open from apex into 2 stiff curved parts. Flowering irregularly through the year and propagated by seed. Range. — Native of northern South America. Other common name. — canasta mexicana (Dominican Republic). 256 |361. Cojobillo, white calliandra Natural size. Callinndra caracasana (Jacq.) Benth. 257 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 363. Guanacaste, earpod-tree Guanacaste, a handsome giant tree with very stout short trunk and broadly spreading crown, is sometimes planted for shade and ornament. It is characterized by: (1) bipinnate leaves 6- 10 inches long with 4-9 pairs of secondary axes, each with 20-30 pairs of oblong leaflets %-V2 inch long and Vs-Yic, inch wide; (2) many flowers in a whitish ball about 1 inch across the numerous spreading stamens; and (3) the very distinctive blackish seed pod, flat- tened and curved in a complete circle or disk 31/^-414 inches in diameter, slightly resembling a human ear. In its native home this large to very large deciduous tree attains a height of 60-100 feet. It has a stout short trunk 3-6 feet or more in diameter, large almost horizontal branches, and a thin spreading crown broader than the height and as much as 75-150 feet in diameter. Most trees planted in Puerto Rico are smaller, less than 50 feet high and 3 feet in trunk diameter, not old enough to reach maximum size. How- ever, a giant in Mayaguez is about 90 feet tall and 10 feet in diameter. The bark is gray or brownish gray, slightly rough or scaly with shallow furrows. Inner bark is light brown, bitter, and astringent, and exudes a brownish gum. The stout twigs are green when young and later brownish gray. The alternate twice pinnate (bipinnate) leaves have a light green axis, finely hairy, with a small gland below the lowest secondary axes and another near the apex. The stalkless leaf- lets are short-pointed at apex, squarish and unequal at the base with the midvein near a side, thin, finely hairy, the upper surface dull green and the lower surface pale green. Flower clusters like balls (heads) are borne on stalks at the base of leaves or when leafless. The crowded flowers are tubular or funnel- shaped, about 1/2 inch long and % inch across the stamens. The calyx is tubular, Vs inch long, light green, and 5-toothed; the corolla tubular, 1/4 inch long, light green, and 5-toothed ; numer- ous whitish stamens to % inch long, threadlike, united into tube in lower half; and pistil V2 inch long with short light green ovary and slender white style. The heavy pod is curved in a circle around the central space or hole of % inch and suggests slightly the form of the human ear. The color changes from shiny green when immature to blackish or dark brown. It is flat but thicker around the seeds and does not open. There are several dark brown elliptic seeds Vi-'^A inch long. Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq. ) Griseb.* The sapwood is whitish and the heartwoodi brown, similar to walnut, often reddish tinged. ^' The wood is lightweight (specific gravity 0.4- 0.6), hard, and has many large pores. It is moderately durable and resistant to attack by dry-wood termites. It polishes well and does not split or twist when exposed. The wood is used for construction, carpentry, interiors, fur- niture, and veneer. Indians made dugout canoes from large trunks. In the savannas where native, these large trees serve well as shade for livestock, which eat the pods and foliage. Also, the trees are planted for shade along highways. It is reported that the toasted seeds are edible. The bark and pods are rich in tannin. The gum from the bark can substitute for gum arable. It is said that sawdust is irritating to some workmen and also can kill fish if dumped into rivers. Sometimes planted for shade and ornament in Puerto Rico but uncommon and not now recommended. A fungus disease causes the trees to fall suddenly. Of rapid growth. Recommended in south Florida as a very large spreading shade tree for parks, play- grounds, and other areas with ample space for the broad root system. The large branches are subject to storm damage. Public forest. — Cambalache. Range. — Mexico and British Honduras south 1 through Central America to Venezuela, Trini- dad, Guyana, and Brazil. Introduced as a shade tree in West Indies and other tropical regions. Other common names. — dormilon, oreja de mono (Puerto Rico) ; oreja, flamboyan extran- jero (Dominican Republic) ; arbol de las orejas, orejon, algarrobo de orejas (Cuba) ; orejon, parota, nacazle (Mexico) ; guanacaste, cona- caste (Central America) ; caro hembra, arbol de orejas (El Salvador) ; guanacaste de oreja, guanacaste bianco, genicero, tuburus (Nica- ragua) ; genicero, jarina (Costa Rica) ; corotu, ear-tree (Panama) ; caro, pinon, pifion de oreja, carito, orejero, dormilon (Colombia) ; caro, carocaro, caracara, hueso de pescado (Vene- zuela) ; tubroos, guanacaste (British Hon- duras) ; earpodtree, eartree (United States) ; elephant-ear, monkey-soap (Jamaica) ; devils- ear (Trinidad, Barbados) ; bois tanniste rouge (Haiti). The Spanish common name guanacaste is from a word of the Nahuatl language of the Aztecs meaning ear-tree. This large tree is suflSciently common and characteristic to have given its name to the Province of Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Likewise, oreja means ear. 258 53. Guanacaste, earpod-tree Enterolohuim cyclocarpitm (Jacq.) Griseb.'' Flowering twig (above), fruit (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 259 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 364. Guaba venezolana Inga fasluosa (Jacq. ) Willd.* Guaba venezolana, which has been introduced from Venezuela for coffee shade, is easily dis- tinguished from the native species of guaba by the much larger leaves, flowers, and pods, also the long bristly reddish hairs on twigs and pods. Further identified by : (1) pinnately compound leaves with 3 (sometimes 4 or 5) pairs of large ovate or elliptic, shiny thick hairy leaflets and broadly winged axis; (2) several large greenish white flowers stalkless along an axis with many threadlike stamens 3-31/4 inches long; and (3) giant brown pods 12-16 inches long and 21/2 inches wide, flat but thick. An evergreen planted tree becoming 30 feet high, with short branching trunk 6 inches or more in diameter, and spreading crown. The bark is brown, smoothish or with many small fissures, becoming scaly. Inner bark is light brown and hard. The stout brown twigs are covered with bristly hairs. The alternate pinnate leaves 6-12 inches long have paired large narrow hairy scales (stip- ules) at base and brown densely bristly hairy axis 3-6 inches long with wings 1/4-1/4 inch wide. Leaflets paired, almost stalkless, with gland between each pair, li/^-T inches long and I-31/2 inches wide, the lowest smallest, with short or narrow point at apex, rounded or slightly notched at base, not toothed on edges, slightly thickened, the upper surface slightly shiny dark green and becoming nearly hairless except on the slightly sunken veins, and the lower surface green and bristly hairy, with raised side veins. Flower clusters (spikes) about 6 inches long are borne at leaf bases. Flowers few, soon fall- ing, composed of narrow cylindric greenish calyx %-l inch long, bristly hairy and 5- toothed ; narrow cylindric tubular corolla l%-2 inches long with 5 narrow lobes, pale greenish, covered with long hairs on outside ; many threadlike stamens 3-31/2 inches long and spreading 2-3 inches across, united in tube in lower half, changing color from white to orange ; and very narrow pistil with threadlike style longer than stamens. The pods are cov- ered with bristly reddish brown hairs and twist upon splitting open. There are several large flattened seeds. Flowering and fruiting in summer. The wood is light brown and hard. This rapidly growing species has been intro- ■ duced into Puerto Rico for coffee shade. The ( pulp surrounding the seeds in the pods is re- - ported to be sweet and edible. Uncommon as a planted shade tree in coffee f plantations in Central Cordillera of Puerto Rico. Introduced in 1929. Range. — Native of Colombia and Venezuela. Introduced elsewhere in tropical America. Other common names. — guaba peluda > (Puerto Rico) ; guama venezolana (Dominican Republic) ; guamo cajeto (Colombia) ; guamo, guamo peludo (Venezuela) . 260 64. Guaba venezolana Inga fastuosa (Jacq.) Willd.* Flowering twig, two-thirds natural size. 261 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 365. Una de gato, bread-and-cheese, catclaw Una de gato, a shrub or small tree of coastal thickets, is recognized by: (1) paired slender sharp brown or gray spines V^-Yi ii^ch long, sometimes longer, often developing at nodes; (2) twice pinnate (bipinnate) leaves with slender axis and 2 forks, each with 2 almost stalkless oblique oblong to obovate leaflets; (3) small light yellow or pinkish flowers in many ball-like heads about % inch across, on long slender branching stalks at leaf bases; and (4) curved or coiled reddish to dark brown pods 2-5 inches long, flattened, and splitting open on both sides. Spiny shrub less than 10 feet high or small tree to 30 feet tall with several trunks to 5 inches in diameter, and widely spreading thin crown, hairless. Nearly evergreen or without leaves for short periods. The bark is gray and smooth or slightly fissured, with horizontal lines and few paired spines to 1/2 inch long persisting at old nodes. The inner bark is light brown and slightly bitter. The twigs are brown- ish gray, angled, with dots (lenticels), often zigzag and with paired spines (stipules). The alternate hairless leaves 1-3 inches long have a very slender petiole V2-IV2 inches long, with a minute green dot gland at apex, and 2 lateral axes (pinnae) V^-V-i inch long. The 4 leaflets are 1/4-2 inches long and %-l inch wide, rounded at apex, oblique and short- pointed at base, not toothed on edges, thin or slightly thickened, dull green with raised veins above, and lighter blue green beneath. Flower clusters (heads) contain 10-20 stalk- less hairless flowers. Each has a tubular 5- toothed calyx y^o inch long, tubular 5-lobed corolla about %c, inch long, many spreading long threadlike light yellow stamens 1/2 inch long united into a pinkish tube at base, and Pithecellobiitm unguis-cati (L. ) Mart.i|i pistil with narrow stalked ovary and long, threadlike style. The curved twisted pods coiled into a circle > are ^^.-V-z inch wide, slightly narrowed betweeri the seeds, red on inner surface. Several shiny v black rounded and flattened seeds % inch longji hang down from reddish or white pulp (aril),!jj With flowers and fruits irregularly through thejj year. | The wood is light brown, hard, and heavy.,; Common locally in coastal forests and hillsii from sea level to 600 feet altitude, along thei southwestern and southern coasts of Puertoill Rico and extending up the valley of the Coamoijj River. Forming thickets on sandy shores andc dry coastal areas. Also, widespread throughout 1 the smaller islands, including Mona, Desecheo, Muertos, Isla Pineros, Vieques, Culebra, St.' Croix and Buck Island Reef, St. Thomas, St.' John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, Virgin Gorda,i and Anegada. Public forests and parks. — Aguirre, Bo-) queron, Guanica; Buck Island Reef, Virgim; Islands. | Range. — Southern Florida including Floridal Keys and through West Indies to Trinidad andl Tobago, also Bonaire, Curacao, and Aruba. Alsol in Mexico and Venezuela and Guyana. Other common names. — rolon escambrom Colorado (Puerto Rico) ; blackhead, crab-pricklet (Virgin Islands) ; uiia de gato (Dominican Re-^ public, Cuba) ; giiichere (Venezuela) ; catclaw^;! blackhead, blackhead, catclaw, Florida catclaw,! catclaw apes-earring (United States) ; black- 1 bead (Jamaica) ; bread-and-cheese, black jessie* (Trinidad) ; bread-and-cheese, mangrove bead- tree (Barbados) ; diaballe (Martinique) ; crab- ' wood, una di gatu, beshi di juana ( Dutch 1 Antilles); beefsteak (The Grenadines). 262 365. Una de gato, catclaw Pithecellobiitm Hngiiis-cati (L.) Benth. Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size. 263 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) CASSIA SUBFAMILY (CAESALPINIOIDEAE; CAESALPINIACEAE) Trees, shrubs, and herbs, mostly tropical, known by: (1) leaves pinnate or bipinnate, sometimes of 2 leaflets or simple; (2) flowers only slightly irregular; (3) petals 5 slightly un- equal, separate, overlapping in bud, the largest petal innermost in bud ; and (4) stamens mostly 10 or fewer, separate or united. Also, vol. 1, , p. 168. 264 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) Key to species A. Leaves simple and 2-lobed or of 2 leaflets. B. Leaves simple, 2-lobed — Bauhinia. C. Leaves divided about Vs their length into 2 rounded lobes, base nearly straight or slightly notched; petals pink, dotted with red — 71. Mariposa, butterfly bauhinia, BaHhinia monandra Kurz.* CC. Leaves deeply divided, base deeply notched or heart-shaped; petals purplish. D. Leaves divided to about middle, petals purple and white mottled, more than 1 inch wide — 367. Bauhhua variegata.* DD. Leaves deeply divided, petals pink to purple, less than % inch wide — 366. Bauhinia purpurea:* BB. Leaves of 2 leaflets. E. Leaflets %-l% inches long, blunt or slightly notched at apex — 375. Cynovietra po7-toricensis. EE. Leaflets 2-4 inches long, long- or short-pointed at apex — 76. Algarrobo, West-Indian-locust, courbaril, Hymenaea courbaril L. AA. Leaves compound, of several to many paired leaflets. F. Leaves once pinnate. G. Leaflets 2-4 pairs, widest near notched apex and tapering to base (obovate) ; twigs often with spines — 376. Haeniatoxylum cainpechiannm* GG. Leaflets mostly more nuinerous, widest toward base or near middle; twigs not spiny. H. Leaflets obliciue at base and slightly unequal or asymmetrical, oblong, 10-18 pairs — 80. Tama- rindo, tamarind, Tamarindus indica L.* HH. Leaflets equal and symmetrical at base. I. Leaflets with scattered raised black dots on lower surface and with short red stalks Vic inch long — 79. Cobana negra, Stahlia nionosperma (Tul.) Urban. IL Leaflets without black dots, with greenish stalks — Cassia. J. Flowers pink or reddish; leaflets oblong; pods cylindrical, not splitting open. K. Petals more than 1 inch long; leaflets mostly 8-10 (5-15) pairs, mostly short- pointed at apex and blunt-pointed at base; pods 16-20 inches long and % inch in diameter — 73. Casia rosada, pink cassia, Cassia javanica L.* KK. Petals about V2 inch long; leaflets 20-40 pairs, mostly rounded at both ends with minute point at apex; pods 1.5-20 inches long and i% inches in diameter — 371. Cassia grandis* JJ. Flowers yellow. L. Leaves crowded at nodes; leaflets 5-15 pairs, very small, mostly Vi inch long, ellip- tic, with 3 main veins; pods flattened, 3%-6 inches long, splitting open — 373. Cassia polyphylla. LL. Leaves not crowded, leaflets larger, with 1 main vein. M. Leaflets ovate, short-pointed at apex; pods cylindrical, mostly not splitting open. N. Leaflets 4-8 pairs, 3-6 inches long; pods 15-24 inches long, % inch in diameter — 72. Canafistula, golden-shower, Cassia fistula. L.* NN. Leaflets 12-30 pairs, iy2-2y2 inches long; pods 8-12 inches long and %-% inch in diameter, sometimes splitting open — 374. Cassia specta- bilis* MM. Leaflets mostly oblong and rounded at both ends; pods flattened, splitting open. 0. Leaflets 6-11 pairs, l%-3 inches long; pods 6-10 inches long — 74. Casia de Siam, Siamese cassia, Cassia, siamea Lam.* 00. Leaflets 2-5 pairs. P. Leaflets %-l% inches long; pods 3 inches long — 372. Cassia plani- siliqua* PP. Leaflets 1-2^/2 inches long; pods to 12 inches long — 370. Cassia emarginata. FF. Leaves bipinnate. Q. Leaves consisting of a spine and 1 or 2 pairs of drooping yellow-green strips (lateral axes) % inch broad bearing numei'ous small leaflets %-'}iR inch long, which shed early — 77. Palo de rayo, Jerusalem-thorn, Parkiusonia aculcata L.* QQ. Leaves regularly branched, not spiny, with several to many pairs of lateral axes (pinnae) , each with many leaflets and featherlike. R. Lateral axes (pinnae) 3-10 pairs. S. Leaflets 12-28 pairs, narrowly oblong, about V^ inch long — 368. Caesalpinia coriaria. SS. Leaflets 5-12 pairs, oblong, %-% inch long — 369. Caesalpinia pulcherrima* RR. Lateral axes (pinnae) 10-30 pairs. T. Leaflets less than % inch long; young twigs and leaf axes gi'eenish, finely hairy — 75. Flam- boyan, flamboyant-ti'ee, Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.* TT. Leaflets %-% inch long; young twigs and leaf axes with dense coat of reddish-brown hairs — 78. Flamboyan amarillo, yellow flamboyant, Pelfophorum inerme (Roxb.) Naves.* 265 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 366. Palo de orqu ideas, purple bauhinia This showy ornamental small tree with orchidlike flowers is recognized by: (1) the squarish or elliptic leaves divided more than y^ their length into 2 rounded lobes with 13 or 11 radiating main veins from the heart-shaped base; (2) the large showy flowers 31/2-4 inches across, with 5 slender-stalked narrow purple or pink petals (1 petal dark red toward base) ; and (3) the flat blackish pods 8-12 inches long and %-! inch wide, which twist as they open. From related species distinguished by the flow- ers with narrow petals less than ■"'/;> inch wide, calyx splitting into 2 nearly equal parts, and the 3 (sometimes 4) fertile stamens and by the deeply lobed leaves. An evergreen small planted tree 25 feet high and 7 inches in trunk diameter or larger. The bark is light gray, smoothish to finely fissured. Twigs are light green, finely hairy, often slightly zigzag, becoming light brown. The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, with petioles 1-2 inches long, light green, slen- der, enlarged at both ends. Leaf blades are V/o- 5 inches long and broad, slightly thickened, turned up at middle, the upper surface dull light green with veins slightly sunken, and the lower surace paler with raised veins. Unbranched flower clusters (racemes) at ends of twigs bear few slightly fragrant flowers on hairy greenish stalks V-i^-V-i inch long. The narrow finely hairy light green basal tube (hypanthium) about V2 inch long and closed at apex bears the other parts; the 5-angled calyx Bauhinia purpurea L.* 1 inch long in bud, greenish with minute red- dish brown hairs, splits into 2 parts and turns down; the 5 nearly equal petals are about 2 inches long and less than y<>, inch wide, blunt at apex and tapering to stalk at base; 3 (some- j times 4) curved purplish stamens lV-2-l¥i | inches long and 7-6 threadlike sterile stamens (staminodes) 14 i"ch long ; and the stalked very slender pistil V/-> inches or more in length with greenish 1-celled ovary, long curved style, and enlarged rounded stigma. There are several rounded flat seeds 14-% inch long, shiny brown. Flowering and fruiting in autumn and winter months. This ornamental is widespread but uncom- mon in moist parts of Puerto Rico, such as in gardens and along roadsides, and the Virgin Islands. It seldom escapes from cultivation. Grown also in Florida and elsewhere in tropical America. In central and south Florida this is one of the most common introduced trees with orchidlike flowers. It is recommended as a small flowering tree for yards. Of medium growth on well drained soils. Public forest. — Luquillo. Range. — Native of southeastern Asia from India to China. Other common names. — pie de cabra (Gua- temala) ; ramo de orquidea, pata de vaca (Vene- zuela) ; orchidtree (English). Botanical synonyms. — Phanera purpurea (L.) Benth., Caspareopsis purpurea (L.) Pit- tier. 266 366. Palo de orquideas, purple bauhinia Banhinia purpurea L.* Flowering twig- (left), fruit (right), natural size. 267 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 367. Palo tie orcjuideas, poor-nian's-orehid Bauhinia variegata L.* This ornamental small tree with flowers slightly suggesting an orchid is identified by : (1) the odd rounded leaves divided less than I/4, their length into 2 rounded lobes with 11 or 9 main veins from the heart-shaped base; (2) large showy variegated orchidlike fragrant flowers 3V->-4 inches across, with 5 slender- stalked purplish petals (white in a variety), 1 darker streaked ; and (3) flat dark brown pods 5-9 inches long, about •% inch wide, and only 14,; inch thick, long-pointed at both ends. Sepa- rated from related species by the flowers with broad petals more than 1 inch wide, calyx split- ting open on 1 side, and the 5 stamens, also the shallowly lobed leaves. Small tree 25 feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter, evergreen or deciduous. The bark is light brownish gray, smoothish to slightly fis- sured and scaly. Inner bark is pinkish, fibrous, and bitter. The twigs are slender, zigzag, when young light green, slightly hairy, and angled, becoming brownish gray. The bud is composed of minute hairy leaves and stipules. The alternate leaves spread in 2 rows along the twigs. Stipules are paired, tiny, and hairy. The slender light green petioles are mostly 1- 114 inches long, enlarged at both ends, finely hairy. Blades are slightly broader than long, mostly 21/2-4V2 inches long and 2%-5 inches wide, thin" not toothed on edges. The upper surface is dull light green and hairless, slightly turned up at middle, the lower surface lighter green and often finely hairy on veins. Flower clusters (racemes) are unbranched at ends of twigs. The few flowers have short stout stalks Vs-^/i inch long and a stalklike light green narrow basal tube (hypanthium) about 1 inch long. The light green finely hairy calyx 1-1 1/2 inches long forms a pointed 5- angled bud and splits open on 1 side, remaining attached; petals 5, 2-2Vo inches long and 1-1 ^A inches wide, slightly unequal, wavy margined and narrowed to base; 5 curved stamens 1-1 V2 inches long ; and the stalked very slender curved pistil nearly 2 inches long, with narrow green 1-celled ovary, style, and dotlike stigma. The pods have a stalk about % inch long be- yond the persistent calyx at base of flower. They split open in 2 parts and become curved and twisted. There are several rounded flat light brown seeds about 1/2 inch in diameter. Flowering from autumn to spring and maturing fruits in late spring and early summer. The wood is whitish and soft. This and related species are uncommon as planted ornamentals in residential areas throughout Puerto Rico. Widespread and escap- ing in southern foothills. Also in the larger Virgin Islands and elsewhere through the trop- ics. Common as an orchidtree in southern Florida. A variety often grown (var. Candida Buch.-Ham.) has white flowers. Range. — Native from India to China. Other common names. — flamboyan orquidea (Dominican Republic) ; patabuey (Colombia) ; Buddhist bauhinia, orchidtree, mountain-ebony (English). Botanical synonym. — Phanera variegata (L.) Benth. 268 367. Palo de oiquideas, poor-man'a-orchid Baithinia vartegata L.* Natural size. 269 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 368. Dividivi Dividivi, which is rare in St. Thomas, is known commercially for its pods rich in tannin. Distinguishing characters are: (1) bipinnate leaves 2-6 inches long, with many minute nar- row dull green leaflets Vs-Vi inch long and less than y^^- inch wide, often with black gland dots beneath; (2) light yellow or whitish flowers 14. inch long and broad, with 5 petals, several in short lateral clusters; and (3) the brown pods very curved or twisted, 11/4-2 14 inches long, •'j/j'-l inch wide, and Vr inch thick. Small deciduous tree 25 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, elsewhere larger, the trunk frequently short and branched near base into crooked forks. The crown is irregular, spread- ing, and thin, often flattened above. Bark light brown or gray, rough and furrowed, forming thick scaly plates. The dry outer bark is light brown and the inner bark pink and bitter. The twigs are gray or brown, hairless or finely hairy, slightly zigzag, with light brown dots (lenticels). The alternate twice pinnate (bipinnate) leaves have a light green finely hairy axis. Sec- ondary axes 9-17, mostly paired except at end, each commonly with 16-24 pairs of minute almost stalkless leaflets. The thin blades are rounded at both ends, hairless or nearly so, pale green beneath. Flower clusters (racemes and panicles) %- 214 inches long at leaf bases bear several fra- grant flowers. The flower is composed of a basal tube (hypanthium) Va i^ich long; calyx of 5 yellow-green oblong sepals Vs inch long, turned back; corolla of 5 elliptic petals more than Va inch long, light yellow or whitish; 10 stamens less than 14 inch long, with hairy green fila- ments and brown anthers ; and pistil more than 14 inch long with yellow-green ovary and slen- der style. The thick hard pods, light brown turning reddish brown, are often concave and curved in circular form or letter S and do not open. The few seeds are 14 inch long. Collected with flowers and fruits in July, the fruits per- sisting. Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq. ) Willd. The thick sapwood is whitish or yellowish and the heartwood dark brown or blackish and often streaked. The wood is very heavy (spe- cific gravity 1.20), very hard, strong, and du- rable. It polishes well and is suitable for turning but is diflScult to work. Reportedly, the wood yields a reddish dye. Dividivi is important in commerce for its bitter pods which contain 30-40 percent tannin and serve in tanning leather. It is said that a mature tree can produce as much as 80 pounds of pods annually. The pods have been exported from continental tropical America to the United States and Europe. In various places the trees are protected and almost cultivated for the harvests of the pods. The bark is high in tan- nin also. A black dye has been prepared from the pods. Elsewhere the astringent pods and seeds have served in home remedies. The flow- ers attract bees. This species is rare in the seasonal forest on the coastal hills of St. Thomas and can be seen at the east end of the island. One tree was reported long ago from Boqueron, Puerto Rico. Rare as introduced in St. Croix and Puerto Rico as ornamentals also. Range. — Greater Antilles, St. Thomas, and Lesser Antilles to Montserrat, Grenada, and Dutch Antilles (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao). Also from Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela. Introduced in the Bahamas and other islands and naturalized in Trinidad. Planted in tropical regions of the world. Other common names. — dividive, guata- pana (Puerto Rico) ; dividive, dividivi (Span- ish, commerce) ; guatapana (Dominican Repub- lic) ; guaracabuya (Cuba) ; cascalote (Mexico) ; nacascol, nacascolo, nacascolote (Central America) ; tinaco (El Salvador) ; agallo (Panama) ; libidibi, barano, baranoa (Colom- bia) ; guatapan, guatapanare (Venezuela) ; dividivi (Jamaica, Trinidad) ; libidibi (Ja- maica) ; dividivi (Haiti) ; dividivi, watapana (Dutch Antilles). Botanical synonym. — Libidibia coriaria (Jacq.) Schlecht. 270 Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Flowering twig (above), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 271 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 369. Clavellina, flowerfence Clavellina, or flowerfence, is widely planted as an ornamental shrub or small tree, escaping from cultivation. It is characterized by: (1) twice pinnate (bipinnate) leaves 6-12 inches long, with many paired oblong leaflets Vo-1 inch long and 14,-% inch wide; (2) many large brilliant yellow or orange-red flowers with 5 slightly unequal petals l^/j inches across and with 10 threadlike stamens 1 1/2-2 V2 inches long, on slender stalks in long erect clusters, and (3) flat blackish or dark brown pods 3-41/2 inches long and 1/2-% inch wide, twisting open. An evergreen prickly shrub or small tree 10- 15 feet high, with branching trunks 2-3 inches in diameter and thin flat-topped spreading crown, hairless throughout. Bark light gray, smoothish to slightly fissured. Branches with scattered spines to 14, inch long, with enlarged base and narrow sharp point. T?ie alternate bipinnate leaves have stout petiole and slender yellow-green axis together 5-10 inches long. There are 5-10 paired lateral axes (pinnae), each bearing 5-12 pairs of leaf- lets with stalks less than Vi,; inch long. Leaflets are rounded at apex and often with slight notch and minute point, blunt and unequal at base, not toothed on edges, with side veins incon- spicuous, dull green above, and light green beneath. Many slightly fragrant flowers are borne on greenish stalks of 1-3 inches along the un- branched erect axis (raceme). The axis con- tinues to elongate to 5-10 inches, bearing new buds and flowers in the top 3 inches, while older flowers including their stalks have shed promptly. The short conic green base (hypan- thium) -yio inch long bears the calyx, corolla, and stamens; there are 4 oblong yellow or orange-red sepals % inch long and 1 large keeled and concave 4li inch long covering others in the yellow or orange-red bud; 5 unequal stalked petals %-l inch long, rounded and finely wavy, yellow or orange red with yellow border (sometimes reddish purple) ; and 10 threadlike yellow or red stamens II/2--21/2 inches long. The pistil more than 2 inches long consists of a very narrow 1-celled ovary on a Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L. ) Sw, II short stalk, a long threadlike yellow or red style, and dot stigma. Pods, 1 or 2 formed from a flowering axis, ,1; are narrowed into stalk Vs inch long above base -i of flower and have a narrow point Vs inch long at apex, slightly oblique and broadest near apex. There are 5-8 shiny brown flat beanlike seeds about % inch long. Flowering and fruit- ing through the year. The flowers, leaves, bark, and roots have been used in home remedies. A common ornamental in Puerto Rico and smaller islands and through the Virgin Islands and escaping from cultivation along roadsides and in thickets. Planted and naturalized also in southern Florida, southern Texas, southern Arizona, and through the tropics of both hemi- spheres. In south Florida recommended as a large ;| shrub to brighten the landscape, also as a i| screen or undipped hedge. It is easily propa- -j gated and fast growing, even on poor soils, but ii short lived. In northern Florida where killed l| back by frosts, this species can be grown as a i| herbaceous perennial. Public forest. — Guanica. Range. — Original range unknown, perhaps Mexico and Central America, the type locality India. Other common names. — clavelina (Puerto Rico) ; dwarf poinciana (Tortola) ; clavellina (Spanish) ; carzazo (Dominican Republic) ; guacamaya (Cuba, Central America) ; taba- chin, flor de camaron, maravilla (Mexico) ; flor barbona (El Salvador, Guatemala) ; barbon (El Salvador) ; barbona roja (Nicaragua) hojasen, gallito (Central America) ; angelito (Colombia) ; clavellina Colorado (Venezuela) angel sisal (Peru) ; flowerfence, Barbados pride, bird-of-paradise flower (English) flowerfence poinciana, Barbados-flower, dwarf poinciana, Barbados flowerfence (United States) ; Spanish-carnations (Jamaica, Barba- dos) ; flambeau-flower (British Honduras) ; francillade (Haiti) ; maravilha, barba de ba- rata (Brazil). Botanical synonym. — Poinciana pulche- rrima L. 272 369. Clavellina, flowerfence Caesalpinia pulcherrima (h.) Sw.* Flowers (above), leaf (below), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 273 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 370. Velamuerto This rare shrub or small tree is identified by : (1) pinnate leaves with 2-5 pairs of elliptic leaflets mostly 1-2 V2 inches long and -Yi-lV^ inches wide, rounded at both ends, soft hairy beneath; (2) abundant showy flowers about % inch across the 5 elliptic unequal yellow petals; and (3) long straight narrow blackish pods 6-12 inches long and -Ys-^/i inch wide, flattened and not splitting open. Deciduous shrub 10 feet high or a small tree to 20 feet and 5 inches in trunk diameter, else- where reported to reach 50 feet in height, with stout branches. Bark light gray. Twigs densely hairy when young. Buds %o inch long formed by the hairy stipules. The alternate pinnate leaves 4-8 inches long have bristlelike hairy paired stipules Vs inch long and slender hairy petioles 1^2-2 inches long. Leaflets 2-5 pairs on hairy stalks of Yg inch along slender hairy axis, the rounded apex usually with minute point or notch, the edges not toothed, the upper surface slightly shiny green with minute hairs, and the lower surface paler and soft hairy. A variation has large leaflets to 5 inches long. Flower clusters (racemes) at bases of upper leaves bear many flowers on slender hairy stalks. The calyx has 5 unequal rounded greenish sepals about 14 inch long; 5 elliptic unequal yellow petals stalked at base, 4 about % inch long and 1 about % inch; 7 stamens and 3 sterile stamens (staminodes) ; and slender Cassia emarginata L. curved pistil with long narrow 1-celled ovary ■ and short style. There are many dull brown 1 oblong seeds 34 ,; inch long. Collected with flow- ers in June and October and with fruits from 1 October to March. I The sapwood is yellow and the heartwood Ij dark brown. The hard wood formerly was used elsewhere as a dyewood. This species has served in home remedies. Rare in lower Cordillera at 500-1,000 feet tf altitude in south central foothills of Puerto ' Rico near Salinas and Coamo. Range. — Greater Antilles, Antigua, Guade- i loupe, St. Vincent, and from Mexico to Colom- bia, Venezuela, Isla Margarita, and Curacao. Other common names. — palo de chivo, palo ': de burro (Dominican Republic) ; cafiafistola 1 cimarrona, carbonera (Cuba) ; flor de San Jose, , alcaparro, chile perro, palo de zorrillo, palo ) hediondo (Mexico) ; arguchoco (El Salvador) ; ; vainillo (Guatemala, Nicaragua) ; chivato, pla- - tanito ((Colombia) ; carangano, platanillo, mote i extranjero, mucutero extranjero, brusco ) (Venezuela) ; barba de jolote (British Hon- duras) ; yellow candlewood, senna-tree (Ja- maica) ; bois cabrite, casse marron (Haiti) ; petite casse (Guadeloupe) . Botanical synonym. — Isandrina emargi-^ nata (L.) Britton & Rose. '" Thrips attacking the plants in late fall and winter cause the foliage to turn pale yellow green and easily distinguishable at a distance. 274 ^^^^i^jM,l>.yj|ua.)jlil.y/u,j;jij/|.jiMillll,Ji, 370. Velamuerto Cassia eniarginata L. Fruit (above), flowering twig (below), natural size. 275 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 371. Canafistula ciniarrona, pinkshower cassia Cassia grandis L. f.*| Canafistula cimarrona is a rare tree with showy pink flowers. Its distinguishing char- acters are: (1) the even pinnate leaves with 20-40 paired oblong leaflets densely soft hairy; (2) the large drooping clusters of flowers about 1 inch across the 5 rounded pink to purplish petals which turn to salmon in age; and (3) the very large and heavy cylindric dark brown pods 15-20 inches long and about li/4 inches in diameter, slightly rough and cracked. Medium-sized deciduous tree 45 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter or larger, with irregu- lar spreading crown, evergreen where planted in humid areas. The bark is light brownish gray, smoothish with many fine warts and some horizontal lines. Inner bark is orange brown, gritty and slightly bitter. The twigs are long, slightly drooping to nearly horizontal, light green, finely hairy with rusty or gray hairs, and with 3 longitudinal ridges below each leaf. Buds are composed of very young rusty hairy leaves. The even pinnate leaves are alternate in 2 rows and slightly drooping on the long twigs, 6-12 inches long, soft hairy with minute hairs. The paired stipules are tiny and inconspicuous. The light green axis is slender and grooved above. Leaflets drooping slightly on short hairy stalks Vio inch long are I-214 inches long and %-%. inch wide, rounded with minute point at apex, rounded or slightly notched and unequal at base, thin, with straight edges. The upper surface green and slightly shiny, with many fine slightly sunken side veins, and the lower surface is dull light green. New growth of young leaves is yellow green and finely hairy. Flower clusters (racemes) at leaf bases are 4-8 inches long, bearing many flowers on slender finely hairy stalks %-% inch long. The flower is composed of 5-lobed greenish calyx Vi inch long; nearly equal rounded pink to purplish petals about V2 inch long; 10 stamens including 3 curved and longer than petals, others much shorter, the 3 smallest nonfunc- tional; and pistil with stalked, slender, hairy curved 1-celled ovary and style. The very large pods hang down and do not open. They are short pointed at both ends, have 1 ridge along one edge and 2 ridges on the other. Within are many thin cross walls I/4. inch or less apart, each with a seed in dark brown sweetishj pulp or liquid. The seeds are elliptic and flat- tened, light brown, •>■; inch long. Flowering in| spring and maturing fruits in summer. The wood is composed of thick whitish or] brownish sapwood and heartwood variegated] brown with light and dark, sometimes purplish,] streaks and patches. It is of medium weight,! hard and tough, coarse-textured, with straight} to very irregular grain. The handsome wood! has been used elsewhere in cabinetwork and construction. The sweetish but ill-smelling pulp of the podsi of this and related species has been used in| home remedies as a laxative. Apparently introduced in Puerto Ricol though reported by Britton and Wilson (lOy as native in dry forests of southwestern part. Rarely planted as an ornamental in towns and roadsides in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, Recorded by Britton and Wilson as naturalized on St. Croix and St. Thomas. This showy ornamental is planted in south- ern Florida, Hawaii, and elsewhere in the tropics. Range. — Greater Antilles, southern Mexico,' Central America, and northern South America to Trinidad, Surinam, and northeastern Brazil. Planted in Lesser Antilles and naturalized locally. Other common names. — giganton (Puerto Rico) ; cafiafistula (Spanish) ; canafistula cimarrona, chacara (Dominican Republic) ; caiiandonga, canandonga de masa, caiiafistola cimarrona (Cuba) ; caiiafistula grande, quau- huayo (Mexico) ; carao (Central America) ; carago (El Salvador) ; caragua (El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua) ; caramano (Nica- ragua) ; sandalo (Costa Rica) ; caiiandonga, caiiafistula gruesa (Colombia) ; mari-mari, caiiafistula macho, canafistula burrero, cana- flote (Venezuela) ; pinkshower cassia, pink- shower (English) ; horse cassia (Jamaica) ; beef -feed, bookoot, stinking-toe (British Hon- duras) ; coral-shower (Hawaii) ; casse, casse espagnole (Haiti) ; caiiafistola, jeneuna, mari- mary preto, marimary rana, marimary saro (Brazil). 276 371. Caiiaf istula cimaiiona, pinkshower cassia Leafy twig (above), flowers (lower left), natural size. Cassia grandis L. f . 277 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 372. A showy introduced ornamental shrub or small tree is identified by: (1) pinnate leaves with 8-20 paired oblong or elliptic leaflets whit- ish beneath, with a minute stalked gland be- tween the lowest pairs; (2) bright yellow flowers about 2 inches broad, with 5 spreading petals slightly unequal and 10 nearly equal sta- mens; and (3) flat pods 4-8 inches long and a 8-Ti! inch wide, ending in a curved bristle. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter and with open crown of slender spreading branches. Bark light gray, smooth. Twigs finely hairy. Leaves alternate, pinnate, 2-8 inches long, with threadlike paired stipules shedding early and with slender finely hairy axis bearing 8-20 paired leaflets on short hairy stalks less than Yicj inch long and a minute stalked gland be- tween each of the lowest pairs. Leaflets 1-3 i/o inches long and %-li/^ inches wide, blunt and often slightly notched at apex, rounded at base, not toothed on edges, thin, the upper surface light green and becoming nearly hairless, and the lower surface whitish and slightly hairy with pressed hairs. Cassia planisiliqua L.* Flower clusters (racemes) lateral, long- stalked, flat-topped. Flowers several, composed of yellow 5-lobed calyx % inch long; 5 spread- ing elliptic bright yellow petals about 1 inch long and slightly unequal and narrowed at base; 10 nearly equal fertile stamens ; and pistil with narrow curved hairy ovary and slender style. The pods are dark brown, flat, thin, nearly hair- less. Seeds several, beanlike, 14 i^ich long, el- liptic, flattened, shiny dark brown. Flowering throughout the year. Sparingly planted for ornament in coastal cities of Puerto Rico. A relatively recent intro- duction, still rare. Not listed by Britton and Wilson (10) and not recorded from Virgin Islands. Range. — Native of East Indies and Austral- asia. Planted in West Indies and elsewhere in the tropics for ornament. Recorded as natural- ized at one locality on Barbados. Other common name. — glaucous cassia (United States). Botanical synonyms. — Cassia glauca Lam.,j C. surattensis Burm. f., Psilorhegma planisi liqua (L.) Britton & Rose. 278 872. Cassia plamsiliqua L. Flowering twig (above), fruits (center right), two-thirds natural size. 279 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 373. Retama prieta This ornamental shrub or small tree with long unbranched wandlike twigs, native in dry areas, is recognized by: (1) showy bright yel- low flowers about V/o inches across the 5 spreading elliptic petals; (2) small pinnate leaves 1-2 inches long, composed of 5-15 pairs of elliptic nearly stalkless leaflets mostly V4, inch long and Vs inch wide, in clusters along the slender twigs; and (3) pods long, narrow, and flattened, 3-6 inches long and Vi iJich wide, brown to black and shiny. Shrub or small tree to 15 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, reported to become larger, much branched, with many slender spreading twigs, unbranched, curved, and slightly drooping at ends. Probably deciduous in dry areas. Bark of trunk and larger branches blackish, thick, furrowed into short scaly plates. Inner bark light brown and slightly bit- ter. The young twigs are very slender, dull light green, slightly hairy, the older twigs light brown, warty, and slightly fissured. The leaves are alternate on rapidly growing twigs but mostly clustered 3-5 at nodes of older twigs. Stipules are paired, threadlike, about Vs inch long. The slender light green hairy axis bears leaflets almost to the base. Leaflets are slightly unequal at base and rounded with minute point at apex, thin, with veins inconspicuous, dull green above and light green beneath, becoming nearly hairless, those of a pair folding together at night. Cassia polyphylla Jacq. Flowers 2-3 on slender green stalks nearly 1 inch long at leaf bases. The calyx is composed of 5 unequal elliptic yellowish green sepals 14- % inch long; corolla of 5 slightly unequal el- liptic petals about 1 inch long, short-stalked at base ; stamens 7, unequal, with long brownish anthers, and 3 minute nonfunctioning stamens (staminodes) ; and pistil with very narrow curved greenish hairy ovary and short stigma. The pods have a short stalk at base and short point at apex, are flattened between the flat seeds, and split open along 2 lines. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year. The wood is light brown and hard. Locally common in shrub thickets and dry forests of south coast and lower Cordillera from sea level to 1,000 feet altitude in Puerto Rico from Guayama to Guanica and Cabo Rojo. Also St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Ane- gada. Sometimes grown for ornament. Re- corded as cultivated at Grenada. Public forests and park. — Guanica, Susua; Virgin Islands. Range. — Hispaniola (Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. Other common names. — retama, hediondilla (Puerto Rico). Botanical synonym. — Peiranisia poly- phylla (Jacq.) Britton & Rose. This species was named in 1790 from plants of Puerto Rican origin that grew in the green- house of the Royal Garden near Vienna, Aus- tria. I I 280 373. Retama piieta Cassia polyphylla Jacq. Flowering twig (upper left), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size. 281 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 374. This introduced ornamental and shade tree is characterized by: (1) large pinnate leaves 8-18 inches long with 12-30 paired oblong- lanceolate leaflets long-pointed and soft hairy beneath; (2) very large clusters of many showy yellow flowers iy2-2 inches across the 5 elliptic spreading petals; and (3) blackish cylindric pods 8-12 inches long and %-V-2 inch in diam- eter, with many horizontal walls. Medium-sized deciduous planted tree to 50 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, with spreading crown. Bark gray, smoothish, with many warts and short fissures. Twigs stout, brown with light dots (lenticels), finely hairy. Leaves alternate, pinnate, with slender light green finely hairy axis and paired threadlike stipules, without glands. Leaflets with short stalks about Va inch long are lV->-2V-i inches long and %-% inch wide, long-pointed at apex, short-pointed at base, not toothed on edges, thin, upper surface dull green and almost hair- less, with many slightly sunken side veins, and lower surface dull light green and soft hairy or sometimes nearly hairless. Flower clusters (panicles) terminal and lateral, branched and very large, 6-24 inches long. Flowers many, fragrant, composed of 5 rounded hairy yellow sepals about 14 ii^ch long; 5 elliptic slightly unequal yellow petals %-l inch long, narrowed into stalklike base; sta- mens 7 large and 3 small sterile (staminodes) ; and slender curved hairless pistil. Pods ending in a short narrow point, hard, not splitting open or slightly on 1 side, with many cross walls about i/s inch or less apart. Seeds 1 in each Cassia spectabilis DC. division, !/« inch in diameter and flattened brown. Flowering throughout the year. The sapwood is whitish, and the heartwoo( brown. The wood is described as hard, heavy, and durable. Uncommon as an ornamental and shade tre( and along roadsides, also escaping from culti vation. Very fast growing. Planted in the sub- tropical moist and lower and upper Cordillera ■ zones in central Puerto Rico from sea level to 2,500 feet altitude and best adapted to dry ■ slopes. A relatively recent introduction in 1 Puerto Rico and St. Croix. This species is planted also as an ornamental 1 and shade tree in southern Florida, where it t flowers in early winter and is rated as excellent. Range. — Southern Mexico through Central \ America to Colombia, Venezuela, and Tobago. Planted through tropical America including ■ southern Florida, West Indies, and south to i Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. Other common names. — chucaro, bruscon, . pela burro, libertad (Dominican Republic) ; algarrobillo (Cuba) ; canchin (Mexico) ; cande- lillo, frijolillo (Honduras) ; candelillo (Costa Rica) ; canafistula macho (Colombia, Vene- zuela) ; velero, velillo (Colombia) ; cafiafistula bobo, canafistula cimarrona, chiquichique, mu- cuteno, tarantan (Venezuela) ; frijolillo (Ecua- dor) ; mutuy (Peru) ; yellow shower, calceo- laria shower (United States) ; pisabed (British ij Honduras) ; casse marron (Haiti) ; parica il (Brazil). Botanical synonym. — Pseudocassia specta- bilis (DC.) Britton & Rose. 282 Cassia spectabilis DC* Flowers (upper left), leaf (below), fruit (right), two-thirds natural size. 283 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 375. Oresanillo Cynometra portoricensis Krug & Urban This rare tree of moist lowland forests is easily recognized by: (1) leaves with small twin or paired leaflets, %-l% inches long and %-% inch wide, narrowly oblong or obovate and with unequal sides and slightly notched at the blunt apex; and (2 )the oblong pods Yt-lVi inches long and i/2-% inch broad, flat and slightly curved. Small to medium-sized evergreen tree to 50 feet high and 14 inches in trunk diameter, with thin spreading crown. The bark of small trunks is gray or brownish, smooth, with many dots (lenticels). Inner bark is pinkish, fibrous, and slightly bitter. Twigs are slender, slightly zig- zag, dark brown, and finely hairy when young. The alternate leaves spreading in 2 rows on horizontal twigs have slender dark brown hairy petioles about % inch long and minute thread- like stipules which shed early. The 2 leaflets are stalkless, obliquely and narrowly oblong or obovate, slightly thickened, hairless, slightly notched at the blunt apex, rounded and unequal at base, the sides very unequal with network of veins, border not toothed, the upper surface dark green and slightly shiny, the lower surface dull light green. A few small white flowers are borne in short clusters (racemes) at leaf bases, on slender hairy stalks less than i/4 inch long. The flowers about % inch long consist of calyx %(, inch long with 4 or 5 sepals, 5 nearly equal petals about % inch long, 10 separate stamens, and pistil with hairy ovary and threadlike style. The pods are brown, finely warty, thick-walled and hairy, 1-seeded. Flowering mainly in spring. Fruits maturing in summer, persistent into winter. The sapwood is whitish and hard. Rare and local in moist limestone forest of Puerto Rico, including northeastern, north- western, and southwestern parts, at 100-600 feet altitude. Range. — Puerto Rico and Hispaniola (Do- minican Republic) . Other common minican Republic) . NAME. — algarrobillo (Do- 284 375. Oreganillo Cynometra portoricensis Krug & Urban Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size. 285 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 376. Canipeohe, lojjwood Haenmtoxylum campechianum L.* Campeche or logwood, at one time an impor- tant source of dye, has been planted, escaping from cultivation and becoming naturalized in dry areas of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is- lands. It is recognized by: (1) the trunks ridged or angled and fluted, branching near base; (2) even pinnate leaves with 4-8 paired leaflets reverse heart-shaped (obovate) or wedge-shaped, notched at apex and tapering to blunt base; (3) light yellow flowers showy, nearly 1/2 ii^ch broad, many in unbranched clusters at base of leaves; and (4) the distinc- tive oblong light brown pods 1-2 ^^ inches long and i/i-y2 inch wide, thin and papery, splitting open down the middle instead of along edges. Deciduous small to medium-sized tree becom- ing 30 feet high, with several short crooked trunks to 2 feet in diameter and with thin spreading crown. The trunks become angled and fluted, with long ridges and grooves. The bark is light brown or gray, smoothish to fis- sured or furrowed, rough, and slightly shaggy. The inner bark is light brown and gritty. Twigs are gray, smooth with many dots (lenticels), hairless. The leaves are alternate or 2-4 at older nodes, 2-4 inches long, with slender minutely hairy axis 1-3 inches long. Stipules shed early or sometimes persist as stout spines V4-% inch in length. The paired leaflets on stalks less than Yiti inch long are smallest at base of leaf and largest at apex. Blades are V2-'i-V2 inches long and %-li/4, inches wide, sometimes smaller, thin, with many fine parallel side veins, hair- less. The upper surface is green and slightly shiny, the lower surface dull light green. Flower clusters (racemes) 1-3 inches long (longer in fruit) at leaf bases bear many fra- grant flowers on slender stalks less than l^ inch long. The calyx is composed of 5 unequal narrow purplish or reddish sepals about •%(; inch long; the 5 light yellow petals are oblong and slightly unequal, about 14 inch long; sta- mens 10, sepai'ate, longer than petals, light yellow, with hairy filaments ; and the pistil with 1-celled ovary, 2-3 ovules, curved style, and dot stigma. The pods clustered among the leaves are pointed at both ends and contain 1-3 oblong flat seeds % ,■ inch long. Flowering from December to May. Old fruits remain attached for several months. The thin sapwood is whitish and the heart- wood orange, becoming dark red after expo- sure. The wood is very hard, heavy (specific gravity 0.95-1.00), medium to fine-textured, of irregular grain, strong but brittle, very re- sistant to decay, and takes a high polish. Fresh wood has an odor of violets and a sweetish taste. Uses include cabinetwork and posts. The dye haematoxylin is obtained from the heartwood in small chips by boiling, changing color from orange red to yellowish upon cooling and finally black. By the use of mordants, black and bluish-black shades are obtained. Many shiploads of this valuable dyewood were sent to Europe over a period of centuries before these dyes became largely replaced by synthetic dyes. The wood is still used locally for coloring wool textiles. Other uses are stains for bio- logical microscopic slides and inks. Haema- toxylin is also a drug used as an astringent, such as for dysentery and diarrhea. British Honduras was founded as a colony in 1638 mainly for export of mahogany and logwood, which was common in the lowland forests. After introduction into the West Indies, Ja- maica, Haiti, and other islands exported the logs. The trees are grown occasionally as orna- mentals and in fences. An important honey plant where common. Campeche or logwood has been planted and has become naturalized in the dry forests in thickets, and along roadsides in southern and southwestern Puerto Rico. Also, Mona, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola. Public forests. — Guanica, Estate Thomas. Range. — Native of southeastern Mexico mainly in Yucatan Peninsula, British Hon- duras, and Guatemala. Spread by planting in West Indies from Bahamas to Lesser Antilles, Central America, and northern South America. Introduced long ago into the West Indies and naturalized on many islands. Other common names. — campeche, pale campeche, palo de tinta, tinta, palo de tinte, tinto (Spanish) ; palo negro (Cuba) ; logwood (English) ; bois campeche, campeche (French). Common and scientific names refer to the Mexican State of Campeche, where this species is native. Haematoxylum means bloodwood. 286 376. Campeche, logwood ~^ Haematoxyliim campechiamnn L.* Flowering twig (lower left), fruiting twig (upper right), natural size. 287 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) PEA SUBFAMILY (FABOIDEAE; FABACEAE) Herbs mostly in temperate regions and shrubs and trees mostly in tropical regions, known by: (1) leaves pinnate, sometimes of 3 leaflets (rarely simple), never bipinnate, the leaflets often with stipules; (2) flowers very irregular, in shape of bean flower or butterfly ; (3) petals 5, very unequal, overlapping in bud, the standard (largest and outermost in bud), 2 on the sides called wings, and 2 slightly united forming the keel; and (4) stamens 10-9 usually united in 2 or 1 group, often 9 united and 1 separate. Also vol. 1, p. 188. 288 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) Key to species A. Leaves with 3 leaflets; twigs often spiny (except No. 82) — Erythriiui. B. Leaflets with 1 main vein, mostly about twice as long as Vtroad; flowers broad and spreading. C. Leaflets elliptic to ovate, rounded or short-pointed at both ends, slightly thickened, whitish green and finely hairy beneath; flowers orange or salmon colored — 8.3. Bucare, swamp immortelle, Erythrina /Hsca Lour. {E. (jlauca) . CC. Leaflets narrowly elliptic to oblong, short-pointed at both ends, thin, dull green beneath, hairless; flowers crimson and scarlet — 379. Erythriiui crista-f/alli.'" BB. Leaflets with 3 main veins from straight or blunt-pointed base, about as wide as long, hairless. D. Flowers broad and spreading, erect on horizontal axes, orange red — 84. Bucayo gigante, mountain immortelle, Erythriun poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook.* DD. Flowers very long and narrow, resembling a machete or sword, horizontal on vertical axes, red to scarlet. E. Spines absent from twigs; leaflets blunt-pointed at base and often nearly diamond-shaped, whit- ish green beneath — 82. Bucare enano, machette, Erythrina berteroava Urban.* EE. Spines on twigs; leaflets straight or nearly so at base and nearly triangular, greenish beneath. F, Spines on twigs scattered, short, less than Vs inch long — 381. Erythrina variegata* FF. Spines on twigs numerous, long and stout, to H inch or more. G. Leaves not spiny; flowers more than 2 inches long, coral red — 378. Erythrina corallo- dcndrum. Qii. Leaves with spines scattered along axis and veins; flowers less than 2 inches long, red — 380. Erythrina, eggersii. lA. Leaves pinnate. H. Twigs spiny. L Spines straight, slender; leaflets rounded, with yellowish spiny or bristle tip — 88. Tachuelo, fustic, Pictetia aciileata, (Vahl) Urban. IL Spines curved, stout; leaflets oblong, rounded at apex, not spiny — 385. Muchaerium lunatum. HH. Twigs without spines. J. Leaves with all leaflets paired (even pinnate), oblong. K. Leaflets 10-30 pairs, ^A-lVz inches long, rounded at both ends — 91. Baculo, agati, Sesbania graii- di flora (L. ) Pers.* KK. Leaflets 5-15 pairs, %-% inch long, rounded at both ends with a minute point at apex — 389. Sabinea florida. JJ. Leaves with odd number of leaflets, 1 at end (odd pinnate). L. Leaflets paired (opposite) except for 1 at end. M. Leaves opposite with 7 or 9 ovate leaflets — 382. Hebestigma cubense/^ MM. Leaves alternate, leaflets various. N. Leaflets with many nearly straight parallel lateral veins. O. Leaflets slightly thickened, with lateral veins slightly sunken and edges turned under — 87. Palo de matos, Ormosia krugii Urban. 00. Leaflets thin, with lateral veins not sunken and edges not turned under — 387. Piscidia carthagenensis. NN. Leaflets with few to many curved lateral veins. P. Leaflets shiny green on upper surface, with pair of bristlelike scales (stipels) between each pair — 81. Moca, cabbage angelin, Avdi^-a, iiiermis (W. Wright) DC. PP. Leaflets dull green, without scales between each pair. Q. Leaflets 7-17, mostly less than 2 inches long — 85. Mata-raton, mother-of- cocoa, (iliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth.* QQ. Leaflets 5-9 (11), mostly more than 2 inches long — Lorichocarpus. R. Leaflets blunt with minute notch at apex, beneath slightly whitish green and hairless; twigs hairless; pods leathery, not or slightly nar- rowed between seeds — 384. Lonchocarpus glaucifolius. RR. Leaflets blunt to long-pointed and without notch at apex, beneath light green and hairy; twigs finely hairy when young. S. Leaflets mostly blunt-pointed at base; pods thick, leathery, deeply narrowed between seeds — 383. Lonchocarpus domingensis. SS. Leaflets mostly rounded at base; pods thin, papery, not narrowed between seeds — 86. Retama, Lonchocarpus penfaphyllus (Poir.) DC. (L. latifolius). LL. Leaflets all attached singly (alternate). T. Leaflets 3-5, nearly round, along zigzag axis — 377. Dalbcrgia sissoo.' TT. Leaflets mostly more than 5, more than twice as long as broad, along straight axis. U. Leaflets 11-17. oblong, less than 1% inches long, with lines and dots visible with lens against the light — 386. Myrospermum frutescens* UU. Leaflets mostly 5-9, elliptic, more than 2 inches long, without lines and dots — Ptero- carpus. V. Leaflets rounded at base — 90. Palo de polio, swamp bloodwood, Pterocarpus offi- cinalis Jacq. VV. Leaflets blunt-pointed at base. W. Pods 1^/4-1% inches in diameter — 89. Pterocarpus, India padauk, Ptero- carpus indicus Willd.* WW. Pods 2-2% inches in diameter — 388. Pterocarpus macrocarpus.^' 289 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 377. Sisu, Indian rosewood Indian rosewood, or sissoo (sisu), from India has been introduced in forestry tests. It is characterized by: (1) pinnate leaves with 3-5 rounded abruptly short-pointed leaflets alter- nate on a very slender zigzag axis; (2) many small whitish irregular flowers like those of beans, borne in short lateral clusters; and (3) oblong flat thin pods 1V2-3 inches long and %-i/i> inch wide. A medium-sized tree 35 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter with rounded open crown of spreading branches, evergreen or almost decid- uous. Bark gray, scaly, deeply furrowed. Twigs green to gray, very slender. Leaves alternate, pinnate, about 6 inches long, hairy when young. Leaflets with stout stalks to 1/4 inch, almost at right angles to axis. Leaflet blades nearly round, 1-2 inches long and broad, rounded or blunt at base, rounded and abruptly short-pointed at apex, not toothed on edges, thin, with many fine parallel side veins. Flower clusters (panicles) 2-4 inches long at leaf bases and nodes back of leaves, branching, hairy. Flowers about % inch long, fragrant, consisting of hairy calyx with 5 teeth; corolla with 5 petals, the standard broad, 2 narrow wings, and narrow keel of 2 united ; stamens 9, united into broad stalk; and stalked hairy pistil with narrow 1-celled ovary containing few ovules, short style, and dot stigma. The light i Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.' brown pod is narrowed at both ends, stalked at base, and does not split open. Seeds 1-3, bean- like, i/i-% inch long. Sissoo belongs to the genus of rosewoods, handsome cabinetwoods with attractive grain and color and roselike fragrance. In the native home the wood has been used for furniture, cabinets, flooring, boats, and wood carvings. Young branches and foliage have served also as fodder. Recommended as one of the most desirable nonflowering shade trees for central and south Florida. Planted also in southern Arizona. It grows very fast, is drought resistant and salt tolerant, and is adapted to a wide range of sites including yards and streets, windbreaks, dry ridges, filled areas, and river spoil banks. Cut roots produce suckers. After maturing, the trees should have another use as a cabinetwood. This species is rare in Puerto Rico but is be- ing tested in scattered forest plantings at El Verde, Guayabol, and Cayey. Public forest. — Luquillo. Range. — Native of India. Widely planted in tropical countries for wood and shade. Reported to be spreading from cultivation in southern Florida. Other common names. — sissoo (India, com- merce) ; Indian rosewood, sissoo (English). i 290 377. Sisu, Indian rosewood Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), two-thirds natural size Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.* 291 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 378. Bucare, coraltree Erythrina corallodendrum This small tree is characterized by: (1) sharp stout spines or prickles to % inch long usually present on trunk and branches; (2) alternate leaves with 3 wedge-shaped thin leaf- lets long-pointed at apex and nearly straight at base; (3) large coral red or blood red flowers about 2-21/2 inches long, narrow, with bell- shaped calyx; and (3) pods 4-6 inches long and %-5/j; inch long, narrowed between the several beanlike seeds, which are scarlet with a black spot and poisonous. Deciduous shrub or small tree to 25 feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter. The leaves mostly 6-12 inches long, becoming hairless, have slender petioles IV2-6 inches long, often spiny, and leaflet stalks Vs-i/i inch long. Leaf- let blades are thin, mostly 2-4 inches long and wide, sometimes to 6 inches, wedge-shaped or broadly ovate, not toothed on edges, with 3 main veins from base, dull green above and paler beneath. Flower clusters (racemes) 4-12 inches long bear along 1 side many almost stalkless flowers in groups of 2-3. The narrow bell-shaped calyx %-% inch long is straight at apex; petals 5, coral red or blood red, the narrowly oblong folded standard 2-2 1^ inches long, the 4 others (wings and keel) very small, mostly i/4-% iiich long; 10 stamens 1 1/2-2 inches long, united into tube toward base; and pistil 1^4-2 inches long, very narrow, consisting of finely hairy stalked ovary and style. The pods are beadlike and slightly flattened, long-stalked and long- pointed. Seeds are about % inch long. Flow- ering mostly in late winter to March, usually when leafless, and maturing fruits mostly i! spring. Rare in southern coast and lower Cordillera forest of Puerto Rico at 100-500 feet altitude,' mostly in dry areas. Also in St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola (introduced). In cultivation for the showy flowers and as a living fence. Planted as an ornamental elsewhere in trop- ical America north to southern and central Florida. Propagated by seeds and cuttings. Range. — Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, and Lesser Antilles from St. Martin and Saba to Grenada, and Trinidad and Tobago. The range extended by cultivation. Other common names. — pifion espinoso, bucare (Puerto Rico) ; amapola (Dominican Republic); common coralbean (English); coraltree, red-bean-tree (Jamaica) ; bois im- mortel (St. Lucia, Grenada) ; jumby cutlass (St. Vincent) ; lent-tree, Judas-tree, devils-tree, jumbie-bead (Barbados) ; coralbean, jumbie- bead, wild immortelle (Trinidad and Tobago) ; immortel, immortel-pays (Guadeloupe, Marti- nique) ; petit immortel (Guadeloupe) ; coral- tree, bois immortel, immortel (Dominica). The showy red-and-black seeds of this and related species, also the pods, contain a danger- ous poison and should never be eaten. These toxic seeds have been strung into necklaces, bracelets, and novelties, which could poison children. However, it is reported that the young flowers and young leaves of certain species have been cooked and eaten in limited quantities. The seeds and decoctions of various species have served in home remedies. 292 378. Bucare, coraltree Erythrina corallodendrum L. Flowers (left), leaf (right), natural size. 293 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 379. Cresta de gallo, cockscomb coralbean A spiny shrub or small tree planted as an ornamental for its showy clusters of large bril- liant crimson or scarlet flowers in early spring when leafless. It is distinguished by: (1) curved spines or prickles on twigs and leaves ; (2) leaves with 3 large elliptic or ovate leaflets, the lower surfaces whitish and waxy and often with spines on midvein; (3) 1-3 large crimson flowers 114-1%. inches long, with 1 broad spreading petal; and (4) narrowly cylindric pods 6-12 inches long and V^-Yv, inch broad, hard-walled, with several elliptic seeds black with brown markings (not red), probably poisonous. A planted ornamental deciduous shrub or small tree to 15 feet high, with short trunk 4 inches in diameter and with slender branches and thin crown, often vinelike. Twigs slender, often spiny. Leaves alternate, compound, 4-10 inches long, becoming hairless, with spiny petiole 2-5 inches long and 3 leaflets on stalks of 14,-% inch. Leaflet blades are elliptic or ovate, 214- 31/2 inches long and 1-1 V2 inches broad, the end one largest and with the longest stalk, short- pointed or blunt at apex and base, not toothed on edges, thin, the upper surface green, and the lower surface whitish and waxy. The irregular flowers 1-3 in groups along end of twig or at base of leaf on slender stalks 1/2-2 V2 inches long are composed of bell-shaped reddish brown calyx unequally 5-toothed ; corolla of 5 crimson petals including 1 very broad spreading petal (standard) 114,-1% inches long and 1 inch broad, 2 short side petals (wings) %-i/2 inch long, and 2 long narrow petals (keel) 114-2 inches long; stamens 9 in a tube and 1 separate; and pistil with stalked Erythrina crista-galli L.*" narrow ovary and slender style. The pods are long-pointed at both ends, slightly narrowed between the few seeds i/j-% inch long. Flow- ering in early spring when leafless, the fruits maturing in spring and persisting. The branches die back after flowering. The wood is described as soft and very light- weight, The bark has been used in medicines. Planted occasionally for ornament in parks and gardens in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is- lands and elsewhere in West Indies. Northward in warm temperate climates, as in southerni United States, the shrubby plants bloom in summer and die back nearly to the roots in winter. In cold climates the large fleshy roots can be stored indoors in winter or the plants grown in greenhouses. Horticultural varieties have different shades of red flowers. In central and south Florida this species is recommended as a beautiful small flowering tree for yards, parks, and gardens. It is propa- gated by cuttings or air layering and grows rapidly in moist fertile soil. Planted also in southern Arizona. Range. — Native of southern Brazil, Para- guay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina. Widely cultivated through the tropics. Other common names. — cresta de gallc (Spanish) ; coral (Dominican Republic) ; ceibc (Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina) ; seibo (Ar- gentina) ; cockscomb coralbean, common coral- tree, cockscomb coraltree (English) ; crete-de- coq, erythrine ci'ete-de-coq (French). Known as El Seibo, this species is the na- tional flower of Argentina. The scientific name and approved common names refer to the re- semblance of the showy flowers. 294 379. Ciesta de gallo, cockscomb coralbean Flowers (above), leaf (below), two-thirds natural size. Erythrina crista-galli L.* 295 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 380. Pifion espinoso, cockspur Erythrina eggersii Krukoff & Moldenke This very spiny small tree, sometimes vine- like, is native only in Puerto Rico and the Vir- gin Islands. It is identified by: (1) abundant stout spines or prickles V&-V4, inch long on leaves, twig, and trunk; (2) alternate leaves with 3 wedge-shaped thin leaflets short-pointed at apex and nearly straight at base, bearing spines or prickles Va iiich long on petiole and main veins on both surfaces; (3) showy red flowers li/>-2V2 inches long but narrow, with bell-shaped calyx; and (4) pods 4-8 inches long and 5/^! inch wide, narrowed between the several beanlike seeds, which are yellow or bright red, without a black spot, probably poisonous. Deciduous shrub or small tree to 30 feet high and 5 inches in trunk diameter, or sometimes vinelike. The bark is brown, slightly fissured, with many spines 14 inch long. Twigs are stout, green, becoming gray, very spiny, hairless. The hairless leaves are mostly 5-10 inches long, with slender spiny petioles 2-5 inches long and axis 1-1 V2 inches longer. Leaflet stalks are Vs-^/i inch long, with minute paired glands at base. Leaflet blades are thin, mostly 2-4 inches long and wide, wedge-shaped or broadly ovate, rounded to short-pointed at apex, mostly straight or notched at base, not toothed on edges, with 3 main veins from base, dull green above and paler beneath. Flower clusters (racemes) bear many short- stalked long narrow flowers. The narrow cy- lindric calyx '%-V-> inch long is straight or minutely toothed at apex; petals 5, red, the narrowly oblong folded standard 11/4-21/2 inches long, the 4 others (wings and keel) very small, •%(; inch long; 10 stamens 114,-1% inches long, united into tube toward base; and pistil 11/4-1% inches long, very narrow, consisting of finely hairy stalked ovary and slender style. The pods end in a long point. Seeds beanlike, elliptic, 1/2 inch long. Flowering in late winter from December to March, maturing fruits in spring and summer. This native plant is sometimes grown as an ornamental for the showy flowers and as a liv- ing fence. Uncommon in moist limestone forest at 100-400 feet altitude in northern Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix. Public forests. — Cambalache, Guajataca, Vega. Range. — Native only in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. Introduced into Carriacou (The Grenadines) and perhaps other islands. Other common names. — bucare, bucayo, coral, coral vegetal, espuelo de gallo (Puerto Rico). Botanical synonym. — Erythnna horrida Eggers, not DC. This species honors its discoverer, Henrik Franz Alexander von Eggers (1844-1903), Danish army captain in the Virgin Islands. He made extensive plant collections in the West Indies and continental tropical America. His flora of the Virgin Islands (21) was published in 1879 by the United States National Museum. 296 380. Pifion espinoso, cockspur Erythrinn eggersii Krukoff & Moldenke Leaf (left), flowers (upper right), fruit (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 297 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 381. Bucare, immortelle An introduced ornamental distinguished by: (1) sharp small inconspicuous blackish spines or prickles Yia-Vn inch long like pins, usually present along twigs and persistent on trunk; (2) alternate leaves with 3 wedge-shaped thin leaflets about as broad as long, short-pointed at apex and nearly straight at base, dull green, paler beneath; (3) large showy scarlet flowers about 2V2 inches long but narrow, with prom- inent spreading stamens, crowded in erect clusters; and (4) stout blackish pods 6-12 inches long and %-! inch broad, slightly nar- rowed between the several dark red, poisonous seeds. A deciduous small tree 30 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter or in age and where native a large tree, with many erect and spread- ing branches. The bark is light greenish gray, smoothish, becoming slightly streaked and fis- sured, with scattered short spines Vs inch long. Inner bark beneath a thin light green outer layer is light brown and almost tasteless. Twigs are light green with minute hairs when young, becoming light gray, smooth except for scat- tered sharp blackish spines or prickles and with slightly raised half-round leaf scars and light colored dots (lenticels). The leaves 7-11 inches long, with star-shaped hairs but becoming nearly hairless, have slender round light green petioles 3-5 inches long, enlarged at base, and extended nearly 1 inch as an axis. Leaflet stalks are about % inch long, with minute paired green glands at base. Leaflet blades are thin, mostly 2-5 inches long and wide, wedge-shaped or broadly ovate, not toothed on edges, with 3 main veins from base. Flower clusters, (racemes) about 6-8 inches long bear numerous crowded flowers, with smaller buds toward apex. The narrow tubular, pointed reddish calyx about 1 inch long splits open nearly to base on 1 side ; petals 5, scarlet, 382. Frijolillo This medium-sized deciduous tree native only in Cuba has been introduced in Puerto Rico, where it is rare. It was noted as a small tree 15 feet high but doubtless becomes larger, attaining 40 feet where native. Distinguishing characteristics are : (1) opposite pinnate leaves 6-12 inches long with mostly 7 or 9 leaflets on finely hairy stalks of ^4 inch, paired except at end, ovate, 2-6 inches long and 1-3 inches wide, short- to long-pointed at apex, rounded or slightly notched at base, thin, hairless or nearly so, shiny green above and paler beneath ; (2) many showy pale pink pea-shaped flowers 1/2-% inch long on slender stalks along an axis of 31/2-6 inches (raceme), composed of cuplike 298 Erythrina variegata L. * the oblong folded standard erect or nearly so, 21/4-2V2 inches long, the 2 elliptic wings and keel about % inch long; 10 stamens about 2 inches long, 9 united into a tube toward base; and the pistil 1% inches long, very narrow, composed of finely hairy stalked ovary and slender style. The beanlike red seeds are %-% inch long. Flowering mostly in winter, some- times to April. Fruits in spring, seldom matur- ing. The wood is light brown and soft. Leaves, bark, and fresh flowers have served elsewhere in home remedies. Uncommon as an introduced ornamental along roadsides and in fencerows up to 200 feet altitude in northeastern Puerto Rico, Culebra, Vieques, and the larger Virgin Islands from St. Croix to Tortola. A favorite ornamental in Tortola known as immortelle. In southern and central Florida under the name Indian coral- bean, this showy large spreading tree with bril- liant red blossoms is conspicuous in early spring and has been described as one of the gems of the floral world. In Hawaii the trees are called tigers-claw from the i^esemblance of the large folded petal. Several varieties are distin- guished, the common one being var. orientalis (L.) Merr. A variation with spotted or varie- gated leaflets is grown as an ornamental under glass northward in continental United States. Range. — Native of tropical Asia from India to Philippines, Polynesia, and Australia. Widely planted through the tropics. Other common names. — bucayo, bucayo haitiano, pompon haitiano (Puerto Rico) ; ama- pola, mapoleona (Dominican Republic) ; Indian coralbean, Indian coraltree (English) ; tigers- claw (Hawaii) ; bois immortel, arbre a corail (Haiti). Botanical synonym. — Erythrina indica Lam. Hebestigma cuhense (H.B.K. ) Urban* 5-toothed calyx, 5 petals including rounded standard and narrow wings and keel, 9 stamens in a tube and 1 separate, and stalked pistil with narrow ovary and slender style and hairy stigma; and (3) large hard flattened blackish pod 4-8 inches long and %-l% inches wide, containing few elliptic blackish seeds % inch long. Collected with flowers in March and with fruits in September and October but not ob- served by the authors. This tree merits fur- ther testing as an ornamental. Classed as a honey plant. OTHER COMMON NAMES. — fri- jolillo, guama piiion, pirion de costa, juravaina (Cuba). 381. Bucare, immortelle Leafy twig and flowers (above), fruit (below), two-thirds natural size. Erythrina variegata L.* 299 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 383. Geno-geno Lonchocarpus domingensis (Turp. ) DC. A spreading tree of southern and western Puerto Rico recognized by: (1) alternate pin- nate leaves with 7-11 elliptic leaflets mostly short-pointed at both ends, paired except at end; (2) pale rose-violet pea-shaped flowers about % inch long, in long narrow lateral clusters; and (3) brown pod 2-6 inches long and %-% iiich wide, flat but hard or leathery, often narrowed between the seeds. A deciduous tree to 70 feet high and 20 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is brown with whitish dots and fibrous. The young twigs and young leaves are finely brown hairy. The leaves are 6-10 inches long, the leaflets with stalks V8-%(; inch long. Leaflet blades are 2-5 inches long and 1 1/4-2 V2 inches wide, mostly short-pointed at both ends but some- times long-pointed at apex and rounded at base, not toothed on edges, slightly thickened, be- coming nearly hairless. The flower clusters (racemes or panicles) are nearly as long as the leaves, with main axis bearing many flowers on finely hairy stalks about 14 iiich long, often 2 forking from the same basal stalk. The bell-shaped calyx is %(j inch long and broad, finely hairy, minutely toothed at apex; the pale rose-violet corolla sometimes whitish has 5 petals, the rounded standard notched at apex and silky hairy on outside, 2 oblong wings and 2 oblong, hairy, slightly united keel petals; 10 stamens with filaments united ; and narrow pistil with short- stalked brown hairy ovary and slender curved style. The pods usually are finely brown hairy, stalked at base, do not split open, and contain 1 to several flat kidney-shaped dark brown seeds V2 i^ich long. Flowering mostly in spring, also to September, the fruits maturing mostly in summer and persisting. The wood is whitish or yellowish and strong; in Puerto Rico used chiefly for posts. A shade and ornamental tree in dry areas and a honey plant. Elsewhere the fibrous bark has been utilized for ropes and cords and the leaves have been employed in home remedies. Uncommon in southern and western coastal hills at 100-800 feet altitude in southern and western Puerto Rico. Also in Mona and Vie- ques. Public forests. — Guanica, Susua. Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. Other common names. — geno (Puerto Rico) ; anoncillo, anon de majagua, anon de rio (Dominican Republic) ; guama, guama de soga, guama de majagua, guama de costa (Cuba) ; savonnette riviere (Guadeloupe, Martinique) ; savonnette bois ((Guadeloupe) ; bois caiman (Haiti). Botanical synonym. — Lonchocarpus seri- ceus (Poir.) DC. var. glabrescens Benth. 300 383. Geno-geno Lonchocarpus domingensis (Pers.) DC. Fruits (upper right), flowering twig (below), two-thirds natural size. 301 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 384. Geno Geno, a tree known only from limestone for- ests of northwestern Puerto Rico, is identified by: (1) alternate pinnate leaves with usually 7, sometimes 5, elliptic to obovate leaflets with blunt slightly notched apex, whitish green be- neath; (2) showy pinkish purple pea-shaped flowers % inch long, several in slender-stalked clusters at leaf bases; and (3) flat brown pods 2-51/2 inches long and 14—%, inch wide, slightly thickened, not narrowed between the several flat beanlike seeds, not splitting open. Evergreen tree to 30 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark gray or brown, smoothish, the inner bark whitish, fibrous, and slightly bitter. The twigs are brown with light, raised dots (lenticels), finely hairy when young but becoming hairless. The alternate pinnate leaves are 6-9 inches long, hairless, and have a very slender light green axis and paired triangular hairy stipules Yic inch long. The leaflets, usually 7, sometimes 5, are paired except at end, on stalks Vg inch long. Leaflet blades are 1V2-4 inches long, %- 11/2 inches wide, short-pointed at base, mi- nutely wavy at edges, slightly thick and stifi", the upper surface green and slightly shiny, the lower surface dull whitish green, the slightly curved side veins forming a fine network upon drying. Flower clusters (panicles) about 2 inches Lonchocarpus glaticifolius Urban] long at leaf bases bear several flowers on slender stalks about 14 inch long, often paired. The pea-shaped flowers have a cup-shaped 5- toothed finely hairy calyx ^{,- inch long; pink- *( ish-purple corolla of 5 stalked spreading petals ^1 about % inch long, the rounded standard notched at apex and finely brown hairy on out- side, 2 oblong wings, and 2 forming the keel; 10 stamens with filaments united, 1 nearly separate; and pistil with narrow hairy ovary and curved style. The pods with calyx at base are abruptly pointed at both ends, minutely hairy. The flat blackish kidney-shaped seeds are about %,; inch long. Flowering mainly in late spring, sometimes in winter and summer. Fruits maturing mostly in summer and per- sisting. The whitish wood is hard. The strong fibrous bark reportedly has been used as cordage. Locally abundant in the moist limestone for- est at 200-800 feet altitude in northwestern Puerto Rico. Scattered to common on ridges and cliffs. Public forests. — Cambalache, Guajataca, Rio Abajo. Range. — Known only from northwestern Puerto Rico. The specific name refers to the glaucous leaves, whitish on lower surface. 302 384. Geno Lonchocarpus glaucifoUus Urban Leaf (left), flowers (upper right), fruits (lower right), natural size. 303 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 385. Escambron Escambron, a spiny climbing shrub or small tree uncommon in coastal thickets, is easily recognized by: (1) climbing branches with paired curved brown spines (stipules) !/«-% inch long; (2) pinnate leaves with 5-11 oblong leaflets; (3) many small purplish pea-shaped flowers % inch long; and (4) the distinctive thick flattened gray pods curved into a circle 1-1 V2 inches in diameter. Evergreen climbing shrub 15 feet high with many trunks, sometimes a small tree 20-25 feet high and 8 inches in diameter. With arching, climbing, and spreading spiny branches, the plants form impenetrable thickets along coasts. Young twigs finely hairy. The alternate leaves 2-4 inches long have slender finely hairy petiole and axis 1-2 V-i inches long. Paired sharp spines develop from stipules at the base of each leaf and persist on twigs and branches. The leaflets are alternate on slender hairy stalks ^^i,; inch long. Leaflet blades are oblong, or the end one obovate, •yj.-2 inches long and %-%. inch wide, thin, rounded at both ends or short-pointed at base, not toothed at edges, with many fine parallel side veins, the upper surface green and hairless, and the lower surface light green with minute hairs. Flower clusters (panicles) at ends and sides of twigs are 214-6 inches long, with finely hairy branches. Flowers many, short-stalked, ir- regular and pea-shaped, consisting of hairy bell-shaped 5-toothed calyx ^/^,- inch long; 5 purplish petals about Ym inch long and stalked at base, the rounded standard curved back, 2 wings, and 2 curved keel petals united at end ; 10 stamens nearly 1/2 inch long, united into a tube about % their length; and stalked curved 386. Cereipo This rare planted deciduous tree 20 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, becoming larger, is identified by: (1) alternate pinnate leaves 4-8 inches long with 11-17 alternate short-stalked oblong or elliptic thin leaflets %— /4 inch wide, rounded or notched at apex, dull green above and paler beneath, easily dis- tinguished by the lines and dots visible with a lens against the light; (2) showy whitish masses of flower clusters (racemes) 3-4 inches long at or near ends of twigs bearing several pea-shaped flowers Yn inch long, with 5 white petals and 10 separate stamens; and (3) dis- tinctive yellowish flattened pods 2-2^/2 inches long with 1 seed at apex and large wing taper- ing to base. This species might serve for orna- ment and timber in dry areas, as the hard heavy 304 Machaerium lunalum (L. f . ) Ducke pistil nearly V2 inch long with narrow flat hairy 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary and slender style. The thick leathery pods % inch wide are curved into a circle 1-1^2 inches in diameter and %,; inch thick. They do not split open and contain 1 flat kidney-shaped seed ■'? j. inch long. With flowers and fruits irregularly through the year. Locally common in coastal swamps, forming thickets in and near mangrove swamp forests at sea level, mostly in eastern Puerto Rico, also at the western end near Mayaguez. Commonly a shrub but recorded as a slender ti-ee 25 feet high in the wet forest north of Playa de Humacao. Also in Vieques, St. Croix, and St. Thomas. Public forests. — Aguirre, Boqueron, San Juan. This species is abundant over large swampy coastal areas of northern South America, especially in Guyana and Surinam, where it produces extensive thickets. Range. — Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and from Guadeloupe and Dominica to Trinidad and Tobago. Con- tinental tropical America in southern Mexico, British Honduras, and Guatemala and from Panama to Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, and Peru. Also tropical Africa. Other common names. — palo de hoz (Puerto Rico) ; cambron, escambron (Dominican Re- public) ; aturia (Peru) ; bundari (Guyana) ; mangle piquant, croc chien (Martinique). Botanical synonym. — Drepanocarpus lunor- tus (L. f.) G. F.W.Meyer. The specific name refers to the moon-shaped pods. I Myrospermum frutescens Jacq.* durable wood has been used elsewhere. First collected in Puerto Rico near Peiiuelas by P. Sintenis in 1886. Recorded by Britton and Wilson (10; 5: 384) from roadsides and wood- lands in Puerto Rico, spontaneous after cultiva- tion and naturalized. Now unknown outside cultivation in Puerto Rico and not collected by the authors. Long ago reported from St. Thomas and St. Croix but not observed there in recent years. Range. — Native from southern Mexico and Guatemala to Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad. OTHER COMMON names. — cereipo (Spanish) ; cuerillo (Mexico) ; guayacan (El Salvador) ; chiriquirin (Nicaragua) ; arco (Costa Rica) ; balsamito, ramoncillo (Colom- bia) ; guatamare, macagua, pui (Venezuela) ; wattama (Trinidad). 385. Escambron Machaerium Innatum (L. f.) Ducke Leafy twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size. 305 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 387. Ventura, dogwood This medium-sized tree of dry coastal areas is characterized by: (1) pinnate leaves with usually 7 or 9 elliptic leaflets 2-4 inches long, beneath gray green and finely hairy; (2) the large branched clusters of pinkish pea-shaped flowers about % inch long; and (3) the dis- tinctive light brown pod 2-4 inches long with 4 longitudinal membranous wings mostly more than 1 inch across. A deciduous tree becoming 35 feet high and 1 foot in trunk diameter, with smooth gray thick bark. The inner bark is light yellow, streaked with tan, and bitter. Twigs are gray green, finely hairy, becoming gray brown with whitish dots and dashes (lenticels) . The pointed buds 1/4 i"ch or less in length are covered by paired broad hairy scales (stipules), which shed very early, leaving scars at leaf bases. The alternate pinnate leaves are about 7-12 inches long. The slender, finely hairy, gray- green leaf axis is enlarged at the base and bears usually 7 or 9 (5-11) leaflets, paired ex- cept at end, each with a stalk 14 inch long. Leaflet blades are elliptic, mostly 2-4 inches long and 1^4.-2 inches wide, sometimes larger, thin, with apex narrowed into a minute point, rounded base, border straight or slightly wavy, the upper surface dark green, hairless and slightly shiny with many nearly straight par- allel lateral veins, and the lower surface dull gray green and finely hairy. Flower clusters (panicles), often before the leaves, are lateral, branched, 3-12 inches long, and bear many flowers on slender stalks. The pea-shaped flower is composed of bell-shaped purplish or pinkish hairy calyx %,-, inch long, slightly 5-toothed and finely hairy ; corolla of 5 unequal pale pinkish petals about % inch long, finely hairy, consisting of the broad rounded spreading standard, 2 narrow wings, and 2 united and forming the curved keel ; 10 curved stamens within keel and united into a narrow tube; and pistil consisting of narrow greenish hairy 1-celled ovary and slender bent style. The fruit is an odd-shaped pod composed of long stalk above the calyx at base, slender body, and 4 longitudinal, broad membranous or paper wings about Y2 inch wide. It contains several oblong bean-shaped dull brown seeds i/4 inch long but does not split open. Flowering from February to June, the fruits maturing in early summer and persistent. The wood is described as hard, heavy, tough. 306 Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq. and strong, the sapwood whitish and heart- wood yellowish brown. Elsewhere the wood of related species has served for boatbuilding, vehicle construction, posts, and charcoal. Indians, including Caribs in the West Indies, threw the root bark, young branches, and powdered leaves of this and related species into the water to aid in catching fish. The fish are stupefied, rise to the surface, and float but recover if not caught. This use is indicated in the English common name and the generic name. The bark of this and related species has served also in home remedies. The trees sometimes are grown in fences as ornamentals. Locally common in thickets along coast and in coastal hills from sea levol to 700 feet alti- tude in southern and eastern Puerto Rico. Also all larger islands eastward including Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. Public forests and parks. — Aguirre, Gua- nica ; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, through Lesser Antilles from St. Martin and St. Barts to Barbados, Grenada, and Tobago. Also, along coasts of Venezuela, Colombia,. Ecuador, northwestern Peru, and Galapagos Islands. Also from Panama northwest along. Pacific coast through Central America to south- ern and western Mexico. Other common names. — barbasco (Span- ish) ; cahuirica, frijolillo, tatzungo (Mexico) ; matapez (Mexico, (Colombia) ; zopilocuavo (El Salvador) ; cachimbo (Costa Rica) ; arepo, jebe, barbasco amarillo, baura (Colombia) ; cuchivan (Venezuela) ; dogwood, fishpoison- tree (English) ; black mahoe (Trinidad and Tobago); bois a enivrer, enivrage (Marti- nique) ; dogwood, stinkwood (St. Eustatius, St. Martin). Botanical synonyms. — Piscidia acumi- nata (Blake) I. M. Johnst., Ichythyomethio acuminata Blake, /. piscipida var. acnminatoi (Blake) Stehle & Quentin. Referred by Britton and Wilson (10) to the* related species Florida fishpoison-tree, Piscidic piscipula (L.) Sarg. (Ichthyomethia piscipulc (L.) Hitchc), of Florida, Bahamas, Cuba Jamaica, Hispaniola, and from eastern Mexicc to British Honduras, Guatemala, and coasta islands of northern Honduras. That species has smaller flowers about 14 inch long with caly> bluntly lobed. 387. Ventura, dogwood Piscidia carthagetiensis Jacq. Leafy twig (above), fruit and flowers (lower right), natural size. 307 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 388. Pterocarpus, Burma padauk Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz'' This exotic ornamental, shade, and timber tree is identified by: (1) long drooping branches; (2) reddish latex ; (3) pinnate leaves alternate in 2 rows with usually 7-11 oblong to ovate thin shiny green leaflets borne singly, short-pointed at apex; (4) showy yellow pea- shaped flowers ■>/•', inch long profusely borne in lateral clusters; and (5) nearly round flat light brown pod 2-2% inches in diameter, bordered by a broad membranous wing, stalked at base and with minute pointed style at one side. It differs from the related species No. 89, India padauk (Pterocarpus indiais Willd.*), in the larger pods and the shorter-pointed mostly oblong leaflets. A large spreading tree becoming 80 feet tall and 21/2 feet in trunk diameter with small but- tresses and with broad dense crown of long branches, some nearly touching the ground. The light brown bark is slightly furrowed and a little rough and shaggy. Inner bark is streaked reddish brown and light brown, as- tringent, and produces a small amount of red- dish sticky bitter latex. The green twigs mi- nutely hairy at apex bear 2 rows of slightly drooping leaves. The trees are almost ever- green but with few leaves for a short period in spring when old leaves fall and young leaves develop. The leaves 9-16 inches long have 7-11 leaflets borne singly along a light green axis enlarged at base. Flowering branches often have fewer leaflets, sometimes only 5-1. Leaflets on stalks about %o inch long have oblong to ovate blades (or the lowest nearly round) 2V2-5 inches long and 2-3 inches wide, sometimes larger, short- pointed at apex and broadly pointed to nearly straight at base, not toothed on edges, turned up at midrib, slightly shiny green above, and dull light green beneath. Flower clusters (mostly panicles or racemes) 3-8 inches long bear several to many fragrant flowers on slender green stalks. Flowers are about % inch long, with green bell-shaped finely hairy calyx %,; inch long, unequally 5- toothed; 5 yellow petals % inch or less in length, becoming crinkled, including nearly round standard more than 1/0 inch long and rolled back, 2 wings, and 2 smaller keel petals united a little at sides; 10 stamens nearly % inch long, the whitish filaments united toward base; and greenish hairy pistil Yiq inch long, with stalked narrow 1-celled ovary and taper- ing style. The odd fruits, yellow green when immature, turning to light brown, have a roughened cen- tral body with raised veins containing 2-4, usu- ally 3, seeds but not opening to release them. The narrow curved brown seeds are less than 1/2 iiich long. At the base are remains of calyx and a stalk about % inch long. Recorded in flower in June and July and in fruit in August and in January and February. The wood is light brown and hard. Reported to be an important timber tree of Burma and a valuable cabinetwood. Sparingly planted in Puerto Rico for orna- ment and shade, having been introduced about 1923. Its use for these purposes is increasing, and it might become very popular. The shade of the foliage is so dense that grass does not grow beneath the crown of a large tree. A splendid ornamental in south Florida, flowering several times a year. Range. — Native of southern Asia from Burma to Indochina. Other common name. — Burma padauk (English). 308 388. Pterocarpus, Burma padauk Ptemcarpus macrocarpus Kurz* Flowers (upper left), leafy twig (center), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 309 LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) 389. Retama, wattapania Sabinea florida (Vahl) DC. Retama or wattapania, on back cover, is a handsome shrub or small tree with wandlike branches. It is recognized by: (1) pinnate leaves 2-4 inches long, with mostly 8-20 pairs of oblong or elliptic leaflets Vi-Va inch long and Vs-V-i. inch wide, bristle-tipped, and nearly stalkless; (2) many showy pale purple pea- shaped flowers about % inch long and II/4. inches across, usually clustered along old un- branched twigs when leafless; and (3 )dark brown very narrow pod 3-4 inches long and 14. inch wide, flattened, and twisting when split- ting open. A deciduous shrub or small tree 12-20 feet tall with trunk 2-4 inches in diameter, some- times to 40 feet high with trunk to 8 inches, with long slender spreading branches. The bark is gray and fissured, the inner bark whitish and tasteless. The twigs are brown and finely hairy. Though borne singly or alternate, the leaves on very short lateral twigs may appear to be paired or more numerous at a node. There are 2 brown narrow scales (stipules) %,j inch long at base. The slender green axis is minutely hairy and ends in a tiny point beyond last pair of leaflets. Leaflets are rounded at both ends with minute bristle tip at apex, thin, dark green and hairless above, and beneath pale green and finely hairy or hairless. Flowers have slender stalks y4.-V-> inch long, sometimes single. The bell-shaped purple calyx is Yicy inch long and minutely 5-toothed; the 5 pale purple, lavender, or blue petals nearly % inch long and stalked at base, consisting of broad rounded standard, 2 wings, and 2 slightly united keel petals; 10 white stamens, 9 united into a tube near base and 1 separate, 5 half as long as others; and pistil with stalked narrow ovary and long curved reddish purple style. The pod is stalked at base and pointed at both ends. Seeds several, elliptic, flat, Vs inch long. In flower mostly from January to March and with mature fruits in spring and summer. The whitish wood is hard. When in flower the entire plant is a mass of bluish purple. Perhaps the most spectacular species in the flora of Tortola, according to D'Arcy (17). A small tree with white flowers near Aibonito was recorded by Britton and Wilson (10). N. L. Britton classed this as one of the most elegant of endemic species in the region. Sparingly planted as an oinamental for the masses of beautiful flowers which are very conspicuous along the leafless branches but soon shedding. Certainly worthy of wider cultiva- tion. Locally common in moist coastal, moist lime- stone, and lower Cordillera forests at 100-2,500 feet altitude in northern Puerto Rico. Also in Culebra, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. John, Tor- tola, and Virgin Gorda. Originally named and described botanically from St. Thomas in 1793. Public forests and parks. — Cambalache, Guajataca, Luquillo,* Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susua, Vega; Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain, Gorda Peak. Range. — Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. Other common names. — San Jose (Puerto Rico) ; wattapama (Virgin Islands) . The genus Sabinea contains only 3 species. Caracolillo, Sahinia punicea Urban, is a shrub with dark red to pink flowers, known only from moist parts of central and western Puerto Rico. The third, carinalia, S. carhmlis Griseb., is a shrub with scarlet flowers confined to the island of Dominica. The generic name honors Joseph Sabine (1770-1837), British botanist. Related to the locusts, genus Robinia, of conti- nental United States. 310 389. Retama, wattapania Flowers (left), leafy twig (upper right), fruits (lower right), natural size. Sabinea florida (Vahl) DC. 311 OXALIS FAMILY (OXALIDACEAE) Herbs and shrubs, rarely trees {Averrhoa) , known by: (1) sour sap; (2) leaves alternate, pinnately or palmately compound or rarely simple, entire, without stipules; (3) flowers in clusters (like umbels or cymes) or solitary, bi- sexual, regular, the calyx of 5 sepals, corolla of 5 petals sometimes united at base, 10 stamens 390. Carambola Carambola is rarely planted for its odd, very sour, juicy, yellow fruits 21/2-4 inches long and 11/^-2 inches broad, oblong and sharply 5- angled. Other characters for identification are : (1) pinnate leaves with 7, 9, or 11 ovate leaflets mostly paired except at end, spreading in 2 rows on long twigs; and (2) small purplish 5-parted bell-shaped flowers % inch long and broad, many on dark red branched stalks at leaf bases and on branches. Evergreen small tree becoming 25 feet high, with a few trunks from base to 6 inches in diameter. The bark is light brown, smoothish to slightly cracked, the inner bark pink brown, fibrous and tasteless. The long branches are light brown and smooth. Twigs are brown and finely hairy when young, ending in a minute hairy leaf. The alternate pinnate leaves nearly hori- zontal in 2 rows are 6-10 inches long including the slender light green or pinkish axis and 7, 9, or 11 drooping leaflets. The leaflets have short stalks Vs inch long and fold together in pairs at night. Blades are 1-4 inches long and %-114 inches wide, the lowest being smallest and end one largest. They are short-pointed at apex, rounded but unequal at base, not toothed at edges, thin, slightly curved up from midvein, with few inconspicuous side veins, nearly hair- less, the upper surface green and slightly shiny, and the lower surface dull light green. Flower clusters (panicles) 1-2 inches long at base of older leaves and back of leaves bear many flowers on short slender dark red stalks. The flower consists of 5 oblong pink sepals (or 5 reduced to staminodes) in 2 series, and pistil composed of superior 5-celled ovary with axile placentation and 1 or more ovules in each cell, and 5 separate persistent styles with dot- like stigmas; and (4) fruit a columnar 5- angled 5-celled capsule with many seeds, some- times with covering (aril) . Averrhoa carambola L.* rounded to wavy at apex ; corolla of 5 spreading purple petals nearly 14 inch long, slightly united by edges near base ; 5 stamens alternate with petals and 5 smaller sterile stamens; and pistil with deeply 5-angled 5-celled ovary and 5 slender styles pressed together. The heavy berries hang down in groups or singly from slender stalks along the twigs, bending down the twigs and branches by their weight. The shape is deeply 5-angled and grooved (star-shaped in cross section), nar- rowed to 5 blunt points at apex, slightly notched at base. Color changes from yellow- green to yellow and orange yellow. The thick light yellow flesh is soft, juicy, and sour. There are 5 small cells and several brown flat seeds %-i/2 inch long with yellow flesh (aril) at end. The fruits do not open but fall to the ground, maturing from July to September. The sour fruits are eaten raw and used for marmalade and pickles. The flavor becomes less acid and more pleasant at maturity. Leaves and fruits have served in home remedies. The wood is whitish and soft. Carambola is rarely cultivated in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands for the edible fruits. It is also a handsome ornamental. Range. — Native of tropical Asia but widely planted through the tropics. Sometimes grown in southern Florida and southern California. Other common names. — carambola (Span- ish, English, Portuguese) ; vinagrillo (Domini- can Republic) ; pepino de la India (El Salva- dor) ; zibline (Haiti). 312 390. Jalea, carambola Averrhoa carambola L.* Fruit (left), and flowering twig, two-thirds natural size. 313 COCA FAMILY (ERYTHROXYLACEAE) Shrubs and small trees, known by: (1) alter- nate simple leaves entire to wavy-toothed, hair- less, often with 1 pale line on each side of mid- vein (from folds in bud), with minute pointed stipule in the angle above the petiole like a bud ; (2) minute inconspicuous flowers 1 or several at base of leaves, bisexual, regular, in form of bell or wheel, with persistent calyx of 5 sepals or lobes, 5 small petals with 2 minute lobes within, 10 stamens in 2 series united into short tube toward base, and pistil with superior 3- celled ovary, 1 cell developing with 1-2 ovules, and 3 styles; and (3) fruit a reddish berrylike drupe, sour, 1-seeded. Also vol. 1, p. 210. AA. Key to species Leaves mostly 2-4 inches long. B. Leaves thin, with 2 faint lines nearly parallel with midrib, dull dark green above, and pale whitish green beneath — 92. Indio, Erythroxylinn areolatum L. BB. Leaves slightly thickened, without faint lines, shiny dark green above with network of veins when dry, and beneath paler and slightly rusty tinged — 392. Erythroxylum rufum. Leaves mostly less than IV2 inches long. C. Leaves thin, rounded or notched at apex, dull green to dark green above — 391. Erythroxylum rotundifo- lium. CC. Leaves thick and stiff, notched at apex, slightly shiny green above, with network of veins when dry — 393. Erythroxybwi urhanii. 391. Rocio, brisselet This common shrub or small tree widespread at low altitudes is identified by: (1) small obovate to rounded thin leaves i/i-l'/i inches long and ^^-% inch wide, alternate and crowded along short side twigs; (2) small whit- ish flowers about I/4, inch across, 1-4 short stalks at leaf bases; and (3) oblong shiny dark red fleshy fruits 14 inch long. Deciduous shrub or sometimes a small tree to 25 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Bark gray or light brown, smooth, becoming finely fissured, the inner bark pinkish and slightly bitter. The gray twigs are much branched, often regularly, some long and slender and many short spurs, roughened by persistent stipules. The leaves have slender leafstalks Vie-^o inch long. The pointed stipules V^q inch long inserted 1 above leaf base form the buds and persist as crowded scales on the short side twigs. Blades are rounded or slightly notched at apex, short-pointed at base, thin, dull green to dark green on upper surface, and light green beneath. The flowers have a slender stalk less than Vs inch long, 5-toothed calyx, 5 white petals Vg inch long with 2 lobes (ligules) near middle of inner side, 10 stamens united into a tube toward base, and pistil with ovary and 3 styles. The Erythroxylum rotundifolium Lunan fleshy fruit (drupe) has calyx persistent at base and becomes dry and brown. Flowering in summer and maturing fruits in late summer. The wood is light brown or whitish and hard. The fragrant flowers are attractive to bees. Common to abundant in open areas from sea level to 2,500 feet altitude nearly throughout Puerto Rico except in upper Cordillera and up- per Luquillo forests and through the islands eastward. Also Desecheo, Muertos, Isla Pifieros, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix and Buck Island, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. Public forests and parks. — Aguirre, Cam- balache, Guajataca, Guanica, Maricao, Rio Abajo, San Juan, Susua, Vega, Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands, Sage Moun- tain. Range. — Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, St. Martin, St. Barts, and Guadeloupe. Recorded from Curacao. Other COMMON names. — jiba, raton (Puerto Rico) ; brisselet (Virgin Islands) ; yaria de costa (Cuba) ; bois vinette, bresillette (Marti- nique). Botanical synonym. — Erythroxylum bre- vipes DC. The generic name has been spelled also Erythroxylon. 314 391. Rocio, brisselet Enjthroxylum rotundifoUum Lunan Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size. 315 COCA FAMILY (ERYTHROXYLACEAE) 392. This rare small tree of western Puerto Rico is identified by: (1) elliptic to obovate leaves with large notch at the rounded apex ; (2) small 5-parted flowers about i/4 inch across on slender stalks at leaf bases; and (3) oblong red fleshy fruits 1/2-% inch long. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, with horizontal branches, hairless throughout. Bark gray, smooth to slightly fissured. Twigs brown, with raised dots (lenticels), ending in pointed bud 14, inch long formed by stipules. Leaves alternate, mostly on short side twigs. Stipule a pointed scale fm inch long inserted above base of slender leafstalk i/4-% inch long and often persistent on twig back of leaves. Blades lMi-4 inches long, and 1-2 14 inches wide, with large notch at rounded apex, short- pointed at base, slightly thickened and turned under at edges, the upper surface shiny dark green, with network of veins when dry, the lower surface dull, paler and slightly rusty Erythroxylum rufum Cav. tinged, often with 2 faint lines parallel with midvein. Flowers few or 1 at leaf bases and back of leaves have slender stalks V-^-^A inch long slightly thickened above, 5-toothed calyx Vie inch long, 5 spreading petals %6 inch long, 10 stamens united into a tube toward base, and pistil with 3-celled ovary and 3 styles. The fruit (drupe) has calyx at base, thin pulp, and 1 seed. Collected with fruits in June and July. Rare in moist limestone forest from Vega Baja west and western lower Cordillera forest to 2,500 feet altitude in western Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Guajataca, Maricao, Su- sua. Range. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela and Guyana in northern South America. Other common names. — papelillo, topillo (Dominican Republic) ; miel de pajarito (Vene- zuela). 316 392. Erythroxyhun nifum Cav. Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower left), natural size. 317 COCA FAMILY (ERYTHROXYLACEAE) 393. Erythroxylum urbanii O. E. Schulz A shrub or small tree of limestone hills of northern and western Puerto Rico, identified by: (1) small obovate or elliptic, thick and stiff" leaves ''/4,-l% inches long and %-l inch wide, notched at apex, in 2 rows on twigs, which also are in 2 rows; (2) small whitish 5-parted flow- ers %6 inch across, single or few and almost stalkless at leaf bases; and (3) oblong orange- red fleshy fruits % inch long. Evergreen shrub or sometimes a small tree to 20 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Bark gray, becoming fis- sured. The inner bark is light pink and slightly bitter. Twigs both long and short, the short twigs roughened by crowded persistent stipules. Leaves alternate in 2 rows but also crowded on short side twigs. Stipule a pointed scale Vi •> inch long ending in 2 bristles, inserted above base of the leafstalk Vig-Ys inch long and often persistent. The blades are short-pointed at base, thick and stiff", slightly bent up at midvein and turned under at edges, the upper surface slightly green, with network of veins when dry, and the lower surface dull light green. The flowers on stalks Yxq inch long are com- posed of greenish 5-toothed calyx, 5 spreading white petals Vs inch long with 2 lobes (ligules) near middle of inner side, 10 stamens united into a tube toward base, and pistil with ovary and 3 short styles. The fruit (drupe) has calyx at base, juicy orange pulp and 1 oblong yellow- ish seed 14 inch long. With flowers in spring and summer and with fruits in August. The wood is light brown and hard. Uncommon and local in moist limestone and western lower Cordillera forests at 300-2,500 feet altitude in northern and western Puerto Rico. Discovered near Manati and collected afterwards near Vega Baja. Public forests. — Guajataca, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susiia. Range. — Puerto Rico and Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic) . The specific name honors Ignatz Urban (1848-1931), German botanist and author of a flora of Puerto Rico and similar volumes on other islands of the West Indies. CALTROP FAMILY (ZYGOPHYLLACEAE) Mostly shrubs, also herbs and few trees, known by: (1) twigs with rings at enlarged nodes; (2) opposite even pinnate leaves, the leaflets asymmetrical with unequal sides, en- tire, often leathery, with paired stipules; (3) flowers solitary or few, bisexual, regular, gen- erally with 5 sepals and 5 yellow or blue petals. usually with disk, 5-10 (15) stamens often with scales at base, and pistil composed of superior 4-5 celled ovary usually angled or winged, with 2 to many ovules in each cell, and style ; and (4) fruit usually an angled or winged capsule with few seeds. Vol. 1, p. 212. Key to species (Nos. 93-94) A. Leaflets mostly 4, sometimes 6; fruits mostly flattened, heart-shaped at apex — 93. Guayacan, common lig- numvitae, Guaiaciim officinale L. A A. Leaflets mostly 6-10; fruits deeply 5- or 4-angled or winged, pointed at apex — 94. Guayacan bianco, holywood i lig^umvitae, Guaiacum sanctum L. 318 393 Erythroxylum urbanii O. E. Schulz Twig with flowers and immature fruits (left), flowering twig (upper right), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size. 319 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) Shrubs and trees, rarely herbs, known by: ally with 5-4 sepals and 5-4 petals, 8-10 (3 to (1) leaves, fruits, and bark aromatic with pun- many) stamens, generally 1 pistil on a disk with gent citrus odor; (2) leaves simple, pinnate, or superior deeply lobed ovary usually 5-4-celled digitate, with gland dots, generally hairless, with 1 or more ovules in each cell, and 5-1 without stipules; (3) flowers usually regular, styles; and (4) fruit generally a capsule or mostly white or greenish, small to large and berry, sometimes a drupe, follicle, or winged showy, commonly bisexual, sometimes male and (samara). Also vol. 1, p. 216. female on different plants (dioecious), gener- Key to species A. Leaves opposite. B. Leaves simple, stalkless, elliptic to ovate, short-pointed, 2-6 inches long — 401. Ravenia urbanii. BB. Leaves compound with usually 3 long-pointed leaflets or pinnate with .5 or 7 — Amyris. C. Leaflets mostly 3; fruit round, % inch long; hairless or nearly so; widely distributed — 95. Tea, sea amyris, Amyris elemifera L. CC. Leaflets 3-7; fruit elliptic, %-V2 inch long; stiff hairs on flower clusters, calyx, and ovary; very rare — 394. Amyris bnlsamifera. AA. Leaves alternate. D. Leaves simple. E. Leaves with margin not toothed, sometimes slightly wavy, petiole not jointed with blade; flowers and fruit very small, about 14(1 inch long — 103. Palo rubio, yellow-prickle, yellow prickly-ash, Zan- thoxylum monophylluvi (Lam.) P.Wilson. EE. Leaves with many rounded teeth on margin, petiole usually jointed with blade; flowers very large, white; fruit a rounded or elliptic juicy berry (citrus) — Citrus. F. Leaves small, mostly l%-3 inches long; fruit less than 2^/^ inches long. G. Petioles %-% inch long, not winged; fruit deep orange or reddish orange, rounded but much flattened, 2-3 inches in diameter, with thin loose peel (mandarin orange) — 397. Citrus reticulata.* GG. Petioles %-% inch long, narrowly winged; fruit elliptic, green, yellow, or orange, Wz-IV^ inches long (lime) — 96. Limon agrio, lime. Citrus aurantifolia (L.) Swingle.* F'F. Leaves and fruit larger. H. Petiole wingless or narrowly winged. L Petiole wingless or nearly so. J. Petiole less than M inch long; fruit oblong or elliptic, yellowish or greenish, with very thick whitish peel and small bitter pulp (citron) — 396. Citrus medica.* JJ. Petiole almost wingless, %-% inch long; fruit elliptic, blunt-pointed or tubercled at both ends, the surface often rough and wrinkled, yellow (lemon) — 98. Limon de cabro, lemon. Citrus limon (L.) Bui-m. f.* II. Petiole narrowly winged, %-% inch long; fruit round, smooth, orange (sweet orange) — 100. China, sweet orange. Citrus sinensis Osbeck.* HH. Petiole broadly winged. K. Leaves mostly long-pointed at apex; fruit round, roughened, orange, bitter, inedible (sour orange) — 97. Naranja agria, sour orange. Citrus aiirantium, L.* KK. Leaves rounded at both ends (or blunt-pointed at apex) ; fruit round, smooth, large. L. Petiole elliptic; fruit 3%-5 inches in diameter (grapefruit) — 99. Toronja, grape- fruit, Citrus paradisi Macfadyen.* LL. Petiole heart-shaped; fruit 5-6 inches in diameter, round or slightly pear- shaped, with thick peel (pummelo) — 395. Cit'rus grartdis.* DD. Leaves compound. M. Leaves palmately compound (digitate) with usually 3 leaflets. N. Leaflets 3, ovate, %-l% inches long, with finely wavy edges and slightly notched or rounded at apex — 402. Triphasia trifolia.* NN. Leaflets usually 3 (1-5), large, elliptic, 2-6 inches long, turned under at edges — 400. Pilocarpus racemosus. MM. Leaves pinnate (leaflets only 2 in No. 403 and sometimes in No. 405). 0. Leaflets 3-9, elliptic to obovate, %-l% inches long, finely wavy toothed; fruit (berry) elliptic or egg-shaped, %-% inch long, shiny red — 399. Murraya paniculate.* 00. Leaflets mostly 7 to many, sometimes only 3 or 2; fruit a dry blackish capsule — Zanthoxybim. P. Spines none; leaflets mostly 5-9, elliptic, 1-3 inches long— 101. Aceitillo, yellow-sanders, yellowheart, Zanthoxylum, flavum Vahl. PP. Spines on twigs and leaves. Q. Leaves very small with mostly 3-7 narrow leaflets %-% inch long on winged axis; twigs very slender, widely forking, with paired spines at nodes — 406. Zanthoxybim spinifex. 320 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) QQ. Leaves and leaflets larger on axis not winged; twigs mostly stout. R. Leaflets 2, obovate or spoon-shaped, stiffs and thick, turned under at edges, with usually a spine at apex of petiole — 403. Zanihoxyluni hifoUolatiini. RR. Leaflets ?> or more (sometimes 2 in No. 405). S. Leaflets less than 1 inch long, 5-9, ovate or rounded — 407. Zavthoxylmn thomasiavum. SS. Leaflets more than 1 inch long. T. Leaflets bordered with coarse wavy teeth, 7-13, elliptic — 404. Zanthoxy- lum jjunctdtum, TT. Leaflets bordered with minute wavy teeth. U. Leaflets elliptic or obovate, 2-7, commonly 3 — 405. Zavthoxyluni puvctnium. UU. Leaflets oblong to lance-shaped, 7-19 — 102. Espino rubial, white- prickle, Martinique prickly-ash, Zavthoxyliim mnrtinicense (Lam.) DC. 394. Teiila, balsam amyris Amyris bnlsamifera L. This aromatic shrub or small tree is related to the common species No. 95, tea, sea amyris, Amyris elemifera L., and has been reported from near Guanica, though not found by the authors. Main differences are the fruits slightly larger, elliptic, and often tapering into narrow base instead of round and the ovary densely hairy instead of hairless. Distinguishing char- acteristics include: (1) opposite compound leaves with mostly 3, sometimes 5 or 7, ovate leaflets li/o-S inches long and V2-2 inches wide, long-pointed at apex and short-pointed or rounded at base, hairless, with many gland dots and aromatic when crushed; (2) many small whitish flowers with minute 4-lobed bristly hairy calyx, 4 spreading petals Yi « inch across, 8 stamens, and pistil with stiff hairs on ovary and broad stigma; and (3) many black fruits (drupes) elliptic, y4,-% inch long, often taper- ing into narrow base. The resinous wood has served elsewhere for torches and production of amyris oil. Range. — Southern Florida, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (?), Colom- bia, and Venezuela. Other common names. — guaconejo, palo de teja (Dominican Republic) ; cuaba, cuaba blanca, cuaba de monte, cuabilla (Cuba) ; tigua (Venezuela) ; balsam amyris (United States) ; torchwood (Jamaica) ; bois chandelle (Haiti). Specimens of this rare spe- cies are desired to verify the occurrence in Puerto Rico. 395. Pomelo, pummelo Citrus grandis (L. ) Osbeck* This small spiny evergreen tree is related to No. 99, toronja or grapefruit, C. paradisi Mac- fayden,* but has larger smoothish, thick- skinned fruits 5-6V2 inches in diameter or slightly pear-shaped, with the juicy particles large and easily separable, and large rough yel- lowish seeds. The twigs are stout, angular, often hairy. The larger elliptic leaves are 3-6 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, blunt at apex, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base, wavy- toothed on edges, often hairy on veins, the peti- ole 1 inch long, broadly winged, heart-shaped, and hairy. Flowers are very large and showy. with 5 sepals, 5 white petals, 20-25 stamens, and pistil with many-celled ovary. The thick fruit peeling has been used in making marma- lade. Sparingly planted in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and perhaps escaping from cul- tivation. Range. — Native of southeastern Asia and East Indies but widely planted and natural- ized in tropical regions of the world. Other COMMON names. — pomelo, pamplemusa (Span- ish) ; pummelo, shaddock (English) , chadeque, pamplemousse (French). Botanical syno- nym.— Cmaxivia (Burm.) Merr. 321 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) 396. Cidra, citron Citrus medicii L. * Cidra or citron is distinguished from the other citrus fruits by the following characters : (1) large dull green oblong to elliptic leaves with usually rounded apex and short wingless petiole which generally is not jointed with blade; (2) flowers 11/2-!% inches across, with 5 whitish petals curved inward at tip and purplish tinged on outside; and (3) the large oblong or cylindric yellowish or greenish fruit 5-8 inches long and 31/0-6 inches in diameter, blunt-pointed at apex, wrinkled or smooth, with very thick whitish peel or rind IV2-2V2 inches thick and scant or dry bitter pulp. An aromatic evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet in height and 3 inches in trunk diam- eter, with short trunk and long irregular branches. The bark is brown and smoothish, the inner bark light brown and slightly bitter. The green twigs usually have large stout green spines %-li4< inches long, single at nodes. The alternate leaves have petioles Vs-^A inch long and large oblong to elliptic blades 3-7 inches long and 11/4-2 inches wide, the apex sometimes short-pointed or notched, base rounded or short-pointed, borders with many minute rounded teeth, thick and leathery, with numerous gland dots, dull green above and light green beneath. The flowers are short compact terminal or lateral clusters (racemes) or 3-10 or sometimes solitary, some bisexual and some male, the buds purplish tinged. The cuplike light green calyx %c inch long is 5-toothed; the 5 spreading ob- long petals %-li/4 inches long; about 30-40 or more stamens united in lower part into a white tube; and pistil on disk base with green 9-13- celled ovary tapering into the stout yellowish style. The fruit (berry) contains whitish, pointed, elliptic seeds % inch long in a pale yellow pulp. The rind is firm and slightly bitter. Flowering and fruiting irregularly. The wood is light brown and hard and not used in Puerto Rico. The commercial part of the fruit is the thick peel or rind, which is packed in brine for ship- ment and afterwards candied and made into preserves and confections. The Mediterranean region exports quantities of the rind to the United States and other countries. Citron is more sensitive to cold than related species. The flowers of this and other species of citrus pro- duce nectar in quanti. > and are an important source of honey. Citron is grown locally in plantations in Puerto Rico, chiefly near the coast and in the central mountains but is uncommon. Also in St. Croix. Range. — Native home uncertain, possibly Arabia, India, or China. Widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions, including Florida and West Indies, and from Mexico and Guatemala to Peru and Argentina. Other common names. — cidra (Spanish) ; cedro limon, cidrero (Mexico) ; toronja (EI Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica) ; zamboa, cidro (Colombia) ; limon cedra (Peru) ; citron (United States, English) ; citron, citronnier (French) ; cedrat (Guadeloupe) ; bois de citronnier, cidreira (French Guiana) ; citroen (Dutch Antilles). 322 396. Cidra, citron Citrus uu-dica L.' Flowering twig (above), fruit (below), natural size. 323 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) 397. Mandarina., mandarin orange Mandarina or mandarin orange, known also as tangerine is recognized by its aromatic fruit and foliage and is distinguished from other citrus trees by: (1) elliptic to lance-shaped leaves varying from rounded to pointed at both ends, and petiole narrowly margined but not winged; (2) fragrant small white flowers %-! inch across; and (3) the fruit, which is deep orange or reddish orange, rounded but much flattened and sunken at base and apex, 2-3 inches in diameter, with thin skin loose and easily removed, and hollow core of orange or reddish, sweetish acid flesh easily separated into fibrous-walled sections. A small evergreen tree 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is brown and smoothish, the inner bark pale greenish and yellowish, and bitter. The slender green twigs, angled when young, are spiny or spine- less. Leaves alternate with petioles Vi-'Vii inch long. The blade is 1V2-4 inches long and %-l% inches wide, jointed to petiole, with many mi- nute rounded teeth at edges, slightly leathery and with numerous tiny gland dots, dark green and dull or slightly shiny above and beneath paler. The apex is long-pointed in one variety. There are 1-4 flowers terminal or at leaf base. The calyx is Vg inch long and has 5 Citrus reticulata Blanco* pointed lobes turned back; the 5 white petals I are about % inch long ; about 20 stamens united I \ at base; and pistil with 8-15-celled ovary, long style, and rounded stigma. The distinctive fruit of mandarin orange or tangerine is composed of 8-15 sections and has the pulp walls more fibrous than in other spe- cies. The many whitish pointed seeds are about ■Ji 0 inch long, not noticeably flattened. Flower- ing in spring and maturing fruits in winter. The whitish hard wood is not used. A few races of this species occasionally are planted as fruit trees through the moist areas of Puerto Rico. Classed also as an ornamental of graceful form and fine foliage in southern Florida. Range. — Native of Philippines and south- eastern Asia. Widely planted in tropical and subtropical regions, including subtropical United States and West Indies south to Peru and Bolivia. Other common names. — mandarina (Span- ish) ; naranja mandarina (Dominican Repub- lic) ; mandarin orange, tangerine, king orange (United States, English) ; mandarine (French) ; mandarijn (Dutch West Indies). Botanical synonym. — Citrus nobilis An- drews not Lour., C. noBilis var. deliciosa (Te- nore) Swingle. 324 397. Mandarina, mandarin orange Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size. Citrus reticulata Blanco" 325 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) 398. Kunquat, kumquat Kumquat, a relative of the citrus fruits, is sometimes planted in Puerto Rico for its smaller edible fruits and for ornament. Its dis- tinguishing characters are : (1) leaves lanceo- late, 11/2-31^ inches long and V2-IV4, inches wide, blunt or short-pointed at both ends, with many minute rounded teeth at edges, slightly thickened, and shiny dark green with gland dots, with petiole jointed to blade; (2) small aromatic flowers mostly solitary at leaf bases, % inch across the 5 spreading white petals; and (3) fruit the edible kumquat, egg-shaped or oblong, 114-iyi, inches long and Vi.-lVf} inches broad, yellow or yellow orange, with edible peel. An evergreen aromatic bushy shrub or small tree to 15 feet high with compact crown of the same width. Twigs green, angled, hairless, with minute gland dots, mostly without spines. The alternate hairless leaves have stout peti- oles 1/4-% inch long, nearly round. Blades have inconspicuous veins and are dull light green on lower surface. Flowers are solitary or few at leaf bases on stalks of about 14 inch and develop from angu- lar buds. The calyx is minute, with 5 teeth; corolla of 5 narrow white petals less than 1/2 inch long; 16 or 20 stamens in bundles; and on a disk the pistil with rounded usually 4-5-celled ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, short persistent style, and elliptic stigma. The fruit (berry or hesperidium) known as kumquat resembles a small orange or lemon, covered with gland dots, composed of light yel- low wall about V8 irich thick, mostly 4-5 cells with juicy yellow pulp. Seeds usually 1 in each cell, elliptic, whitish, % inch long. The entire fruit except the seeds is edible, the outer rind or wall being slightly spicy from Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle the aromatic oil, the whitish inner rind sweet- | ish, and the pulp sour like a lemon. Also, mar- malade and jelly are prepared from the fruit. Uncommon as a cultivated fruit tree and: ornamental in Puerto Rico. The plants can be trimmed as hedges. Range. — Known only in cultivation but ap- parently native in southeastern China. Planted in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including southern border of United States. Other common names. — kumquat largo (Puerto Rico) ; oval kumquat, nagami kumquat (United States). Kumquats are grown across the southern border of continental United States from Florida to California. The plants are hardier than most fruits and can be grown farther north, also as potted plants. Sprays of twigs with both leaves and fruits are sold for holiday decorations. Two other species of kumquat have been planted occasionally in Puerto Rico and else- where in tropical and subtropical regions. Round kumquat or kumquat redondo, Fortu- nella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle,* known also as marumi kumquat, has round fruits %-l inch in diameter with milder tasting peel, spines often solitary at leaf base, smaller leaves about 1-2 inches long, and smaller seeds. It also is known only in cultivation but apparently is native in southern China. Hongkong kumquat, Fortunella hiyidsii (Champ.) Swingle,* or kun- quat de Hongkong, has smaller fruits about %-% inch in diameter, brillant scarlet orange when ripe, with 3-4 cells, spiny twigs, and el- liptic leaves. It is native of Hongkong and ad- jacent China. 326 398. Kunquat, kumquat Fortundla margarita (Lour.) Swingle* Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size. 327 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) 399. Mirto, orange-jessamine Mirto or orange-jessamine is a handsome ornamental shrub common as a hedge and some- times reaching tree size. It is recognized by: (1) small shiny dark green pinnate leaves l'/^-^ inches long, with 3-9 elliptic to obovate leaffets finely wavy margined, with minute gland dots, with spicy citrus taste and odor when crushed ; (2) fragrant white flowers % inch across the 5 narrow curved petals, few and opening singly; and (3) showy shiny red fruits, elliptic or egg-shaped, %-V2 inch long. Evergreen planted shrub in hedges 5-10 feet high or becoming a small tree to 25 feet high and 5 inches in trunk diameter, with spreading dense crown. The bark is gray, becoming fis- sured, rough, and shreddy. Inner bark is light brown and almost tasteless. Twigs are slender, green and finely hairy when young, afterwards light gray and finely fissured. The alternate leaves are erect and stiff, pin- nate, having a slender green, finely hairy axis %-3 inches long and 3-9 alternate leaflets. The leaflets on slender stalks Mg-Vs inch long are i/o-l^i inches long and ^4.-% inch wide, el- liptic to obovate and often broadest beyond middle, blunt or sometimes notched at apex, long-pointed at base, and finely wavy mar- gined, slightly thick and stiff, becoming hair- less or nearly so. The upper surface is shiny dark green, and the lower surface dull light green. Flowers are few in clusters (corymbs) at or near ends of twigs on slender stalks less than 14. inch long. The calyx is composed of 5 pointed green sepals Vic. inch long, minutely hairy; petals 5, V2-% inch long, oblong, curved out and downward; stamens mostly 10, separate and of unequal length ; and on a disk the slender pistil with 2-celled ovary, long style, and dot stigma. The few red fruits (berries) clustered at ends of twigs stand out in the dark green fo- Murraya paniculata ( L. ) JackV liage. The surface is shiny and has many minut gland dots. Within the watery bitter red pub are 1-2 elliptic light green seeds 14.-% ina, long. Flowering irregularly through the yeair The wood is described as light yellow wit. light brown heartwood, hard, heavy, fine-tex» tured, and good for turned articles. This species has vigorous root growth ann could serve as a stock for citrus fruits. Else^ where the roots and barks have been used i:. home remedies. Propagated from seeds ane cuttings. Public forest. — Susua. Mirto is grown in Puerto Rico and the Virgi Islands mainly as a hedge and ornamental i;i gardens and is an uncommon escape from culti; vation. It is most common in the southwest oj Puerto Rico and found also in St. Croix, Slii Thomas, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. Plante through the West Indies and from Mexico 1 1 Brazil and becoming naturalized. Introduce as an ornamental in Florida and southern Ari zona and raised in greenhouses northward. Range. — Southeastern Asia from India 1 1 China, Australia, Philippines, and Melanesia:! islands. Other common names. — mirto, cafe de 1 . India (Puerto Rico) ; mirto (Spanish) ; azaha de jardin (Dominican Republic) ; murayt, muralera, boj de Persia, jazmin frances, jazmi 1 de Persia (Cuba) ; limonaria (Guatemala, El Salvador) ; limoncillo (Guatemala) ; jazmin d: Arabia (El Salvador) ; azahar (Colombia) ; orange-jessamine (United States) ; China-boj, mockorange (Jamaica) ; bun (Haiti) ; dogwoo I (St. Barts) ; boxwood (Dutch Antilles); S'. Patrick bush (Virgin Islands). Botanical synonyms. — Chalcas exotic i (L.) Millsp., C. panicidata L., Murraya exotica L. The generic name has been spelled also Mm ■ raea. ; 328 399. Mirto, orange-jessamine Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack* Twig with flowers and fruits (above), fruiting twig (lower left), natural size. 329 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) 400. Aceitillo Pilocarpus racemosus L. . This odd rare shrub or small tree of the moist limestone forest is recognized by: (1) large palmately compound leaves with usually 3 (1-5) elliptic leaflets, with minute gland dots and aromatic; (2) many dark red 5-parted starlike flowers Vi inch across on red stalks along an erect axis 6-14 inches long; and (3) the fruits from a flower are 1-3 dark brown rounded podlike parts nearly i/o inch long, each 1-seeded. Evergreen shrub or sometimes a small tree to 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, with few branches and stout green twigs, hair- less throughout. The bark is gray and smooth, the inner bark whitish and tasteless. The leaves are alternate and palmately com- pound (sometimes pinnate) with usually 3 (1-5) leaflets on stalks about Vs inch long at end of petiole of 1-3 inches. Leaflet blades are 2-6 inches long and 1-3V2 inches wide, notched at apex and rounded or short-pointed at base, slightly thick and leathery, turned under at edges, with many minute gland dots, the upper surface shiny dark green and the lower surface dull yellow green. The flower clusters (racemes) have a slender terminal erect brownish axis and many flowers on slender horizontal red stalks %-% inch long. The flowers consist of 5-lobed calyx less than YiQ inch long; starlike dark red corolla of 5 widely spreading pointed petals more than Vii incTi long; 5 stamens ; and on a disk the pistil with broad 5-celled ovary and short style. The 1-3 podlike fruits (follicles) maturing from a flower split open on 1 side. The seed is rounded and flattened, about l^ inch long, and black. Flowering and fruiting intermittently. The sapwood is light brown and hard. The alkaloid pilocarpine, used in medicine, has been obtained from the dried leaflets of sev- eral species of this genus. Leaflets of this spe- cies were known as Guadeloupe jaborandi. Rare in moist limestone forests at 200-60C feet altitude in northwestern Puerto Rico, col- lected near Aguada and Aguadilla and at Gua- jataca Forest. Also Culebra, Vieques, and St John. PuLic FOREST. — Guajataca. Range. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico Culebra, Vieques, St. John, Montserrat, Guade- loupe, and Martinique. Also from southerr Mexico to Costa Rica. Recorded from Arubt and Curacao. Other common names. — cortes (El Salva dor) ; bois blanc, flambeau caraibe (Guade loupe) ; flamboir noir, bois flambeau (Marti nique) ; burachi, palu cayente (Aruba, Cura cao). Botanical synonym. — Pilocarpus longipei Rose. 330 400. Aceitillo Pilocarpus raceuiosus L. Leaf (above), flowers and fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 331 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) 401. Tortugo prieto Ravenia urbanii Englert This small tree known only from eastern mountains of Puerto Rico is recognized by : (1) the opposite, stalkless, elliptic to ovate, short-pointed, leathery, dark green leaves 2-6 inches long and 1-3 1/2 inches wide, with many minute gland dots; and (2) the few showy crimson tubular flowers 1 inch long and broad at the base of a leaf, the corolla unequally 5- lobed. An evergreen tree 25 feet high (rarely 40 feet) and 5 inches or more in trunk diameter, with a narrow crown. The bark is smoothish, dark gray, and thin, with whitish tasteless in- ner bark. The young twigs are slightly flattened and 2-angled, broadest just below leaves. The opposite leaves are broad and rounded at base, not toothed on edges, hairless, paler beneath. Flower clusters are lateral or terminal, bear- ing 1-7 flowers nearly stalkless or on a stalk about 1 inch long. Sepals 5, 2 long and 3 short, Vs-Mi inch long; the crimson tubular corolla with 5 unequal lobes, with minute gland dots; stamens 4, attached to the corolla tube, only the lower 2 fertile; and pistil of ovary with 4 or 5: lobes and cells, slender style, and 4-5-lobedi stigma. The dry brown fruit about % inch longk and broad is composed of 5 podlike parts (folli- cles), each with 1 or 2 seeds more than i/g inch' long and splitting open. In flower and fruit' throughout the year. The sapwood is whitish, hard, and heavy (specific gravity 0.9). Chief local uses of thei wood are for posts and fuel. This handsome tree is being tested as a, promising ornamental for its dark green foliagei and few red flowers. , Rare in upper Luquillo and upper Cordillerai forest regions at 1,500-3,000 feet altitude inn eastern Puerto Rico. j Public forests. — Carite, Luquillo. Range. — Known only from mountains of eastern Puerto Rico. Dedicated to Ignatz Urban (1848-1931), German botanist and authority on West Indian plants. 332 :\_ -— _ <-^ ^ \:^ m ^v^-'^'^yy^ \, '■[^ • ■ /- v^^ N /^' ^-^ ■\A ■■■} 401. Tortugo prieto Ravenia nrbanii Engler Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size. 333 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) 402. Chinita, sweet-lime, limeberry This introduced shrub or rarely a small tree is closely related to the citrus fruits. It is recog- nized by: (1) paired slender spines 14-% inch long at nodes of the finely hairy greenish twigs ; (2) leaves 1-2 inches long, composed of 3 ovate shiny dark green leaflets with finely wavy edges and many gland dots, aromatic when crushed; (3) fragrant cup-shaped flowers with 3 white petals % inch long, 3 or fewer at leaf bases; and (4) elliptic reddish fruits V-i-Vv, iiich long with thick skin and mucilaginous spicy pulp. Evergreen shrub 6-10 feet high or rarely a small tree to 15 feet. Leaves alternate, hairless, with slender petiole i/s inch long and 3 leaflets on very s?iort stalks, the middle leaflet about twice as large as the others. Leaflet blades V2- V/2 inches long and %-l inch wide, slightly notched or rounded at apex, short-pointed at base, slightly thickened, with numerous gland dots plainer on the light green lower surface. Foliage compact, often drooping. The short-stalked gland-dotted flowers are composed of 3-toothed hairy green calyx I'l,; inch long; corolla of 3 (sometimes 4) spreading narrow white petals % inch long ; 6 stamens on a disk; and pistil with elliptic 3-celled ovary, long style, and rounded stigma. Berries aro- matic, gland-dotted, with calyx at base, contain- Triphnsia trifolia (Burm. f . ) P. Wils.* ing usually 1 seed about l^ inch long in the sticky pulp. Flowering and fruiting irregularly through the year. The plants are grown as ornamental shrubs ^ and in hedges. The mucilaginous juicy fruits are edible and have been used in making mar- malade and jam. A honey plant. Popular as ai landscape shrub in southern Florida. Propa- gated by seeds and cuttings. Planted and naturalized in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. Recorded from Vieques, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola. Public forest and park. — Estate Thomas; Virgin Islands. Range. — Native of southeastern Asia or East Indies. Widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions. Planted in southern continental United States from Florida to Texas and recorded as naturalized but injured by severe frosts. Other common names. — china de Bakon, limon de Jerusalen, china forastera, limoncitc (Puerto Rico) ; limoncillo (Spanish) ; lime- berry; sweet-lime (English) ; bergamot-lime, trifoliate limeberry, (United States) ; sweet- lemon (St. Barts) ; myrtle lemon, lamoentsj: die Surinaam, lamoentsj i sjimaron (Dutch Antilles) ; naranjita de pegar (Dominican Re- public). 834 402. Chinita, sweet-lime, limeberry Triphasiatrifolia (Burm.f.) P. Wils.- Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size. 335 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) 403. Zanthoxylum bifoliolatitm Leonard This rare shrub or small tree of the western mountains in Puerto Rico is distinguished by: (1) scattered slender sharp spines to 14. inch long on the twigs; (2) compound leaves with only 2 obovate or spoon-shaped leaflets, stiff and thick, and usually a spine at apex of petiole ; (3) many or few small flowers %,-, inch wide clustered at leaf bases; and (4) round black pods %(; inch wide, 1 or 2 from a flower, 1- seeded. Evergreen shrub 5-8 feet high or sometimes a small tree to 25 feet in height and 4 inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Bark gray, fissured. Twigs slender with straight spines. Leaves alternate, compound, 1-2 inches long, with slender petiole V8-% inch long and 2 blades, sometimes only 1, stalkless or nearly so. Blades obovate or spoon-shaped, '-yi-lV-i inches long and %-lV8 inches wide (to 4 by 2 inches in Hispaniola), slightly notched at rounded apex, short-pointed at base, turned under at edges, with minute gland dots, the upper sur- face shiny green with sunken midvein and many prominent parallel side veins, and the lower surface light green and slightly shiny with raised veins. Flowers are male and female in different clusters, short-stalked at leaf bases, apparently on different trees (dioecious). Male flowers have 3-4 minute sepals, 3-4 petals more than y,,; inch long, 3-4 stamens % inch long, and minute nonfunctioning pistil. Female flowers have 3 sepals, 3 petals, and on a disk 2 united pistils less than Yi,-, inch long, each with rounded ovary, short style, and dot stigma. Each pod (follicle) splits open on 1 side and contains 1 shiny black seed % inch in diameter. With flowers and fruits in summer and autumn. Wood light brown, hard. Rare in upper Cordillera forest at 2,000- 2,500 feet altitude in western Puerto Rico. Public forest. — Maricao. Range. — Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Renu Hic) ana ruc;rto Rico. This species was discovered in the Dominican Republic in 1922 and was named in 1924. In Puerto Rico it was first collected by the Forest Service in 1938. 336 403. Zanthoxyliim bifoUolatum Leonard Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower right), natural size. 337 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) 404. Egpino rubial Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam. This spiny tree is characterized by: (1) sharp very stout brown spines Vn-% inch long with broad conical base, on trunk and branches ; (2) pinnate leaves with 7-13 elliptic leaflets bordered with wavy teeth, with minute gland dots, and with disagreeable odor when crushed ; (3) many small greenish white flowers ■}],-, inch broad in branched clusters; and (4) the podlike dark gray fruits about 14, inch long, 5-1 from a flower, each opening by 1 line to release 1 seed. Small to medium-sized tree 60 feet high and 10 inches in trunk diameter in Puerto Rico, elsewhere a large tree to 70 feet high and li/_) feet in trunk diameter, often branched from base, with spreading or rounded crown, per- haps deciduous in dry areas. The spiny trunk has gray bark, smooth to rough and thick. In- ner bark is light brown and bitter. The stout hairless twigs are green when young, after- wards gray. The alternate leaves with light green axis are mostly 8-10 inches long. The leaflets have short stalks about Va inch long. Blades are 11/4.-4 inches long and "54-2 inches wide, slightly thick and leathery, hairless, short-pointed or rounded at both ends, the borders with wavy teeth and turned under, the upper surface green to dark green and slightly shiny, and the lower surface dull and paler. The flower clusters (panicles) are terminal and lateral, 3-6 inches long, with corky thickened branches. The small flowers are com- posed of 5 rounded sepals less than v, ,; inch long, 5 white petals about inch long, 5 stamens, and 5-1 pistils (carpels) with 1-celled ovary and stigma. The fruits (follicles) are 5-1 from a flower, each with short stalk and 1 shiny rounded blackish seed % c, inch long. With flow- ers and fruits from spring to fall. The thick sapwood is lustrous yellow and the heartwood dark brown. The wood has a bitter taste and characteristic odor and is moderately lightweight. It is strong, easy to work, takes a good polish, does not split under exposure, but is not resistant to insects. Suitable uses are veneer, cabinetmaking, and general construc- tion. Elsewhere it is reported that the bark and twigs of this and related species are chewed as a remedy for toothache. Uncommon in moist limestone forest of Puerto Rico at 100-600 feet altitude. Public forests. — Cambalache, Guajataca, Rio Abajo. Range. — Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Domi- nica, Martinique, and Barbados. Also from Mex- ico to British Honduras, Guatemala, and Hon- duras and in northern South America from Colombia to Ecuador, Venezuela, and Guyana. Other common names. — zorillo, sinanche (Mexico) ; duerme-lingua, cedrillo (Hon- duras) ; amamor, mapurito prieto, tachuelo (Co- lombia) ; mapurite, mapurite bianco, mapurite negro, cenizo, bosu (Venezuela) ; white Her- cules, harkis (Barbados) ; prickly-yellow (Brit- ish Honduras) ; I'epineux blanc, bois chandelle blanc (Guadeloupe, Martinique). Botanical synonym. — Fagara caribaea (Lam.) Krug& Urban. 338 404. Espino i-ubial Zanthoxyhim caribaein}i La.m. Female flowers (upper left) , twig with fruits (upper right) , twig with male flowers (below) , two-thirds natural size. 339 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) 405. Alfiler Zanthoxylum ptinclatum Vahl An uncommon shrub, sometimes a small tree, identified by: (1) straight slender brown spines or prickles of Vs inch usually present on petioles, leaf axes, and midvein of lower leaflet surfaces; (2) leaves pinnate, with 2-7, com- monly 3 (rarely 9-19) leaflets, paired except at end, elliptic or obovate, aromatic, with minute gland dots and spicy taste; (3) small 3-parted flowers fu; inch broad, few at leaf base; and (4) fruits 2 or 1 from a flower, rounded, %o inch long, podlike, 1-seeded. Deciduous shrub or rarely a small tree 20 feet or more in height. Bark gray, fissured, with stout spines. The alternate leaves are about lVo-6 inches long, odd pinnate, hairless, with slender peti- oles V2-IV2 inches long and grooved. Leaflets are paired except at end (sometimes without end leaflet), •yi-3 inches long and %-l^/4 inches broad, almost stalkless, the apex notched, rounded, or pointed, the base short-pointed, and the margin straight or minutely wavy, shiny green on upper surface, and dull light green with gland dots on lower surface. Leaves on flowering twigs usually without spines. Flowers several at leaf bases or terminal, on stalks Ym inch long, male and female appar- ently on different plants (dioecious), •%,; inch broad, with 3 minute sepals and 3 white or yellowish petals less than i/a inch long. Male flowers have 3 stamens. Female flowers have 2 pistils partly united at base, each with ovary, style, and stigma. The 2 gray fruits (follicles) partly united split open on 1 side. Seeds are rounded, shiny black, about Vs inch long. Flow- ering and fruiting from spring to fall. This and related species have been used else- where in home remedies for toothache, hence the common name toothache-tree. Uncommon and local in lower and upper Cordillera forests from sea level to 2,000 feet altitude in western and southwestern Puerto Rico. Also Mona and St. Croix. Public forests. — Maricao, Susiia. Range. — Jamaica, Hispaniola, Mona, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and Lesser Antilles from St. Martin to Barbados and Trinidad and Vene- zuela. Other common names. — toothache-tree (Jamaica) ; I'epineux (French) ; I'epineux rouge, bois flambeau, bois d'Inde marron (Guadeloupe) ; bois flambeau noir I'epineux (Martinique). Botanical synonyms. — Fagara trifoliata Sw., Zanthoxylum trifoliatum (Sw.) W. Wright, not L. 340 Zanthoxylum pane fat urn Vahl Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (below), natural size. 341 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) 406. Niaragato This rare very spiny shrub or small tree of dry areas is easily recognized by: (1) many very slender straight sharp spines lic-Vi inch long, paired at leaf bases and on nodes along very slender twigs; (2) the green to gray twigs very slender, zigzag, and widely forking; (3) many crowded very small light green pinnate leaves V-2-IV2 inches long, composed of 3-7 (rarely to 11) narrow leaflets, paired at end, and broad or winged axis, aromatic, with mi- nute gland dots and spicy taste; (4) small 4- parted yellow flowers i/a inch broad at leaf base; and (5) fruits 2 or 1 from a flower, rounded, blackish, more than V« inch long, pod- like, 1-seeded. Deciduous shrub or rarely a small tree 15 feet high with several stems to 3 inches in diameter, and widely spreading flat-topped crown of very thin foliage, hairless throughout. Bark light brown, smoothish, slightly fissured, with spines sometimes persistent. Inner bark yellowish, with thin greenish outer layer, bitter. Twigs very slender, zigzag, widely forking, minutely hairy when young, green becoming gray and finely fissured. The leaves are alternate and only Y^-Y^ inch apart, odd pinnate, hairless or nearly so. At the base of each leaf are paired brown spines (stip- ules), very slender, sharp, Yic-Y-i, inch long and widely forking, remaining on the branches. The petiole Vi-% inch long and the axis are winged and about Yn\ inch wide. The leaflets are paired except at end, stalkless or nearly so, Yn-Y2 inch long and Vid-'/in inch wide, rounded or blunt at both ends, not toothed on edges, thin, Zanthoxyliim spinifex (Jacq. ) DC. the side veins inconspicuous, slightly shiny above and dull beneath, with 2 minute light brown glands at base. Flowers several, sometimes only 1, at leaf bases, almost stalkless, male and female appar- ently on different plants (dioecious), Va inch broad, with 4 minute greenish sepals and 4 yellow petals Y\<\ inch long. Male flowers have 4 stamens Yv, inch long. Female flowers have 2 pistils, each with rounded ovary, slender style, and united stigma. The fruits (follicles) have style at apex and split open on 1 side. Each has 1 shiny black rounded seed nearly Vs inch long. Collected in flower in July and with fruits in August. Sapwood light brown, hard. Rare and local in dry coastal thickets and forests from sea level to 100 feet altitude from Coamo to Guanica in southwestern Puerto Rico. Also, St. Croix and Buck Island and St. Thomas and its Buck Island. Public forest and park. — Guanica; Buck Island Reef. Range. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, Lesser Antilles from Anguilla, St. Martin, and St. Barts to St. Lucia and Bar- bados, and Venezuela. Other common names. — una de gato (Do- minican Republic) ; fingle-me-go, fingrigo (Barbados) ; I'epineaux (St. Barts) ; bois chandelle, bois I'epineaux blanc, bois a piano, bois blanc a flambeau (Guadeloupe) ; bois flambeaux ( Martinique ) . Botanical synonym. — Fagara spinifex Jacq. 342 406. Niaragato ZantJwxylum sphiifex (Jacq.) DC. Fruiting twig (at left), twig with female flowers (upper right), twig with male flowers (lower right), natural size. 343 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) 407. Zanthoxylum thomasinnum (Krug & Urban) Krug & Urban A rare shrub or small tree with prickly twigs characterized by: (1) pinnate leaves with 5-9 stalkless leaflets ovate or rounded, Yi\-1 inch long and M>-'V\. inch wide; (2) few flowers stalkless at leaf bases, Vs inch long, 3-parted; and (3) fruit of 3, sometimes 2 or 1, pods -Ym; inch long from a flower. An evergreen shrub 6 feet high or a small tree to 20 feet and 4 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs with minute hairs when young, prickly, with 1-2 slender sharp brownish spines less than 14 i'lch long at leaf bases. Leaves alternate, li/4-2i/> inches long, with 5-9 leaflets, the end leaflet largest, rounded or abruptly pointed at apex, blunt or rounded at base, and often slightly wavy on edges, slightly thickened, shiny green with many fine side veins, beneath paler and sometimes with 1-3 spines on midvein. Flowers male and female on diff'erent plants (dioecious), with 3 sepals less than y,,; inch long and 3 elliptic petals about Vs inch long. Male flowers have 3 stamens, and female flow- ers have 3 pistils slightly united. The fruits (pods or follicles) are egg-shaped, 3, some- times 2 or 1, from a flower, each splitting open on 1 side and containing 1 black seed •%,; inch long. Flowering and fruiting in spring and early summer and maturing fruits in summer. Rare in lower Cordillera forest at 500-1,500 feet altitude on south slopes of Coamo-Cayey area in Central Cordillera of Puerto Rico. Also mountain forests of St. Thomas and St. John. Public park. — Virgin Islands. Range. — Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, and St. John. This species was known as a shrub on St. Thomas and St. John, and named for the former island. More recently it has been found as a small tree in mountains of east central Puerto Rico. Botanical synonym. — Fagara thomasiana Krug & Urban. 344 407. Zanthoxylum thomasiatiuni (Krug & Urban) Krug& Urban Natural size. 345 AILANTHUS FAMILY (SIMAROUBACEAE) Shrubs and trees, known by: (1) bark, wood, and other parts often very bitter; (2) leaves alternate, pinnate, with leaflets generally entire, without stipules; (3) flowers mostly small, often in large branched clusters (panicles), mostly male and female and usually on diff'erent plants (dioecious), regular, with 3-8-lobed calyx, 3-8-lobed corolla or none, as many sta- mens as petals or double and often with scales at base, inserted on or around the disk, and on disk 2-5 simple pistils with 1-celled ovary and style, or pistil composed of 2-8 cells and 2-8 styles; and (4) fruit generally a capsule, drupe, or winged (samara). Also vol. 1, p. 234. Key to species A. Leaves simple, gray green hairy. B. Twigs often ending in spines; leaves small, %-l inch long — 408. Castela erecta. BB. Twigs not spiny; leaves very narrow, iy2-2% inches long, thick and slightly succulent — 412. Suriana maritima. AA. Leaves pinnate. C. Leaflets 6-10, mostly paired, upper surface shiny dark green with indistinct veins; flowers dark red showy; hairless throughout — 411. SimaroHba tulae. CC. Leaflets mostly 5-13, mostly paired except at end; flowers minute, gi"eenish; young twigs hairy. D. Flower clusters tenninal ; leaflets 5-9; fruits berrylike, round to elliptic, red, %-% inch long — 104. Guarema, bitterbush, Picramnia pentavdra Sw. DD. Flower clusters lateral at leaf bases; leaflets 7-13; fruits round, black, 1 or sometimes 2-3 from a flower — Picrasma. E. Fruits %-% inch in diametei- — 409. Picrasma antillana. EE. Fruits % inch in diameter — 410. Picrasma excelsa. 408. Castela erecta Turp. This much-branched spiny shrub of dry areas rarely becomes a small tree. Its distinguishing characters are: (1) twigs very bitter, often ending in spines, shorter spines single at leaf bases; (2) leaves small, oblong to elliptic or obovate, %-l inch long and ^-m-Vo inch wide, thick and leathery, shiny green and hairless or nearly so above, densely whitish hairy beneath ; (3) small whitish to red flowers i/s iiich long, few at leaf bases, 4-parted; and (4) red rounded fruits (drupes) 1-4 from a flower, %-% inch long. An evergreen spiny shrub 3-8 feet high or rarely a small tree to 15 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, much branched with dense foliage, very bitter throughout. Twigs stifi", often slightly zigzag, finely whitish hairy, often ending in spines and with shorter spines about i/s inch long single at leaf bases. Leaves alternate, stalkless or nearly so, rounded or abruptly short-pointed at apex, short-pointed or rounded at base, turned under at edges. Flowers male and female on different plants (dioecious), at leaf bases. There are 4 tiny pointed sepals, 4 elliptic petals less than Vs inch long, and 8 stamens in male flowers. Fe- male flowers have 8 sterile stamens (stami- nodes), and 4 nearly separate ovaries united at apex, each with 1 ovule, and 4 short style branches. Fruits 1-4 from a flower, fleshy with hard stone, opening in 2 parts, containing 1 seed. With flowers and fruits in spring. The red flowers and fruits, the whitish twigs and lower leaf surfaces, and the shiny green upper surfaces make this a showy plant. Pos- sibly of value as an ornamental in dry areas. Locally common in dry coastal forest from sea level to 300 feet altitude in southwestern Puerto Rico. Also dry thickets on hillsides in eastern and southern St. Croix. Desecheo, Cu- lebra, Vieques, St. John, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. Range. — Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, Antigua, Curacao, Aruba, northern Venezuela, including Margarita and Cubagua, and north- ern Colombia. Other common names. — retama (Vene- zuela) ; goat-bush (Antigua). Botanical synonyms. — Castela nicholsonii Hook., Castelaria nicholsonii (Hook.) Small, Castelaria erecta (Turp.) Small. 346 408. Castela crecta Turp. Flowering twigs (above), fruit (below), natural size. 347 AILANTHUS FAMILY (SIMAROUBACEAE) 409. Bitter-ash Picrasma antillana (Eggers) Urban This small tree rare in the Virgin Islands is identified by: (1) pinnate leaves with 7-13 oblong leaflets paired except at end, not toothed on edges, rounded and unequal at base; (2) short-stalked, flattened, widely forking clusters of small flowers at leaf bases; and (3) many round fruits %-V2 ii^ch in diameter, 1 or some- times 2-3 from a flower. Small evergreen tree 30 feet high, with bark and sap bitter. Twigs finely hairy, light brown with whitish dots (lenticels). Leaves alternate, pinnate, 10-16 inches long, with axis finely hairy. Leaflets on short stalks Vs-Vi inch long are 21/2-41/2 inches long and 1-1% inches wide, tapering to a long-pointed blunt apex, thin, the upper surface hairless, and the lower surface with raised veins often hairy. Flower clusters (panicles) at leaf bases are short-stalked, flattened, and bear at the end of widely forking finely hairy branches many flowers mostly male and female on separate trees (polygamous). Male flowers about 14, inch long and wide are composed of 4-5 minute hairy sepals, 4-5 narrow petals less than i/s inch long, and 4-5 spreading slender stamens •%6 inch long at base of a large disk. Female flowers have 4-5 minute hairy sepals, 4-5 broader elliptic petals Vs inch long, and ovary with 2-3 lobes and 2-3 cells each 1-ovuled, style, and 2-3-lobed stigma. Many fruits (drupes) 1 or sometimes 2-3 from a flower, each on a short stalk 1/ ,; inch long above persistent sepals and petals at base, slightly fleshy, 1-seeded. The wood is described as yellowish, hard, heavy, and durable. Elsewhere the bitter bark has served in home remedies. Rare in forests in St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tortola. Not recorded previously from Tortola. Public parks. — Virgin Islands, Sage Moun- tain. Range. — Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles from St. Martin, St. Barts and Saba to St. Vin- cent and Barbados. Other common names. — bitter-ash, quassia (Montserrat) ; bitter-ash, bitter-bark, gall-tree (Barbados) ; cheakyberry (Saba) ; peste a poux, bois noyer, graines vertes (Guadeloupe) ; bois amer, frene amer (Martinique) ; bitter- ash, simaruba (Dominica). Botanical synonyms. — Aeschrio7i antillana (Eggers) Small, Picraena antillana (Eggers) Fawc. & Rendle. 348 409. Bitter-ash Picmsma cuttillana (Eggers) Urban Twig with male flowers (left), female flowers and fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 349 AILANTHUS FAMILY (SIMAROLBACEAE) 410. Palo amargo, hitterwood Picrasmn excelsa ( Sw. ) Planch. A very rare tree collected near Coamo Springs, characterized by: (1) pinnate leaves with 9-13 oblong to lance-shaped leaflets paired except at end, short-pointed and unequal at base, the edges straight or slightly rolled under; (2) many small yellow-green flowers in long-stalked clusters at leaf bases; and (3) many round black fruits I/4, inch in diameter, 1 or sometimes 2-3 from a flower. Medium-sized evergreen tree recorded to 65 feet high, with bitter bark and sap. Bark gray, fissured. Twigs finely hairy. Leaves alternate, pinnate, 6-14 inches long, with axis finely hairy or becoming hairless. Leaflets 2-5 inches long and 'Yi-lVi inches wide, tapering to a long-pointed blunt apex, thin, the upper surface nearly hairless, the lower surface paler and finely hairy, especially on veins. Flower clusters (panicles) long-stalked at leaf base bear many flowers mostly male and female on separate trees (polygamous). Male flowers about Yu) inch long and wide, consist- ing of 4-5 minute hairy sepals, 4-5 petals more than 14,; inch long, and 4—5 hairy stamens i/g inch long at base of disk. Female flowers have 4-5 minute hairy sepals, 4-5 larger petals Vs inch long, and pistil with 2-3-lobed and 2-3- celled ovary, slender style, and 2-3-forked stigma. Many fruits (drupes) 1 or sometimes 2-3 from a flower, each on a stalk nearly Vs inch long, slightly fleshy, 1-seeded. Wood whitish yellow, soft. Elsewhere a bitter tonic from this tree has been used in home remedies. The dried heart- wood has served in medicine under the names quassia, Jamaica quassia, and bitterwood. In Puerto Rico collected only at plains and arroyos in the vicinity of Coamo Springs, with fruits in March. Not observed by the authors. Range. — Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Also northern Venezuela. Other common names. — lena amarga (Puerto Rico) ; bitterwood, Jamaican quassia (Jamaica) ; gorie frene (Haiti). Botanical synonyms. — Aeschrion excelsa (Sw.) Kuntze, Picrae-na excelsa (Sw.) Lindl. 350 410. Palo amaigo, bitterwood Pioasma cxcelsa (Sw.) Planch. Twig with male flowers (left), female flowers (upper right), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 351 AILANTHUS FAMILY (SIMAROUBACEAE) 411. Aceitillo ciniarron Simarouba tulae Urban This beautiful uncommon shrub or tree native only in Puerto Rican mountains is recog- nized by: (1) pinnately compound leaves with 5-10 mostly paired oblong to elliptic leaflets, shiny dark green; (2) dark red showy flowers 1/2 inch broad, many in long-stalked terminal clusters; and (3) from a flower 1-5 red obovoid vertically flattened, slightly fleshy fruits 1-1 Vi inches long and ^V\\-l inch wide. Evergreen shrub flowering when 5-10 feet high, or a small tree to 25 feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Recorded as formerly a medium-sized tree to about 60 feet high and 12-20 inches in trunk diameter. Bark furrowed, very bitter. The purplish twigs become finely fissured, exposing light brown inner bark. The alternate pinnate leaves 6-14 inches long have a slender round purplish-brown axis. The leaflets on short stalks Vs inch long are 2-4 inches long and '^1.-2 inches wide, long-pointed at apex, short-pointed at base, with edges slightly turned under, slightly thickened, upper surface shiny dark green with indistinct veins, lower surface slightly shiny yellow green. Flower clusters (panicles) are 4—6 inches long and broad, much branched at end of long erect terminal stalk. Many small flowers are borne on slender dark red stalks, male and fe- male on diff'erent clusters or plants. The male flower is composed of dark red calyx V^-, inch long, with 5 short-pointed lobes, corolla of 5 spreading dark red petals % inch long and i/g inch broad, and 10 stamens ^kj inch long. Fe- male flowers not seen but in this genus have a pistil with ovary usually deeply 5-lobed and 5- celled, short style, and 5 spreading stigmas. From a flower 1-5 spreading fruits (drupes) are produced, obovoid, flattened, each contain- ing 1 flattened seed. Flowering and fruiting intermittently during the year. The wood is described as heavy (specific gravity 0.85), strong, and durable. Uncommon in lower and upper Luquillo and Cordillera forests at 500-2,500 feet altitude in mountains of Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Carite, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susua. Range. — Known only from Puerto Rico. Other common names. — aceitillo, aceitillo falso (Puerto Rico) . This species, which flowers as a shrub, is being tested as an attractive ornamental for its showy flowers and glossy leaves. The original description stated the height as 8-15 meters (26-49 feet) , but no trees of that size have been seen in recent years. Because of the useful wood, the trees were cut long ago, and the spe- cies has become scarce. Ignatz Urban dedicated this handsome plant to Tula Krug, wife of the German consul in Puerto Rico, Carl Wilhelm Leopold Krug (1833-1898). She contributed to the knowl- edge of the Puerto Rican plants by making many colored drawings and by recording the uses and vernacular names. 352 411. Aceitillo cimanon Simaronba tulae Urban Flowering twig (above), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 353 AILANTHUS FAMILY (SIMAROUBACEAE) 412. Teniporana, baycedar Suriana maritima L. Temporana or baycedar, a rounded shrub of sandy beaches, sometimes becomes a small tree. It is easily recognized by : dense rounded mass, much branched, of gray-green foliage; (2) very narrow leaves, finely hairy, slightly thick, suc- culent, and salty, crowded at ends of twigs and persistent after dying ; (3) few yellow 5-parted flowers % inch long in short terminal clusters ; and (4) fruits 5 or fewer from a flower, rounded, Y-i ,; inch long, brownish black and finely hairy. This evergreen shrub commonly forms rounded clumps 5-10 feet in diameter but sometimes becomes a small tree 15 feet high and 5 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is dark gray, becoming thick, rough, and fur- rowed, the inner bark light yellow and tasteless. Twigs are light green, finely hairy, bearing crowded leaves at ends and dead leaves below. The leaves are crowded but alternate, very narrow (linear to narrowly spatulate), IV-j,- 21/2 inches long, 1/4-% inch wide, more than Yic, inch thick, slightly succulent with a slightly salty taste, broadest near the rounded apex and gradually narrowed to the stalkless base, gray green, finely and densely hairy. The few or solitary flowers have pale yellow stalk, 5 large pointed hairy sepals about % inch long, 5 yellow obovate petals shorter then sepals, 10 stamens, and 5 separate pistils with hairy rounded ovary and ttireadlike style at- tached near base. The 5 hard dry 1-seeded fruits (akenelike) from a flower are bordered by the 5 gray dead sepals, which remain after fruits fall. Flowering and fruiting intermit- tently through the year. The wood is described as having dark red or reddish-brown heartwood and lighter sapwood, hard, heavy, of fine uniform texture, strong, and apparently durable. Where sufficiently large, it could be used for small articles of turnery. Locally common, scattered and widely dis- tributed on sandy beaches of dry coasts of Puerto Rico and nearly all smaller islands nearby. Mona, Icacos, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix and Buck Island, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada. Public forests and parks. — Aguirre, Bo- queron, Guanica, San Juan; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Florida including Florida Keys, Bermuda, from Bahamas through West Indies, and continental tropical America from Mexico to Brazil. Also in Pacific islands and Old World tropics from Australia and Asia to Africa. Other common names. — guitaran (Puerto Rico) ; jovero, guazumilla (Dominican Repub- lic) ; cuabilla, cuabilla de costa (Cuba) ; pantsil (Mexico) ; cucharo (Venezuela) ; baycedar (United States) ; baycedar, tassel-plant (Ba- hamas) ; crisse marine (Haiti) ; palo corra (Aruba, Curacao). BURSERA FAMILY (BURSERACEAE) Trees and shrubs, known by: (1) bark often smooth, with aromatic resin; (2) leaves gener- ally alternate and odd pinnate, sometimes with winged axis, without stipules; (3) flowers mi- nute, generally in clusters (panicles or ra- cemes), bisexual or male and female, regular. with calyx of 3-5 sepals or lobes, 3-5 petals, disk, 3-5 or 8-10 separate stamens, and pistil composed of superior ovary of 2-5 cells each with 3 ovules, short style, and 2-5-lobed stigma ; and (4) fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule with 1-5 seeds. Vol. 1, p. 236. Key to species (Nos. 105-107) A. Leaflets asymmetrical at base, less than 3 inches long; flowers 5-parted — 105. Almacigo, turpentine-tree, gumbo-limbo, Bursera siwarniba (L.) Sarg. A A. Leaflets symmetrical at base, 2%-7 inches long. B. Leaflets short-pointed or rounded at both ends; flowers 3-parted — 106. Tabonuco, Dacryodes excelsa Vahl. BB. Leaflets long-pointed at apex, short-pointed at base; flowers 4-parted — 107. Masa, Tetragastris balsami- fera (Sw.) Oken. 354 2. Temporana, baycedar Sitriana marithna L. Fruiting twig (above), flowering twig (lower right), natural size. 355 MAHOGANY FAMILY (MELIACEAE) Trees, often large, and shrubs, known by : (1) bark bitter and astringent and wood often aromatic; (2) naked buds with minute young leaves often in form of hand; (3) leaves alter- nate generally pinnate, often even pinnate with paired leaflets, usually entire and often oblique, without stipules; (4) flowers small, generally in branched clusters (panicles), bisexual, regu- lar, with 4-5-lobed calyx, corolla of 4-5 petals or lobes, 8-10 stamens united in a tube (5 sepa- rate in Cedrela) and around a disk, and pistil with superior ovary of 2-5 cells, each with 2 to many ovules, style or none, and stigma often dislike; and (5) fruit generally a capsule or berry with seeds often winged. Also vol. 1, p. 242. Key to species A. Leaves bipinnate, leaflets with toothed margins — 110. Alelaila, chinaberry, Melia azedarach L.* AA. Leaves pinnate. B. Leaflets with toothed mai'gins. C. Leaflets many, thin, long-pointed — 414. Melia azadirachta* CC. Leaflets 3-7, thick and stifi", with 3 sharp spiny teeth at broad apex — 416. Trichilia triacantha. BB. Leaflets not toothed. D. Leaflets of odd number (odd pinnate)— Trrc/if/za. E. Leaflets 3 or 5 (sometimes 7), asymmetrical, the end leaflet largest and lowest leaflets smallest; veins much sunken, causing a wrinkled appearance — 114. Gaeta, Trichilia -pallida Sw. EE. Leaflets 7-21, symmetrical, about equal in size, veins slightly sunken — 113. Tinacio, broomstick, Trichilia hirta L. DD. Leaflets all paired (even pinnate) , asymmetrical, slightly curved and unequal at base. F. Axis of leaf continuing to grow and form additional pairs of leaflets; veins sunken; flowers and fruit 4-parted — Guarea. G. Leaflets 2-8, mostly oblong — 413. Guarea ramiflora. GG. Leaflets 8-20, elliptic to oblong — 109. Guaraguao, American muskwood, Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer (G. trichilioides) . FF. Axis of leaf not foiming additional leaflets; veins not sunken; flowers and fruit 5-parted. H. Leaflets 4-12. L Leaflets 2%-6 inches long — 111. Caoba hondurena, Honduras mahogany, Swietenia macrophylla King.* IL Leaflets 1-2% inches long— 112. Caoba dominicana, Dominican mahogany. West Indies mahogany, Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.* HH. Leaflets 10-20 or more. J. Leaflets lance-shaped; seeds winged at both ends; without distinctive odor — 415. Toona ciliata* JJ. Leaflets lance-shaped, oblong, or ovate; seeds with long wing; odor of garlic in flowers and crushed leaves — 108. Cedro hembra, Spanish-cedar, Cedrela odorata L. 413. Guaraguadillo Guarea ramiflora Vent. Guaraguadillo is a small tree uncommon in understory of mountain forests of Puerto Rico and rare in Hispaniola. It is identified by: (1) even pinnate leaves with usually 1-4 pairs of mostly oblong leaflets and a growing point forming additional pairs; (2) small pink 4- parted flowers about Y2 inch across, few to many clustered at leaf bases and on larger twigs back of leaves; and (3) round hard brown fruits 1/2-% inch in diameter. Evergreen shrub or small tree 25 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, often flowering as a shrub 10 feet high and rarely a medium- sized tree to 50 feet and 6 inches, reported to reach 65 feet. The bark is gray or brown, smoothish with dots (lenticels), becoming fis- sured and scaly. Inner bark is pinkish or whit- ish, slightly bitter. The twigs are light brown with raised dots (lenticels) and large raised leaf scars, hairless. The alternate leaves are 6-12 inches long, including the stout brownish woody hairless petiole 11-2-3 inches long and axis elongating to 6 inches beyond. The budlike hairy growing point between last pair of leaflets continues to form additional pairs, sometimes 7-9, as the older ones are shed. The leaflets have stout d curved brown stalks about l^ inch long. Leaflet i blades are mostly oblong or lance-shaped, 3-8 I inches long and 1^/4-3 inches wide, long-pointed < at apex, short-pointed at base, sometimes i slightly wavy edges, slightly thickened and i leathery, with network of fine veins. The upper 1 surface is dull dark green with the curved side K veins sunken, hairless, and the lower surface i 356 13. Guaraguaciillo Guarea rami flora Vent. Flowers (above), leaf (below), fruits (center right), two-thirds natural size. 357 MAHOGANY FAMILY (MELIACEAE) green with raised veins, hairless or slightly hairy on veins. Flower clusters (racemes or panicles) are 1-3 1/2 inches long at leaf bases and on larger twigs back of leaves, the branches finely hairy. Flower buds are Vi inch long, deep pink. The fragrant flowers have a hairy stalk about l^,j inch long ; calyx of 4 finely hairy pointed sepals less than V^ ,-, inch long ; corolla of 4 oblong pink petals V4.-'yu; inch long, spreading and curved back; stamen tube cylindric, pink, 14 inch long, bearing 8 minute stalkless stamens at apex in- side; and on a raised disk the pistil %r, inch long with egg-shaped hairless 4-celled ovary with 1 ovule in each cell, slender style, and rounded stigma. The fruit on a stout stalk is a hard brown capsule, round or slightly flattened, which splits into 4 parts. There are 4 or fewer elliptic seeds Yn) inch long, with reddish coat. With flowers and fruits through the year. The sapwood is light brown or whitish antKl hard. If available in larger sizes, the woocJ should have similar uses as that of related! species. Uncommon and widely distributed in under story of moist limestone and upper and lowe: Cordillera and Luquillo forests of Puerto Rice at 200-3,000 feet but mostly at middle altitudes, Public forests. — Carite, Guajataca, Gui-i; larte, Luquillo, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Ton Negro, Vega. Range. — Puerto Rico and collected once Hispaniola (Dominican Republic). Other common name. — guaraguao macho, guaraguaillo (Puerto Rico) . This species known from Puerto Rican moun- tains was named and illustrated in 1803. The. specific name refers to the flowers along the branches. ui-w 414. Neem, margosa Melia azadirachta L, Neem tree has been introduced for shade in Tortola and experimentally in Puerto Rico. Distinguishing characters are: (1) pinnate leaves 1 foot or more in length, with 9-15 lance-shaped leaflets paired except at end, very long-pointed at apex, very unequal or oblique at blunt base, and toothed on edges; (2) many small white fragrant flowers % inch across the 5 petals; and (3) light yellow elliptic fruits Y^- % inch long. A medium-sized planted tree 30 feet or more in height and 1 foot in trunk diameter, with crown of dense foliage. Bark gray, with scaly plates, the inner bark pink and bitter. Twigs brown, hairless. Leaves crowded near ends of branches, alter- nate pinnate, hairless, with slender light green axis. The leaflets are mostly 6-7 pairs with short stalks of about Yi(\ inch, 2-3 inches long and %-% inch wide, often curved and with curved midrib nearer lower edge, thin, dull green above, and paler beneath. Flower clusters (panicles) are 2-6 inches long, narrow and branched. The flowers are composed of 5 light green rounded calyx lobes, 5 white oblong rounded petals •'^i,; inch long, 10 stamens united in a tube, and pistil with rounded ovary and slender style. The berrylike fruits (drupes) have bitter pulp and large el- liptic stone. Flowering in spring. Where native the wood is useful, the bark serves in home remedies, and an oil is obtained from the seeds. Uncommon as a fast-growing attractive shade or ornamental tree in Tortola. Tested experimentally in Puerto Rico but still rare. Range. — Native of India but planted else- where in the tropics. Other common names. — neem (Virgin Is- lands, English) ; paraiso (Cuba). Botanical synonym. — Azadirachta indica A. Juss. 358 114. Neme, margosa Melia azadirachta L.- Flowering twig (above), fruit (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 359 MAHOGANY FAMILY (MELIACEAE) 415. Tun, Burma toon This large forest tree related to cedro hembra or Spanish-cedar has been introduced in for- estry tests. It is identified by: (1) large even pinnate leaves with 10-20 mostly paired lance- shaped leaflets, slightly curved and unequal at base; (2) many small v^'hitish flowers %,-, inch long in large branching clusters; and (3) ob- long seed capsules %-lV2 inches long, with many seeds winged at both ends. A planted tree 25 feet and 8 inches in trunk diameter or larger, apparently deciduous. Twigs stout, hairless, with light-colored dots (lenticels) and large raised half-round leaf scars. Leaves alternate, about IVo feet long, with round axis, hairless. Leaflets 3-6 inches long and 1-2 14 inches wide, on slender stalks of %- V2 inch, long-pointed at apex, short-pointed or rounded at base with sides unequal, margin sometimes slightly wavy, the midvein slightly curved and near edge toward twig, and the lower surface paler. Flower clusters (panicles) large, much Toona ciliata Roem. branched, bearing many short-stalked fragrant flowers. The calyx is 5-lobed, less than lif; inct' long; there are 5 oblong petals almost 14 incb long; 5 stamens more than Vs inch long on a|| hairy disklike base; and pistil with roundedii slightly hairy 5-celled ovary, short style, and broad rounded flat stigma. Seed capsules darl* brown, splitting into 5 parts from a large 5- angled axis. Seeds brown, flat and thin, % inch long including wings at both ends. With flowers and fruits in summer. The wood is suitable for cabinetwork and is resistant to dry-wood termites. Rare in forestry tests in Puerto Rico, the growth not found satisfactory. Public forests. — Cambalache, Luquillo. Range. — Native of Himalaya region of trop- ical Asia from India to China. Introduced else- where for forest plantations. Other common name. — cedro de Himalaya (Cuba). Botanical synonym. — Cedrela toona Roxb. 360 415. Tun, Burma toon Leaf, flowers (upper right), fruits (lower right), two-thirds natural size. ta Roem."* 361 MAHOGANY FAMILY (MELIACEAE) 416. Bariaco Trichilia triacanlha Urba This rare spiny-leaf shrub or small tree known only from dry areas of southwestern Puerto Rico is easily recognized by the pinnate or almost palmate leaves with 3-7 small obovate or wedge-shaped leaflets each with 3 sharp spiny teeth at apex. An evergreen shrub 5 feet high but also a small tree 15-30 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs gray grown, slender, finely hairy when young. The bud consists of a mi- nute hairy leaf. The alternate leaves 'Y1-IV4. inches long, mostly clustered near ends of twigs, have a short hairy petiole about V8-14 inch long and short hairy axis of about % inch, so short that they appear to be palmate or digitate. The 3-7 leaflets are paired except at end, almost stalk- less, %-li/4 inches long and •Ju--'>/v, inch wide, broadest near the apex, which has 3 sharp spiny teeth Vid-M? inch long and narrowed toward the long-pointed base, thick and stiff", the edges slightly rolled under, the many side veins in a fine network. The upper surface is shiny with sunken midvein, the lower surface dull and paler. Flower clusters (like racemes or panicles) atl ends of twigs are short. Flowers few, almost 1 stalkless, hairy, white, about Vb inch broad, composed of short cup-shaped calyx with mi- nute teeth ; petals 5 or 4 less than Vg inch long, thick and finely hairy; stamens in a tube; andc pistil with rounded ovary, shorter hairy style, and dotlike stigma. Fruits unknown. Collected i with flower buds in October and with flowers in(i| February. It has been suggested that this species would l be an attractive ornamental shrub in dry cli- mates. Rare near Guanica and Penuelas in dry lime- stone forest at 100-200 feet altitude in south-- western Puerto Rico. Public forest. — Guanica. ;{ Range. — Known only from southwestern n: Puerto Rico. Other COMMON name. — guayabacon (Puerto of Rico). i The descriptive specific name means 3-spined. I This distinct species has been placed in a sepa-. rate section or even its own genus. MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE) Mostly woody vines, also shrubs and trees, known by: (1) leaves generally opposite, simple, mostly entire, often with pressed 2- pointed hairs attached at middle (often needle- like and stinging), frequently with glands at apex of petiole, generally with stipules; (2) flowers often showy and yellow or pink; usually along an axis (raceme) , mostly bisexual, mostly regular, the calyx persistent with 5 sepals or lobes mostly with 2 glands on outside, corolla of 5 long-stalked rounded and fringed petals, 10 stamens (or partly staminodes) generally united at base, and pistil with superior ovary with usually 3 cells each with 1 ovule, and 3 styles; and (3) fruit winged (samara), cap- sule, berry, or drupe. Also vol. 1, p. 256. Key to species Flowers in terminal clusters. f B. Petals yellow. ', C. Leaves partly reddish tinged, without glands at base; fruits (drupes) nearly round. ^ D. Leaves thin, turning rich red upon drying, upper surface shiny, midrib lighter in color than blade — 115. Maricao, Byrsonima coriacea (Sw.) DC. DD. Leaves leathery, with prominent veins, upper surface slightly shiny, lower surface with larger veins often rusty-red hairy — 116. Maricao cimarron, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H.B.K. CC. Leaves greenish, often with 2 yellow dot glands at base of lower surface; fruits (drupes) mostly 2- lobed — Bunchosia. E. Leaves oblong, light green, l%-3 inches long and Vz-lVz inches wide — 418. Bunchosia glandu- losa. EE. Leaves broadly ovate to elliptic, shiny green, 2-5% inches long and l%-4 inches wide — 417. Bunchosia glandulifera. BB. Petals white, pink, or red. F. Leaves spoon-shaped or obovate, hairless — 419. Byrsonima hicida. FF. Leaves elliptic, the lower surface densely gray hairy — 420. Byrsonima wadsivorthii. 362 410. Bariaco TricJiilia triacantha Ui'baii Leafy twig, natural size. 363 MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE) AA. Flowers in lateral clusters at leaf bases, petals white or pinkish — Malpighia. G. Leaves with 2-pointed stinging hairs beneath. H. Leaves very narrow, linear or linear-oblong — 424. Malpighia linearis. HH. Leaves broader, mostly elliptic or oblong. I. Leaves relatively large, 3-8 inches long. J. Flowers few in stalked clusters ; leaves mostly short-pointed or blunt at both ends- pighia fucata. -421. M: GG. JJ. Flowers many in nearly stalkless clusters; leaves rounded or short-pointed at both endl sometimes notched at apex — 427. Malpighia shaferi. IL Leaves less than 3 inches long. K. Leaves notched at base, the edges with stinging hairs — 423. Malpighia infestissima. KK. Leaves short-pointed or blunt at base, the edges without stinging hairs — 425. Malpig, pallens. Leaves becoming hairless. L. Leaves blunt or rounded and often notched at apex — 426. Malpighia punicif olia. LL. Leaves short- to long-pointed at apex — 422. Malpighia glabra. 417. Cafe falso, cafe forastero A rare small tree to 20 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter, characterized by: (1) op- posite shiny green, broadly ovate to elliptic leaves 2-5 V2 inches long and 11/4,-4 inches wide, short- to long-pointed at apex and blunt or rounded at base, sparsely hairy beneath, the petioles to % inch long, often with 2 glands near blade; (2) flowers with 5 yellow rounded stalked petals •>! ,; inch long and with ovary and style hairy; and (3) egg-shaped red fleshy 418. Cafe forastero This shrub or small tree common in dry areas near coasts is chai'acterized by: (1) opposite oblong hairless light green leaves V/o-^ inches long and V^-lMi inches wide, short-pointed or blunt at both ends, with 2 yellow dot glands at base or lower surface; (2) several flowers nearly 1/2 inch across the 5 spreading yellow stalked petals; and (3) fruits (drupes) egg- shaped, red or orange, %-'^/4 ,; inch long, slightly 2-lobed. Evergreen (or deciduous) shrub or small tree to 30 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is gray, finely fissured, becoming rough. Inner bark is whitish, with a slight distinctive odor and taste suggesting raw po- tato. The twigs are slender, slightly hairy when young, light gray or light brown, with minute dots (lenticels), also similar odor and taste. End bud Vic, inch long, covered with light brown hairs. The opposite leaves have slender petioles Vs- % inch long. Blades are not toothed on edges, thin or slightly thickened, the upper surface light green and often slightly shiny, the lower surface dull light green. Flower clusters (panicles) at ends of twigs are 1-2 inches long and branched. Flowers sev- eral on short slender hairy stalks, composed of calyx less than i/g inch long with 5 lobes and 10 364 Bunchositt glandulifera (Jacq.) H.B.K.V fruits (drupes), 2-lobed and about V2 inch inr diameter. Flowering and fruiting in spring,i:, Rare in lower Luquillo forest at 800-1,000 feetii altitude on southwestern slopes of Luquillci Mountains only. Public forest. — Luquillo.i Range. — Puerto Rico, Montserrat, Guadeloupe-f Martinique, Trinidad, and from Venezuela tot Peru. Other common names. — cafe forasterci- (Puerto Rico) ; prune cafe, bois cafe (Guade-e_ loupe). Bunchositt glandulosa ( Cav. ) L. C. Rich.x glands; petals 5, 14 inch long, deep yellow.v rounded and wavy margined, stalked at base; 10 stamens united at base; and hairless pistili with 2-celled ovary, slender style, and 2-lobecl( stigma. The fruits (drupes) have calyx glands! at base and style at apex and contain thini orange-red pulp and 2 large light brown stones,^ each 1-seeded. Recorded with flowers frorai., May to October and with fruits from June toi; August. [ The sapwood is light brown and hard. \ Uncommon but widely distributed in dry and(; moist limestone forests near coasts and lowen' Cordillera (south slope) in southwestern andu northwestern parts and northeastern corner of Puerto Rico and also other islands eastward from sea level to 500 feet altitude. Recorded; from Icacos, Palominos, Culebra, Vieques, St. '• Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, I and Tortola. ' Public forests and parks. — Cambalache, ; Guajataca, Guanica, Rio Abajo, Susua, Vega,. Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Is-^ lands. Range. — Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, and from St. Martin and St. Barts to Martinique, also in Yucatan, Mex-< ico, and recorded from Amazonas, Brazil. Other common names. — cafeillo, yestw 18. Cafe forastero Bunchosia glandidosa (Cav.) L. C. Rich. Fruiting twig (left), flowers (upper right), natural size. 365 MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE) (Puerto Rico) ; cabra, cabrita (Dominican Re- public) ; bois poulette (Haiti). Excluded species: BuncJiosia nitida (Jacq.) DC. A shrub or small tree distinguished by: (1) opposite shiny elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate leaves lVo-6 inches long and •Yi.-2'yi. inches wide, mostly short- to long-pointed at apex and short-pointed or blunt at base, becoming hair- less, short-stalked; (2) several flowers about % inch across the 5 yellow rounded gland- toothed stalked petals more than i/4 inch long, with hairless pistil; and (3) egg-shaped yellow fleshy fruits (drupes) 2-3-lobed, % inch ii diameter, containing 2-3 stones. Recorded longji ago from near Guanica and Mayaguez in west- ern Puerto Rico. However, these sterile speci- mens have now been identified as No. 418, cafe - forastero, B. glandidosa (Cav.) DC. Also re- ported from St. Thomas more than a century > ago. Range. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Lesser Antil- les from Montserrat to Grenada and Barbados, also Colombia. Other common names. — bois ; senti, cabra (Hispaniola); chinkwood (ThC' Grenadines). 419. Palo de doncella, Long Key byrsonima This shrub or small tree is recognized by: (1) opposite small spoon-shaped (spatulate) or obovate leaves ■V\.-^ inches long and 14-% inch wide, shiny blue green on upper surface; (2) flowers y-> inch across the 5 spreading stalked rounded petals that turn from white to red or yellow; and (3) round brown fleshy fruits V-l> inch in diameter. Evergreen shrub or small tree, becoming 25 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, with widely spreading rounded or irregular crown. The gray bark is smooth, slightly warty (lenti- cels) , becoming furrowed into plates and rough. Inner bark is pink and slightly bitter and fibrous. Twigs are gray, slender and short, hairless, with raised dots (lenticels). The opposite leaves are rounded at apex and narrowed at base into a stalk i/', ,•, inch long, slightly turned under at edges, slightly thick- ened, hairless, the upper surface shiny blue green, and the lower surface dull yellow green. Flower clusters (racemes) at ends of twigs are 1-2 inches long. Flowers few on slender hairy stalks, slightly fragi'ant, composed of calyx Vs iiich long with 5 pointed lobes and 2 oblong glands at base outside; corolla of 5 petals 14 inch long, rounded, wavy margined, and concave with stalk at base; stamens 10, separate; and pistil with 3-angled 3-celled ovary with 3 ovules and 3 slender styles. The fleshy edible fruits have calyx glands and the styles persistent. Within the flesh is a thick- walled stone containing 3 or fewer seeds. Flowering and fruiting intermittently through the year. Sapwood is light brown, and heartwood dark Byrsonima lucida D( brown. Elsewhere, the hard, heavy, fine-te: tured wood has been used for furniture. This attractive plant merits cultivation as a: ornamental shrub. Scattered and locally common at low altS tudes, mainly in dry coastal forest and lower p south slopes of Cordillera from sea level to Oj 2,000 feet altitude in southeastern and south- !•] western Puerto Rico. Also Mona, Culebra, i, Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, andd Anegada. Public forests and parks. — Maricao, ',: Susua ; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Southern Florida including Florida 1 Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Culebra, Vieques, Virgin Islands, and from Anguilla and Barbuda to Barbados. Other common names. — aceituna, sangre de doncella, maricao (Puerto Rico) ; gooseberry (Anegada) ; doncella (Dominican Republic) ; carne de doncella, sabica de costa (Cuba); locust-berry, guana-berry, candle-berry (Ba- hamas) ; Long Key byrsonima, locust-berry (United States). Botanical synonym. — Bijrsonima cuneata n (Turcz.) P. Wils. Byrsonima ophiticola Small, described from 1 serpentine slopes, Guanajibo, near Mayaguez, and collected also at San German, has larger, yellowish petals turning to red and apparently is a hybrid with No. 115, maricao, B. coriacea (Sw.) DC, or a variation of this species B. horneana Britton & Small, also from Guanajibo, has obovate leaves 114-3V-2 inches long and %-l% inches wide and light yellow petals fading reddish and may be another hybrid or a variation of B. coriacea. ■ | 366 I 19. Palo de d lucida S\v. Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size. 367 MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE) 420. Almendrillo Byrsonima wadsivorthii Little This rare tree known only from high alti- tudes in Puerto Rican mountains is distin- guished by: (1) opposite small elliptic leaves, thick and turned under at edges, the lower sur- face densely gray hairy; (2) flowers nearly V-i inch across the 5 spreading white to pink stalked petals, several in terminal clusters ; and (3) egg-shaped fleshy stone fruits nearly V^ inch long, pink or red. Small to medium-sized evergreen tree 15-45 feet high and to 8 inches in trunk diameter, much branched, with compact dense crown, broad to narrow, of dark green foliage. The bark is brown or dark brown, with many small fissures or slightly furrowed. Inner bark is red streaked in outer part and pinkish beneath, bitter. Twigs gray, with dense pressed hairs, becoming hairless and fissured. Leaves opposite, with thick gray hairy pe- tioles Vii-% inch long and with hairy pointed stipules less than Vs ii^ch long, united at base. Leaf blades are elliptic, 1V-2-S inches long and 1-1 1/2 inches wide, slightly notched or blunt at rounded or short-pointed at base, the surface green or dark green, slightly becoming nearly hairless, the midvein 6 pairs of side veins slightly sunken. The unbranched flower clusters (racemes) 11/4-2% inches long at ends of twigs bear sev- eral flowers on slender stalks less than % inch apex, upper shiny, and 4- long. Flowers are composed of 5 pointed brown hairy sepals %(, inch long bearing 2 minute oblong glands at base; 5 spreading petals nearly 14 inch long, rounded and finely toothed and with narrow stalk, white but turning pink; 10 stamens; and pistil with hairy 3-angled 3- celled ovary and 3 slender styles. The fruits (drupes) with calyx at base have thin flesh and large whitish 3-celled stone 14. inch long containing 3 seeds %,■ inch long. Flowering from June to August and intermittently and maturing fruit in September and October. The wood is light brown and hard. Almendrillo is distributed in the upper Cordillera, upper Luquillo, and dwarf forests on ridges along the mountain summits mostly at 2,500-3,000 feet altitude, sometimes as low as 1,800 feet and above 4,000 feet on the high- est peaks. It is rare and scattered, most com- mon in Luquillo Mountains but present also in central and western high mountains. Public forests. — Carite, Guilarte, Luquillo, Maricao, Toro Negro. Range. — Known only from high mountains of Puerto Rico. Other common name. — maricao (Puerto Rico). This species of high altitudes was not found by the early collectors. The first botanical col- lection was by Claud L. Horn of the Forest Service in 1934. The scientific name honoring the director of the Institute of Tropical For- estry was published in 1953 (^5) . i .-■/ ': V» 368 Byrsonima wadsworthii Little Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (lower right), natural size. 369 MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE) 421. Palo bronco Malpighia fucata Ker r; This shrub or small tree with stinging needle- like hairs flat on lower leaf surfaces is native in eastern Puerto Rico. It is recognized by : (1) many yellowish needlelike hairs about 14 inch long, attached at middle and 2-pointed, flat on lower leaf surfaces; (2) opposite leaves of varying shape, mostly oblong, elliptic or lance- shaped, larger than in related species; (3) many flowers in stalked clusters at leaf bases, about %. inch aci'oss the 5 spreading white or pink rounded petals fringed at edges and stalked at base; and (4) rounded red fleshy fruits about % inch in diameter. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Twigs slender, light brown, with flat pressed hairs when young. The opposite leaves have short leafstalks Vs- % inch long. Blades are 3-8 inches long and 1-4V2 inches wide, mostly short-pointed or blunt at both ends, slightly thickened and slightly turned under at edges. The upper sur- face is green and hairless, and the lower sur- face paler and with many needlelike hairs. Flower clusters (cymes) have many flowers 1 on stalks V2-% inch long at the end of a short I stalk at leaf base. The flowers consist of 5 S sepals more than Vs inch long each with 2 ob- >• long glands ; 5 slightly unequal stalked white or r pink petals about % inch long, 10 stamens, and d pistil with 3-celled ovary and 3 styles en- w larged at apex. The fruits (drupes) have thin n flesh and large stone with many vertical ridges, With flowers and fruits intermittently during g the year. This species is uncommon in lower Luquillo 0 and moist coastal forests from sea level to 1,800 (I feet altitude in northeastern and southeastern n| Puerto Rico. Also Vieques and St. Thomas. An n old report from St. Croix may refer to a related 4 species afterwards named as distinct. Public forest. — Luquillo. Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. Other common name. — olaga (Puerto u, Rico). 370 421. Palo bronco Malpighia fucata Ker Two-thirds natural size. 371 MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE) 422. Huesito Malpighia glabra L. This shrub or small tree of St. Croix and St. Thomas, apparently introduced though re- corded as native, is a close relative of No. 426, acerola or West-Indian-cherry, Malpighia pnni- cifolia L.,* and has been confused with the lat- ter. Distinguishing characters are : (1) paired lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate leaves 11/4-2 1/2 inches long and '/o-l inch vi^ide, hairless or nearly so; (2) few flowers at leaf bases, about % inch across the 5 pink rounded wavy-edged stalked petals; and (3) round red fruits % inch or more in diameter, slightly flattened, scarlet red, and edible. An evergreen much-branched shrub or small tree to 15 feet or more in height with smooth- ish gray bark. The opposite leaves have short petiole less than i/s inch long. Blades are long- to short- pointed at apex, short-pointed to rounded at base, not toothed on edges, thin, hairless or nearly so, shiny green on upper surface and paler beneath. Flower clusters (cymes) are composed of few flowers on slender stalks of Vs— % irich long. The calyx has 5 lobes, each with 2 glands at base ; the 5 petals are about % q inch long ; there are 10 stamens ; and the pistil has 3-celled ovary and 3 styles. The fruits with calyx at base have sour flesh and 1-3 stones. Grown elsewhere as an ornamental, in hedges, and for the edible sour cherrylike fruits. Recorded from St. Croix and St. Thomas but not from Puerto Rico. Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Virgin Islands (apparently introduced), Guadeloupe, and Martinique. Also widespread in conti- nental tropical America from southern Mexico to Venezuela, Bonaire and Curacao, and Peru, the range perhaps extended by cultivation. Other common names. — cereza, cerezo (Spanish) ; cereza del pais (Cuba) ; escobillo, manzanita (Mexico) ; acerola, nance, panecito, acerolata (Guatemala) ; camaroncito (El Sal- vador) ; acerola, jiipiter (Costa Rica) ; cerezo de Castilla (Panama) ; cerecito, cereza de monte, huesito (Colombia) ; semeruco (Vene- zuela) ; sanango (Peru) ; wild cherry (Ja- maica) ; wild craboo (British Honduras) ; cherry (St. Barts) ; shimarucu machu (Bon- aire, Curacao). 372 422. Huesito Malpighia glabra L.* Flowers (upper right) and leafy twig, natural size. 373 MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE) 423. Cowhage-cherry Malpighia infestissima ( A. Juss. ) A. Rich. This shrub or small tree with stinging needle- like hairs is known only from the islands east of Puerto Rico and Maguey Island near Par- guera in southwestern part. It is identified by : (1) yellowish needlelike hairs Vs inch or less in length, mostly attached at middle and 2- pointed, on edges and surfaces of leaves and on young twigs; (2) opposite elliptic or ovate leaves, dull light green, mostly notched at base and rounded or blunt or notched at apex; (3) flowers few at leaf bases, about %-! inch across the 5 spreading white or pinkish rounded petals fringed at edges and stalked at base; and (4) egg-shaped red fleshy fruits about % inch in diameter. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high. The bark is gray, rough, and furrowed, the inner bark brownish. The slender twigs are light green, turning to brown, with small bristly hairs. The opposite leaves have short hairy leaf- stalks less than Vs ii^ch long. Blades are mostly ll^-3 inches long and %-2 inches wide (re- corded to 4V}. inches long and 314 inches wide), thin, not toothed at edges, paler beneath. The needlelike hairs project along the edges and lie flat against lower surface, while the upper sur- face has shorter spreading hairs. Flower clusters (cymes) are composed of a few short-stalked flowers at the end of a short stalk. The flower has 5 sepals more than i/g inch long, 5 white or pinkish petals %-V-> i^ich long, 10 stamens, and pistil. The fruits (drupes) have a large angled stone. Flowering from spring to fall and maturing fruits from summer to winter. This species is locally common in the seasonal deciduous forest and open areas of coastal hills from sea level to 300 feet altitude in Vieques, Culebra, Water Island, St. Thomas, St. John, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada. Also Maguey Is- land near Parguera in southwestern Puerto Rico. It was discovered at St. Thomas and was named in 1845. Public forest and park. — Boqueron (?); Virgin Islands. Range. — Maguey Island, Vieques, Culebra, and Virgin Islands. This local species, like another at St. Croix, may have originated from No. 421, palo bronco, Malpighia fucata Ker, a larger leaved relative of moist forests in eastern Puerto Rico. 374 423. Covv-hage-cherry Malpighia iiifestissiiua (A. Juss.) A. Rich. Fruiting twig, natural size. 375 MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE) 424. Stingingbush Malpighia linearis Jacq. Stingingbush, the English name in the Vir- gin Islands, properly describes this shrub or small tree of the smaller islands but absent from Puerto Rico. Distinguishing characters are: (1) 2-pointed needlelike stinging hairs flat against lower surface of leaves; (2) leaves opposite, very narrow, linear or linear-oblong; (3) flowers about % inch across the 5 rounded fringed white or purplish petals, stalked and spreading; and (4) red, rounded, fleshy fruits about % inch in diameter. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. Leaves oppo- site, IV2-4 inches long and only Vs-'/r, ii^ch wide, abruptly long-pointed at apex, short- pointed at base, not toothed on edges, hairless on upper surface, with short petioles less than Vii inch long. Flower clusters (cymes) long-stalked at leaf bases. Calyx composed of 5 lobes, each with 2 glands; corolla of 5 rounded fringed stalked white or purplish petals more than 14 inch long; stamens 10, united in tube at middle; and pistil with 3-celled ovary and 3 styles. The fleshy fruits (drupes) have calyx persistent at base. With flowers in spring and fall and with fruits from summer to winter. Uncommon in dry forest of coastal hills up to 300 feet altitude on Pineros Island, Vieques, and Culebra east of Puerto Rico. Also St. Thomas, Water Island, St. John, and Anegada in Virgin Islands. Public park. — Virgin Islands. Range. — Pineros, Vieques, Culebra, Virgin Islands, and from St. Martin and St. Barts to Montserrat. Also in eastern Cuba. Other common names. — stinging-cherry (St. Barts) ; bois royal (French) . Botanical synonym. — Malpighia angusti- folia L. 376 424. Stinging-bush Malpighia linearis Jacq. Flowering twig (left), twig with immature fruits (right), natural size. 377 MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE) 423. Stingingbush This shrub or small tree with stinging needle- like hairs flat on lower leaf surfaces is confined to St. Croix and adjacent Buck Island. Its dis- tinguishing characters are: (1) yellowish needlelike hairs V4.-V\\\ irich long, attached at middle and 2-pointed, flat on lower leaf sur- faces; (2) opposite oblong or elliptic leaves 114-3 inches long and i/j-l'/4 inches wide, light green, dull or slightly shiny, rounded to blunt or short-pointed at apex and short- pointed or blunt at base; (3) flowers few at leaf bases, about % inch across the 5 spreading rounded petals fringed at edges and stalked at base; and (4) rounded red fleshy fruits about % inch in diameter. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high and often with several trunks to 3 inches in diameter. Bark gray, finely fissured or in ir- regular plates. Twigs slender, light green and with flat hairs when young, becoming light gray, with raised whitish dots (lenticels), be- coming slightly fissured. The buds are com- posed of minute hairy leaves. Leaves opposite, with short leafstalks V, fj-Vs inch long and with minute hairy stipules. The blades are thin, not toothed at edges, the lower surface paler and with inconspicuous large Malpighia pollens Small needlelike hairs. Flower clusters (cymes) have a few short- stalked flowers at the end of a slender stalk %- IV2 inches long. The flowers have calyx of 5 sepals each with 2 oblong glands; 5 spreading rounded fringed petals stalked at base ; 10 sta- mens, those opposite the petals longest; and pistil with ovary and 3 hooked styles. Flower- ing in spring and summer and with fruits in summer. This local species is known only from beach forests and coastal hills from sea level to 300 feet altitude at St. Croix including nearby Buck Island, where it is common locally. Public park. — Buck Island Reef. Range. — Known only from St. Croix and Buck Island. Recorded also from Cuba, but Cuban specimens seem distinct. A person touching the foliage of this species accidentally will suddenly feel pain and dis- cover yellow needles sticking in his hands and fingers. It may take awhile to discover the source of the needles. This very restricted species apparently evolved from its close relative with large leaves of moist forests in eastern Puerto Rico, No. 421, palo bronco, Malpighia fucata Ker. 378 Malpighia pallens Small Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size. 379 MALPIGHIA FAMILY (MALPIGHIACEAE) 426. Acerola, West-Indian-cherry Acerola, a shrub or small tree, is planted occasionally for its slightly sour edible fruit. It is identified by: (1) rounded red or scarlet fleshy fruits %-Y\. inch in diameter, like cher- ries but slightly flattened, on short stalks at leaf bases; (2) opposite elliptic leaves ■Yi.-2y-2 inches long and V2-IV2 inches wide, blunt, rounded, or slightly notched at apex; and (3) flowers on short stalks at leaf base, about % inch across the 5 spreading pink stalked and fringed petals. Evergreen shrub about 8 feet high or some- times a small tree to 20 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is brown or gray and smooth, with light brown dots (lenticels). The twigs are gray, ringed at nodes, with whit- ish dots (lenticels) , hairless. The opposite leaves have short leafstalks Vi ,;- Vg inch long. Blades are mostly blunt at base, not toothed on edges, thin, hairless or nearly so, the upper surface slightly shiny green, and the lower surface dull light green. The flowers are few or 1 at base of a leaf on short slender hairy stalks about 14 inch long. Parts of a flower are the calyx of 5 pointed greenish hairy sepals Vjc inch long, each with 2 oblong green glands at base; 5 spreading pink petals about Ym inch long, rounded and fringed, with narrow stalk at base; 10 stamens united into tube at base; and pistil with short ovary and 3 styles. The fruits (drupes) are rounded but slightly flattened, with calyx per- sistent at base and styles at apex, slightly sour edible pulp, and large rounded stone 3-celled and 3-seeded. With flowers and fruits from spring to fall. Malpighia punicifolia L.* The fruits, eaten raw and in preserves, are one of the richest sources of the essential vita- min C. Vitamin pills have been made from the pressed dried fruit pulp. The common name cherry is suggested by the resemblance of the fruit to the cultivated cherry of temperate cli- mates. The latter is not related botanically, belonging to species of Primus in the rose fam- ily (Rosaceae). Acerola is planted occasionally both for fruit and ornament and sometimes escapes from cultivation in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is- lands and may be naturalized locally. Recorded from St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and Tor- tola. Public park. — Virgin Islands. Range. — Jamaica and from St. Martin and St. Barts to Barbados and Trinidad. Also southern Mexico, British Honduras, Guate- mala, and Honduras and northern South Amer- ica from Colombia to Venezuela, Dutch An- tilles, Ecuador, and Peru. Planted elsewhere in the tropics of both hemispheres. Other common names. — cereza, cereza colo- rada (Puerto Rico) ; West-Indian-cherry, Bar- bados-cherry, cherry (Virgin Islands, Eng- lish) ; cereza, cerezo (Spanish) ; guayacte (Mexico) ; grosella (Panama) ; semeruco (Venezuela) ; cerisier, cerise de St. Domingue (Haiti) ; cherry (Jamaica, The Grenadines) ; cherry, shimarucu (Dutch Antilles). Malpighia thompso7iii Britton & Small was named as a new shrub species from St. Croix, related to M. punicifolia but larger in leaves, fruits, and other parts and with more flowers. This shrub, perhaps a tetraploid, has been re- duced to a horticultural variety of the latter. 427. An evergreen shrub 6-8 feet high or some- times a small tree to 20 feet or more in height and 4 inches in trunk diameter. Identified by: (1) opposite leaves with petioles of %-V2 inch, oblong to elliptic or lanceolate, 5-6 1/2 inches long and iyi-314 inches wide, short-pointed, rounded, or sometimes notched at apex, rounded or short-pointed at base, turned under at edges with network of veins above and with pressed needlelike "stinging" hairs beneath ; (2) many flowers in nearly stalkless cluster (cyme) on stalks of V^-i/i inch at leaf base. Malpighia shaferi Britton & Wils. more than V2 inch wide, composed of 5 sepals less than i/g inch long, 5 stalked pink petals % inch long, 10 stamens, and pistil ; and (3) fruits (drupes) red, fleshy. Grown as a rootstock for the related species No. 426, or West-Indian- cherry (Malpighia punicifolia L.). Range.- — Vieques, first collected near Isabel Segunda; also coastal thickets at Maunabo, Puerto Rico. Not known elsewhere. Discovered in 1914 by John Adolph Shafer (1863-1918), botanist of the United States who made large collections in Puerto Rico and Cuba. 380 426. Acerola, West-Indian-cherry Malpighia punici folia L. Twig with immature fruits (upper left), flowering twig (below), fruits (lower right), natural size. 381 MILKWORT FAMILY (POLYGALACEAE) Herbs, shrubs, and small trees, known by : (1) leaves mostly alternate, simple, mostly without stipules; (2) flowers solitary or in un- branched clusters (like spikes or racemes) ; bi- sexual, irregular, composed of irregular per- sistent calyx of 5 sepals, the 2 inner largest and often winged or colored like petals, corolla of 3 (sometimes 5) unequal petals slightly united at base, the lowest often concave with a fringed crest (keel), stamens mostly 8 and united into a tube split on side and pistil with superior ovary mostly 2-celled with axile placentation and 1 ovule in each cell and slender curved style; and (4) fruit a capsule with 2 or 1 cells and seeds. Also vol. 1, p. 260. Key to species A. Leaves elliptic, 2-5 inches long, with many fine nearly parallel side veins; flowers showy, violet, % inch across — 117. Violeta, violet-tree, Polygala coiveUii (Britton) Blake. A A. Leaves obovate, %-l% inches long, with few veins; flowers minute, whitish or greenish, % inch long — 428. Polygala penaea. 428. This shrub or small tree of dry forests is identified by: (1) small obovate leaves yji-li/i inches long and i/i-^/i! inch wide, thick and stiff, slightly rough on upper surface, and curved under at edges; (2) minute whitish or yellow- ish flowers i/a inch long and slightly irregular ; and (3) seed capsules flat, heart-shaped, orange or orange brown, about 14 inch long, 2- or 1-celled. An evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, reported to reach 20 feet and 6 inches in diameter. Bark dark gray, smoothish, slightly fissured. Twigs long and slender, with minute hairs, green, turning to light gray. Leaves alternate, with short slender hairy petioles Vic inch long, rounded at apex and gradually narrowed to base, curved under at edges, the side veins inconspicuous, the upper surface green, rough hairy, and slightly shiny, and the lower surface dull green and slightly rough hairy. Flower clusters (racemes) are %-l inch long at leaf bases. Flowers several, composed of calyx of 5 minute greenish sepals ; corolla of 3 unequal petals to i/s inch long including 2 Polygala penaea L. wing and keel ; 8 stamens united into tube split open on 1 side ; and pistil with hairy 2-celled 2- ovuled ovary and curved style. Seed capsules flattened and heart-shaped, minutely hairy, 2- celled or with only 1 cell developing. Seed 1 in each cell, %6 inch long, black, in orange cover (aril). Flowering irregularly during the year. Uncommon and local on dry coastal hills and in moist forest to 2,000 feet altitude in south- western Puerto Rico. Also Virgin Gorda. Public forests and park. — Guanica, Mari- cao, Susua ; Gorda Peak. Range. — Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Vir- gin Gorda. Other common names. — crevajosa, guaya- cancillo, quiebrahacha (Dominican Republic) ; petit buis (Haiti). Botanical synonyms. — Polygala portoricen- sis (Britton) 'Blake, Badiera 'portoriceyisis 'Br'ii- ion, B. penaea (L.) DC. A related species described from Puerto Rico, Polygala portoricensis, is treated here as a syn- onym. The diff"erences in flower cluster and hairiness of seed capsule are minor and in- constant. 382 428. Polygala penaea L. Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size. 383 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) Shrubs and trees, few herbs, known by: (1) often with whitish poisonous sap or latex; (2) leaves generally alternate, mostly simple, some- times pinnate or digitate, usually with stipules often in form of glands; (3) flowers male and female mostly on the same plant (monoecious), generally small or minute and greenish, in various specialized clusters (commonly cymes), mostly regular, often much reduced; (4) flow- ers composed mostly of 5 sepals or none, gen- erally without petals or up to 5, the male flow- ers with stamens the same number or twice as many as petals (when present) or reduced to 1 or many, and with disk or glands, the female flowers with superior ovary usually composed of 3 cells each with 1-2 ovules, generally 3 styles and 3 or 6 stigmas; and (5) fruit usually a capsule opening in 3 parts each 1-seeded, some- times a drupe, the seeds generally with a fleshy protuberance (caruncle). Also vol. 1, p. 262. Key to species A. Stems fleshy or succulent, green; leaves minute and shedding early or fleshy; white latex abundant, poisonous and irritating to skin; introduced ornamentals — Euphorbia. B. Leaves minute and usually absent. C. Stems 3-angled, with paired spines along raised edges or ridges — 441. Euphorbia lactea* CC. Stems cylindrical, pencillike — 443. Euphorbia tirucalli.* BB. Leaves thick, narrowly obovate or oblong, mostly 3-5 inches long — 442. Euphorbia neriifoUa* AA. Stems not succulent. D. Leaves 2 or more at enlarged ringed nodes; white latex poisonous and irritating. E. Leaves ovate or rounded, with long slender petioles. F. Leaves 3-8 at node, blades %-% inch long and broad — 122. Rascaso, Euphorbia petiolaris Sims. FF. Leaves 3 or 2 at node, blades 2-5 inches long — 440. Euphorbia, cotinifolia* EE. Leaves very narrow, narrowly oblong, almost stalkless, 2 at node — 432. Chamaesyce articulata. DD. Leaves alternate ; nodes mostly not ringed or enlarged. G. Leaves with 3 or more main veins from base. H. Petiole attached above base of blade. I. Leaves ovate, not lobed or with 3-5 angles or shallow lobes — 445. Jatropha he rnandii folia. II. Leaves starlike, with mostly 7 or 9 long-pointed lobes bordered by irregular gland-tipped teeth — 448. Ricinus communis.* HH. Petiole attached at base of blade. ■ J. Leaves palmately lobed. ■ K. Leaves deeply divided into 5, 7, or more lobes, and these into smaller lobes, coarsely toothed. L. Lobes 7 or 5; stinging hairs on twigs and flower stalks — 433. Cnidoscohts aconiti- folius.* LL. Lobes 11 or fewer; stinging hairs not present — 446. Jatropha multifida. KK. Leaves divided into 3 or 5 lobes, not toothed, broadly ovate. M. Leaves straight at base, with 3 or 5 long-pointed lobes — 431. Aleurites moluc- cana.* MM. Leaves deeply notched at base, with 3-5 blunt lobes — 444. Jatropha curcas.* JJ. Leaves toothed on edges but not lobed. N. Leaves with coarsely saw-toothed edges and 2 straight lateral veins from rounded base — 118. Achiotillo, Alchomea lati folia Sw. NN. Leaves with inconspicuously wavy-toothed edges and 2 curved veins from short- pointed base — 119. Palo de gallina, Alchorrteopsis portoricensis Urban. GG. Leaves with 1 main vein or midrib. 0. Spines present. P. Spines on edges and at apex of stiff" oblong or elliptic leaves— 438. Drypetes ilicifolia. PP. Spines on twigs. Q. Leaves large, 5-8 inches long, heart-shaped, long-pointed; large tree with spines also on trunk — 125. Molinillo, sandbox, hura, Hura crepitans L. QQ. Leaves small, less than 1% inches long, obovate or elliptic, rounded at apex; small tree or shrub. R. Leaves %-l% inches long; twigs whitish gray with stout gi'ay spines — 429. Ade- lia ricinella. RR. Leaves %-% inch long; twigs brown or gray, much branched, zigzag, with many slender spines — 452. Securinega acidoton. 384 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 00. Spines none. S. Leaves with tiny dotlike scales or dense hairs. T. Leaves with dotlike brown scales. U. Leaves slightly thickened, rounded or blunt-pointed at both ends, petiole usually reddish tinged — 126. Cedro macho, Hyeronima clusioides (Tul.) Muell.-Arg. UU. Leaves thick and leathery, short-pointed at both ends, petiole silvery brown — 120. Sabinon, Croton poecilanthns Urban. TT. Leaves with dense hairs. V. Leaves covered with whitish star-shaped hairs, mostly without teeth on edges. W. Leaves with midvein and paired dotlike glands at base of blade, the petioles with orange or rusty-colored hairs — 4.34. Croton astroites. WW. Leaves with 5 or 7 veins and no glands at base of blade, the petioles with whitish hairs — 435. Croton rigidus. VV. Leaves with unbranched hairs, greenish, with wavy teeth on edges — 430. Bernardia dichotoma. SS. Leaves without scales, hairless or with minute inconspicuous hairs. X. Leaves with petiole mostly more than 1 inch long, blades finely wavy toothed; sap milky, abundant, irritating. Y. Leaves elliptic, with raised dot gland at base of midrib — 124. Manzanillo, man- chineel, Hippomane mancinella L. YY. Leaves mostly oblong, with 2 raised dot glands at upper end of petiole — Sapitim. Z. Leaves with curved side veins — 449. Sapiwm. caribaeum. ZZ. Leaves with many straight, parallel lateral veins almost at right angle to midrib, a. Leaves abruptly short-pointed at apex — 129. Tabaiba, Snpitnn lauro- cerasus Desf. aa. Leaves abruptly long-pointed at apex — 450. Sapiion jamaicense. XX. Leaves with short petiole less than % inch long; sap mostly watery. b. Leaves broadest beyond middle, often with a few teeth toward apex. c. Leaves narrowed to blunt base — 123. Yaiti, oysterwood, Gymnnnthes lucida Sw. cc. Leaves narrowed to very long-pointed base — 436. Ditta myricoides. bb. Leaves broadest below or near middle, without teeth (except No. 437). d. Leaves in more than 2 rows, almost stalkless, the petioles V\n inch long and slender twigs with minute hairs — 451. Savia sessiliflora. dd. Leaves in 2 rows, with petioles more than Vs inch long, the petioles and twigs mostly hairless, e. Leaves many along slender deciduous twigs and appearing to be pinnate. f. Leaves 2-6 inches long; seed capsules nearly V2 inch in diameter — 447. Phyllanthus juglaiidifolins. ff. Leaves 1-3 inches long; berries rounded and 8- or 6-angled, %-% inch in diameter, light yellow, edible but sour — 127. Grosella, Otaheite gooseberry-tree, Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels.* ee. Leaves .several, not appearing to be pinnate. g. Leaves thin aiid hanging down, elliptic and equal at base, dull green above and pale whitish green beneath — 128. Millo, Margaritaria nohilis L. f. (Phyllanthus nohilis) . gg. Leaves slightly thickened, unequal or oblique at base. — Drypetes. h. Leaves with wavy toothed edges; fruit (drupe) elliptic, more than % inch long, whitish — 437. Drypetes alba. hh. Leaves without teeth on edges. i. Petiole %-% inch long; fruit (drupe) elliptic, % inch long, whitish — 121. Varital, Dn/petes glauca Vahl, ii. Petiole i/4-% inch long; fruit (drupe) egg-shaped, V2-% inch long, orange red or brown — 439. Drypetes lateriflora. 385 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 429. Cotorro Shrub or small tree mostly of dry areas, recognized by: (1) spiny whitish-gray twigs, conspicuous when leafless, with very short rounded side twigs; (2) leaves crowded and alternate, obovate to elliptic, %-li/4 inches long, 1/2-% inch wide, thin; (3) small greenish flowers male and female at leaf bases on dif- ferent trees, male crowded and short-stalked, female 1-3 on long slender stalks; and (4) seed capsules 3-lobed, rounded, ^^ inch in diameter. Deciduous shrub or small tree to 30 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark light gray, smoothish to finely fissured, sometimes with spines persistent. The inner bark is fibrous, light gray, almost tasteless. Twigs are whitish gray, finely hairy when young, slender, often ending in sharp stout gray spines 1/2 inch or more in length. Leaves are crowded on short side twigs and alternate, with short leafstalks y,f; inch long. Blades with rounded apex and gradually nar- rowed base, not toothed on edges, with minute gland dots visible with a lens, the upper surface yellow green and slightly shiny or dull and hair- less, the lower dull light green with minute tufts of hairs in vein angles. Flowers male and female at leaf bases on dif- ferent trees (dioecious), without petals. Male flowers crowded, about Vs inch wide, composed I I Adelia ricinella L. of whitish gray hairy 5-parted calyx and about 10-15 stamens. Female flowers 1-3 on slender stalks V2-2 inches long, consisting of 5 sepals and pistil with 3-celled ovary and 3 much di- vided styles. The brown seed capsules split into 3 parts and contain 3 round brown seeds Vk inch in diameter. Flowering mainly from fall to spring and fruiting from winter to summer. _ The wood is light brown and hard. ■ Scattered and locally common in openings in dry and moist limestone forests and in dry coastal hills from sea level to 300 feet altitude, mostly in central and western Puerto Rico. Also Desecheo and through islands eastward, including Palominos, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix and Buck Island, St. Thomas, St. John, Jost Van Dyke, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. Public forests and parks. — Cambalache, Guanica, Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands, Sage Mountain. Range. — Greater Antilles. Grand Cayman, Virgin Islands, St. Martin, Grenada, Tobago, and Curacao. Also Venezuela and Colombia. Other common names. — espinillo, escam- bron (Puerto Rico) ; jia, jia blanca, gavilan (Cuba) ; trejo (Dominican Republic) ; pole- gallo (Venezuela). Botanical synonym. — Ricinella ricinella (L.) Britton. 386 29. Cotorro Adelia ricinella L. Fruiting twig (left), leafy twig (upper right), twig with female flowers (lower right), natural size. 387 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 430. Nuez, candlenut Aleurites moluccana (L. ) Willd,* Candlenut, the State tree of Hawaii, is an uncommon introduced tree. From a distance it is recognized by the whitish foliage. Further identification is by: (1) large leaves mostly palmately 3- or 5-lobed, with 5 or 7 main veins from base; (2) young leaves and twigs densely covered with tiny whitish or rusty-brown star- shaped and scaly hairs; (3) many white male and female flowers about % inch long in ter- minal clusters; and (4) rounded greenish to brown fruits 1^2-2 inches in diameter, contain- ing 1-2 large elliptic oily nutlike seeds. Evergreen small to medium-sized tree, reach- ing 40 feet or more in height and 10 inches in trunk diameter, with irregular crown of spreading branches, and with milky juice. Bark gray, smoothish with many thin fissures. In- ner bark with dark red outer layer and brown inside, tasteless. The stout twigs are greenish, covered with rusty-brown star-shaped hairs when young, becoming brown. The stout petioles of the alternate leaves are 3-6 inches or more in length, often longer than blades, yellow green, hairy, with 2 dot glands at top above. The blades are mostly 4-8 inches long and broad, broadly ovate, with 3 or 5 long- pointed lobes, sometimes not lobed, the base nearly straight, thin, the upper surface green and becoming hairless, the lower surface light green, with star-shaped hairs along veins. Flowers are male and female on the same tree (monoecious), white, in much forked hairy terminal clusters (panicled cymes) 3V->-6 inches long and broad. Male flowers many, about % inch long, consisting of rounded hairy calyx % inch long, splitting into 2-3 lobes; corolla of 5 white petals ■)']ij inch long; and 15- 20 stamens. Female flowers few, composed of calyx, corolla, and pistil with hairy round 2- celled 2-ovuled ovary and 2 styles each 2-forked. The large fleshy fruits are borne singly on stout stalks and do not split open. Seeds 1-2, about 1 inch long, rough, hard like walnuts. Flower- ing and fruiting intermittently. The wood is whitish and soft. Elsewhere the seed oil has been produced comercially as a drying oil in paints and var- nishes, also for candles, and has served in medicine. The English common name refers to the practice of stringing the seeds together for use as candles. It is reported that the seeds or nuts have been eaten when roasted. However, the raw seeds are poisonous and have medicinal properties. Though uncommon, candlenut is planted oc- casionally in Puerto Rico as a roadside orna- mental and shade tree and for the oil. It is found from sea level to 2,000 feet altitude, mainly in the moist limestone region. Britton and Wilson (10) recorded it also as sparingly spontaneous after cultivation in Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and St. Thomas. Range. — Native probably of Malay region and named for the Molucca Islands, the original home uncertain. Widely spread by man over the Pacific Islands to Hawaii, where it is a characteristic tree. Introduced elsewhere through the tropics and becoming naturalized. Other common names. — nuez, nogal, nuez de India, palo de nuez (Puerto Rico) ; candle- nut, varnishtree (English, United States) ; ave- llano, nuez, jabilla extranjera (Dominican Re- public) ; nogal de la India, nogal prieto (Cuba) ; arbol de Indias (El Salvador) ; nogal de la India (Venezuela); candlenut (Jamaica); noyer des Indes (Haiti) ; wild date, acrot, kemeri (St. Eustatius, Saba) ; nogueira, no- gueira-de-Iguape, nox-da-India, nogueira-de- Bancul (Brazil). Tung-oil tree or tungue Aleurites fordii Hemsl.,* of central Asia, is a related species commercially important for the similar oil ex- tracted from the seeds. It diff"ers in the ovate leaves heart-shaped at base and sometimes 3- lobed, the hairs not star-shaped, and larger handsome reddish-white flowers more than 1 inch wide. This species has been tested experi- mentally in Puerto Rico. It is grown in planta- tions along the Gulf Coast of southeastern United States from northern Florida to Texas and elsewhere for commercial production of the drying oil in the paint industry. The attractive seeds are poisonous and have caused death when eaten. 388 t30. Nuez, candlenut Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.'- Flowers (upper left), leaves, and fruit (below), two-thirds natural size. 389 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 431. This shrub rarely is treelike with the height of a tree but with slender branches. Distin- guishing characters are: (1) ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate soft-hairy thickened leaves li/4- 33/2 inches long and %-l'4. inches wide, nar- rowed to blunt apex, rounded with 2 glands at base, and with wavy teeth along edges; (2) minute greenish male flowers in scaly stalkless clusters %-li4 inches long at leaf bases, with 16-25 stamens; and (3) rounded 3-lobed hairy light green seed capsules more than 14 inch long. A deciduous shrub mostly 3-10 feet high rarely to 18 feet high and with trunk 2 inches in diameter. Elsewhere recorded as a tree to 25 feet. The bark is gray and smoothish, the in- ner bark orange. Twigs are gray, slender, and densely hairy. The alternate leaves have paired bristlelike hairy scales (stipules) less than i/g inch long at base of the petioles of V4<-V'i inch. The blades Bernardia dichotoma (Willd. ) Muell. Arg. are covered with star-shaped hairs, the lower surface gray hairy with raised veins forming a network. Male flowers are in scaly clusters (spikes) 3-5 together with green 3-5-parted calyx, no corolla, and 15-25 stamens. Female flowers on difi'erent plants (dioecious) are few or single, with 5- or 6-parted calyx and pistil with densely hairy 3-celled ovary and 3 short much-divided styles. The 3 seeds are egg-shaped, %^ inch long, mottled brown or black. Collected with flowers in spring and summer. The wood is light brown and hard. Uncommon in dry limestone forest of south- ern and southwestern Puerto Rico. Public forest. — Guanica. Range. — Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Grand Cayman, St. Vincent, and Grenadines. Other common name. — cacapul (Cuba). Botanical synonym. — Adelia bernardia L. 390 Beniardiadichofoma (Willd.) Muell. Arg. Fruiting twig (upper left), twig with female flowers (lower right), natural size. 391 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 432. This shrub of dry coastal forests becomes a small tree on Desecheo Island and in southeast- ern Puerto Rico. It is recognized by: (1) abundant whitish latex; (2) the twigs with en- larged ringed nodes, branches widely forking; (3) paired, small leaves, mostly very narrow, %-2 inches long and V8-%g inch broad; and (4) 3-angled rounded seed capsules Yq inch long. Deciduous shrub 5 feet high, rarely becoming a small tree 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, with slender widely spreading branches and sparse foliage. The bark is gray and smoothish, with rings or joints from nodes 1-1 Vl> inches apart. Inner bark is light green at the surface and light brown within, slightly bitter, yielding abundant latex when cut. Twigs are slender with enlarged nodes, greenish, hair- less or minutely hairy, becoming brown. Leaves are opposite, hairless or nearly so. Petioles Vic inch long, slender, joined by a hairy-margined sheath (stipules), which forms a ring. Blades linear or narrowly oblong, the base short-pointed and slightly unequal, apex short-pointed, and border slightly curved under, the upper surface dull green, and lower surface whitish green. Sometimes the leaves are very narrow, to 21/2 inches in length and less than i/s inch wide. A form on Desecheo has short wide oblong leaves to 1 inch long and V2 inch broad. A greenish cup (involucre) % inch long, with 4 yellowish petallike glands on a short stalk at or near the end of a twig bears many Chamaesyce articulata (Aubl. ) Brittoni male flowers and 1 female flower (monoecious) Each male flower consists of a yellow stamen < about inch long. The female flower has a J long-stalked green pistil more than Vs inch long [_ with 3-angled 3-celled ovary and slender 3- forked style. The 3-angled rounded hairless capsule Vs inch long splits into 3 parts, each containing 1 pinkish gray seed Vio inch long. Flowering and fruiting through the year. The sapwood is light brown and slightly soft. Uncommon locally in dry coastal forest from sea level to 400 feet altitude in rocky and sandy soils of Puerto Rico, in the southeastern part with black mangrove sometimes reaching tree size. Also in Desecheo and Muertos and through the islands eastward from Icacos to Culebra, . and Vieques. Through the Virgin Islands, in- cluding St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tor- tola, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada. Public forest and parks. — Guanica; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Bahamas (East Caicos), Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, and Lesser Antilles from St. Martin, Saba, and Barbuda to St. Vincent and The Grenadines. Other common names. — bois lait (Guade- loupe) ; bushy spurge (Bahamas). Botanical synonym. — Euphorbia articu- lata Aubl. This species is the only native member of its genus attaining tree size. The others, about 16 species, include annual and perennial herbs and a few low shrubs. The specific name refers to the jointed stems with enlarged nodes. 392 Chamaesyce articulata (Aubl.) Britton Natural size. 393 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 433. Papayuelo This ornamental small tree sometimes re- garded as a tree spinach is recognized by: (1) very stout green twigs yielding abundant white latex when cut; (2) stinging hairs sometimes scattered along twigs and flower stalks or ab- sent; (3) large leaves with long petioles and palmately 7- or 5-lobed, deeply divided blades 6-14 inches long and broad; and (4) many fragrant small white male and female flowers in flat-topped long-stalked, erect terminal clusters. An evergreen planted tree 20 feet high, with short stout trunk to 6 inches in diameter, few stout branches, and compact dense half-round crown as broad as height of tree. Bark light gray brown with darker streaks, becoming finely fissured. Inner bark whitish with light green outer layer, almost tasteless, with abun- dant white latex. Twigs very stout, green with large whitish dots (lenticels), becoming light gray brown, with large oblong raised leaf scars and often with scattered stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, with very long round green petioles 6-14 inches long, spreading in all di- rections. Leaf blades 6-14 inches long and broad, palmately 7- or 5-lobed with as many light green veins from the heart-shaped base, the lobes deeply divided and narrow, long pointed, and coarsely toothed with smaller lobes, thin and hairless. The upper surface is dull dark green and turned up at veins, the lower surface dull light green with raised veins. Flower clusters (cymes) are terminal at the end of a long stalk, flat-topped, and 3-5 inches across, bearing many male flowers and few fe- male flowers (monoecious) without petals. Male flowers many but only a few open at one time, about Vo J^ich long and broad, consisting of narrow greenish-tinged calyx tube '/4 inch long, 5 spreading elliptic lobes 14 inch long, and on orange disk the white stamen column with 2 circles of 5 stamens to % inch long and third circle nonfunctional (staminodes). Female flowers few, terminal, opening first, composed CnUloscolus aconitij alius (Mill.) L M. Johnst.* of 5 white sepals more than 14 inch long which i fall early and on a disk the pistil 14 inch long,( with finely hairy light green egg-shaped 3- celled ovary with 3 ovules and 3 white widely working styles. The fruit is a bristly elliptic 3- celled capsule % inch long. Seeds 1 in each cell, more than 14 ii^ch long. Flowering through the year but not bearing fruits in Puerto Rico. Wood light brown, soft. Planted as an ornamental and shade treei along city streets, for example in Ponce, and near houses in moist parts of Puerto Rico, locally common. A relatively recent introduc- tion and not mentioned by Britton and Wilson {10). Attractive in gardens but less suited to roadsides, because the branches break easily. Propagated from seeds and cuttings and short- lived. Elsewhere, the plants with stinging hairs are grown as efi'ective hedges and for living fence posts. However, some cultivated plants are hairless. Young shoots and leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable like spinach. The leaves have been applied also as poultices in home remedies. The latex of related species has been investigated as a possible source of rubber. Range. — Native in southern Mexico and per- haps northern Central America to Guatemala and Honduras, the range extended by cultiva- tion southward to Venezuela and Peru. Other common names. — papaya macho (Puerto Rico) ; chay, picar, mala mujer (Mex- ico) ; chichicaste (Guatemala, Honduras); chaya, copapayo (Guatemala) ; chaidra, chaira, chayo, copapayo, papayilla (El Salvador) ; que- lite (Nicaragua); chicasquil (Costa Rica); coquillo (Panama) ; papayuelo, panama, ma- nolo (Colombia). Botanical synonym. — Jatropha aconitifoUa Mill. The common name papayuelo indicates the similarity of the leaves to those of the unrelated fruit. No. 174, lechosa, papaya, Carica papaya L.* 394 3. Papayuelo Cnidoscolus aconitifoUus (Mill.) I. M. Johnst.* Flowering twig, two-thirds natural size. 595 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 434. Maran A shrub, rarely small tree, common in dry areas, mostly in Virgin Islands, distinguished by: (1) leaves and flowers densely covered with whitish star-shaped hairs; (2) petioles and young twigs with orange or rusty-colored hairs; (3) ovate leaves 11/4-3 inches long and %-lV4 inches wide, with 5 or 7 veins from base; (4) minute greenish flowers in narrow erect clusters, the female at base and male above (monoecious) ; and (5) elliptic, slightly 3-lobed, densely hairy seed capsules more than 14 inch long. Evergreen shrub or rarely a tree to 15-20 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is gray and smooth. The petioles of the alternate leaves are 14-I inch long, with orange or rusty-colored hairs. Leaf blades are short- to long-pointed at apex, rounded or slightly notched at base, sometimes with small teeth on edges, densely covered with whitish star-shaped hairs, paler beneath. Flower clusters (racemes) 1-2 inches long bear many nearly stalkless male flowers i/s inch long with 5-lobed hairy calyx and about 16 sta- mens. Female flowers few at base of same clus- ters, about % inch long, with 5-lobed calyx, 3- Croton astroites Dryand.' celled densely hairy ovary and 3 threadlike styles, each divided. The seed capsules have ai the base the enlarged calyx to %q inch long andu | split into 6 parts. Flowering and fruiting through the year. Common and forming thickets in dry areas li near sea level and at low altitudes, particularly | in heavily grazed areas. These unpalatable !i plants increase in numbers after other species 1 are eliminated by severe grazing. Local ini Puerto Rico, collected at Cabeza de San Juan and Aguadilla. Also Culebra, Vieques, St. Croix, <j St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. The young twigs and sap formerly were used elsewhere in home remedies. Public parks. — Buck Island Reef, Virgin I&-\ lands. Range. — Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, and i Lesser Antilles from St. Martin, St. Barts, and { St. Eustatius to Guadeloupe. Other common names. — mana (Puerto ( Rico) ; balsam (Barbuda, St. Barts) ; ti-baume ( (Guadeloupe) ; wild marrow (St. Martin, St Eustatius) . 396 34. Maran Croton astroites Dryand. Twig with flowers and fruits (above), twig with male and female flowers (below), natural size. 397 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 433. Adormidera This shrub widespread in dry areas rarely becomes treelike. Identified by: (1) orange bitter sap; (2) the pungent odor of crushed leaves; (3) twigs, leaves, and flowers densely covered with whitish or gray star-shaped hairs ; (4) elliptic to lanceolate or ovate leaves mostly 1-2 inches long and %-% inch wide, sometimes larger, with paired dotlike glands at base be- neath; (5) minute greenish flowers in narrow erect clusters, the female at base and male above (monoecious) ; and (6) rounded, slightly 3-lobed, densely hairy brown seed capsules about %(■ inch in diameter. An evergreen shrub or rarely treelike and 15 feet high and 2 inches in trunk diameter or larger. The bark is light gray, smooth or slightly fissured, with orange bitter sap. Inner bark is light brown and slightly bitter. The alternate leaves have petioles V8-V2 i^^ch long. The blades are blunt to long-pointed at apex, rounded at base, not toothed on edges, densely covered with whitish or gray star- shaped hairs on both surfaces, paler beneath. The flower clusters (racemes) 1-2 inches long bear many nearly stalkless male flowers Vs inch long with 5-lobed hairy calyx and 12-16 Croton rigidus ( Muell. Arg. ) Britton 1 stamens. The few female flowers at base of some clusters are slightly larger, with 3-celled hairy ovary and 3 threadlike styles, each di- vided. Seeds 3, gray, less than Vs irich long. Flowering and fruiting nearly through the year. The wood is hard and whitish. Abundant and forming thickets in dry area4 near sea level and at low altitudes, especially where heavily grazed by goats and other ani- mals. These unpalatable plants spread and be- come dominant after other species are elimi- nated by severe grazing. Puerto Rico, Culebra, Culebrita, Vieques, St. Croix and Buck Island, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. Public forests and parks. — Guanica, Su- sua. Estate Thomas; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands only. Other common names. — guayacanillo (Puerto Rico) ; yellow balsam, sage, soldier whip (Virgin Islands). Several races differ in shape and size of leaves, hairiness, and color of twigs. 398 135. Adormidera Croton rif/idits (Muell. Arg.) Britton Fruiting twig (upper left), flowering twig (below), natural size. 399 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 436. Ditta Ditta myricoides Crisebl Ditta, a resinous small tree or shrub of the eastern mountains, is recognized by: (1) re- verse lance-shaped (oblanceolate) leaves 1%- 3V2 inches long and %-l inch broad, widest be- yond middle, short-pointed at apex and long- pointed and tapering toward the short leaf- stalk, slightly thickened, the edges minutely toothed and turned under; (2) flowers male and female, minute and inconspicuous, less than Vk inch long, stalkless at base of leaves; and (3) seed capsules nearly round, about l^ inch long. A small evergreen resinous tree or shrub to 35 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. The bark is slightly fis- sured, very light brown, sometimes covered with mosses. Inner bark is almost tasteless. The twigs are light brown. The alternate leaves have short leafstalks Va-Vi inch long, prominent raised veins on both sides, are shiny green to dark green on upper surface and slightly paler beneath. A resinous exudate is produced at leaf bases. Male flowers are borne several in a cluster at the base of a leaf. They are about Yn; inch long and broad, yellowish, each consisting of 3 broad sepals and several almost stalkless stamens Female flowers on diff"erent plants (dioecious) are borne 1 or 2 together, stalkless, less than Vs inch long, consisting of 2-3 broad sepals, a round green 2-celled ovary with 2 ovules and 2 deeply 2-forked brown stigmas. The seed cap- sules are nearly round, about y^, inch long, and contain 1 or 2 light brown elliptic seeds %g inch long, covered with minute tubercles. Found in flower from May to September and in fruit from August to November. The sapwood is light brown, hard, moder- ately heavy, and fine-textured. Uncommon in upper Luquillo and upper Cor- dillera forests and dwarf forest at 2,000-2,500 feet altitude in eastern and central mountains of Puerto Rico. Local in Luquillo Mountains, Sierra de Cayey, and Toro Negro Forest, and not found in Puerto Rico until 1914. This is the only species of its genus. Public forests. — Carite, Luquillo, Toro Negro. Range. — Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Other common name. — jaboncillo (Puerto Rico). 400 36. Ditta Ditta imjricoides Griseb. Natural size. 401 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 437. Hueso , This small tree is characterized by: (1) ovate to lance-shaped leaves 2-5 inches long and %-4y2 inches wide, long-pointed at apex, short- pointed and unequal or oblique at base, and in- conspicuously wavy-toothed on margin, the teeth sometimes sharp; (2) small yellow-green flowers clustered at leaf bases, male and female on different trees (dioecious) ; and (3) whitish elliptic fruits more than % inch long, slightly oblique and curved, 2-7 on short stalks at leaf bases. Evergreen small tree to 35 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is gray, smoothish with small warts (lenticels). Inner bark is light brown, gritty and slightly bitter. The twigs are gray to brown, slender, and hair- less. The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, with slender petioles Vi-% inch long. Blades are unequal or oblique at base, slightly thick- ened and leathery, the side veins inconspicuous, the upper surface green and shiny, the lower surface pale green. Male flowers on stalks more than Vs inch long are numerous, about % inch long, consist- ing of 4-6 sepals less than 14 « inch long and Drypetes alba Poit. 4-6 somewhat longer stamens opposite them and around a disk. Female flowers have simi- lar sepals and pistil with hairy egg-shaped 1- celled, 2-ovuled ovary and 1 style. The fruits (drupes) are clustered on stalks -^o inch long, egg-shaped and slightly oblique and curved, with sepals at base and style remaining near „ end, the surface minutely hairy. Within the stone is 1 seed. With flowers and fruits in spring and summer. The wood is light brown and hard. Uncommon in moist limestone and lower Cordillera forests at 200-2,500 feet altitude mostly in western Puerto Rico, also north- eastern. Public forests. — Cambalache, Guajataca, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Susua, Vega. Range. — Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Antigua, and Guadeloupe. Other common names. — cafeillo, palo de vaca, palo de vaca bianco (Puerto Rico) ; lirio, palo bianco, azota criollo (Dominican Repub- lic) ; hueso, maco, cuero duro (Cuba) ; bois cotelette, laboue cochon (Haiti) ; cafe-marron (Guadeloupe). 402 Drypetcs alba Poit. Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), natui-al size. 403 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 438. Encinillo This distinctive shrub or small tree of lime- stone hills and sand dunes of northern and western Puerto Rico is easily recognized by its hollylike, spiny-margined leaves. Its characters for identification are: (1) oblong or elliptic leaves, stiff, thick, and leathery, with few sharp spiny yellowish teeth along wavy edges; (2) small yellow-green flowers, male and female, clustered at leaf bases; and (3) elliptic fruits nearly % inch long, slightly oblique. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 40 feet high and 8 inches in trunk diameter. The light gray bark is rough and fissured, the inner bark light brown and tasteless. Twigs are whitish gray, finely warty (lenticels), hairless, often angled when young. The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, with petioles less than 14 i^^ch long. The blades are 2-6 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, the short-pointed apex ending in a spine nearly Vs inch long, and the base rounded or notched and slightly unequal or oblique, slightly concave and bent up from midrib. The upper surface is green and the lower surface yellow green, both with a prominent network of raised veins. I Drypetes ilicifolia Krug & Urban The flowers are male and female on different trees (dioecious), the female apparently not yet described. Male flowers clustered at leaf bases on stalks more than i/4c inch long have 4-5 sepals nearly i/g inch long, greenish and finely hairy, and 4-5 opposite stamens less than i/g inch long. The fruits (drupes) with 5 minute hairy sepals at base are finely hairy, have 1 stigma, and are thick-walled, 1-celled, and 1- seeded. With flowers in spring and summer and with fruits in summer. The wood is light brown and hard. Uncommon in moist limestone forest and re- corded from sand dunes, 200-500 feet altitude, in northern and western Puerto Rico. Found near Loiza, Bayamon, Arecibo, and Quebradi- llas. Public forests. — Cambalache, Guajataca, Vega. Range. — Puerto Rico and Peninsula of Samana, Dominican Republic, southeastern Hispaniola. Also rare and local in Jamaica. Othee common name. — rosewood (Ja- maica). 404 438. Encinillo Drypefes ilicifolia Krug & Urban Twig with male flowers (left), twig with female flowers and fruits (right), natural size. 405 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) i 439. Cueriduro, Guiana-plum Dry petes lateriflora (Sw.) Krug & Urban This small tree rare in moist limestone forest is identified by: (1) oblong or elliptic leaves 2-41/2 inches long and %-l% inches wide, long- pointed at apex and short-pointed and slightly unequal at base, with margin straight or slightly wavy, in 2 rows on slender twigs; (2) many small greenish white flowers clustered at leaf bases, male and female on diff"erent trees (dioecious) ; and (3) orange-red or brown egg- shaped fleshy fruits 1/2—^/!', inch long with large stone. Evergreen small tree 30 feet high and 5 inches in trunk diameter. Bark light gray, smoothish to finely fissured, the inner bark light brown and slightly bitter. Twigs are gray, slender, and hairless. The leaves are alternate in 2 rows, hairless, with slender petioles i/4-% inch long. Blades are often unequal at base, slightly thickened and leathery, the margin straight or minutely wavy, not toothed (spiny toothed on shoots from cut stumps), both surfaces green to dark green and slightly shiny with veins raised. The flowers are clustered at leaf bases on stalks about 1/3 inch long. Male flowers about Vs inch long have 4-5 pointed greenish- white sepals nearly Vs inch long, hairy on edges and 3-5 stamens longer than sepals and opposite them and around a disk. Female flowers have similar sepals and in a saucer- shaped disk the pistil with hairy 2-celled ovary with 2 ovules in each cell and 2 styles. The fruits (drupes) borne singly at leaf bases are finely hairy and have remains of sepals at base and 2 styles at apex. The orange-red bitter pulp encloses the stone and 1 elliptic brown seed about 14 inch long. Flowering in spring and summer and with fruits in summer. The wood is described as dark brown with thick light brown or yellowish sapwood, heavy, hard, brittle, and fine-textured. Rare in moist limestone forest at 200-400 feet altitude in northern and western Puerto Rico. Not on nearby islands. Public forests. — Cambalache, Guajataca, Rio Abajo, Susua, Vega. Range. — Southern Florida including Florida Keys, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Also southern Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Other common names. — ciruela de Guayana (Puerto Rico) ; pae manuel (Dominican Repub- lic) ; hueso, hueso de monte, hueso bianco, ra- mon bianco, cueriduro (Cuba) ; mula (El Sal- vador) ; white-wood, Guiana-plum (Jamaica) ; Guiana-plum (Bahamas) ; Guiana-plum, white- wood dry petes (United States) ; bois cotelette (Haiti). H 406 439. Cueiiduio, Guiana-plum Dry petes lateriflora (Sw.) K rug & Urban Flowering twig (lower left), fruiting twig (right), natural size. 407 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) II 440. Carrasco, poison spurge Carrasco or poison spurge is a very poison- ous uncommon ornamental shrub or small tree. It is characterized by : (1) abundant poisonous white latex or milky sap, caustic and irritating to the skin; (2) broadly ovate to nearly round leaves mostly 2-3 inches long and IV0-2V2 inches wide, sometimes larger, green to coppery purple, mostly 3 at a node on very slender peti- oles often longer than blades; (3) inconspicu- ous minute male and female flowers borne in small greenish cups Y-i ,; inch across the whitish borders in terminal crowded clusters; and (4) small 3-angled capsules %,-, inch across the whitish borders in terminal crowded clusters; and (4) small 3-angled capsules ^lo inch in diameter. A deciduous planted shrub or rarely small tree to 15 feet high. Bark whitish and smooth- ish. Poisonous white latex flows profusely from cuts on twigs and bark. The twigs are hairless or nearly so and have 2 dot glands between each 2 leaves. Leaves mostly in 3's (whorled). Blades are rounded at both ends or notched at base, not toothed on edges, thin, beneath paler and some- times slightly hairy. Flower clusters (cymes in panicles) are ter- minal, much branched, and showy. The cups contain minute male and female flowers (monoecious). The seed capsules are hairy Euphorbia cotinifolia L.* when young and contain 3 seeds. Introduced in Puerto Rico as an ornamental for the reddish foliage but not common. Further planting of this dangerous shrub is not recommended. Elsewhere, notably in Central America, the plants are grown in hedges, bor- ders, and as living fence posts, propagated from cuttings. The milky sap produces a rash in contact with the skin of many persons (like poison-ivy) and when taken internally causes violent vomit- ing and may be fatal. Indians of continental America used the sap as a poison on arrows and for catching fish. The seeds reportedly have strong laxative properties. Range. — Native from southern Mexico to Guianas, Brazil, and Peru, spread by cultiva- tion, and also introduced in West Indies. Other common names. — yerba lechera, hierba mala (Cuba) ; mala mujer, trompillo, pifioncillo, mata gallina (Mexico) ; hierba mala (Guatemala) ; sapo (Nicaragua) ; barrabas (Costa Rica) ; manzanillo, lechero, lechero de lindero, nacedero, lorencillo (Colombia) ; le- chera (Venezuela) ; yuquilla (Peru) ; poison spurge (English) ; manzaliiia bobo, manzanilla bobo (Dutch Antilles) . Botanical synonyms. — Euphorbia coti- noides Miq., Aklenia cotinoides (Miq.) Millsp., A. cotinifolia (L.) Millsp. 408 440. Carrasco, poison spurge Euphorbia cotinifolia L." One-half natural size. 409 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 441. Cantlelero, mottled spurge This cactuslike shrub or small tree planted for ornament and in hedges is easily identified as a spurge by the abundant white poisonous latex that flows from cuts. Other distinguishing characters are: (1) fleshy or succulent green stems and branches 3-angled and 1-3 inches across; and (2) leaves minute and shedding early, represented by paired gray spines (stip- ules) l^-V8 inch long from raised edges or ridges of branches. A usually leafless but evergreen shrub or small tree to 25 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, with fleshy or succulent stems, much branched, hairless throughout. Stems with whorls of branches nearly to base but on large plants shedding the spiny tissue and developing a rounded brown, fissured trunk. The 3-angled (sometimes 4-angled) branches are mostly joints 4-12 inches long and 1-3 inches across, slightly shiny dark green, with yellowish or whitish streak in the groove of the axis between the angles. White latex runs abundantly from the outer part of cut stems. The soft cut branches have a light green outer layer less than Vs iiich thick, which yields latex, and within whitish watery tissue, slightly bitter. Raised leaf bases 14-V2 i"ch high and about %-l inch apart along the edges of branches correspond to nodes and bear paired spreading gray spines (stipules). The few scattered leaves are alternate, minute, stalkless, rounded, 1/8-1/4 inch long, slightly shiny green, succulent, slightly thick and shedding early, or absent. Euphorbia lactea Haw.* The flowers are small and inconspicuous, borne intermittently. Wood of trunks is whitish and very soft. The latex or milky juice is bitter, poisonous, and caustic. It should not come in contact with sores, eyes, mouth, or mucous membranes. Re- portedly it injures the eyes and can cause blindness. These plants with succulent stems and water storage tissue are adopted to dry regions. Like cacti, they have developed similar compact form with reduced surface and less water loss, also green stems replacing leaves in food manu- facture. Plants are grown for ornament, in fences, and trimmed as hedges in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, uncommon and sometimes per- sisting afterwards. Also southern Florida and elsewhere in tropical regions. Escaping from cultivation, spreading and forming thickets in some places. Recommended for hedges in sand dunes along ocean fronts. Propagated easily by cuttings. Public forest. — Guanica. Range. — Native of East Indies. Other common names. — escambron, mo- teado (Puerto Rico) ; candelero, cacto, raqueta (Dominican Republic) ; cardon, tuna de cruz (Cuba) ; lechero de lindero (Colombia) ; cande- labre (Haiti) ; cactus Surinam, corona di sum- piiia (Dutch Antilles) ; mottled spurge, milk- stripe euphorbia (United States) ; monkey- puzzle euphorbia, Malayan spurge-tree (Virgin Islands) . 410 441. Candelero, mottled spurge Euphorbia lactea Haw. Leafy twig (above), natural size; plant at lower left. 411 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 442. Hedge euphorbia Euphorbia neriifolia L. ' This ornamental spurge with fleshy leaves and stems yields white poisonous latex abun- dantly from cuts. Other characters for identi- fication are: (1) stout dull green branches %- 1 inch in diameter, bluntly 5-angled; (2) thick stifl" leaves narrowly obovate or oblong, 3-5 inches long, sometimes larger; and (3) paired gray spines (stipules) Vir-V^ ii^ch long at leaf base and persistent on stem. Evergreen or deciduous shrub or small tree 25 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter or larger, with relatively few stout fleshy or suc- culent branches, hairless throughout. Trunks becoming round, light brown, smoothish, slightly fissured, with scattered spines per- sistent. The stout dull green branches or twigs are soft and consist of a thin light green outer layer about Vi,; inch thick and beneath whitish watery tissue, slightly bitter. Twigs end in a rounded or blunt tip with young pointed leaves. The alternate leaves spread at right angles to the twig and are scattered in 5 vertical rows along the trunk. They are commonly 3-5 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, sometimes larger, tapering to a short stout petiole and widest near the blunt apex, with short point, thick, fleshy, and stiff", curved up from center to edges, without visible veins, shiny green above the dull green beneath. At the base are 2 gray spines (stipules). Upon shedding, a rounded light brown leaf scar 14. inch across remains with the paired spines at the slightly raised base. A few flower clusters (cymes) i/o-l inch long with stout forking branches are borne near ends of ridges or at bases of upper leaves. Flowerlike heads (involucres) few on short stout stalks, greenish, fragrant, cuplike, about % inch across, bordered by 5 short petallike greenish lobes each with gland at base, contain- ing 1 female flower and many male flowers (monoecious). The female flower, which opens first, about % inch long is a pistil with 3-angled 3-celled ovary with 3 ovules and 3-forked style. Many male flowers borne a few at a time con- sist of 1 dark red stamen about Vs inch long, in mass of greenish hairlike scales. Flowering intermittently. The latex or milky juice is bitter, poisonous, and caustic. Planted for ornament and in hedges in Puerto Rico and St. Thomas and perhaps others of the Virgin Islands and elsewhere through the tropics. Cristate forms with enlarged or crested branches are in cultivation. Range. — Native of East Indies. Other common names. — hedge euphorbia (English) ; tuna francesa (El Salvador) ; lechero de lindero, lechero de cercas, nacedero (Colombia) ; adorna patio (Dominican Repub- lic) ; cordon santu (Dutch Antilles). 412 442. Hedge euphorbia Euphorbia neriifolia L.* Leafy twig (above), fruit and male and female flowers (below), natural size. 413 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 443. Esqueleto, pencilbush, milkbush This ornamental succulent shrub or small tree has abundant white poisonous latex as in other spurges and differs also from cacti in absence of spines. It is recognized by: (1) many cylindric pencillike fleshy twigs or joints, forking upward; and (2) narrow green leaves V2-I inch long, shedding early and usually absent. Shrub or small tree becoming 30 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter, with evergreen fleshy or succulent branches but usually leafless, hairless throughout. Bark dark green, smooth or rough. Branches many, whorled or some- times single, curving outward and erect to form an irregular brushlike crown. The pencillike dull green twigs or joints commonly 3-5 inches long and Vi inch in diameter, or only i/g inch at the rounded end and becoming 1/2 inch. The smooth hairless surface often has many fine whitish lines. White latex, caustic and poison- ous, flows from cut surfaces. Under the surface the twigs are light green, with sour taste. Leaves few, scattered, alternate, oblanceo- late, V2-I inch long, Vh inch wide, broadest be- yond middle, short-pointed at apex and taper- Eitphorbia tirucalli L. * ing to stalkless base, slightly thick and succu- lent, the upper surface dull green, the lower surface paler with faint midvein. Flower clusters are yellowish heads or balls 1/2-% inch across, stalkless at ends of twigs, composed of many crowded cuplike clusters (involucres) V8-%c inch across. Within are many male flowers each of 1 stamen on a stalk. Flowering intermittently. Wood whitish, soft. Planted for ornament in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands but uncommon. Elsewhere also a hedge plant. Propagated by cuttings. In southern Florida recommended for dune plant- ing. Northward in continental United States grown as a potted plant. The milky sap causes a rash on the skin of some persons and is poi- sonous if taken internally. Range. — Native of Africa. Planted through the tropics including Florida and Hawaii. Other common names. — antena, palito, es- quelito, alfabeto chino (Dominican Republic) ; milkbush, pencil-tree, Indian tree spurge (Eng- lish) ; potlood plant coral-cactus, wishbone- cactus (Dutch Antilles); aveloz (Brazil). 414 443. Esqueleto, pencilbush, milkbush Euphorbia tirucnlli L.* Leafy twig, natural size. 415 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 444. Tartago, physic-nut Tartago or physic-nut is a small ornamental tree escaping from cultivation, identified by : (1) the latex between water and milk in color that runs from cuts; (2) broadly ovate or heart-shaped leaves mostly slightly 3- or 5- lobed or angled, with 5 or 7 main veins from base, 3-5 Vo inches long and nearly as wide, the petioles mostly longer than blades, crowded at ends of stout twigs; (3) yellow-green bell- shaped flowers 14 iiich long and broad, several on short stalks at leaf bases; and (4) elliptic dark brown capsules 1-1 V2 inches long and % inch across, splitting into 3 parts, with 3 poisonous seeds. Deciduous small tree or shrub 10-15 feet high and to 6 inches in trunk diameter, with rounded thin crown of few spreading branches. Bark light brown, smoothish and slightly warty, the inner bark brown and slightly bitter. Twigs are stout, i/i-Vo inch in diameter, light green but becoming gray, smooth with whitish dots (lenticels) and raised half-round leaf scars, hairless, with chambered pith. Leaves alternate but mostly crowded at ends of twigs. Petioles light green, round, 2V2-5V2 inches long. Blades are broadly ovate, deeply notched or heart-shaped at base, short-pointed at apex, and with 2-4 blunt lobes on sides, thin, hairless or nearly so. The upper surface is dull green with veins yellowish and slightly sunken, the lower surface dull light green with raised veins. Flowers several to many in greenish branched clusters (cymes) 1-3 inches long at leaf bases, fragrant, on stalks about 14 ii^ch long, male and female on the same plant (monoecious). The calyx consists of 5 sepals nearly V'k inch long; corolla yellow green, bell- shaped, 14 inch long, divided to middle into 5 spreading narrow lobes, hairy within, and there are 5 minute glands at base. Male flowers many, with 10 stamens, 5 united at base and 5 united in a column. Female flowers borne singly have pistil with elliptic 3-celled 3-ovuled ovary, short style, and 3 spreading 2-forked stigmas. The capsules with enlarged sepals at base are slightly fleshy but become dry and split into 3 parts. There are 3, sometimes 2, oblong blackish seeds about •% inch long, similar to those of castorbean. Flowering irregularly through the year. The wood is white and very soft and spongy. Seeds, leaves, and sap have been employed widely in home remedies. The pleasantly flavored oily seeds are a drastic purgative but poisonous and dangerous and have caused death Jatropha curcas L.* when eaten by small children. It is reported that the seeds are edible when roasted and that cultivation for this purpose once was at- tempted. However, the seeds should not be eaten because they cause illness when only par- tially roasted. The clear oil pressed from the seeds has been used in some countries for mak- ing soap, for illumination, as a lubricant, and in paints. The seeds have served in medicine under the names Barbados-nuts, purging-nuts, physic- nuts. Semen Ricini Majoris, and pignons d'Inde. The plants are widely cultivated elsewhere from cuttings as a hedge or living fence. The deciduous foliage is unpalatable to livestock. Indians in the West Indies and Mexico were growing these plants around their houses when the first European explorers arrived. In Mexico a lac or varnish was obtained from scale insects propagated on the bark. An infusion of the leaves was used in Guatemala to set dyes of cot- ton. A honey plant. Uncommonljr planted around houses as an ornamental and escaping to clearings, road- sides, and waste grounds in Puerto Rico, Mona, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda. Apparently not native in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands but introduced long ago and now widespread in cultivation and naturalized locally. Grown from cuttings or seeds. Public forests. — Guanica, Maricao, Rio Aba jo. Range. — Native of tropical America, planted by the Indians, and the original range uncer- tain. Now widely cultivated and naturalized in Bermuda, through West Indies, and continental America from southern Florida and Mexico to Argentina. Also introduced into Old World tropics and becoming naturalized. Other common names. — tartago, piiion, pinon purgante (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; physic-nut (Virgin Islands, English) ; purge- nut, curcas-bean, Barbados-nut (English) ; piiion botija, pinon de cercas (Cuba) ; sangre- gado, piiioncillo (Mexico) ; tempate (Central America) ; cotoncillo (Honduras) ; coquillo (Costa Rica, Panama) ; piiion de purga, tuatiia, frailecillo, frailejon (Colombia) ; medicinier, medicinier beni (Haiti) ; grave physic-nut, schijnoot (Dutch Antilles) ; schijtnoot (Suri- nam) ; piao, piao branco, pinhao bravo (Brazil); medicinier blanc (Dominica). Botanical synonym. — Curcas curcas (L.) Britton & Millsp. 416 444. Tartago, physic-nut Jatropha ciircas L." Flowers (upper left), leaf and fruits (right), two-thirds natural size. 417 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 445. Tabaiba This vinelike shrub rarely reaching tree size is easily recognized by its distinctive leaves. Characters for identification include: (1) watery or slightly milky latex; (2) ovate leaves with petiole attached mostly above base of blade (peltate), short- or long-pointed at apex, some- times with 1 or 2 additional points or lobes, dull green above and blue green beneath; (3) sev- eral whitish male and female flowers about % ,-, inch long and broad on very slender widely forking stalks; and (4) nearly round seed cap- sules % inch in diameter, splitting into 3 parts. An evergreen shrub 5-10 feet high, also taller and vinelike, or treelike to 20 feet tall with slender stems to 2 inches in diameter, and few branches, without a definite crown, hairless throughout. The bark is smooth and light gray, the inner bark whitish and tasteless with nearly transparent slightly bitter latex. The slender twigs are gx'eenish when young, turning gray or brown, with rounded raised leaf scars. The alternate leaves have slender petioles 1-4 inches long attached mostly above the rounded or heart-shaped base of blade. The thin papery blades are mostly 2-5y2 inches long and ll^-3V2 inches wide. Jatropha her nandii folia Vent. Flower clusters (cymes) 1-5 inches long at leaf bases bear several flowers, mostly male (monoecious). Male flowers have calyx or 5 rounded lobes, bell-shaped tubular white corolla with 5 spreading lobes, and 10 stamens in 2 series united in column. Female flowers have pistil with 3-celled ovary and forked stigma. The nearly round seed capsules, 1 or 2 on stalks of 2-3 inches, are whitish tinged with green, turning brown, and split into 3 parts. Seeds 3 or fewer, oblong, % inch long, mottled brown. Flowering and fruiting irregularly through the year. The wood is light brown or whitish and soft. Uncommon in understory of moist limestone forest at low altitudes in Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Cambalache, Guanica, Vega Baja. Range. — Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. Other common name. — papayo (Puerto Rico). Botanical synonym. — Curcas hernandii- folius (Vent.) Britton. Closely related to Jatropha divaricata Sw., of Jamaica, which has thicker, soft leathery leaves with petiole at- tached at base of blade (not peltate.) 418 445. Tabaiba o 1 Jatropha he vnnndii folia Vent. Fruiting twig (above), male flowers (lower right), natural size. 419 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 446. Tartago emetico, coralplant This handsome ornamental shrub or small tree occasionally spreads from cultivation and might be native in dry areas. It is easily recog- nized by: (1) abundant poisonous milky juice or white latex flowing from cut parts ; (2) long- stalked leaves deeply palmately lobed with 11 or fewer lance-shaped lobes also divided and toothed; (3) many small red or scarlet flowers in flat-topped erect showy cluster on long stalk ; and (4) yellow rounded slightly 3-Iobed seed capsules about 1 inch long. Shrub or small tree 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter or larger, apparently decidu- ous in dry areas, with few branches, each end- ing in a cluster of crowded leaves. The bark is brown, smooth, with many lenticels. The stout hairless twigs have large round leaf scars. The alternate hairless leaves have stipules 1/2-% inch long, divided into brown threadlike segments. Petioles are 4-8 inches long, round. The thin blades have a rounded outline 6-12 inches across but are much divided into narrow long-pointed lobes V2-2 inches long, green above and whitish beneath. Flower clusters (cymes) are erect on a stalk 4-8 inches long, branched at the top about 2V2 inches across and flat, hairless throughout. Male flowers are numerous on slender spreading reddish stalks, nearly y-> inch across, composed of 5-lobed red calyx Vs inch long ; 5 red spread- ing narrow curved petals 1/4 inch long; disk of 5 glands united at base ; and 8 red stamens 14. inch long. Female flowers 2-3 near center of flower cluster, less than V4 inch long, consist of calyx, corolla, and pistil with 3-celled 3-ovuled ovary and 3 styles each 2-forked. The capsules split into 3 parts, each with 1 elliptic mottled seed about Yi. inch long. Flowering and fruiting intermittently. Jatropha multifida L. The seeds and milky sap are poisonous but t have been used in home remedies. In southern Florida this species is considered to be a fre- quent cause of poisoning. Uncommonly planted for ornament and along roadsides in Puerto Rico, Vieques, and the Vir- gin Islands in St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Tor- tola and escaping and naturalized locally. Pos- sibly native in dry areas of southwestern Puerto Rico. Collected in the interior of Mona Island far from any present habitation, yet possibly introduced long ago. Propagated from cuttings and seeds. Public forest. — Luquillo.* Range. — Native home uncertain, apparently ; West Indies, possibly including Puerto Rico. Collected in Barbados in 1687 and perhaps na- tive there. Now widespread and naturalized 1 through West Indies, from southern Florida to Texas, in Hawaii, and from Mexico to Brazil and becoming naturalized. Also introduced in Old World tropics. Other common names. — don tomas, mana, tartago (Puerto Rico) ; coralplant (Virgin Is- lands) ; piiion de Espaiia, pinon extranjero, yuca cimarrona (Dominican Republic) ; ceibilla, piiion vomico, pifion extranjero, castafio purgante (Cuba) ; cabalongo (Mex- ico) ; chicasquil (Costa Rica) ; tartago emetico, coral (Colombia) ; emetico vegetal (Vene- zuela) ; coralplant, physic-nut (English, United States) ; Spanish physic-nut, French physic-nut (Jamaica) ; French physic-nut (Barbados) ; medicinier espagnol, papaye sauvage, medici- nier d'Inde (Haiti) ; coralplant, diez manda- mentu (Dutch Antilles). Botanical synonym. — Adenoropium multi- fidum (L.) Pohl. 447. Jagiierillo A shrub or small tree to 15 feet high and 4 inches in diameter of distinctive form. The smooth gray trunk, sometimes stout, bears at the apex many slender horizontal branches or twigs 1-2 feet long with many alternate leaves in 2 rows. The slender twig enlarged at base and the leaves appear to be a pinnate compound leaf and all may shed together as one. Other characters are : (1) leaves oblong to lanceolate, 2-6 inches long and 1-1 V-j inches wide, long- to short-pointed at apex and rounded or slightly notched at base, not toothed on edges, thin, hair- less, paler beneath, with petioles of about Vs inch; (2) small short-stalked whitish or green- ish flowers less than ^/\ ^ inch long at leaf bases, with 5 or 6 sepals and no corolla, the male with 6 stamens united below, and the female on same Phyllanthus juglandifolius Willd. plant (monoecious) with 3-celIed ovary and stalkless flat stigma; and (3) the brown seed capsules are ■'?){ inch in diameter rounded but slightly flattened and 3-lobed, spitting into 3 parts, each with 2 dark brown elliptic seeds about ^1,; inch long. Flowering in spring and summer and fruiting in summer and autumn. Scattered and uncommon in forests at low and middle altitudes in Puerto Rico and reported long ago from St. Thomas. Range. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, and South America from Venezuela and Guyana to Brazil, I Peru, and Ecuador. Other common names. — | grosella cimarrona (Cuba) ; quitasol (Ecua- i dor). Botanical synonyms. — Asterandra ; grandifolia (L.) Britton, Phyllanthus graridi- folius auth., not L. 420 446. Tartago emetico, coralplant Jatropha inultifida L Flowering twig (above), portion of fruit (lower right), two-thirds natural size. 421 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 448. Higiierito, castorbean Ricinus communis L. * Castorbean is an introduced large coarse herb or shrub sometimes becoming a small tree. It is easily recognized by: (1) the large star- like palmate-veined leaves with mostly 7-9 long pointed lobes bordered by irregular gland- tipped teeth and with very long round petiole joined below middle of blade; (2) small green- ish flowers in terminal clusters, male below and female above; (3) the elliptic seed capsule about % inch long, 3-lobed and usually spiny, splitting into 3 parts; and (4) the familiar castorbean i/o-'^^'. ii^ch long, with whitish swell- ing at one end, oily but poisonous when eaten raw. Evergreen large coarse herb or shrub, some- times a small tree 15 feet or more in height and 4 inches in trunk diameter, with few branches, hairless throughout. In temperate regions a coarse annual herb. Bark light brown, smooth- ish, with rings at nodes and raised dots (lenti- cels), the inner bark light gray and tasteless. The stout greenish twigs are covered with a whitish bloom and have enlarged ringed nodes. The bud is covered by a long-pointed yellow- green stipule more than 1 inch long, which sheds early, leaving a ring scar. The alternate leaves have very long stout petioles mostly 12-20 inches long, whitish green, rounded and hollow, joining the middle of the blade (peltate) and bearing 2 cup-shaped yellow-green glands at apex under blade. Blades are mostly 12-16 inches in diameter, sometimes smaller, thin, slightly saucer-shaped, deeply 7-9-lobed half way to petiole, the lobes on 1 side more than twice the length of the shortest. The upper surface is dull green with veins yel- low green and slightly sunken. The lower surface dull light green with prominent veins. Flower clusters (racemes) are erect at end of twigs and bear many short-stalked flowers without corolla, male below and female above (monoecious). The male flower develops from light green rounded bud Vs iJ^ch in diameter, covered by the calyx, and consists of the light green calyx with 3-5 long-pointed lobes bent down and many stamens with much branched filaments and dotlike light yellow anthers %- Yi inch long and broad. The greenish female flower less than Y4, inch long is composed of the light green 3-5-lobed calyx and the pistil with light green spiny 3-celled ovary, 3 ovules, and 3 spreading reddish-brown glandular styles each 2-forked. The seed capsules are whitish green, becom- ing brown, usually covered with weak spines or smooth and split into 3 parts, each 1-seeded. The seed or castorbean is shiny brown with darker streaks or spots and a whitish enlarge- ment at one end, resembling a tick or beetle. Flowering and fruiting throughout the year. The wood is whitish and soft. Castorbean is cultivated elsewhere for the oily seeds, which yield the caster-oil of com- merce, a laxative and lubricant. The oil has been used also in soap making, for lighting homes, and as a hair dressing. However, raw seeds resembling ticks or beetles are poisonous and can cause death if eaten. If the flower stalks are removed before maturity of seeds, the risk of poisoning children is reduced. An ornamental shrub or in temperate re- gions an annual herb. Several varieties diff"er in fruit and seed characters. One ornamental variety planted locally has reddish or purplish foliage. Locally common in waste places, cultivated, escaped, and naturalized throughout Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. Recorded from Icacos, Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tor- tola, and Virgin Gorda. Public forests and park. — Guajataca, Rio Abajo, Susua ; Virgin Islands. Range. — Native of tropical Africa but widely planted and naturalized in tropical and sub- tropical regions of the world. Naturalized through West Indies and in subtropical parts of southern continental United States from Flor- ida to Texas, Arizona, and California. North- ward grown as an annual herb and escaping from cultivation. Also from Mexico south to Brazil and Argentina. Other common names. — higuereta, ricino (Puerto Rico, Spanish) ; higuerillo, higuero, palmacristi (Spanish) ; castorbean, castor-oil- plant (Virgin Islands, English) ; higuerillo bianco, higuerillo rojo (Guatemala) ; higuero bianco, higuero Colorado (El Salvador) ; hi- guerilla colorada (Costa Rica) ; castor, rejalgar (Colombia) ; tartago (Venezuela, Argentina) ; higuerilla negra (Peru) ; oil-nut (Jamaica, Barbados) ; palma Christi (Barbados) ; ricin, palma-christi (French) ; castor-oil-plant, kar- pata, palma Christi (Dutch Antilles) ; carrapa- teira (Brazil); carpate (Dominica). 422 448. Higuerito, castorbean Richius commMiiis L. Fruits (above), leaf, and flowers (lower left), two-thirds natural size. 423 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 449. Sapiiim caribaeum Urban A tree species of the Lesser Antilles known also from 2 localities in the Virgin Islands. Dis- tinguishing characteristics are : (1) abundant milky sap, probably poisonous as in related spe- cies; (2) elliptic-lanceolate thin leaves 3-5^/2 inches long and 114-214 inches wide, with rela- tively few side veins mostly curved toward bor- der; and (3) rounded seed capsules nearly 14 inch in diameter. A small evergreen tree 20 feet high and 4 inches or more in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Leaves alternate, the light green round petioles %-l inch long with 2 glands at apex. Blades long-pointed at apex and rounded at base, with minute gland teeth on edges, thin or slightly thick and succulent, the upper sur- face green, and the lower surface dull light green. Flower clusters (spikes) 4-10 inches long at ends of twigs bear many minute nearly stalk- less flowers less than i/,,., inch long, mostly male and in lower part female (monoecious). Male flowers about 10 above a scale have 2-lobed calyx and 2 stamens. Female flowers borne singly have 2-lobed calyx and pistil with rounded ovary and 2 styles. The purplish seed capsules are mostly 2-lobed and contain 2 rounded seeds more than i/g inch long. The whitish soft lightweight wood is not used. Elsewhere, Indians made bird-lime from th€ sticky white sap. Collected at Cinnamon Bay, St. John, about a century ago but not found there afterwards. Sterile specimens were obtained in the moun- tain or rain forest at the summit of Sage Moun- tain, Tortola, altitude 1,700 feet, by one of the authors in 1954 and 1972. Public parks. — Virgin Islands (?), Sagf Mountain. Range. — Tortola, St. John, and Lesser An- tilles in St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Do- minica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent Other common names. — gumtree (Saba) ; bois de sole (Guadeloupe) ; bois-la-glu, glutiei (Martinique) ; la glu (St. Lucia) ; la glu, lagl (Dominica). 424 // ' I I I 449. Sapium caribaeum Urban Flowering twig (above), fruiting twig (below), two-thirds natural size. 425 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 450. Tabaiba Sapium jamaicense Sw This species of tabaiba is rare and local near Lares and in Luquillo Mountains at its eastern limit. It is characterized by: (1) abundant irritating and poisonous milky sap ; (2) oblong or elliptic green leaves with many nearly straight to slightly curved parallel lateral veins almost at right angle to midvein, the edges mi- nutely wavy-toothed, and 2 raised dotlike glands at upper end of petioles ; (3) small yellow-green flowers stalkless along narrow axes at leaf bases, mostly male with a few female below (monoecious) ; and (4) seed capsules round, ^,; inch in diameter, 3-seeded. Small to medium-sized evergreen tree to 50 feet high and 10 inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Leaves alternate, with green petioles %-li4 inches long. Blades are mostly 6-9 inches long and 214,-2% inches wide, sometimes only 3 inches long and 1 inch wide, abruptly long-pointed at apex and blunt at base. Flower clusters (spikes) 2-4, are 3-6 inches long, unbranched, at base of topmost leaves. Male flowers, in groups of 3-7 above a scale, about inch long and broad, yellow green, consisting of cup-shaped 2-toothed calyx and 2 stamens. Female flowers %,-, inch long, green, are composed of a cup-shaped 3-toothed caly: and pistil with 3-celled 3-ovuled ovary and ', styles. Seed capsules are 3-celled and split inb 3 parts. The seeds are about •%(■, inch long. Rare in northeastern Puerto Rico only a Rosario Tract in Luquillo Mountains at 600- 800 feet altitude and near Lares in the mois limestone forest. Public forest. — Luquillo. Range. — Greater Antilles, southern Mexic( (Chiapas), Guatemala, and Honduras. Other common names. — lengua de vaca aburridero (Dominican Republic) ; lechuga piniche, lechero (Cuba) ; beyacca, gumtree- milkwood (Jamaica) ; bois lait, bois brulan (Haiti). Apparently after reaching its eastern limit ii Puerto Rico, this species of the Greater An tilles, Mexico, and Central America produce( the local or endemic relative, No. 129, tabaiba Sapium laurocerasus Desf. That species ii common and more widespread over the islam and ascends to higher altitudes. It differs ii the darker more shiny leaves with side veini more nearly at right angle to midrib and mor< prominent glands at upper end of petiole. 426 450. Tabaiba Sapium jniiuiicense Sw. Twig with male flowers (upper left), twig with female flowers (lower left), fruiting twig (right), natural size. 427 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 451. Amansa guapo Savia sessiliflora ( Sw. ) Willd Distinguishing characters of this shrub or small tree of dry areas are : (1) narrowly ovate leaves 1-3 inches long and %-iy4. inches wide, alternate, almost stalkless, and light green; (2) minute yellow flowers male and female at leaf bases on different trees, male crowded and al- most stalkless, female single on curved stalks; and (3) seed capsules rounded, brown or black, %c inch in diameter, splitting into 3 parts, each 2-seeded. Deciduous shrub or small tree to 25 feet high and 4 inches in trunk diameter. The bark is gray, smooth to slightly fissured, with warts (lenticels). The inner bark is light pink be- neath an outer green layer, bitter. The slender twigs are greenish and linely hairy when young, becoming brownish with raised dots (lenticels) . The alternate leaves have hairy leafstalks %fi inch long and minute pointed stipules Vic inch long. Blades are long-pointed at apex, rounded at base, without teeth on edges, thin, paler beneath, hairless except at base and along m.idvein beneath. Flowers male and female at leaf bases on different trees (dioecious), with both sepals and petals. Male flowers less than i/g ii^ch broad, yellow, composed of 5 hairy sepals, { tiny petals, 5 stamens, and nonfunctioning pistil. Female flowers have 5 sepals, 5 tinj petals, and pistil with 3-celled ovary and 3 fork ing styles. Seed capsules hang down on curvec stalks about 14 irich long, split into 3 parti which fall off, the axis remaining attached. Th( dark brown rounded seeds are about % inch ii diameter. Flowering and fruiting irregularl.> during the year. Wood is light brown, hard. Uncommon and scattered in dry coastal an( lower Cordillera forests of southwestern Puert< Rico from sea level to 500 feet altitude. Als< Desecheo, Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St John, and Jost Van Dyke. Public forest and parks. — Guanica; Bucl Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, an( Virgin Islands. Recorded from Jamaica onl; from the type collection nearly two centurie ago. Other common names. — carbonero d costa, garrote (Puerto Rico) ; ajorca-jibar (Cuba). 428 451. Amansa guapo Savia sessiliflora (Sw.) Willd. Fruiting twig (above), twig with female flowers (lower left), two-thirds natural size. 429 SPURGE FAMILY (EUPHORBIACEAE) 452. Securinega acidoton (L. ) Fawcett & Handle This small much-branched shrub with many small sharp spines sometimes becomes a small tree. Its distinguishing characters are: (1) very slender, very spiny, brown or gray zigzag twigs, much branched and almost forming a network; (2) very small leaves, crowded and alternate, obovate or elliptic, i/4-% inch long; (3) minute yellowish flowers at leaf bases, many crowded male and few stalked female; and (4) seed capsules rounded, •%,; inch in diameter, splitting into 6 parts. Much branched spreading, spiny deciduous shrub less than 10 feet high, sometimes tree- like and on Muertos a small tree to 20 feet high and 6 inches in trunk diameter. Bark light gray, smoothish, becoming rough, fissured, and slightly shreddy. The inner bark is pinkish and slightly bitter. The very spiny hairless twigs have minute light dots (lenticels) and end in spines or minute buds formed of scales (stip- ules) and young leaves. The spines are slender, straight, sharp, Vs— Vs inch long, often appear- ing widely 2-forked, those from side twigs to ■■'/). inch long. The leaves are alternate or on short lateral shoots crowded, hairless, with 2 minute brown scales (stipules) at base and with very slender leafstalk less than ^Xg irich long. Blades are mostly obovate or elliptic, i/4— % inch long, Vs- % inch wide, rounded at apex, tapering to base, not toothed on edges, thin, the upper surface green and slightly shiny, the lower surface dull light green. Flowers are male and female on the same plant (monoecious), minute, about Vnj inch wide, yellowish, without petals. Several to many male flowers are crowded and almost stalkless at leaf bases, composed of 5 round yellowish sepals, 5 stamens on a disk opposite the sepals, and minute nonfunctioning pistil. Female flowers are few at leaf bases on slender stalks about % inch long, consisting of 5 rounded yellowish sepals and on a disk the pistil with 3-celled ovary and 3 spreading 2- forked styles. The rounded brown seed cap- sules contain 6 light yellow seeds Vi i; inch long. With flowers and fruits in spring and summer. The wood is light brown, hard, and fine- textured. Locally common in dry coastal hills from sea level to 600 feet altitude in southwestern Puerto Rico and recorded from Coamo Springs by Britton and Wilson {10). Also Desecheo, Muertos, St. Croix and Buck Island, St. Thomas, Little St. James Island, St. John, and Virgin Gorda. Public forest and parks. — Guanica; Buck Island Reef, Virgin Islands. Range. — Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and Virgin Islands. Other common name. — green ebony (Ja- maica). 430 452. Secnrinega acidoton (L. ) Fawcett Twig with female flowers (left), twig with male flowers (center), fruiting twig (right), natural size. 431 BOX FAMILY (BUXACEAE) Shrubs, small trees, and herbs, known by: (1) evergreen leaves, opposite or sometimes alternate, simple, commonly entire, leathery, without stipules; (2) minute flowers crowded along an axis (spike or raceme), male and fe- male on the same plant (monoecious) or dif- ferent plants (dioecious), regular, the calyx generally with 4 (-12) sepals or lobes or some- times none, without corolla, the male flowers with stamens 4 (or 6) opposite or many, the female few and larger with pistil composed of superior ovary generally of 3 cells each with 1-2 ovules, and 3 spreading styles; and (3) fruit a capsule or berrylike, the shiny black seeds with a fleshy protuberance (caruncle). Key to species A. Leaves ovate or elliptic, 2-4 inches long, with 3 main veins from base to long-pointed apex — 453. Buxus laevi- gata. A A. Leaves oblong or obovate, %-!% inches long, with 2 faint side veins from base near edge to rounded apex — 454. Buxus vahlii. 453. A rare shrub or small tree of western Puerto Rico, recognized by: (1) opposite ovate or elliptic leaves with 3 main veins from base; (2) small fragrant whitish or light yellow male and female flowers about l^ inch long, without petals, in stalked clusters at leaf bases; and (3) rounded brown seed capsules about 71 (! inch long and broad, 3-horned, splitting into 3 parts. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 20 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Bark gray, thick, with corky ridges and deep fissures, light yellow within. The inner bark is light green and very bitter. The light green twigs are slightly 4-angled, slender, and brittle. The opposite leaves without stipules have leafstalks i/s- •1/4 inch long. Blades are 2-4 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, slightly thick- ened, long-pointed at apex, short-pointed at base, with 2 long side veins curved from base to apex near the turned down edges, bitter tast- ing but without odor. The upper surface is shiny green and the lower surface shiny light green. Several to many male flowers and usually 1 female are borne in the same cluster (monoe- Buxus laevigata ( Sw. ) Spreng. cious) at the end of a stalk less than 1 inch long. Male flowers l^ inch long and broad have a stalk 1/8-% inch long, 4 whitish or light yel- low sepals Vs inch long and 4 stamens opposite the sepals. The slightly larger female flowers without stalk have 6 sepals less than y^c inch long and pistil with rounded 3-celled ovary and 3 long spreading styles. Seed capsule rounded and 6-angled, with 3 long curved horns (styles) of the same length at apex, splitting into 3 parts, each with 1 horn and 1-seeded. With flowers and fruits in spring and summer. The wood is light yellow, hard, heavy, of very fine uniform texture. It would be suitable for articles of turnery and wood engravings, like that of the related box or boxwood of commerce (Bkxus seyyvpervirens L.) Rare in moist limestone and western Cordi- llera (serpentine) forests at 300-2,000 feet altitude in western Puerto Rico. Public forests. — Guajataca, Maricao, Rio Aba jo, Susua. Range. — Puerto Rico and Jamaica. Also Martinique and Venezuela. Botanical synonyms. — Triceya citnfolia Willd., Buxus citrifolia (Willd.) Spreng. 432 453. Buxiis laevigata (Sw.) Spreng. Twig with male and female flowers (above), fruiting twig (below), natural size. 433 BOX FAMILY (BUXACEAE) 454. Buxus vahlii Baill. This rare shrub or small tree is identified by : (1) opposite oblong or obovate slightly thick- ened leaves %-lV2 inches long and %-% inch wide, with 2 faint side veins curved from base near edge to the rounded apex, which ends in minute narrow point; (2) small whitish or yel- lowish male and female flowers without petals, in clusters almost stalkless at leaf bases; and (3) seed capsules %g-^/4 inch long, 3-horned, splitting into 3 parts. Evergreen shrub or small tree to 15 feet high and 3 inches in trunk diameter, hairless throughout. Bark gray, finely fissured, the in- ner bark light brown and bitter. Twigs light green, becoming light gray, with 2 grooves be- low each leaf, ending in bud composed of mi- nute paired leaves. Leaves opposite, with leafstalks /I <! inch long, without stipules, with bitter taste but no odor. Blades are stiff" and leathery, slightly con- vex, short-pointed at base, and slightly turned under at edges. The upper surface is green and slightly shiny, with sunken midvein and 2 faint side veins curved near border, and the lower surface dull light green. The flowers are male and female in the same cluster (monoecious), with 4 sepals less than Vs inch long and no petals. Flowering and fruit- ing from spring to fall. The wood is yellowish and hard. This species might be suitable as a hedge plant, having attractive foliage like that of the related box or boxwood of commerce, (Bitxiis sempervirens L.), also a cultivated ornamental. Rare in moist limestone forest at 200-500 feet altitude on hills of Puerto Rico. Collected near Rincon, Ponce, and Bayamon. Also St. Croix. Range. — Puerto Rico and St. Croix only. An early report from Jamaica has not been con- firmed. Botanical synonym. — THcera vahlii (Baili.) Britton. The specific name commemorates Martin Hendriksen Vahl (1749-1804), Danish bot- anist, who first described this and several other tree species from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 484 454. Flowering twig (left), fruiting twig (right), natural size. Buxus vahlii Baill. 435 CASHEW FAMILY (ANACARDIACEAE) Trees, shrubs, and few woody vines, known by: (1) resinous sap often in bark and other parts, in a few species the resin or volatile oil caustic and poisonous to the skin; (2) leaves alternate, odd pinnate, with 3 leaflets, or simple, without stipules; (3) flowers minute or small, commonly white, many in large branched clus- ters (panicles), bisexual or functionally male or female, mostly regu