USVI Public Records

Document text

COLLECTION OF COMMON ORGANISMS WITHIN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK/BIOSPHERE RESERVE BIOSPHERE RESERVE RESEARCH REPORT NO. 3 JAMES BEETS AND LANCE LEWAND CARIBBEAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE COLLEGE OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AND VIRGIN ISLANDS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COOPERATIVE VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK P.O. BOX 7789, ST. THOMAS U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS 00801 LOCAL CONTRACTING AGENT ISLAND RESOURCES FOUNDATION RED HOOK BOX 33, ST. THOMAS U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS 00802 (NPS CONTRACT NO. CX-0001-3-0048) Abstract REPORT NO.3 Subtask 1.2 COLLECTION OF COMMON ORGANISMS WITHIN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK/BIOSPHERE RESERVE, ST. JOHN, USVI A scientific collection of the common marine macrofauna and macroflora within the Virgin Islands National Park was prepared to enhance the existing Virgin Islands National Park Marine Specimens Collection. Major emphasis was given to evaluation of the existing collection and preparation of a holdings list of specimens and their relative condition. A general collection was completed for replacement of deteriorated and missing specimens and addition of previously uncollected species. Over 500 specimens were collected, prepared and curated using National Park Service guidelines. Information on collection locations, relative abundances associated species and other relevant data was recorded, listed on note cards and submitted with the collection for reference. Descriptions of proper methods for collection, fixation and preservation methods were prepared for reference. Additionally, phototransects and quantitative collec- tion/surveys were conducted to provide baseline information for long-term monitoring. The phototransect method is described and results from the quantitative surveys is pre- sented. A list of general observations and recommendations for future collections and adequate curation is included in the report. CONTENTS FOREWORD j LIST OF FIGURES iii LIST OF TABLES Wi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Tv INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS 2.1 Phototransect Methods and Materials 2.2 Collection Methods and Material RESULTS 12 DISCUSSION 35 4.1 Recommendations , 37 REFERENCES 39 FOREWORD Virgin Islands National Park was designated as an International Biosphere Reserve by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in June, 1976. However, the formal dedication did not take place until May, 1983. The standardized, single~page description of the area which was issued by UNESCO under the Man and the Biosphere Program, MAB Project 8, in 1976 is entirely inadequate for the purpose of meeting Biosphere Reserve Objectives. The purpose of the present (VIRMC I) project was to provide more detailed descriptions of the Reserve's physical and biological features as well as certain aspects of human uses such as fishing and boating. Inherent in the concept of the Reserve is the belief that it is intimately related to the nearby British Virgin Islands and that it should also fit within a future multi-site Lesser Antillean Biosphere Reserve. The following reports are included in the VIRMC I Research Series Reports. The West Indies Laboratory (Fairleigh Dickinson University) prepared the reports for "Ecological Community Type Maps and Biological Community Descriptions for Buck Island Reef National Monument and Proposed Marine Park Sites in the British Virgin Islands, "Trends in Recreational Boating in the British Virgin Islands, A Preliminary Assessment of Impact from Human Activities on Anchorages and Development of a Monitoring Program for Safe Anchorages;' "Geographic Range and Research Plan for Monitoring White Band Disease?’ and "Marine Ecosystems of the Lesser Antilles - Identification of Representative Sites.’ The Division of Fish and Wildlife (Department of Conservation and Cultural Affairs, Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands) prepared, "Map of Fishery Habitats Within the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve," "Fisheries Habitat of the Virgin Islands Region of Ecological Importance to the Fishery Resources of the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve, "Utilization of the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve by Artisanal Fishermen," and " Long-Term Monitoring of Fisheries in the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reserve." The Caribbean Research Institute (College of the Virgin Islands) prepared, "Marine Community Descriptions and Maps of Bays Within the Virgin Islands National Park/Biosphere Reserve," and " Collection of Common Organisms Within the Virgin Islands National Park/Biosphere Reserve." The Island Resources Foundation prepared, "Assessment of Fish and Shellfish Stocks Produced in the Virgin Islands Biosphere Reservee "Socioeconomic and Cultural Role of Fishing and Shellfishing in the Virgin Islands Biosphere " Reserve Areas “Characterization of Lesser Antillean Regional Fisheries, as well as the Synopsis and Executive Summary. Field work for the project was carried out during the period December, 1983, through October, 1984. Copies of the individual reports can be obtained from: The Virgin Islands National Park, Red Hook Headquarters, P.0. Box 7789, St. Thomas, Charlotte Amalie, VI 00801. ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Location of Hawksnest Bay and Fish Bay - St. John Figure 2 Location of Phototransects in Hawksnest Bay Figure 3. Location of Phototransects in Fish Bay LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Density of Invertebrate Organisms along the Twenty Meter Phototransect on the Upper Fore Reef in Hawksnest Bay Table 2 Density of Invertebrate Organisms along the Twenty Meter Phototransect on the Patch Reef in Hawksnest Bay Table 3. Density of Invertebrate Organisms along Two Ten Meter Phototransects on the Upper Fore Reef in Fish Bay Table 4 Density of Invertebrate Organisms along the Twenty Meter Phototransect on the Lower Fore Reef in Fish Bay Table 5 List of Specimens Collected for Accession to Virgin Islands National Park Service Marine Specimens Collection Table 6 Fishes Sampled around St. John during 1983-1984 13 14 17 (18 19 20 30 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For assistance during our work, we thank the following persons: Ralf Boulon of the Division of Fish and Wildlife for invaluable assistance in the field and all facets of the subtasks; Bob Brander, Vonnie Zullo, Jim Riddle, Caroline Rogers and the rest of the staff of the Virgin Islands National Park for technical and logistic. support; Betsy Gladfelter, Miles Anderson and Holly Lund of the West Indies Laboratory for advice and assistance in design and preparation; Arthur Dammann for advice and information on previous work and collections in the Virgin Islands area and Bruce Coblentz of Oregon State University for information and assistance in fish collection. Additionally, we would like to thank Superintendent Noel Pachta and the Virgin Islands National Park for making available the NOS aerial photographs, the park research boat for field work, laboratory space and supplies for collection curating and an endless amount of logistic support. iv 1. INTRODUCTION The emphasis of Subtask 1.2 was to produce a scientific col lection of the common marine macrofauna and macroflora within the Virgins Islands Nationa] - Park to enhance the holdings within the Virgin Islands National Park Marine Specimens Collection. Previous collections by various investigators have yielded an incomplete and fragmented collection. A major portion of this investigation was an evaluation of existing specimens and a brief assessment of collection condition. Two approaches were taken for collection of specimens. First, a general collection of all common specimens was accomplished simultaneous to the field investigation for Subtask 1.1. Information on all specimens was recorded during collection and transcribed to note cards which accompany the collection. Secondly, a quantitative method was investigated within Areas of Particular Concern. A long-term monitoring phototransect method was combined with simultaneous collection of specimens. _ Specimens collected during this investigation have been given NPS labels with accession and catalog numbers, preliminary identification and corresponding cards with locality information and collection notes. An extreme effort was made to prepare and preserve specimens for adequate reference and review. A discussion on present collection conditions is presented. Collections previously completed within the area are reviewed. Recommendations are presented for future collections and adequate curation. 2. METHODS AND MATERIALS Phototransects and simultaneous collection of marine invertebrates, algae, plants, and fish were accomplished to provide information on long-term monitoring and enhance the Virgin Islands National Park Service Marine Specimens Collection. The collecting of common marine organisms was accomplished within the park waters. The methods used for phototransects and simultaneous collection is presented in the following section. ~ Specific methods for collection and preservation of marine specimens are presented in Section 2.2. Color photographs of many specimens were taken to aid in identification. 2.1 Phototransect Methods and Materials Phototransects were accomplished in Areas of Particular Concern. At least two phototransects were accomplished within each area. One or more transects were established in each of the upper and lower fore reef zones. Each transect was located in representative areas of hard substrate zones. The phototransects were 20 meters in length unless physical restrictions of the area required the establishment of two 10 meter transects. The ends of each transect were permanently marked with a one meter length of steel reinforcing rod. For ease of relocation, each transect was mapped and large outstanding features described. For each transect, a line marked every meter with a knot and surveyor tape was stretched between the two steel rods. The line was placed as close as possible to the substrate. Photographs were then taken every meter along the transect line with approximately 30% overlap. This yielded a continuous record approximately one meter wide along the transect line. A small slate was placed at the beginning and end of each transect with the fol lowing information: 1.) transect location; 2.) direction of phototransect; 3.) quadrat number; 4.) depth; and 5.) film speed. Several workers have used a large rigid frame attached to the camera to ensure correct distance and defined unit area. During this investigation, a modification of the method derived by Boulon (1980) was used. A piece of surveyor tape was tied to the transect line on the half meter and was used as the point of reference for each photograph. A weight on a two meter line was suspended from the camera. When the weight and the point of reference met in the center point of the camera framer with the weight contacting the substrate, the photograph was taken. This ensured correct distance and location. This technique proved efficient and simple. Surge in shallow water causes a major problem in maintaining position... The camera used was a Nikonos IV-A with 28mm lens and a Nikonos SB-101 strobe. Kodachrome 64 film was used for sharp detail and good color definition to improve species recognition and percent live coverage definition. Initially, test shots of a typical reef area circumscribed within a marked square meter quadrat were accomplished using this camera system The test shots demonstrated that best definition with least distortion was obtained by photographing at a distance of two meters from the substrate. The strobe was set on automatic for color enhancement and fill. With the long axis of the framer lined with the transect line, the resultant photograph covered a square meter area with approximately a 30% overlap of the adjacent meters. The metered line was used for reference in the photographs and dimensions used for measurements. Upper fore reef with dense Acropora palmata stands in shallow water are extremely difficult to photograph, A modification of the above method was required. Within these areas, the transect line was placed along a stand of Acropora palmata in a channel. The photographs were taken horizontally by stretching the reference line out from the transect line. A large square meter framer attached to the framer would be extremely beneficial within this type of habitat to insure position. Simultaneous to the photographic work, a collection of representative organisms was accomplished. Within 0.5 meter of each side of the transect line, the common benthic organisms were counted and of all organisms observed were recorded. These data are supplemental to the data recorded on the phototransects of colonial organisms. Areas of Particular Concern were selected as location for phototran- sects. Fish and Hawksnest Bays were selected due to the present and potential sedimentation from development. Hawksnest Bay is located on the northwestern shore of St. John, while Fish Bay is located on the southwestern shore. Their location is presented in Figure 1. 2.2 Collection Methods and Materials The methods for collecting, narcotization, fixing and preserving are presented in detail as an aid for the preparation of reference and - suyor "3g — Aeg USTq pue JsousymMey Jo uoTIeDOT “]T san8Ty Aeg usta 6 uyof °4S “al @ keg 9 Jsousyaey S representative collections of marine flora and fauna. General ly, most specimens for the col lection were acquired by snorkeling or SCUBA. Most specimens were collected and handled with gloves to avoid being stung. Delicate specimens were placed in labelled plastic bags whereas larger specimens such as sponges, gorgonians, hard corals, shelled molluscs, seastars, sea cucumbers, and fish were held in mesh bags. Included with the specimen at the time of collection are the field notes which include the date, location, depth, type of substrate, associations with other species, and any other physical parameters (i.e. water temperature, current velocity, etc.) which might affect the specimen's zonation or ecological distribution. Some animals need to be narcotized so that body parts needed for identification are observable. In such instances, a few crystals of either L-ascorbic or citric acid (Sigma Chemical Co.) were added to help maintain the specimen's coloration throughout the fixing and preserving processes. Animals which possess calcium carbonate structures must always be fixed in buffered formalin (pH: 6.8-7.2) in order to retard disintergration of those structures. Preliminary identification of specimens were completed with the use of available keys and relevant publications. Publications and keys used in Subtask 1.2 are presented in References. Once a collection has been accessioned and cataloged, it must be properly maintained. The collection should be checked every 2-3 months in order to fill the jars with alcohol, check on condition of specimens, check for disintergrating labels and update label information. 2.2.1 Sponges Collecting: Animals were deattached at base with dive knife or putty knife. Fixing: Specimens were fixed with 70% Ethyl Alcohol (ETOH) and 5% glycerol for one week, Preservation: The sponges were either dried or preserved in 70% ETOH and 5% glycerol. 2.2.2 Delicate Hydroids Collecting: Hydroids were collected by insertion of dive knife into substrate beneath the animal and lifting. They were commonly found on such substrates as sponges, buoys, fish traps, or fish trap lines. Narcotization: Animals were relaxed with a solution of 8% MgC 15.5H50 (Sigma Chemical Co.). Fixing: Specimens were fixed in 8% Formalin. Preservation: Animals were washed in freshwater for two days and then placed in 70% ETOH and 5% glycerol. . 2.2.3 Hydrocorals Collecting: Branching types were removed near the base with butt of dive knife. Encrusting types were removed with aid of dive knife and hammer or collected with a piece of substrate. Fixing: Specimens were air dried for one week or more then bleached (Clorox diluted to 252) for at least 3 weeks. (Note: Too high a concentration wil] destroy the calcium carbonate structure. ) Preservation: Specimens were washed thoroughly with freshwater and al lowed to dry. 2.2.4 Scyphozoans (Jellyfish) Collecting: The medusa was carefully maneuvered into a plastic bag. The bag was filled with water to prevent damage to the specimen. Narcotization: Specimen was relaxed with 82 MgC15.5H50 solution for one hour. Fixing: Specimens were fixed with 8% Formalin for one week. Preservation: Animal was washed in freshwater for two days then placed in 70% ETOH and 5% glycerol. 2.2.5 Gorgonians and Antipatharians Collecting: Animals were removed at the attachment point to substrate with the aid of dive knife and hammer. Fixing: Specimens were fixed in 8-10% Formalin for one week or more. Preservation: Specimens were washed in freshwater for four days and al lowed to dry or placed in 70% ETOH and 5% glycerol. 2.2.6 Anemones Collecting: When possible, the anemone's gastrovascular cavity was flushed continually for one hour with a 104 solution of MgC15.5H50. This induced relaxation of the basal attachment muscles. The anemone was then removed with a putty knife or dive knife. The preferred method is collecting the specimen with the attached substrate. Narcotization: Specimens were relaxed with the addition of a few drops of 8% MgC 15.5H90 solution, crystals of urethane or menthol (Sigma Chemical Co.), and slow heating. Fixing: After the specimen became unresponsive to physical stimuli, a smal] volume of 8% Formalin was added. If no response was detected, the rest of the Formalin was added and animal was held in this solution for one week. Preservation: Anemone was washed in freshwater for three days and preserved in 70% ETOH and 524 glycerol. 2.2./ Zoanthids, Corallimorpharians, and Cerianthids ‘Collecting: Zoanthus spp. and Palythoa spp. were administered a 102 MgC 15.5H50 solution for one hour, then 12% Formalin was administered via syringe until specimens did not respond to pressure. The specimens were then removed by lifting and peeling from the substrate. Ricordea sp. and other delicate zoanthids and coral limorpharians would always be removed with attached substrate for the tissue is easily torn. If this method is not- possible, the same method for anemone removal was used. Burrowing species were removed by utilizing the same techniques for delicate hydroid removal. Narcotization: Animals were relaxed with slow heat and crystals of menthol, MS-222 (Ethy1 m-Aminobenzoate; Tricaine methane sulfonate) (Sigma Chemical Co.), and drops from an 8% MgC15.5Ho0 solution. Fixing: When relaxed, specimens were fixed in 8% Formalin for one week. Preservation: Specimens were washed for three days in freshwater and placed in 70% ETOH and 5% glycerol. 2.2.8 Scleractinians (True Corals) Collecting: Due to coral morphology, several techniques were necessary for the removal of good specimens. Most were removed with a dive knife and/or hammer. Fixing and preserving techniques were the same used for Hydrocorals. 2.2.9 Gastropods Collecting: Normally, specimens were removed from substrate by hand, Fixing: Each specimen was placed in seperate labelled jars with freshwater to allow disintegration of tissue. Numerous changes of freshwater were necessary. Care was taken to retain operculum. Preservation: Specimens were allowed to dry and placed in box with operculum. 2.2.10 Nudibranchs and Sea Hares Collecting: Animals easily removed from substrate by hand. Narcotization: Slow heat with drops of an 8% MgC15.5H50 solution or urethane, menthol, or MS-222 crystals relaxed the animals. Fixing: Specimens were fixed in 8% buffered Formalin for ten days. Preservation: Specimens were washed in freshwater for two days then placed in 70% ETOH and 5% glycerol. 2.2.11 Limpets and Polyplacophorans (Chitons) Collecting: Due to extreme muscular attachment to the substrate, specimens were removed by insertion of putty knife between their foot and substrate and lifting. Narcotization, Fixing, and Preservation techniques were the same as in 2.2.10, 2.2.12 Bivalves Collecting: Since most bivalves were cemented or adhered to substrate via byssal threads, a dive knife was used to pry them free. Narcotization: The addition of drops of 100% Clove oil (Sigma Chemical Co.) and an 8% MgC15.5H50 solution in conjunction with slow heat completely relaxed the animals. Fixing: Bivalves were fixed in 8% buffered Formalin for one week or more or al lowed to disintegrate in freshwater and then dried. Preservation: Specimens were washed for four days in freshwater and placed in 70% ETOH and 5% glycerol. 2.2.13 Cephalopods Collecting: Squid were collected easiest at night from a boat or dock. A strong light was directed through the water. When the squid approached, it was retrieved with a cast or dip net. Collecting octopods required the prodding of the octopus out of its hole and into a mesh bag. Narcotization: Slow heat, MS-222 crystals and a 2% Curare solution (Sigma Chemical Co.) relaxed the specimens. Fixing: Specimens were fixed in 10% buffered Formalin. Preservation: Specimens were washed in freshwater for five days and placed in 70% ETOH and 5% glycerol. 2.2.14 Platyhelminthids, Annelids, and Sipunculids Collecting: Free living worms were maneuvered into a plastic bag. Worms housed in soft tubes were removed by carefully deattaching the tube from the substrate. Worms in calcium carbonate tubes were removed with their substrate. Narcotization: The specimens were ususal ly relaxed with slow heat and also with the addition of urethane crystals and an 8% MgC 15. 5H90 solution. Fixing: A few drops of 8% Formalin were added, if the worms did not contract, then the remaining Formalin was added. Preservation: The animals were washed for two days in freshwater and then placed in 70% ETOH and 5% glycerol. 2.2.15 Crustacea (shrimps, lobsters, and brachyuran crabs) Collecting: Shrimp and other small] crustaceans were maneuvered into plastic bags. Collecting of floating or attached algae and washing into small mesh screening would also produce numerous specimens. Lobsters were either snared (tail or antenna) or caught by hand. Brachyuran crabs were usually caught by hand. Arthropods were normally handled by the specimen's carapace since handling extremities usually resulted in their loss. Narcotization: Relaxation was always complete and accomplished by slow heat, drops of clove oil, crystals of MS-222, and drops of a 2% Curare solution. If relaxation is not taken to completion, the fixing process will make the specimen unnecessarily brittle. Preservation: Specimen was washed in freshwater for seven days or longer and then placed in 70% ETOH and 5% glycerol. 2.2.16 Starfish, Brittle stars, and Basket stars Collecting: All were col lected by hand. In most instances, basket stars had to be cut from the surrounding gorgonian. Brittle stars were always handled by oral disc to avoid loss of limb. Narcotization: Animals were relaxed with slow heat, menthol and urethane crystals, and drops of a 24 Curare solution. In general, echinoderms took four to eight hours for complete relaxation. Fixing: Specimens were fixed in 8-104 Formalin for one week. Preservation: Specimens were washed in freshwater for five days and placed in 70% ETOH and 52 glycerol. 2.2.17 Echinoids (Urchins) Collecting: Most urchins were found either boring into rocks, between coral heads, under rocks, or sometimes in grass beds and underneath the sand substrate, Most were collected by hand. Sharp spined urchins were guided into a mesh bag with dive knife. Narcotization: Slow heat and menthol crystals relaxed the animals. Fixing: Specimens were fixed in 8-10% Formalin for one week. Preservation: Specimens were washed in freshwater for six days and either dried or held in 70% ETOH and 524 glycerol. 2.2.18 Holothurians (Sea cucumbers) Collecting: Animals were collected by hand, Narcotization: Slow heat, menthol crytals, and drops of a 2% Curare solution Fixing: Specimens were fixed in 10% Formalin for one week. Large specimens were cut on the ventral surface to expose viscera to fixative. Preservation: Specimens were washed in freshwater for four days and then placed in 70% ETOH and 5% glycerol. 2.2.19 Crinoids Collecting: Most crinoids are found with their oral disc attachment site underneath coral heads or ledges with only their tentacles in view. They werecol lected by carefully removing the oral disc of the specimen from the substrate. If substrate could not be removed, a flattened rod was inserted under the oral disc and lifted thus removing the animal. Narcotization, Fixing, and Preservation techniques were the same as 2.2.16. 2.2.20 Fish Collecting: Small fish were collected with a hand net or by subjecting them to a Quinaldine solution (5% Quinaldine and 95% Ethyl] alcohol v/v) (Eastman Kodak Co.) which was administered to individuals via a squirt bottle. This 10 solution was only effective in areas of little or no surge. Larger fish were caught in native style fish traps. Fixing: Fish were fixed in 10% Formalin for one week. The abdomen was slit on the right side of the body cavity to insure fixation of viscera. Preservation: Specimens were washed in freshwater for four days and placed in 70% ETOH and 52 glycerol, 2.2.21 Algae and Sea grasses Collecting: Algae and sea grasses were col lected by hand or by aid of a putty knife, | Fixing: Specimens were fixed in 2-3% Formalin for one week. Preservation: Specimens were washed in freshwater for two days and either place in 70% ETOH and 52 glycerol or pressed and dried. Specimens to be dried were spread out on herbarium paper so that a large percentage of the filaments were discernable and not layered. Specimens were then pressed. 11 3. RESULTS Phototransects were completed in Hawksnest and Fish Bays (Fig. 2 & 3). Two 10 meter phototransects were completed on the eastern patch of upper fore reef and one 20 meter phototransect on the middle patch of upper fore reef in Hawksnest Bay. One 20 meter phototransect was completed on the shallow bay patch reef within Hawksnest Bay. The data col lected simultaneously on macroinvertebrates for the two 20 meter transects are found in Tables 1 and 2. The population density of invertebrate species along the phototransect line was recorded by number/m¢. Two 10 meter phototransects were. completed within the sediment-impacted portion of western upper fore reef within Fish Bay. One 20 meter phototransect was completed in the lower fore reef zone. Macroinvertebrate data collected along the transects are located in Tables 3 and 4. | All phototransect film (slides) have been labelled and submitted to the Virgin Islands National Park for adequate storage. Supporting information on location of transects and numbering system for slides was submitted with the film. The list of specimens collected during the project are listed in Table 5. Specimens are listed phylogenetically with corresponding catalog numbers. Conditions listed for each specimen in Table 5 yield information on whether the specimen was preserved wet or dry and whether the species is presently represented within the park service collection or deaccessioned or unaccounted for. Cards were completed on each specimen which contain field note information on collection location, relative abundance, associated species and any other pertinent data. The card files will be submitted to the Virgin Islands National Park Service during accession. A complete inventory of marine specimens within the existing park service collection was accomplished. Conditions of specimens were listed and notes were recorded on missing labels, additional labels and numbers, misidentifications, specimens unaccounted for, deaccessioned specimens, unaccessioned specimens and preservation status (wet or dry). A complete list of specimens previously and presently held within the Virgin Islands National Park Service Marine Specimens Col lection was prepared and distributed to divisions within the park. The list is phylogenetically arranged and contains catalog numbers and conditions. This list is not 12 Aeg jsousymey ss 12.84 LE aijoig us HWIH 9989qd he - ‘ €R61 SON ‘SuUdesBo,oug Jelrsay :@2anog S1a}3aW Ul ajeog = e———— ] { T 4 4 _ 00€ 002 Oot ie) c dVW IASN “UYyOrF 1S Aeg apany 8s yUIOd jsausymMeH 4s SolMUNWWOy IIyjUuaIg suBey ’ Ly #9 Location of Phototransects in Hawksnest Bay Figure 2. 13 Figure 3. Location of Phototransects in Fish Bay 14 included in the present report, however, information was used to target species for col lection and to obtain information for Table 5, The collection completed during this project focused on specimens of common species which are not within the existing collection. Many groups were adequately col lected by previous investigators. Specifically, the attempt was to enhance the holdings of hydrozoans, anthozoans, annelids, natantians, reptantians and ascidians. , Additionally, a list of fishes surveyed within the Virgin Islands National Park during 1983-1984 is presented in Table 6, 15 TABLE 1 Density of invertebrate organisms along the twenty meter phototransect on the upper fore reef (middle patch) in Hawknest Bay (0.5 meter on either side of the transect line) NAME Sponges Bartholomea annulata Phymanthus crucifer Lebrunia danae Ricordea florida Palythoa caribbea Gorgonia spp. Eunicea spp. Astraea tecta Cittarium pica Leucozonia nassa Lima scabra Cassis tuberosa Calliostoma javanicum Arca imbricata Tridachia crispata Octopus briareus Diodora spp. Sabellastarte magnifica Sabella melanostigma Spirobranchus giganteus Eupolymnia nebulosa Microphrys bicornutus Mithrax sculptus Periclimenes pedersoni Calcinus spp. Ophiocoma spp. Ophioderma spp. Diadema antillarum Echinometra lucunter £. viridis Eucidaris tribuloides Pyura spp. 16 DENSITY (number/m) 0.05 (SaS a) colonies Q2O990909000 e « © « ee ae —]Woan7o-- non Om ADOaOOD9O90000 s s a a a e a e o a nn BDOwo-OoOwn-o mr oOo OO00 .- s 2 @ e « os @ -Omn oOo oo0ooPr mO hor (Sa) on fo) OOWO—hP e es s e es e s —_ TABLE 2 Density of invertebrate organisms along the twenty meter phototransect on the patch reef in Hawknest Bay (0.5 meter on either side of the transect line) NAME Sponges Bartholomea annulata Lebrunia danae Phymanthus crucifer Ricordea florida Rhodactis sanctithomae Palythoa caribbea P. grandis Zoanthus sociatus Gorgonia spp. Eunicea spp. Pseudopterogorgia spp. Spondylus americanus Astraea tecta Cittarium pica Tellina spp. Astraea phoebia Murex pomum Tridachia crispata Diodora spp. Sabellastarte magnifica Sabella melanostigma Spirobranchus giganteus Eupolymnia nebulosa Mithrax sculptus Periclimenes pedersoni Alpheus spp. Thor amboinensis Stenorhynchus seticornis Ophiocoma spp. Ophioderma spp. Echinometra lucunter E. viridis Eucidaris tribuloides Pyura spp. Ascidia sydneiensis 17 DENSITY (number/m-) 1.0 on colonies 5 colonies PSR rtonrnoddo—-w nmogi non -— e » « @ @ . «© » 28 « @ no Fu onrmown-OO0O 2 2 e . . es «© 6 on NOOO M oOpA-noOo oQo-- ee oO TABLE 3 Density of invertebrate organisms along the two ten meter phototransects on the upper fore reef in Fish Bay (0.5 meter on either side of the transect line) Transect 1 - northernmost ten meter transect Transect 2 - southernmost ten meter transect NAME Sponges Bartholomea annulata Lebrunia coralligens L. danae Phymanthus crucifer Paradiscosoma neglecta Rhodactis sanctithomae Ricordea florida Palythoa caribbea P. grandis Cittarium pica Cyphoma gibbosum Astraea tecta Leucozonia nassa Tridachia crispata Sabellastarte magnifica Sabella melanostigma Spirobranchus giganteus Eupolymnia nebulosa Panulirus argus juvenile Paguristes cadenati Stenorhynchus seticornis Ophiocoma spp. Ophioderma spp. Echinometra lucunter E. viridis Eucidaris tribuloides Lytechinus variegatus Diadema antillarum juvenile Pyura spp. Distaplia stylifera Ascidia nigra A. sydneiensis 18 DENSITY (number/m¢) Transect 1 0.2 fo) ins) a a a s a . a s s s s s s s _ om oOo MONA Owns re — NOAH w colonies Transect 2 0.3 Oo on OOO SNM Kwon - = Won s a s « s 8 s oOoOoOO s a 8 o 3 —— PO Ww colonies TABLE 4 Density of invertebrate organisms along the twenty meter phototransect on the lower fore reef in Fish Bay (0.5 meter on either side of the transect line) NAME DENSITY (number/mé) Sponges 2.25 Bartholomea annulata 0.6 Heteractis lucida 0.1 Lebrunia danae Phymanthus crucifer Condylactis gigantea Paradiscosoma neglecta Rhodactis sanctithomae Palythoa caribbea «45 -OD9000 es a a a oO mn Cittarium pica 0.05 Astraea tecta 0.15 Spondylus americanus 0.05 Strombus pugilus 0.05 Lima scabra 0.1 Tridachia crispata 0.1 Sabellastarte magnifica 0.4 Sabella melanostigma 0.45 Spirobranchus giganteus 0.4 Eupolymnia nebulosa 0.05 Paguristes cadenati 0.4 Calcinus spp. 1.15 Stenorhynchus seticornis 0.05 Stenopus hispidus 0.05 Alpheus spp. 0.1 Periclimenes pedersoni 0.5 Microphrys bicornutus 0.5 Ophiocoma spp. 0.3 Ophioderma spp. 0.4 Echinometra lucunter 0.2 Lytechinus variegatus 0.05 Pyura spp. 0.45 Distaplia stylifera 0.2 Ascidia nigra 0.05 A. sydneiensis 0.05 19 TABLE 5 List of specimens collected for accession to Virgin Islands National Park Service Marine Specimens Collection during Subtask 1.2 CONDITION: W = wet preserved specimen D = dry preserved specimen I = presently in VI National Park Service collection ; O = previously in VI National Park Service collection; lost or deaccessioned CAT. . NO. FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME CONDITION PHYLUM: PORIFERA CLASS: DEMOSPONGIAE 2476 Spongiidae Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck) 0,1 2479 Ircinia sp. D 2477 Verongia lacunosa (Lamarck) D 2474 Mycalidae Mycale sp. W 2459 Ulosa hispida Hechtel D 2478 Haliclonidae Dasychalina cyathina de Laubenfels D,I 2470 Haliclona sp. W 2460 Adociidae Agelus sp. D 2481 Agelus sp. D 2482 Agelus sp. D 2483 Agelus sp. D 2475 Desmacidonidae lIotrochota sp. dD. 2462 Xestospongia muta (Schmidt) D 2464 Callyspongidae Callyspongia sp. D 2467 Tedaniidae Tedania sp. D 2468 Tedania sp. D 2480 Raspailiidae Hemectyon ferox Duchassaing & Michelotti D 2472 ~~ (2) UNIDENTIFIED D 2484 (?) UNIDENTIFIED D PHYLUM: CNIDARIAN CLASS: HYDROZOA 2332 Sertulariidae Thyroscyphus ramosus Allman W 2274 Plumariidae Gynangium longicauda Nutting W . 2331 G. longicauda Nutting W 2273 Plumaria habereri Stechow W 2118 Aglaopheniidae Aglaophenia allmani Stechow W 2119 A. allmani Stechow W - 2463 Milleporidae Millepora alcicornis Linnaeus DiI 2465 M. complanata Lamarck D1 2466 M. sgquarrosa Lamarck D, I 2289 Stylasteridae Stylaster roseus (Pallas) DI 2315 S. roseus (Pallas) D,1 20 CLASS: 2163 2162 CLASS: 2443 2445 2450 2453 2451 2447 2457 2452 2448 2455 2449 2275 2446 2444 2458 2454 2456 2206 2198 2135 2130 2216 2179 2159 © 2437 2195 2156 2101 2341 2309 2197 2434 2102 2123 2157 2169 2131 2214 2199 2356 2103 2202 2217 2312 2178 2310 SCYPHOZOA Cassiopeidae ANTHOZOA Briareidae Anthothelidae Plexauridae Gorgoniidae Aliciidae Actiniidae Stoichactiidae Phymanthidae Hormathidae Aiptasiidae Arachnanthidae Actinodiscidae Cassiopea xamachana Bigelow C. xamachana Bigelow Briareum asbetinum (Pallas) Erythopodium polyanthes Duch. & Michelotti Eunicea calyculata Ellis & Solander E. palmeri Bayer E. succinea (Pallas) Muricea muricata (Pallas) Plexaura flexuosa Lamouroux P. homomalla (Esper) Plexaurella nutans Duch. & Michelotti P. pumila Verrill Pseudoplexaura wagennaari Lamouroux Gorgonia mariae Bayer G. mariae Bayer G. ventalina Linnaeus Pseudopterogorgia acerosa (Pallas) P. americana (Gmelin) P, bipinnata (Verrill) Lebrunia coralligens (Wilson) L. coralligens (Wilson) L. danae (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Le danae (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Le danae (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Anthopleura krebsi (Duch. & Michelotti) Bartholomea annulata (Lesueur) B. annulata (Lesueur) Bundosoma granulifera (Lesueur) Condylactis gigantea (Weinland) C. gigantea (Weinland) C. gigantea (Weinland) Phyllactis flosculifera Lesueur Stoichactus helianthus (Ellis) S. helianthus (Ellis) Phymanthus crucifer (Lesueur) P. crucifer (Lesueur) P. crucifer (Lesueur) Calliactis tricolor (Lesueur) C. tricolor (Lesueur) Cc tricolor (Lesueur) Aiptasia tagetes Duch. & Michelotti tagetes Duchassaing & Michelotti Feces lucida Duch. & Michelotti At lucida Duchassaing & Michelotti Tucida Duchassaing & Michelotti Aeactesstus nocturnus Hartog Paradiscosoma neglecta (Duch. & Mich. ) P. neglecta (Duchassaing & Michelotti) 21 SSErtrtrtrTTtseTeTsestsetseF.TTTTTsslsazs_TsseTtsTTsTsssza_szasSzTTzTsTTzTzzA=z « — - | oe LD “ « rs mH « re a ee ee) HR el oe oe Boe GD I GD) « me « mr 2121 2113 2165 2224 2126 2137 2360 2313 2128 2122 2104 2314 2177 2158 2150 2111 2221 2306 2282 2299 2469 2298 2297 2317 2286 2301 2284 2487 2288 2302 2316 2304 2303 2486 2300 2307 2321 2322 2279 2295 2281 2282 2471 2325 2279 2290 2294 2296 2473 2305 2485 2277 2280 Coral limorphidae Zoanthidea Zoanthidae Pocil loporidae Acroporidae Agariciidae Siderastreidae Poritidae Faviidae Rhizangiidae Oculinidae Rhodactis sanctithomae (Duch. & Mich.) R. sanctithomae (Duch. & Michelotti) R. sanctithomae (Duch. & Michelotti) R. sanctithomae (Duch. & Michelotti) Ricordia floridea (Duch. & Michelotti) R. floridea (Duchassaing & Michelotti) R. floridea (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Tsaurus tuberculatus (=duchassaingi) Gray Palythoa caribbea Duch. & Michelotti P. grandis Verrill P. grandis Verrill P. grandis Verrill Parazoanthus swifti (Duch. & Mich.) P. swifti (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Zoanthus sociatus Ellis Z. sociatus Ellis Z. sociatus Ellis Madracis decactis (Lyman) M. mirabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Rcropora cervicornis (Lamarck) A. palmata (Lamarck) . prolifera(Lamarck) ke prolifera (Lamarck) prolifera (Lamarck) oe agaricites (linnaeus)’ A. agaricites humilis Verril] A. lamarcki Milne Edwards & Haime AL sp. (fragilis?) Leptoseris (=Helioseris) cucullata (Ellis & Solander) L. cucullata (Ellis & Solander) Siderastrea radians (Ellis & Solander) S. siderea (Ellis & Solander) Porites astreoides Lesueur 5 divaricata Lesueur « porites (Pallas) B porites (Pallas) Cladocora arbuscula (Lesueur) C. arbuscula (Lesueur) Colpophyllia natans (Muller) Diploria clivosa (Ellis & Solander) D. labyrinthiformis (Linnaeus) D. Tabyrinthiformis (Linnaeus) D. strigosa (Dana) Favia fragum (Esper) Manicina areolata (Linnaeus) M. areolata (Linnaeus) M. areolata (Linnaeus) Montastrea annularis (Ellis & Solander) M. annularis (Ellis & Solander) M. cavernosa (Linnaeus) Solenastrea bournoni Edwards & Haime Astrangia solitaria (Lesueur) Oculina diffusa Lamarck 22 - re « So Ot ee Ot ee OE ee ee ee ee Oe | wiwkhwihwiwhwhwhwhwh wk wk wo se see eee ee see ae ee 2s 2s 2s 2 ee es we ww wiwiwhwhewhwihwiwhiwiwkhwhwhwhwhwhwhekwkwea2hehe@Aen) “ “ . 2 @ <= ao hl a = “ He tt 2320 2461 2319 2318 2278 2293 2292 2491 2324 2492 2493 2494 2287 2323 2276 2283 2488 2489 2490 Meandrinidae Mussidae Caryophyl lidae Dendrophy]lidae Anthipatharidae PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA CLASS: GASTROPODA 2439 2384 2372 2406 2396 2410 2400 2409 2383 2403 2402 2388 2387 2180 2373 2385 2370 2411 2379 2188 2377 2378 2413 2381 2386 2343 2412 Acmaeidae Trochidae Turbinidae ‘Cerithiidae Naticidae Cypraeidae Ovulidae Cassididae Xenophoridae Strombidae Cymatiidae Tonnidae Magilidae Dendrogyra cylindrus Ehrenberg D. cylindrus Ehrenberg Dichocoenia stellaris Edwards & Haime D. stokesi Edwards & Haime Meandrina meandrites (Linnaeus) M. meandrites forma brasiliensis (Edwards & Haime) Isophyllastrea rigida (Dana) Isophyllia sinuosa (Ellis & Solander) Mussa angulosa (Pallas) Mycetophyllia aliciae Wells M. ferox Wells M. lamarckiana Milne Edwards & Haime Scolymia cubensis (Edwards & Haime) S. lacera (Pallas) Eusmilia fastigiata (Pallas) Tubastraea aurea (Quoy & Gaimard) Antipathes atlantica Grey Antipathes sp. Stichopathes lutkeni Brook Acmaea antillarum (Sowerby) Calliostoma javanicum (Lamarck) © Cittarium pica Linnaeus C. pica Linnaeus Tegula fasciata Born Astraea caelata Gmelin A. phoebia Roding A. tecta Solander AY tuber (Linnaeus) Cerithium algicola C.B. Adams ~C. eburneum Bruguiere Natica canrena (Linnaeus) Cypraea zebra Linnaeus Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus ) C. gibbosum (Linnaeus) Cassis tuberosa (Linnaeus) Phlaium cicatricosum Xenophora trochiformis (Born) Strombus costatus Gmelin Ss gigas Linnaeus Se gigas Linnaeus Se pugilis Linnaeus S. raninus Gmelin Charonia variegata Lamarck Cymatium femorale (Linnaeus) Tonna maculosa Dillwyn Coralliophila abbreviata Lamarck 23 OUD VUVUO Sa TvovVvVIVVVVTVGVO VUVVVMVVVVAVVVVVZzVVVVVVVVVVVV= a mre a ] see i i [es Bl es ee BO ee Os eG se I eB es ee Be | Ln oe | mereiri eH ee e— He - eH 2422 2425 2423 2376 2405 2397 2401 2404 2407 2424 2408 2205 2181 2110 2117 2145 2148 2105 2350 2440 2334 2441 CLASS: 2366 2173 2421 2154 2229 2418 2419 2359 2115 2166 2147 2394 2420 2164 2175 2120 2176 2146 2218 2369 2172 2382 2170 2171 2374 2392 2417 2415 Muricidae Thaididae Columbellidae Fasciolariidae Olividae Xancidae Bul lidae Dorididae Elysiidae Lanellariidae Ischnichitonidae Chitonidae BIVALVIA Arcidae Glycymeridae Mytilidae Isognomonidae Pteriidae Pinnidae Pectinidae Limidae rc Spondylidae Ostreidae Lucinidae Chamidae Cardiidae Murex brevifrons Lamarck M. pomum Gmelin Purpura patula Linnaeus Drupa nodulosa (C.B. Adams) Thais deltoidea (Lamarck) Columbella mercatoria Linnaeus Leucozonia nassa (Gmelin) L. nassa (Gmelin) Oliva sayana citrina John Vasum muricatum Born Bulla occidentalis A. Adams Felimare bayeri Marcus F. bayeri Marcus Tridachia crispata Moerch qT. crispata Moerch T. crispata Moerch TI. crispata Moerch Coriocella sp. Chaetopleura apiculata (Say) Acanthopleura granulata Gmelin Chiton squamosus Linnaeus C. squamosus Linnaeus Anadara notabilis (Roding) Arca imbricata Bruquiere Glycymeris undata (Linnaeus) Brachidontes citrinus (Roding) Lithophaga nigra Orbigny ‘Isognomon alatus Gmelin I. radiatus Anton Pinctada radiata (Leach) Pteria colymbus (Roeding) P. colymbus (Roeding) Pinna carnea Gmelin Clamys imbricata Gmelin Pecten raveneli Dall Lima scabra (Born) L. scabra (Born) L. scabra tenera Sowerby L. scabra tenera Sowerby Spondylus americanus Hermann S. americanus Hermann S. americanus Hermann Lopha frons (Linnaeus) Codakia orbicularis (Linnaeus) Chama macerophylla Gmelin C. macerophylla Gmelin Dinocardium robustum vanhyningi Clench & Smith Laevicardium laevigatum Linnaeus L. laevigatum Linnaeus Papyridea soleniformis Bruguiere 24 HES lSTSPTSTSTTTAuUNIVVVVVVVUCU90 OUFlTVUTBUVULPPzALLAALUOLAL.PZzALVUVOZzALAVLZ= O00 ~~ HO reies a Le oe ee eRe mareireirRr mareiresir eRe « me 2416 2389 2380 Veneridae 2414 Tellinidae 2391 2393 2371 2368 — 2174 Hiatellidae CLASS: CEPHALOPODA 2168 Octopodidae PHYLUM: PLATYHELMINTHES 2345 Planoceridae PHYLUM: ANNELIDA CLASS: POLYCHAETA 2208 Amphinomidae 2152 2207 2435 Polynoidea 2342 Eunicidae 2220 Terebellidae 2308 2223 Sabellidae 2124 2194 2215 2151 Serpulidae PHYLUM: SIPUNCULIDA CLASS: 2345 (2) PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA CLASS: CIRRIPEDIA 2153 Lepadidae — 2442 Balanidae Trachycardium magnum Linnaeus: T. muricatum (Linnaeus) Transennella conradina Dall Acropagia fausta Pulteney Macoma constricta (Bruquiere) Tellina listeri Roding T. radiata Linnaeus Tellina sp. Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus) Octopus joubini Roboson Gnesioceros sp. Eurythoe complanta (Pallas) E. complanta (Pallas) Hermodice carunculata (Pallas) Hermenia verrucolosa Grube Eunice denticulata Webster Eupolymnia nebulosa (Montagu) E. nebulosa (Montagu) Sabella melanostigma Schmarda S. melanostigma Schmarda Sabellastarte magnifica (Shaw) S$. magnifica (Shaw) Spirobranchus giganteus (Pallas) UNIDENTIFIED SUBPHYLUM: CRUSTACEA Lepas ansifera Linnaeus Balanus amphitrite 25 = me =ZHvovuvuvWvTVV000 0 — = me = = « SeSPzsPTszazazazazaz= CLASS: MALACOSTRACA 2203 2114 2427 2428 2430 2109 2140 2222 2139 2436 2189 2357 2431 2426 2429 2190 2138 2136 2141 2129 2149 2183 2200 2127 2108 2133 2362 2201 2132 2185 2196 2161 2167 2358 2209 2210 2228 2192 2227 2187 2349 2160 2155 2186 2433 2106 2204 2333 2335 2211 2346 2438 Gonodactylidae Penaeidae Palaemonidae Alpheidae Hippolytidae Stenopodidae Palinuridae Scyllaridae Porcellanidea Coenobitidae Paguridae Diogeniidae Hippidae Majidae Portunidae Xanthidae Grapsidae Gonodactylus oerstedii (Hansen) Trachypenopsis mobilispinis (Rathbun) Palaemonetes intermedius Holthuis Periclimenaeus schmitti Holthuis P. schmitti Holthuis Periclimenes pedersoni Chace P. pedersoni Chace P. pedersoni Chace P. yucatanicus (Ives) Alpheus armatus Rathbun A. armillatus Milne Edwards A. armillatus Milne Edwards A. bahamensis Rankin A. normanni Kingsley Hippolyte coerulescens (Fabricius) Lysmata wurdemanni (Gibbes) Thor amboinensis (DeMan) Stenopus hispidus (Olivier) S. hispidus (Qlivier) S. hispidus (Olivier) Panulirus argus (Latreille) P. argus (Latreille) P. argus (Latreille) P. guttatus (Latreille) Scyllarides aequinoctialis (Lund) Porcellana sayana (Leach) Coenobita clypeatus (Herbst) Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc) Dardanus fucosus (Biffar & Provenzano) Paguristes cadenati Forest P. grayi Benedict Petrochirus diogenes (Linnaeus) P. diogenes (Linnaeus) Hippa cubensis (Saussure) Macrocoeloma trispinosum (Latreille) Microphrys bicornutus (Latreille) M. bicornutus (Latreille) Mithrax commensalis Manning commensalis Manning . hispidus (Herbst) M. ruber (Stimpson) « sculptus (Lamarck) spinosissmus (Lamarck) . Spinosissmus (Lamarck) M. spinosissmus (Lamarck) Stenorhynchus seticornis (Herbst) S. seticornis (Herbst) Portunus sayi (Gibbes) P. sayi (Gibbes) Paraliomera longimana(Milne Edwards) Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus) G. grapsus (Linnaeus) 26 . tH zs « [o) O0O00RrHFe - «= aH ete rT 2 a = = oe ee Bee oe ee SESE SPTLTPTTPalzalaAaAPlAazTTAPTTaseszTTFPPlaAzalszaTszaTalaTlalsszAlzAlPaTslzaAlaTzalzalzazazazaLlLllal=z mee 2212 2226 2375 2361 2390 2336 PHYLUM: CLASS: 2399 2328 2329 2184 2125 2116 2353 2352 2351 2191 2355 2354 2213 2365 2364 CLASS: 2219 223] 2193 2326 2330 2225 2230 2367 2395 2327 2398 CLASS: 2347 2348 2495 CLASS: 2182 Gecarcinidae Calappidae Ligididae ECHINODERMATA STELLEROIDEA Astropectinidae Oreasteridae Ophidiasteridae Gorgoncephalidae Amphiuridae Ophiotrichidae Ophiocomidae Ophidermatidae ECHINOIDEA Cidaroidae Echinida Echinometridae Clypeastridae Mellitidae Spatangidae HOLOTHURIDEA Holothuriidae (7) CRINOIDEA Comasteridae Pachygrapsus transversus (Gibbes) Percnon gibbesi (Milne Edwards) Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille Gecarcinus lateralis (Freminville) Calappa flammea (Herbst) Ligia exotica Roux Astropecten duplicatus Gray Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus) QO. reticulatus (Linnaeus) Ophidiaster guildingii Gray Astrophyton muricatum (Lamarck) A. muricatum (Lamarck) Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje) Ophiothrix angulata var megalaspis HL. Clark Q. suensonii Lutken Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck) Q. echinata (Lamarck) 0. wendti(=riisei) Muller & Troschel Ophioderma appressum (Say) Q. brevispinum (Say) . Cinereum Muller & Troschel IF| Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck) E. tribuloides (Lamarck) Lytechinus variegatus (Leske) Tripneustes esculentus (Leske) T. esculentus (Leske) Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus) E. viridis Agassiz Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus) Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske) Meoma ventricosa Lamarck M. ventricosa Lamarck Actinopyga agassizi Selenka A. agassizi Selenka UNIDENTIFIED Nemaster rubiginosa (Pourtales) 27 SZHoTzttla=z - met e4t ee SeSeToev= Sz SlSlSl=z < m4 ry ri OUUVUVAa ]=a=laVULS=a= ee ee a 2363 PHYLUM: CHORDATA 2134 2253 2112 DIVISION: CLASS: 2263 CLASS: 2269 2247 2240 2107 2142 CLASS: 2246 2242 2271 2255 2144 2239 2254 2241 2248 2244 2258 2233 2256 2259 2339 2234 2249 2340 DIVISION: CLASS: 2261 2243 Polycitoridae Ascidiidae Pyuridae CHLOROPHYTA ULOTRIDALES Ulvaceae SIPHONOCLADIALES Dasyc ladaceae - Valoniaceae SIPHONALES Cau lerpaceace Codiaceae PHAEOPHYTA DICTYOTALES Dictyotaceae N. rubiginosa (Pourtales) Distaplia stylifera (Van Name) Ascidia nigra (Savigny) Pyura momus forma pallida Heller Ulva lactuca Linnaeus Acetabularia crenulata Lamouroux Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C.Agardh A. stellata (Wulfen) C.Agardh Valomia ventricosa Agardh V. ventricosa Agardh Caulerpa cupressoides (West) C.Agardh C. cupressoides v. tuneri Webar-van Bosse C. microphysa (Webar-van Bosse) Feldmann C. prolifera (Forsskal) Lamouroux C. racemosa (Forsskal) racemosa v. uvifera (Turner) racemosa v. macrophysa (Kutzing) Taylor sertulariodes f. farlowii (W.-v. Bosse) sertulariodes f. farlowii (W.-v. Bosse) . sertulariodes f. brevipes (J. Agardh) Halimeda goreaui Colinvaux & Graham H. monile (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux H. opuntia (Linnaeus) Lamouroux H. opuntia (Linnaeus) Lamouroux Penicillus capitatus Lamarck Udotea cyathiformis Decaisne U. cyathiformis Decaisne U. flabellum (Ellis & Solander) PPA IP . L} a a Dictyota bartayresii Lamouroux D. cervicornis Kutzing 28 == ST l= =Ll= SHS SPTTPsatsPTzazsTaTLLlLlza=z Wd WW 2270 2237 2262 2235 2236 2232 2245 CLASS: 2264 2266 2143 2265 DIVISION: CLASS: 2257 2260 2272 CLASS: 2250 2238 2100 CLASS: 2252 CLASS: 2267 2268 2251 DIVISION: CLASS: 2344 2338 2337 FUCALES Sargassaceae RHODOPHYTA NEMALTONALES He lmintho- cladiaceae Chaetangiaceae CRYPTONEMIALES Melobesiceae Corallinaceae BANGIALES Gracilariaceae CERAMIALES Rhodomelaceae TRACHEOPHYTA ANGIOSPERMAE Cymodoceae ciliolata v. bermudensis Lamouroux D. D. dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux Bo divaricat D. divaricata Lamouroux D. jamaicensis (Taylor) Lobophora variegata (Lamouroux) Womers ley Padina sanctae-crucis Borgesen Stypopodium zonale (Lamouroux) Sargassum polyceratium Montagne S. polyceratium Montagne Turbinaria turbinata (Linnaeus) T. turbinata (Linnaeus) Liagora sp Galaxaura obtusa (Ellis & Solander) G. obtusa (Ellis & Solander) Neogoniolithon strictum Foslie Corallina cubensis (Montagne) Kutzing Jania adherens Lamouroux Gracilaria cylindrica Borgesen Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Borgesen Laurencia papillosa (Forsskal) Greville UNIDENTIFIED Halodule wrightii (Ascherson) Syringodium filiforme Kuetzing Hydrocharitaceae Thalassia testudinum Koeing 29 Sef sTlsl= sess === TABLE 6 Fishes sampled around St. John during 1983-1984. Conditions: P - presently in NPS collection; recollected/observed during this project A - presently in NPS collection but not accessioned; recollected/observed during this project U -— previously in NPS collection but unaccounted for; recollected/observed during this project N ~ not previously in the NPS collection 0 - observed but not collected during this project FAMILY Orectolobidae Carcharhinidae Dasyatididae Myliobatidae Elopidae Albulidae Muraenidae Congridae Clupeidae Engrau lidae Syndontidae Gobiesocidae Belonidae Atherinidae Holocentridae Aulostomidae Syngnathidae Apogonidae SCIENTIFIC NAME Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre) Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes) Rhizoprionodon sp. Dasyatis americana Hildebrand & Schroeder Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen) Megalops atlantica Cuvier & Valenciennes Albula vulpes (Linnaeus) Echidna catenata (Bloch) Enchelycore carychroa E. nigricans (Bonnaterre) Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani G. moringa (Cuvier) Muraena miliaris (flavopicta) Heteroconger (=Nystactichthys) halis (Bohlke) Harengula clupeola Valenciennes H. humeralis Cuvier Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse) Anchoa lyolepis (Evermann & Marsh) Synodus intermedius (Agassiz) Arcos macrophthalmus (Gunther) Gobiesox punctulatus (Poey) Platybelone argalus (LeSueur) Strongylura spp. Tylosaurus crocodilus (Peron & LeSueur) Atherinomorus stipes (Muller & Troschel) Holocentrus ascenscionis (Osbeck) H. rufus (Walbaum) ; Myripristis jacobus Cuvier Neoniphon (=Holocentrus) marianus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) Plectrypops retrospinis (Guichenot) Sargocentron (=Adioryx) coruscus (Poey) Aulostomus maculatus Valenciennes Micrognathus crinitus (Jenyns) Apogon binotatus (Poey) A. lachneri Bohlke A. maculatus (Poey) . guadrisquamatus Longley . townsendi (Breder) [P| 30 C uvuuVVzZa2aYrPVVVa2e0U270 UU Zzuvuazuvu2zUuVvVUVUVz a2a22 wVea2Zu0u2z22Y,00 0 ONDITIONS Astrapogon stellatus (Cope) Phaeoptyx conklini (Silvester) P. pigmentaria (Poey) Centropomidae Centropomus sp. Serranidae Alphestes afer (Bloch) P P N N P Cephalopholis cruentatus (Lacepede) P C. fulva (Linnaeus) P Epinephelus adscensionis (Osbeck) P EB. guttatus (Linnaeus) P EL itajara (Lichtenstein) N EL striatus (Bloch) P Hypoplectrus aberrans Poey N H. chTorurus chlorurus (Valenciennes) P P P P P P N P P P P P N N rae) nigricans (Poey) i puella (Cuvier) unicolor (Walbaum) Mycteroperca interstitialis (Poey) . rubra (Bloch) M. tigris (Valenciennes) M. venenosa (Linneaus) Paranthias furcifer (Cuvier & Valenciennes) Serranus baldwini (Evermann & Marsh) S. tabacarius (Cuvier) S. tigrinus tigrinus (Bloch) S. tortugarum Longley Grammistidae Rypticus bistrispinus (Mitchil1) R. saponaceus (Bloch & Schneider) P Grammidae Gramma loreto Poey P N P,O I>|>| [>| \>|= 10 Emme lichthyidae Inermia vittata Poey Priacanthidae Priacanthus arenatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) P. cruentatus (Lacepede) Branchiostegidae Malacanthus plumieri (Bloch) Echeneidae Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus E. neucratoides Zuieuw Carangidae Alectis ciliatus (Bloch) Carangoides bartholomaei (Cuvier & Valenciennes) C. crysos (Mitchill) C. ruber (Bloch) Caranx latus Agassiz Elagatis bipinnulatus (Quoy & Gaimard) Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch) Selene vomer (Linnaeus) Seriola dumerili (Risso) Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus) JT. goodei Jordan & Evermann Lutjanidae Lutjanus analis (Cuvier) t podus (Walbaum) griseus (Linnaeus) te jocu (Bloch & Schneider) L. mahogani (Cuvier) ct ynagris (Linnaeus) Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch) Gerreidae Eucinostomus sp.’ vd, Ve oO vuVvVVUrPVraAVa2aVvVrwvVvde V]ZzA VV - 31 Pomadasyidae Sparidae Sciaenidae Mullidae Pempheridae Kyphosidae Ephippidae Chaetodontidae Pomacanthidae Pomacentridae Cirrhitidae Labridae Gerres cinereus (Walbaum) Anisotremus surinamensis (Bloch) A. virginicus (Linnaeus) Haemulon aurolineatum Cuvier H. carbonarium Poey . chrysargyreum Gunther flavolineatum (Desmarest) - macrostomum Gunther . plumieri (Lacepede) © - sciurus (Shaw) Archosargus rhomboidalis (Linnaeus) Calamus calamus (Valenciennes) C. penna (Valenciennes) C. pennatula Guichenot Equetus lanceolatus (Linnaeus) —. punctatus (Bloch & Schneider) Odontoscion dentex (Cuvier) Pareques (=Equetus) acuminatus (Bloch & Schneider ) Mulloidichthys martinicus (Cuvier) Pseudopeneus maculatus (Bloch) Pempheris schomburgki Muller & Troschel Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus) Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet) Chaetodon capistratus (Linnaeus) C. sedentarius Poey C. striatus Linnaeus Holacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus) H. tricolor (Bloch) Pomacanthus arcuatus (Linnaeus) P. paru (Bloch) Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus) A. taurus Muller & Troschel Chromis cyaneus (Poey) C. multilineatus (Guichenot) Microspathodon chrysurus (Cuvier) “|= a =| = ’ Stegastes diencaeus S. dorsopunicans (Poey) S. leucostictus (Muller & Troschel) S. partitus (Poey) S. planifrons (Cuvier) S. variabilis (Castelnau) Amblycirrhitus pinos (Mowbray) Bodianus rufus (Linnaeus) Clepticus parrai (Bloch & Schneider) Doratonotus megalepis Gunther Halichoeres bivittatus (Bloch) H. garnoti (Valenciennes) H. maculipinna (Muller & Trosche1) H. poeyi (Steindachner) H. radiatus (Linnaeus) Lachnolaimus maximus (Walbaum) Thalassoma bifasciatum (Bloch) Xyrichtys (=Hemipteronotus) sp. 32 oOo [o>] vuV2Z 70 VUPYrYTVVTVGeEVU,YTVUIVVUYV vuvuvuvzZzauVUPrYiUVUVYV.CYrVvIVIVZzVvVV VV VV Ve ee eV OUU UU UU “ © Scar idae Mugilidae Sphyraenidae Opistognathidae Clinidae Tripterygiidae Blennidae Callionymidae Gobiidae Acanthuridae Scarus inserti (=croicensis) Bloch S. guacamaia Cuvier S. taeniopteris Desmarest S. vetula Bloch & Schneider Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Valenciennes ) S. chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider) S. radians (Valenciennes) S. rubripinne (Cuvier & Valenciennes) 3S. viride (Bonneterre) .Mugil curema Valenciennes Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum) Opistognathus aurifrons (Jordan & Thompson) QO. maxillosus Poey Acanthemblemaria spinosa Metzelaar Emblemaria pandionis Evermann & Marsh Emblemariopsis bahamensis Stephens Labrisomus bucciferus (Poey) L. gobio (Valenciennes ) le guppyi (Norman) be haitiensis Beebe & Tee—Van Le nuchipinnus (Quoy & Gaimard) Malacoctenus boehlkei Springer M. gilli (Steindachner) M. macropus (Poey) M. triangulatus Springer Paraclinus nigripinnis (Steindachner) Starksia nanodes Bohlke & Springer S. ocellata (Steindachner) Enneanectes altivelis Rosenblatt E. jordani (Evermann & Marsh) Entomacrodus nigricans Gill Ophioblennius atlanticus (Valenciennes) Parablennius marmoreus (Poey) Callionymus bairdi Jordan C. pauciradiatus Gil] ; Barbulifer ceuthoecus (Jordan & Evermann) Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes) Coryphopterus eidolon Bohlke & Robins CG qlaucoFracnurt Gill C. lipernes Bohlke & Robins C. personatus (Jordan & Thompson) Eleotris pisonis (Gmelin) Gnatholepis thompsoni Jordan Gobiosoma evelynae Bohlke & Robins G. horsti Metzelaar G. multifasciatum Steindachner G. saucrum Ioglossus helenae Randal] Lythrypnus elasson Bohlke & Robins L. nesiotes Bohlke & Robins Quisguilius hipoliti (Metzelaar) Acanthurus bahaianus Castelnau A. chirurgus (Bloch) A. coeruleus Bloch & Schneider 33 WVVuVZ2Z2222222V02Z 222202222002 22200Vv vv VV VV VZVUZVCVNGVVVVIVUPVIVO VU (o) fo) Scombridae Scorpaenidae Bothidae Balistidae Monacanthidae Ostraciidae | Tetraodontidae Diodontidae Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque) Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch) Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson) Scorpaena grandicornis Cuvier S. inermis Cuvier S. plumieri Bloch Bothus lunatus (Linnaeus) Balistes vetula Linnaeus Cantherhines pullus (Ranzani) Monacanthus ciliatus (Mitchill) M. tuckteri Bean Acanthostracion polygonius Poey A. quadricornis (Linnaeus) Lactophrys polygonia (Poey) L. triqueter (Linnaeus) Canthigaster. rostrata (Bloch) Sphoeroides splengleri S. testudineus (Linnaeus) Chilomycterus antennatus (Cuvier) Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus D. hystrix Linnaeus 34 p= an © iin © ln © in © in © ie © i © oe © eS ee © De © De © de © ee > i 4. DISCUSSION Several investigators have completed collections within the Virgin Islands area. The most notable was the ‘Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands' (1930 -1939) which was conducted by the New York Academy of Sciences. These investigations were comprehensive collections which were conducted as initial surveys for the region although some groups were not investigated. John Randall and associates from the University of Miami conducted the original collection for the Virgin Islands National Park. Their collections provided the greatest number of specimens for the Virgin Islands National Park Service Marine Specimens Collection. During this period of intensive investigation (1958 - 1961), many groups of organisms were adequately collected including octocorals, scleractinians, molluscs, echinoderms and fishes. G. L. Warmke assisted with the mollusc collection. Additional collections were completed by J. W. Wells (Scleractinians) and E. H. Woodlock (Molluscs). F. St. Clair provided an extensive mollusc collection of specimens collected with G L. Warmke throughout the Caribbean, This later collection has not been accessioned, Other collections contain specimens from this area of the Caribbean. The College of the Virgin Islands has a modest collection of algae, invertebrates and fishes. Nancy Ogden has a comprehensive collection of algae at the West Indies Laboratory. The University of Puerto Rico has an extensive collection of invertebrates and fishes. The list of investigators who have col lected and/or received specimens from the area is extensive and mentioned in numerous publications. Significant contributions are listed in - References. The 'Studies on the Fauna of Curacao’ are another collection of surveys on the marine fauna which was conducted in the southeastern Caribbean. These surveys are recent and provide keys and descriptions to additional groups of marine organisms. Review of the present collection demonstrates an extreme need for more adequate curation and museum space. The collection is scattered throughout many buildings and storage sheds at the Virgin Islands National Park Service Visitor Center in Cruz Bay, St. John and the Virgin Islands Ecological Research Station in Lameshur Bay, St. John. None of the holding areas have adequate controlled environments and several dry specimens have deteriorated. 35 Several specimens have been lost due to preservative evaporation. Inadequate Tabelling technique and curation have yielded a confused state. The new Science Center on Lind Point, St. John will hopefully be completed by the end of 1984 and will hold the entire collection, The review and resulting specimen list with collection information will hopefully assist in future assessment and curation of the col lection. The collection prepared during this investigation has focused on only common species. Future collections should focus on specific taxonomic groups to provide comprehensive information on species which exist within the park. Adequate collection and preservation is essential if the specimens are to be useful collection specimens, Collecting should never be overzealous but comprehensive collecting is frequently necessary for adequate investigation and reference. Occasionally, specimens should be collected for proper identification to insure reliability of field identification. During the present investigation, several general observations on common species were recorded. . -Holothurian density appeared lower than in previously surveyed areas. A potential cause may be the disease affecting Diadema antillarum. -Stoichactus helianthus inhabits intertidal subzones (0-4 m) with strong wave action, —Bartholomea annulata is probably the most abundant anemone associated with lower fore reef areas followed by Condylactis gigantea, Lebrunia danae and Heteractis lucida. -Phymanthus crucifer is the most abundant anemone on reef pavement and on upper fore reef zones. -Bundosoma granulifera is the most abundant anemone found on fragmented pavement with many holes and crevices. -Mangrove inlets and roots provide a habitat for large populations of shrimp, brachyuran crabs and anemones belonging to the genus Aiptasia. A diverse assemblage of juvenile fishes inhabits these areas. -Crinoids are found exclusively on deep reefs (>16 m) or highly diverse reefs and are usually associated with Montastrea annularis. -Gorgonian density and diversity was higher on points of bays and on reef pavement subjected to a constant, strong current. -Acropora palmata was the major constituent of undamaged upper fore reef 36 areas. ~Montastrea annularis was the most abundant coral in lower fore reef areas but is replaced in dominance by Agaricia spp. below 20 m in depth. -Montastrea cavernosa, Colpophyllia spp., Porites spp., and Diploria spp. are other significant contributors in lower fore reef formations. -Halimeda incrassata and Penicillus capitatus were the most abundant algae found in seagrass bed communities. —Millepora spp., Palythoa caribbea and Zoanthus spp. were major constituents of upper fore reef, reef crest and back reef areas. -Pinna carnea appeared most abundant in seagrass beds but were occasionally observed in the sand zone of the lower fore reef. -Lima scabra and Lima scabra tenera were most often attached by byssal threads inside the crevices of Montastrea annularis colonies. -The highest density of Chama macerophylla was observed on fish trap lines outside protected bays. -Spirobranchus giganteus appears to prefer settlement on colonies of Montastrea annularis. -Gonodactylus oerstedii was the most abundant stomatopod found in reef communities, -Cleaning shrimp such as Periclimenes pedersoni and P. yucatanicus and the snapping shrimp, Alpheus armatus are most commonly associated with the anemone Bartholomea annulata but may also be found with Condylactis gigantea. 4.1 . Recommendations The fol lowing recommendations are provided for development of future investigations and resource management. 1) Comprehensive and systematic collections of the following groups are recommended for the Virgin Islands National Park Service Marine Specimens Collection: algae, poriferans (sponges), delicate hydroids, zoanthids, ctenophores, scyphozoans, platyhelminths, nemerteans, chaetognathids, pogonophorids, phoronids, bryozoans, brachiopods, sipunculids, echiuroids, polychaetes, crustaceans, holothurians, crinoids, and hemichordates. These collections should be accomplished to provide a complete inventory for each group within the biosphere reserve. Species lists from other Caribbean inventories should be reviewed to assess completeness of inventories. 37 2) Collections and inventories following the methods used during the investigation, or equivalent, should be completed in all Areas of Particular Concern and control areas. Surveys should be completed annually within these areas. Surveys are warranted within areas of potential impact. 3) Effort should be made to utilize visiting educational groups in the establishment and continuation of long-term monitoring. This is a mutual ly beneficial situation and would insure future monitoring in the absence of adequate funding. 4) A serious attempt should be made to establish adequate curation for the Virgin Islands National Park Service Collection. It is suggested that National Park Service curators from Harpers Ferry, West Virginia be assigned to the Virgin Islands National Park for 2 - 4 weeks to renovate the collection and establish adequate curation procedures. Monthly curation is needed, 5) Specimens in formalin or a mixture should be washed and placed in correct preservative, 6) Most specimens need to be relabelled, especially those with two or more labels, with correct information and preservative type. 38 REFERENCES Almodovar, L.R.«, Blomquist, H.L., Ortiz, A., and Ortiz, E., 1972. A key to the genera of the marine chlorophyta from Puerto Rico. Carib. J. Sci., 12(3-4):205-213. Almy, C.C. and Carrion-Torres, C., 1963. Shallow-water stony corals of Puerto Rico. Carib. J. Scie, 3(2 & 3):133-167. Bailey, R.M., Fitch, J.E., Herald, £.S., Lachner, E.A., Lindsey, C.C., Robins, C.R., and Scott, W.B., 1970. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada (3rd ed.). American Fisheries Society, Washington, D.C., 150 pp. Barnes, R.D., 1980. Invertebrate zoology (4th ed.). Saunders College/Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1089 pp. Bayer, F.M., 1961. The shallow-water octocorallia of the West Indian Region. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 422 pp. Bayer, F.M., 1973. Coral reef project-papers in memory of Dr. Thomas F. Goreau. 16. A new gorgonian octocoral from Jamaica. Bull. Mar. Sci., 23(2): 387-398. Bergquist, P.R., 1978. Sponges. Hutchinson & Co., London, 268 pp. Bohlke, J.E. and Chaplin, C.C.G., 1968. Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Livingston Publishing Co., Wynnewood, PA., 771 pp. Brattegard, T., 1970. Marine biological investigations in the Bahamas 11. Mysidacea from shallow-water in the Bahamas and Southern Florida, Part 2. Sarsia, 41(15):1-25, Brattegard, T., 1970. Marine biological investigations in the Bahamas 12. Mysidacea from shallow-water in the Caribbean Sea. Sarsia, 43:111-154. Brattegard, T., 1970. Marine biological investigations in the Bahamas 13. Leptostraca from shallow-water in the Bahamas and Southern Florida. Sarsia, 44(10):1-7. Britton Jr., J.C., 1972. Two new species and a new subgenus of Lucinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia), with notes on certain aspects of lucinid phylogeny. Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 129:1-19. Buchsbaum, R. and Milne, L.J., 1967. The lower animals. Doubleday & Co., -Inc., Garden City, N.Y., 303 pp. Bullock, D.K., 1972. The corals of Bermuda. Underwater Naturalist, 7(3): 18-21. 39 Cairns, S., 1976. A guide to the commoner shallow-water gorgonians (sea whips, sea feathers, and sea fans), of Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean region. G. Voss (Editor). Univ. of Miami Sea Grant Program, 6:74 pp, Cairns, S.D., 1977, A revision of the recent species of Stephanocyathus (Anthozoa: Scleractina) in the western Atlantic, with descriptions of two new species. Bull. Mar. Sci., 27(4):729-739, Cairns, S.D., 1981. Stony corals (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Scleractina) of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 12:271-302. Chace Jr., F.A., 1972. The shrimps of the Smithsonian-Bredin Caribbean expeditions with a summary of the West Indian shallow-water species (Crustacea; Decapoda: Natantia). Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 98:1-179, Carlgren, 0., 1937. Johnson Fund, a new actinian. Smith. Miscellaneous collections, 91(25):1-4, Carlgren, 0. and Hedgepeth, J.W., 1952. Actinaria, Zoantharia, and Ceriantheria from shallow-water in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 2(2):142-172, Clark, H.L., 1933. A handbook of littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and the other West Indian islands. Sci. Sur. Porto Rico Vir. Isl., 16(1):3- 147, Clark, K.B., 1977. Phyllaplysia smaragda (Opisthobranchia: Notarchidae), a new anaspidean from Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci., 27(4):651-657. Clarke, M.R., 1966. A review of the systematics and ecology of oceanic squids. Adv. mar. Bio., 4:91-300. Clavijo, I.E., Yntema, J.A., and Ogden, J.C., 1980. An annotated list of the fishes of St. Croix U.S. Virgin Islands (2nd ed.). West Indies Laboratory, U.S.V.I., 49 pp. Colin, P.L., 1978. Caribbean reef invertebrates and plants. T.F.H. Publications Inc., New Jersey, 512 pp. Cooper, G.A., 1977. Brachipods from the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr., 14:1-211. Courteney, W.R., 1961. West Atlantic fishes of the genus Haemulon (Pomasyidae). Systematic status and juvenile pigmentation. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib., 11(1):66~149. Crane, J., 1975. Fiddler crabs of the world. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 660 pp. Cressey, R., 1981. Parasitic copepods from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, I: Holobomolochus and Neobomolochus. Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 339: 1-24, 40 Cressey, R., 1983. Parasitic copepods from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, II: Bomolochidae. Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 389:1-35., Diechmann, E., 1963. Shallow-water Holothurians from the Caribbean waters. Stud. Fauna Curacao, 14:100-118. Downey, M.E., 1973. Starfishes from the Caribbean. and the Gulf of Mexico. Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 126:1-158. Farfante, I.P., 1971. Western Atlantic shrimps of the genus Metapenaeopsis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae), with descriptions of three new species. Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 79:1-37, Farfante, I.P. and Bullis Jr., H.R., 1973. Western Atlantic shrimps of the genus Solenocera with description of a new species (Crustacea, Decapoda, Panaeidae). Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 153:1-33. Fauchald, K., 1977. The polychaete worms. Definitions and keys to the orders, families, and genera. Nat. Hist. Mus. of Los Angeles Co., Sci. Sur., 28: 1-190. Fisher, E., 1973. The shallow-water Actinaria and Corallimorpharia of Jamaica with special reference to the genus Bundeopsis. Univ. of the West Indies. M.S. Thesis. Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G.C.H. van, 1965. Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Stud Fauna Curacao, 22: 1-87, Goreau, T.F., and Wells, JW, 1967, The shallow-water scleractinia of Jamaica: revised list of species and their vertical distribution range. Bull. Mar. Sci., 17(2): 442-453, Gosner, K.L., 1971. Guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 693 pp. Gosner, K.L., 1979. A field guide to the Atlantic seashore. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 329 pp. Hechtel, G.J., 1969. New species and records of shallow-water Demospongiae from Barbados, West Indies. Postilla, 132:1-38. Kaplan, E.H., 1982. A field guide to coral reefs of the Caribbean and Florida. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 289 pp. Kier, P.M., 1966. Bredin-Archbo1d—Smithsonian biological survey of Dominica. 1. The echinoids of Dominica. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 121(3577):1-10. Kier, P.M., 1975. The echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 206:1-41. Kramp, P.L., 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 40: 7-469, 4] Limbaugh, C., Pederson, H., and Chace Jr., F.A., 1961. Shrimps that clea fishes. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib., 11(2):237-257, ~ Lyons, W.G., 1970. Scyllarid lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda). Mem. Hourglass Cruises, 1(4):1-74. Manning, R.B., 1968. A revision of the family Squillidae (Crustacea, Stomatopoda), with the description of eight new genera. Bull. Mar. Sci., 18(1):105-142. Manning, R.B., 1969. Mithrax (Mithraculus) commensalis, a new West Indian spider crab (Decapoda, Majidae) commensal with a sea anemone. Crustaceana, 19:15/7-161. Manning, R.B., 1969. Stomatopod crustacea of the Western Atlantic. Univ. of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Florida, 380 pp. Manning, R.B. and Chace Jr., F.A., 1971. Shrimps of the family Processidae from the Northwestern Atlantic ocean (Crustacea: Decapoda; Caridea). Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 89:1-41. Marcus, E. and Marcus, E.B-R., 1970. Opistobranchs from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Stud. Fauna Curacao, 33:1-129. Marsden, J.R., 1960. Polychaetous annelids from the shallow waters around Barbados and other islands of the West Indies, with notes on larval forms. Can. J. Zool., 38:989-1020. Mayo, B.S., 1973. A review of the genus Cancellus (Crustacea: Diodenidae) with a description of a new species from the Caribbean Sea. Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 150: 1-63. Meinkoth, N.A., 1981. The Audubon Society field guide to North American seashore creatures. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, 799 pp. Meyer, -D.L., 1973. Coral reef project-papers in memory of Dr. Thomas F. Goreau. 10. Distribution and living habits of comatulid crinoids near Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Bull. Mar. Sci., 23(2):244-259. Miller, J.E. and Pawson, D.L., 1984. Holothurians (Echinodermata; Holothuroidea). Mem. Hourglass Cruises, 7(1):1-79. Miller, R.H., 1962. Some ascidians from the Caribbean. Stud. Fauna Curacao, 13:61-77, Miller, R.H. and Goodbody, I., 1974. New species of ascidian from the West Indies. Stud. Fauna Curacao., 45:142-161. Morris, P.A., 1973. A field guide to shells of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and the West Indies (3rd ed.). W.Jd. Cleach (Editor). Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 330 pp. 42 Newman, W.A. and Ross, A., 1976. Revision of the balanomorph barnacles; including acatalog of the species. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. Memoirs, 9: 1-108. Nowell—-usticke, G.W., 1960. A check list of the marine shells of St. Croix U.S. Virgin Islands and supplementary listing of new shells. Lane Press, Vermont, 90pp. and 32pp. Opresko, D.M., 1972. Redescriptions and reevaluations of the Antipatharians described by L.F. De Pourtales. Bull. Mar. Sci., 22(4):950-1017. Opresko, D.M., 1974. A study of the classification of the antipatharia. Miami, Univ. of Miami. Dissertation. Opresko, L., Opresko, D., Thomas, R. and Voss, G., 1973. Guide to the lobsters and lobster-like animals of Florida, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean region. Sea Grant Field Guide Series, Univ. of Miami, 1:44 pp. Opresko, L., Thomas, R. and Bayer, F.M., 1976. Guide to the larger marine gastropods of Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean region, Sea Grant Field Guide Series, Univ. of Miami, 5:54 pp. Osburn, R.C., 1940. Bryozoa of Porto Rico with a resume of the West Indian bryozoan fauna. Sci. Sur. Porto Rico & Vir. Isls., 16(3):323-486. Phelan, T., 1970. A field guide to the cidaroid echinoids of the Northwestern Atlantic ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 40:1-67. Plough, H.H., 1978. Sea squirts of the Atlantic continental shelf from Maine to Texas. John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 118 pp. Provenzano Jr., A.J., 1959. The shallow-water hermit crabs of Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf % Carib., 9(4):349-420. Randall, J.E., 1983. Caribbean reef fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, New Jersey, 350 pp. Randall, J.E. and Bohlke, JE., 1965. Review of the Atlantic labrid fishes of the genus Halichoeres. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 117(2): 235-259. Randall, J.E. and Caldwell, D., 1966. A review of the sparid fish genus Calamus, with descriptions of four new species. Bull. Los Angeles Co. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:1-47. Rathbun, M.J., 1933. Brachyuran crabs of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Sci. Sur. Porto Rico & Vir. Isls., 15(1):3-121. Roos, P.d., 1971. The shallow-water stony corals of the Netherlands Antilles. Stud. Fauna Curacao, 37:1-108. Rutzler, K., 1974. The burrowing sponges of Bermuda. Smith. Contrib. Zoo., 165:1-32. 43 Ryland, J.S., 1970. Bryozoans. Hutchinson Univ. Library, Hutchinson and Co., London, 523 pp. Schmitt, W.L., 1935. Crustacea macrura and anomura of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Sci. Sur. Porto Rico &vVir. Isls., 15(2):127-227. Serafy, D.K., 1979. Echinoids (Echinodermata; Echinoidea). Mem. Hourglass Cruises, 5(3):1-120. Smith, F.G.W., 1976. Atlantic reef corals. Univ. of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Florida, 164 pp. Stokes, F.d., 1980. Handguide to the coral reef fishes of the Caribbean. Lippincott & Crowell Publishers, New York, 160 pp. Taylor, W.R., 1969. Marine algae of the eastern tropical and subtropical coasts of the Americas. Univ. of Michigan Press, 870 pp. Thomas, L.P.,. 1962. The shallow-water amphiurid brittle stars (Echinodermata; Ophiuroidea) of Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib., 12(4): 623-694, Tikasingh, E.S., 1963. The shallow-water Holothurians of Curaco, Aruba, and Bonaire. Stud. Fauna Curacao, 14:77-99. Tortora, L.R. and Keith, D.E., 1980. Octocorals of the Swan Islands, Honduras. Carib. Jd. Sci., 15(3-4):87-93. Tortora, L.R. and Keith, D.E., 1980. Scleractinian corals of the Swan Islands, Honduras. Carib. J. Sci., 16(1-4):65-72. Treadwell, A.L., 1939. Polychaetous annelids of Porto Rico and vicinity. Sci. Sur. Porto Rico Vir. Isl., 16(2):151-319. Van der Sloot, C.d., 1969. Ascidians of the family Styelidae from the Caribbean. Stud. Fauna Curacao, 30:1-57, Van Name, W.G., 1930. The ascidians of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Sci. Sur. Porto Rico Vir. Isl., 10(4):403-535, Ummels, F., 1963. Asteroids from the Netherlands Antilles and other Caribbean localities, (Oreasteridae, Ophidiasteridae, Asterinidae, Luidiidae9. Stud. Fauna Curacao, 15:72-101. Voss, G.L., 1980. Seashore life of Florida and the Caribbean. Banyan Books Inc., Miami, Florida, 199 pp. Voss, G.L., Opresko, L. and Thomas, R., 1973. The potentially commercial species of octopus and squid of Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. Sea Grant Field Guide Series, Univ. of Miami, 2:33 pp. Warmke, G.L. and Abbott, R.T., 1975. Caribbean seashells. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 348 pp. 44 Wells, J.W., 1973. Coral reef project-papers in memory of Dr. Thomas F. Goreau 2. New and old scleractinian corals from Jamaica. Bull. Mar. Sci., 23(1):17-55, West, D.A., 1971. The symbiotic zoanthids of Puerto Rico with observations on their biology. Mayaquez, Univ of Puerto Rico. M.S. Thesis. Wiedenmayer, F., 1977. Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas. Birkhauser Verlag. Basel, Switzerland, 287 pp. Woelkerling, W.J., 1976. South Florida benthic marine algae. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami, Sedimenta 5:148 pp. Zeiller, W., 1974. Tropical marine invertebrates of southern Florida and the Bahama islands. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 132 pp. 45 ch