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WATER-USAGE PATTERNS IN THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS by Donald C. Bullock Roger W. Peebles Henry H. Smith Completion Report _ OWRT Project ‘No. A-011-VI Agreement No. 14-34-0001-9050 October 1978 - August 1980 August 1980. The work upon which this report.is based was supported in part by funds provided by the —- . United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Research and Technology as authorized under _the Water Resources Act of 1964, P. L. 88-379 © Technical Report No. 6 Water Resources Research Center Caribbean Research Institute College of the Virgin Islands St. Thomas, USVI 00801 = We wish to thank the many residents and. visitors: of the Virgin Islands who allowed ‘us into their homes .to gather data for this réport. Special thanks .to Elaine Bidelspacher of St.- Croix who allowed and assisted us in obtaining data From tourist. rental uni ts. 114 ABSTRACT. A sample of residential and tourist dwelling units in the U.S. Virgin Islands was investigated to determine the per capita daily. demand for residential water in a water deficient region. The sample was chosen to include a variety of types of occupants, all of whom enjoyed com- fortable living, to determine water demand figures which — . can be used for future planning. The research demonstrated ~.. that high standards of living are. currently achieved in the U.S. Virgin Islands by tourists and residents utilizing substantially less than.forty ‘gallons per capita per day © for residential use. When tourists are removed from the sample, the average per capita daily demand drops below. thirty gallons for residential use. : oe CONTENTS . ~ INTRODUCTION -AND OVERVIEW : = OBJECTIVES SCOPE APPROACH AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . Site Characteristics : . Subpotable Water - Public Housing Projects ~~ SOURCES OF POSSIBLE ERROR CONCLUSIONS AND ‘OBSERVATIONS "> RECOMMENDATIONS.” ~ LITERATURE APPENDIX: vii Page. . Oe © lon INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW” The Territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands is composed of three main islands, St. Croix (84 sq. mi:), St. Thomas (28 sq. mi.), and St. John (20 sq. mi.), -and more than 60 smaller islands and cays. The islands as a group receive an average of 40 inches of rainfall annually; however, about 90 percent of that rainfall is lost to evapotranspiration and the group of tropical, ~. Oteanic islands is classified as being semi-arid. The water resources, — : therefore, are scarce and generally of poor quality. Because of the limi- . ted scale of each island, there is no hinterland. from which to draw addi - tional resources. ; _ Approximately 100.000 péoge ive on the land area ‘of 135 square miles. ‘Most of the population rely directly on roof catchment and cistern storage of the ‘incons tant rainfall for household water supplies. The Territory experienced a -period of phenomena] economicat growth and popu- lation expansion during the 1960's and 1970's. The government invested heavily in sea water desalting plants: in ‘an attempt to relieve the chronic short supply of potable water created by the demands of a booming tourism-. based economy. Temporarily successful in fulfilling the. needs for potable water, by the mid-70's operational failures of the desalting equipment in combination with a continual reliance on inefficient and obsolete distri- bution systems and the meteorically rising price of energy made it impos- - sible for the government to meet daily potable water needs, and a ration- ing schedule was Imposed on public water supplies. , : The current approach of the government ‘toward solving the water. problem involves repair of the distribution system and increasing the islands" desalting capacity to over eight million gallons per day. Success in this effort may prove financially devastating since current and projected pricing of pipeline-delivered desalted water - involves -a minimum government subsidy of ten dollars per one thousand gallons. This translates into a daly subsidy of $80,000 or an annual governmental outlay of almost $30 million. In light of these high. cost levels associated with the water supply it has become imperative that the demand side of the water picture be more closely ~ examined. How much water do islanders use? Who uses what kind of water for what purposes? And how much is really needed? “One important figure is domestic or household water usage or demand. This water is used mostly for bathing, sanitary Flushing, laundry, dishwashing, , cooking, cleaning and drinking. A 1500 square foot roof will collect roughly 37 inches of rain in a normal island rainfall year which converts to a supply of about 100 gallons per day.. The fact that many Virgin Islanders depend totally on cistern water for residential. supply allows us to ask the simple question, "What are. ‘their water use patterns and is this usage | consistent with high standards 2 OF Viving?" To answer this question, the Water Resources Research. Center of the Carib- bean Research Institute; College of the Virgin Islands, through a grant from the U.S. Department of Interior, Office of Water Research and Techno- logy initiated this water usage patterns project. OBJECTIVES The. project was intended to develop original‘ data on the water usage pat- terns of a small.sample of dwelling units occupied by a variety of residents and tourists.and to analyze that.data in order to provide useful per capita demand figures for residential water in light of increasing water supply costs. ae SCOPE The installation of water measuring. instrumerits on a sample of island dwelling units, in combination with a-monitoring program provided the opportunity to obtain original water usage. data on 1790 dwelling unit days © involving the domestic usage of 5900: people days. The test period started in November 1979 and ended in July 1980. The major categories of. water users for which data were collected were tourists, residents of island origin and resident. continentals. Existing data of lower reliability were obtained . _ on two condominium complexes and three public housing projects. — APPROACH AND . METHODS Fourteen dwelling units were selected for the original data sample. One unit was eventually dropped from the sample because the technique used to measure water usage could not be applied to that: unit without the intro- duction of .large measurement errors.. The Strategy for the selection of '- tests sites involved a number of considerations. — All sites represented dwellings occupied by persons who could afford to purchase additional water if they wished to but had seldom or never done so. All but one of the sites were owner occupied. None of these dwellings were. dependent on piped or desalted water: More than 90% of the water ". used was supplied by rainfall even though more than 85% of the dweilings _. were located in the driest areas of the islands. -It is believed that this Strategy has provided a sample of occupants that neither wastes water nor allows the shortage of water to infringe on their standards of living. ‘The. selection of tourist sites involved finding locations on or near the beaches and away from town or other attractions such that almost all of the tourist water consumption would show up as dwelling usage. The break between con- tinental and island origin was mandated by the contention that islanders have a Jong tradition of being very careful with potable: water. ‘Two of the dwellings had dual water systems . .For toilet flushing one used seawater and the other used highly brackish wel] water. | . . Two of the dwell ings included one room rental units with. baths. The water usage for these units was-included as part of the main dwelling unit as were the occupants. : It. should be noted that the vast majority of the occupants in the tourist sample were not responsible for the cost of the water they used other than the fact that the renter rate may or may not reflect the cost of providing water during a typical tourist season. Toward the end of the test period one of the tourist sites was rented to a resident who was responsible for | the-cost of purchased water if it became necessary. That is, if the cis- tern supply was exhausted the renter was.obliged to purchase a truckload of water at a cost of $20 per thousand gallons. As a result there. was ‘a Substantial reduction in per capita consumption and the site was changed from.a tourist site to a resident site. re Alréady existing data on public housing projects: and condominiums was collected on the basis that it was available, that it appeared to be reasonable correct and that during the. monitored periods major interruptions . in the supply of water had not occurred. oo In the interest of developing @ low-cost method by which island homeowners could measure their water consumption, a novel system was devised and used in this project. Instead of a high-cost water meter installation, a cheap electrical clock was attached to the pressure switch of the water. pressurization systems in such a manner that the clock ran only when the water pump was running. then by the use of a potable water meter or a - measuring pail a clock factor was determined for each pump installation which converted pump running time into. gallons of water pumped: This. calibration factor was repeatedly checked and adjusted throughout the test period. This technique provided reasonably accurate data although it does have some drawbacks. Errors introduced by this technique are discussed’ - in a later section of this report. Almost all errors introduced by this technique tend to overestimate the water usage. Thus, the figures presented in this report may be slightly higher than the actual per capita usage. Once the initial clock installations and calibration had been completed, : each site was visited on a periodic basis to. obtain the number of gallons - used, the number. of people days involved, any changes in the site charac- teristics, explanations from the occupants as to the reasons for any major changes in: the per capita daily water usage, and. assurance that the mea- Surement technique was operating properly. The monitoring period began _in-November of 1979 and. ended in July of 1980. The number of visits to each test site varied widely depending on a number of factors. Tourist dwellings often required weekly or even daily visits to maintain records of the changing number of occupants involved with short-term vacation rentals. In all, almost two hundred site visits were performed to provide 1790 unit test days of usable data. RESULTS AND DISCUSS ION* As originally intended, this project has produced a sizeable volume of | _ data. This data is presented in Table J] - Table XXIV. It is hoped that this data will provide-a source of information for further analysis by - others. . : * The major results of this project are presentec in Tables I and II. it _ should be remembered that. these figures represent residential or , domestic water usage only and do not include other water usage such.as | - school needs, medical. needs, workforce needs, hotel needs, day visitor. - ‘needs, agricultural needs, etc. ; —— Additionally, because of .the small sample and the. judgmental nature of its selection, no contention is made by this project that the figures _ - presented truly represent the current residential demand or usage of, water. However, it is the contention of this project that these water usage . figures are consistent with levels of usage for high standards of living -in the Virgin Islands. These usage figures will provide useful planning . figures once it is generally realized that the Virgin Islands water problems ' cannot be economically solved in-the long run merely by increasing the | supply of costly desalted seawater. 7 : ‘The results presented in Tables I and II are self-explanatory and show | ‘reasonable consistency with the exception of the mean and the adjusted ‘mean for the total sample. When the mean by dwelling units was adjusted _ by weighting those means by the number of people days involved, the usage. : for the total sample dropped from 35.65 to 29.23 gallons per day per person. The reason for this is that while the residents of island originmade up ... ‘only 43% of the dwelling test sites, they constituted over 55% of the total sample of people days. It is believed that the lower figure represents’ . the residential usage which could be achieved by reasonable conservation | ‘methods for the islands as a whole without infringements on anyone's: stan- dard of living. ot Site Characteristics Site characteristics for each of the dwelling units are-included in. Table 1 The composite site characteristics for the total sample were as fol lows: The average number of occupants was 3.3. The average number of bedrooms was 2.9. The average number of bathrooms was 2.2. 79% had laundry washing machines. 21% had dish washing machines. 7 % had swimming pools. ; None used significant amounts of water for irrigation. - None had garbage disposal machines. TQ DAODAATD * Tables referred to may be found in the Appendix Subpotable Water Of particular interest were the two dwelling units that used subpotable water for flushing. (Table XIV and Table XV) One site,T4, was the highest user of water in the total sample with an average.usage of 71 gallons per capita per day; however, of this amount 20 gallons or 28% was highly brackish well water used for toilet flushing and available, but not used significantly, for outside irrigation. The other unit, site RIC using sea- water for flushing only ‘used a total average of 34 galTons per capita per ~ day. At this unit, 13 gallons of the usage or 38% was provided by seawater, thus lowering the household usage of potable water to 21 gallons per capita per day. Although the sample is too small, it does tend to suggest that . a quarter or more of the Virgin Islands residential water demand could.be met with low cost seawater, brackish or gray water. If this is a. possible option, ‘then the residential demand for potable water would drop. to below 20 gallons per capita per day. Based on average rainfall] and catchment potential this 20 gallons per day can be obtained by approximately 300 square feet of roof top catchment per capita. - ; .. Two sections of a large condominium were examined ‘to determine their level of water usage (Table VIII and Table IX). In both this section of the report and in the raw data summary section. figures presented do not include toilet flushing since gray water is used for this purpose and no measurement is made of that water: oo The manager of- this’ 102-unit complex reported that its highest water a consumption occurred in January of 1980 and that the rate for that month was 11,000 gallons per day or 108 gallons per unit.per day. He estimated | the total occupancy during that period at 400 to 500. If he was correct the gallons per. day. per perosn was in the range of 22-to 27.5 | Our investigation of 20 units in two sections of the complex provided metered data covering the period of January 1, 1980 to May 30, 1980. Our occupant figures covered only the occupants of the units who were permanent residents and did not include their guests. For .one condominium section containing 12 units, the gallons per personper day. figures were as follows: a mean of 31.4, a range of 74 to 51, and a standard deviation of. 11.4. For the other section containing & units the figures were; a mean of 45.4, a range of 22 to83, and a standard deviation. of 19.8. The combined mean for the two sections based on the number of people days was 36.77. Again, it must be remembered that this figure does not include guests. or. sanitary flushing water. The cost of this water to these year - round residents. is $15 per thousand gallons. Public Housing Projects Because of frequent water shortages and non-functional water meters jt is difficult to obtain accurate data on the water usage of public housing projects. After an extensive search of the records it was possible to identify three projects on the island of St. Croix that nad not experienced — Major water. shortages during various periods in the years 1978 and 1979, and where some meter readings were available. The data presented both in this section of the report and on the raw data summary, Table X, include , en only water delivered to the projects by the public water pipeline and do not include water obtained from rooftop rain catchments. if the catchments were functioning, calculations indicate that another 4.5 to 5 gallons per person’ per day should be added to the usage figures presented. Combining _the total gallons delivered and the total number of people days ‘involved in ‘all three projects, the mean gallons per person per day was 97 based on over 27: million gallons delivered via the pipeline. The average for the three projects taken on a "by project" basis was 89. The range was 70 to 112. Though these numbers may seem high they are in agreement with most other eStimates that have been examined. There appear © to be at least three reasons for these high usage figures. First, it. is believed that the population figures for the projects may be lower than the actual number of occupants living in the projects. Secondly, ‘it is stated by the public housing maintenance personnel that many of the “projects have serious leakage problems within the project's own distribution . systems. Third, and probably the most, important reason, is that the occupants are not responsible for paying for the water which they use. As.can be seen from the original data developed by this study, when the occupant is not responsible for the cost of his water consumption the usage drastically increases. For instance, tourist consumption averages 62 gallons per capita per day, while that of residents who are responsible forthe cost of their water is only about 25 gallons. Another. example is. a tourist - dwelling unit which was ‘converted to a resident unit with. the renter responsible for the cost of water... Under these circumstances the average usage on a per capita bais dropped from 67.5 to 30.8. ‘This was the same house; the only thing that really changed was the incentive to reduce water usage. These are not isolated instances. When owners of tourist vacation rental units arrive the water usage almost invaribale decreases drastically. oe ; ; = - SOURCES OF. POSSIBLE ERRORS Measurement errors are an inherent part of any effort to develop original data. The water measuring technique used in this project does contain a number of factors which can lead to non- quantifiable errors. However, the application of this technique leads us to believe that all of the factors that caused errors with the exception of one, caused high side errors. _ That is, the vast majority of the errors introduced made. the figures. pre- sented in this report slightly higher than the actual water usage. For example, the test period began during a rainy December which included such factors as cisterns overflowing at every test site, nigh Christmas and school vacation usdge and the end of a two-year period of the highest rain- falls on record. Due to the previous heavy rainfalls and overflowing cis- | terns it can be reasonably speculated that water conservation by the sample of occupants was not an all-time high. One owner mentioned, “We can make the last quarter of our cistern supply last about as long as the first three quarters." Although this may be an exaggeration, the overall data did indicate a slight decrease in water usage as the test period moved into less rainy periods. The pump running time technique used can introduce serious errors if the foot valve in the cistern leaks. In that case, water in the pressure ‘tank Yeaks back into the cistern causing thé pump to run periodically even when no water usage has occurred. The one test site that was dropped from the sample was dropped because of this problem. The remaining sites were. monitored for this problem, and the extent to which it may have occurred without detection would have caused water usage readings higher than the - ‘actual usage. a Several of the sites included systems. which periodically experienced the problem of water bound pressure tanks which caused frequent starts and - Stops of the pump. When this condition was encountered it was immediately _ repaired. However, the error that may have been introduced by these ~ situations was again an error tending to make the presented figures higher '. than the actual usage. - ; Another possible source of error which would make the presented figures higher than the actual usage is that of: the calibration technique used.. Since the majority of pumps used at the test sites were centrifugal: types, the amount of. water pumped during a fixed pumping time can decrease substantially with a lowering of the net positive. suction head(NPSH) -: Thus, as the level of water in the cistern goes down, these.types of pumps - will pump less water due to a decreasing NPSH. To accommodate for this, each pump of. this type was periodically recalibrated. - However, since the entire test period started with high cistern levels and ended with low - cistern..levels the recalibration tended to lag the actual lowering of the NPSH, thus possibly introducing another slight high side of error. The only error which could cause the figures presented to. be lower than the “actual usage was long-term running of the pumps at a full flow levels such “as might be encountered in filling a swimming pool: In this case, the 7 “average pressure encountered by the centrifugal pump would be less than the. average on and off cycle pressure which was used to calibrate the pump. Under such conditions the water usage could be higher than the measurement . indicated by the clock. . Since only one test site involved the filling of a swimming pool, requiring approximately 500 gallons per week, it is believed that this factor did not introduce substantial errors into ‘the figures presented.. . . Overall, the measurement technique used: was sufficiently accurate to pick up. such items as a slow leak in a toilet, leaking foot valves and a school-aged child home sick with diarrhea CONCLUSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS The major’ conclusion of this project is that high standards of living can be maintained in the US Virgin Islands with an average domestic water usage of less than 40 and perhaps as low as 30 galions per person per day. Observations show that residential water usage can be cut at’ least in half ‘if the occupants have sufficient economic incentives to conserve water. It is also observed that residents of island origin are more conservative of domestic water usage than residents of continental origin if sufficient _ financial incentives exist to conserve. It appears that occupants of | public housing projects tend to use more water than even tourist wher economic incentives to conserve are removed from both groups. ay - RECOMMENDATIONS . ) . ; ys The Government of the Virgin Islands should shift its ong: term. emphasis on the water supply side to the water demand side of the . _ water shortage problem. All .investment _ in increasing the supply of water in the isTaid should be viewed in the light of potential long-term benefits: associated with an equal investment in reducing. the demand for | water. . oe . an / An economic analysis of ‘the potential benefits of: incréasing: the: supply of Subpotable water should be initiated. The Government of the Virgin Islands should develop and implement a public information .campaign which would stress the cost effective- - ness of conserving water and reducing usage by all individuals and facilities in the Territory The Virgin Islands Housing Authority should develop and test a “variety .of innovative financial incentives to reduce water usage in its. projects. The potential for decreasing eventual water deniand is: . over one million gallons per day in these living areas. LITERATURE . Becker, Louis R. and Boschul te, Anthony F., "Report on Current Water Crisis." St. Thomas: Virgin Islands Housing Authority -(1978). . Brown, Leonard R., et al., "United States Department of Interior Water . Resources Task Team Report: on Recommended Actions to Relieve Water Supply Problems, St. Thomas Virgin Islands." Washington: United States Department of Interior (1977). — oo Buros, 0.K., “Water-Reclamation and Reuse." A paper presented at the Con- . ference on Water Resource Problems and Research Needs in the Virgin _ Islands. Christiansted, St. Croix, Virgin Istands (1974). Buros, 0.K., "A Water Management Plan for St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands." Gainesville, Florida: Black, Crow-and Eidsness, Inc. (1976). _ Fisher, Donald W. and Jordon, Donald W., "Relation of Bulk Precipitation and - Evapotranspiration to Water Quality and Water Resources, St. Thomas, — Virgin Islands." St. Thomas: _ United States Geological Survey (1977). Jordon, D.G., “A Survey of the Water Resources of St. Croix, Virgin Islands" (198) States Geological Survey Caribbean District Open-File Report (1975). . , a So . Peebles, R.W., Pratt A.E. and Smith H.H., “Water Plan: A Comprehensive Water Management Framework for the U:S. Virgin Islands", St.. Thomas Virgin. Islands. Technical Report No. 2, Water Resources Research Center, Carib- bean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands (1979). Pratt, Albert E. and Vaughan, Terri M., "Problem-Research Analysis in the United States Virgin Islands." St. Thomas, Virgin. Islands: Water Resources Research Center, Caribbean Research Institute, College of the _ Virgin Islands (1977). : Virgin Islands Planning Office, “Population, Economic Activity and Water Use Projections for the United States Virgin Islands." St.--Thomas, Virgin Islands: Office of the Governor (1974). Virgin Islands Planning Office, "Land Use and Housing Elements - United. States Virgin Islands." St. Thomas, Virgin Islands: Office of the Governor(1977). ; oe ” on Ii~- we +e ve * . : oe oe . = - “ on ate - + . wee ee ee nee ees Sew seen as wen eee be cere mee awese view ene iets eee eee eee . ‘ : oan “ - a ~ os . o « on we on “f on “ ” t a ta we te + ” . oa - - oa we ” - : ‘ APPENDIX - = he a ne ni ' oe o : oa on “ . on ” oe +. - a. ee ot i? oe -- = +t +e oe . - - 7 . ony . . - - ae as if . ” - me oe on “4 . ve . .* ve ws te is tag e- % ” it ‘. +: s os . - es “ y oe axe wo “ ra . . we on . a oe a tee v. a ee Tene ve on sae ne . on oe . oa an v it vee co { a on a os " TABLE’ T Summary of Project Results (gallons per capita per .day) Standard Total Sample - 29.23 ‘Occupants ‘Mean a ‘Mean Range Deviation: . a oO (using n.- 1) Tourists 61.98 . 61.72 42-71 13.5) All Residents 25.12 22.90 - 10 - 49 12.98 Residents of os 7 a oo Island Origin 16.13 (14.74 10 - 23 4.54 Residents of : ‘Continental org. 38.61 38.94 31 - 49 . 8.20 35.65: io --71 21.39 a ‘Mean based on dwelling units. b Mean weighted for number of people days. A-2 .ABLE It. Summary of Site Characteristics and Results Site Number pr | vo | 73 | t4 [Ric | R2z ‘R3I |R4E. (RST. jROL | RIT lac. [rec | R1oc Peesrooms ~ 3 ‘2 2 3 4+ 3 4. “3 3 cy 4 2 3 3 3 zathzooms 3-42 |2 43 2°43 2 41 Ja 2 42 3. 43 3 Children o- fo 0 0 vals | o fo-2 | 2. | 1-340 o fo 2 i Swimming Pool ‘No | No “No No No | No No .|No No No |wWo No | No Yes Extensive of ; Gardening’ No .}' No No No No |. No No: {Yes No No No No No No ‘Washing Machine ‘Yes. | Yes Yes yes | Yes “No. Yes | No Yes Yes {| No Yes Yes Yes" pish Washer No. Yes Yes ‘Yes No | No No: No No No No No No No occupant® yo tv fv c | o | o/R| © -}0 O o-}o/rR{ R [0 ) origin c jc C Cc ec. 41 c |r I r |e fe c Water ; c Consumption . Mean 66.6/63.3 [44.4 53.0132.2 {15.0 | ig.o fus.2 ]9.3 [17 [25 B2-8 [47.6 (40-2 Range 53-71 42-87 z5-81 s-ad21-44] 19-17] 14-2411-23] 8-13 ]13-24 | 10-46p4-58 [32-57 29-60 Std. Deviation 11.3/18.7 {19.7 7.6 17.3: 1.7 3.7 13.6 P2.0 14.2 12.4 14.5. |6.53 10.2 Or Owner Rr. Rental T: Tourist Vv: Variable b. : C: Contintental I: Islander “+ rn gallons per capita per day. “Mean not weighted for number of people days. A-3 TABLE Ili Raw Data Summary. For Total Sample Site . Number Gallons . “Number , Number SGals/Pers/ ’ ‘Number . Of (Used | of | (of , Day . Test Days ' | Occupants {People Days! _ RIC 151 22,060 Aaa 657 | 33.58 R21 81 g,174. | 7.0 567 14.42. R31 209 7,953 2.0. “418 19.03 R41 216 7,315 2.2 470 15.56, RSI 195 7,095 |. 4.0 780 9.77, R6I 197 | 11,362 3.9. 7164 14.87 R7I 138 6,343 2.0 274 23.15 R8C 45" 2,984 2.2 97 30.76 RIC 143 14,710 2.1 300. 49.03. RLOC 140 25,048 | 4.4 610 41.06 Tl 83 26,802 4.8 397 67.51 T2 79 14,555 2.7° 217 67.01 73 67 9,728 3.5) 232: 41.93 74 46 8,356 | 2.5, 417 71.42 Hy 35.65 Totals: 172,485 © 5,900 29.23 # Mean weighted for number of people days. Mean: 35-65 Range: 10-17 Std. Dev: 21.39 TABLE IV . . / “TABLE Y -faw. Data Sumeary For : an ; . a Raw Data: Summary For -Tourast Sample a . os : - ALL Kesidents | ~ Site |] Marker Gallons. Number Number [Calo/Pers/ }. oo Site . ‘Number Gallons number Number fals/Pers/ Nutber of Used. of of bay, . ! Number : of - Used of . of Day . Hest Days { - - | Occupants [People bays oo Test Days : Occupants }People Days oe oe . : : ‘ Ric 15) 22.060 4.4 657 32.58 Th e2 | ote, 802 4.6 197 67.52 : ; ; a i . : _ : Ral, ar 8,174 7.0 567 14.4. 72 79 14,555 270) 27 67.07 “Yaar "209 7,983 2.6 418 - 49,03 73 6? "9,728 3.5...) 5 232 4i.99 | pal 246° | 7,338 2.2 470 ; 15.58 _ ; a , RSI” 195 7,095 4.0: 780 - 9.77 Te . 46 6,356 2.5 117 72,42 . : : ; . : . . oc - 1 per 197 11,362 3.9 f .764 14:87 . . R71 13¢ 6,343 2.0 276 | 23.25 - ‘ Rec . fo 45 2,984 2.2 97 “30.76 \ ROC a3 sf 14,720 2.2. 300 49.03 : RLOC . 149 25,048 - 4.4 610 41.06 i] ' 61.98 toy 7 25.12 Totals: "| s9,4aa o63—«|«.72 ay 32.89 : . : : Totals: 11,044 4,937 . # Mean weighted for number of people days.- ; _ , 0 Mean weighted for number of people days. Mean: 61.98 ; . Range: 42-71 Std. Dev: 13.51 0 Mean: 25.12 Range: 10-49 Std. Devi 12.98 A=5 TABL EB VII T ABLE VI Raw Data Summary For Kaw Pata Summary For kesadents of Continental Origin Residents. of Island Origin ‘Humber path 4 s/Pers/ Site Rumber Gallons Number Number bals/Pers/ Site Rumer Gal lone ; Narcer of Day Number of Used of of Day of of . N wunbe Yr Used Test Days Occupants: |People Days — Test Days Occupants People Osys a R21 gl 7.0 567 14.42 4.4 657 34.96 eat RC (15) 2,060 R31 209 7,953 2.0 418 19.03 Ric 2.2 37 30. 76 45 2,984 470 15.56 49.03 RSI 216 7,315 2.2 RSC 14,710 2.2 360 (343 RSI 195 4.0 780 9.77 4a.Aa 41.96 7,095 R10C 140 25,048 60 R61 197 3.9 764 14.87 12, 362 274 23.15 R7I 138 6,343 2-0 38.61 16.13 # Totals: 48.242 3,273 14.74 1,664 38.94 = | os acteee Totals: 64,802 . : fen weaghted foe number vf people day. , Mean weighted for number of people days. Ranye: O23 Range: 31-49 Std. Dev: 8.2 Boon: 16. 3 Sted. bev: 4054 Mean: 38.61 TABLE’ Vill: base futa Sundeary } or Cond aminium Hoo} . TABLE 1x kaw Data Suinmary For Condominiun No, 2 # Mean weict.:ed for- number of people days. _* Includes =z#rmanent residents ;not visitors to f Does not ipclude. gray water flushing. Range: 41-S1 — Mean: 31.4 units. harder tal cad Jones ° nunber [Gallons Cs Upat esber Total al duns bernong |WeMer | Gal tong . se unt of ‘yo: . - Fer one of Per of. Gallons ised - ber ‘ of her Number Test nablers |) Used Fer - People brersens Number Test ‘ Ver - oe | People, | bersor bays Daud, . rer Day* baits Fer bays used bay ray aye oe ay bays f ~ . Day! 3 wb. 3,406 29. ° Z $04 (14.97 ] ibe 13,552 ° Ie 2 soz SH de “2 t+ +l ec ono 40 1 152 40.13 2 10.184 67 2 302 43.98. 3 23, 256 “453 a: 60c. 38.32 3 49,912 | 132, 2 302 GS. 46 4 3,444 ? } 152 22.39 4 25,232 | 166 2 302 63.22 5 7,752 5) 3 404 28.33 5 6,840 “45 2 302 22,37- 6 6,728 - 64 2: 304 32.23 6 20,064 . 132 3 456 43.86 7 8,056 $3 2 304 © 26.64 7 13,680 [° 90° 20 302 45.07 8 8,664 57 2 304 28.29 8 182 9,728 64 2 302 31.91 9 15,504 - 102 2. 304 $0.99 . 10 10.944 72 2 304 35.86 i 9,728 64. 4 606 ° 35.96 32 232 22,128 139 3 , 456 96.27 } 31. 4 ; . . 45.45. Totals: ‘]128,592 4,100 Jar. a *{ a Totals |: "haz, 192 2584 45.35 *# Mean weighted for number of people days: * Includes permanent residents;not visitors to unit . : 4 Dees not include gray water flushing. Std. Dev.: 11.38 Mean: 45.45. — Range: 22-83 Std.Dev.: 19.79 A-7 TABLE. X ‘Raw Data Summary For: Public Housing Projects ‘Period of So . Gallons used Number of. Number of Duaration | | . People Days Gal/Pers/Day Record i (x 1000): ‘Occupants Pe y Project *, June 1978 365 | 18,478 452 «| 164,980 112 : to a . . . . . | July 1979. Project # 2 ; July 1978 . . . . to | 365 «| 23,987 127 46,355 86 August 1979 , peas 4 Sept. 1979" ; Project 3 to 7 61 q. 4,684 ‘1,097 66,917 70 Nov. 1979 ee nee oO - : 89.3 Totals . | 7921 27,149 - . , : a . of - oe | 278,252 907.6% 1 # Mean weighted for humber of people days. Note : Data based on published population figures and ‘billings by the Department of Public Works. Mean: 89.3 . to a a ‘Range: - 70-112 - A-8 TABLE x) Raw Data Suruary Por . SIT vs . - . . . TABLE Xl) Faw Lata Summary For . : SITE T2 Date Number Total “Mallons | Fersor “Number | Gallons Date Number Total Gallons Persons umber -} Catlons . cf of — Gallons Used per . of per . | of of. | jGallons | Used per. of per | Beading Test Used er Say People Person Reading ‘Test Used per Day People _ [Person . Days “Day . Days .. per . . Days - : Day Bays per : : Day _ , : : : {Day 1979 ; a ; ; Dec. 22]. 16 1,52) 109 2 28 ) . . 1979 .- to : oo 30, 8B 2,980 | (372 6 40 75 oo 7 dec. 31 14 1,323 94° "2 26 47 a ; a ee _ . 1980 . - Jan. 20 21 7,488 357 5 105 71 : . : Jan. 20 20 5,230 26) ¢ 3 60 - 8? . - 27 6 2,412 245 6 36 57 ; oe 702 88 2 17 42 Feb. 2 6 2,358 393 6 33° on : : Féb. 10 2,678 | 223 4 | 36 70 _9 7 2,544 363 € 42° 60 19 19 1,643 184 . “4 40 46* 20 li 4,686 426 € 66 7 . : 2 ‘ , Mar. 1 10 1,863 169 2 "|. 20 85 Mar. 1 7 2,030 290 5 38 53 . = 8 ? 918 131 2 14° 66 Zz 3 763 263 3 9. . 87 : . ; ’ 66.56 : ; 63.29 Totals: : 26,802 : 397. 67.51 ' Totals: 14,555 : 317 67.07 & Mean weighted for number of people days. * Note: Tourist occupancy ended on March 21. Table XXII... Mean: 66.56 ~ Range: 53-87 re ; * Mean weighted for number of people days. Record continued as SITE R8C, . : . . . * Occupied by owner std. Dev.: 11.31) Mean: 63.29 Range: 42-87. TAB LE xlll Raw Data Summary For TABLE xyy/ Raw Bata Summary For _. SITE 73 . : . SITE TA Date Number | Total -/Gallons.| Persons | number {Gallons date Nuriber . a ; Gallons Persons © Nanber Gallons “of. of Gallons Used per ‘of: per Poe, of nee Osea ber bey people Person Reading Test Used per. Day People | Person . Reading bays : Day : Devs er Days : Day Days per . . : : tet Day : : : : ODay 1960 ) t 1979 . ’ ; : Sec. 7 2,230 31a a. 26 60 Jan. 27 7 4,268 251 6 104. al _ | Fee- 30 | 11960 i fo: a . Feb. 2 6 alg: 70 2 12} 438 , | Fed. $f to 2,213) | -138 2- 34 65 a, 7 682 97 2 44: - 49 20 tL 1,686 163° 2 26 65 20 ll 1, 782° *162 2 22 al ; Oo . : Mar. 1 10 1,100 . 110 2. 20. 55° ' Nar. @} 0 2 1,585¢ 226 .3 21 75 : 8 7 594 84 .3 24 te . 2 13 5 6428 128 2 8 80 1 9 884 98 4 %- 25°, a : . . i 44.43 . ¢ “oe ‘Totals; 8,356 11? 71. Totals: 9,728 232" 41493 : 1.32 # Mean weighted for number of people days. * Occupied by owner. | _ Mean: 44.43 Range: 25-6) § Mean weighted fur. number of People days. . Brackish well water used for flushing. This Table supplemented by Tables XIV -A and XIV ~ B ‘ Std. Dev.: 19.69. me “© Includes flushing based on mean record rather than actual measurement. - Mean: 743.9 . Range: 65 - 80 * Std. Dev.: 7,56 TABLE kaw Dota Summary For potable Water Ura at Site 14 TABLE Xlv -8 |. Raw Data Summary for - vo . u Brackish Water Usage at Site T4* ete Numbexy Total: | Callons Per sons Nurler Gallons : : Date aired Gallons Garions. Persons Nunber Gallons of Gallons Used per of * per an . of on . pe , per of Tes Use 5 t Feonvle Person , Readin Test Used . per Day People Person, beading est Used per vay oF . so 3 Days . Da Days’ Feeding | ie: Day Days per y Y Y per : : Day . . Day 1979 : . . 1979 . : - . . =. 4G nec.’ 30 ; 1,365 195° 4 : 26 . 7 49 . a. 3G ; 7 865 124 4 2a 32 108 : : : . | ase : . 280 : : : . : Feb. 5 16 596. 38 2 34 18 Feb. 5 16 1,617 “101 2 34 . 48 ; . ; . zo ll 998 9}: 2° 26 38 ; a 3 4 297 62 3 | 14 ae < : : : ; : 20 hoo 688 62 - 2 26 26 iar. 6 7 165 166 3 2. 55 . . 7 tar 3 5 aoe 96 a} 3 60 ~ : Mar. 1 5 $56 91 - 8 40 il 50.0 20.80 ‘ . Totals: 5,627 117 48.12 Totals; : 2,852. 192 j 20.18 @ Mean weighted for number of people days. ' Mean: $0.0 Range: 38-60 ® Mean weighted for number of People days. Std. Dev. :8.28 * Srachish well water 1s used for flushing ~ Mean: * 20.96 Range: 11-3) Std. Dev.: 7, 79. . A-1] TABLE xv haw Daca Summary For SITE RIC . Dace | Number | Total | Galions.| Persons | Number | Gallons é of . {Gallons Used per of per i ° Test Used per - Day People Parson Reading Days Day © . Days per Day 1979 . . . Dec. 81 9 8 989 124 4 32 31 2 la. 2,492¢ 10? 3 42 36 30 3 2,.322* 290 7° 58 40 1930 : . ; - Jan. 24 25 4,554* 182 4 . - 108, 42 ! Feb, 2 o° 1,576 175 4 36 44 7 5 - 809 162 6 30 27 16 3 1,437, 160 4 36 40 28 la 1.196° 65 4 $6 21 liver. 7 8 367 46 2 16 23 4i6- 9 1,394 .155 5 4s 31 22. 6 568 95- 4 24 24 Jun. 7 7 2,066 351 S. 35 30 17 1G 1,546 155 5 50. 31 Jul. 6 ly 2,750 145 s ao 3 : ) 32.21 . (1) Totals: 22,060 _ 182 . 33.58 # Hean weighted for number of people days. * “Includes seawater used based on seawater mean rather than actual Measurement. Range: 21-44 Mean: 32.21 Std.Dev.; 7.27 “PA BLE XV-A Raw Data Summary For Potable Water Usage at Site RIC Date Number Total Gallons | Persons | Number | Gallons of. of Gallons Used per of per ° Reading Test Used per Day People Person - 7 Days . Day Days per . Dey . 8 746 93 4 32 23 . “ad 946 _ 68 +3 a2 23 8 hl. 56a 196 ? Ss" 27 can. 24 24 p. 150 126 4 106 29 Fer... 2 9 O41 105 4 36 26 ? 5 429 86 “6 30 14° 2é 9 577 64° 4 36 16° cst ois | 468 39 4 56 10 i Msc. .? é 222 26 2 16 lé- . 7 ts S 676 75 5° 4s 15 22 é. 192 35 4 24 8 Jun: 7 655 94 5 a5 19 rons 10 906 91 a) $0 18 Jui. oe i) 1,942 102 5 . BY 22 18.86 Totals: 13,417 657 2.042 # Mean weighted for number of people days. - Means. 18.86 Range: 8 = 29° TABLE XV-B . . . : . : TABLE xvi ‘Raw Data Summary Por’ : : sO ; . - "Raw Data Summary For ‘Seavater Usage at Site RIC oo : ; Site R2I | f Date | Number Total Gallons | Persons | Number | Gallons : y Date Number Total Gallons | Persons | Number |Gallona : of of Gallons Used © per of per on : of of Gallons Used per of - per i Reading Test | Used per Day _| People | Parson . : _| reading Test Used per | Day People | Person : Days . . Day Days | per Days Day Days per H : : -| Day : Day 1979 oy . eo, . . .: lyso . ‘ . . Dec, By 8 243 30 ‘ 32 8 - Feb. 12 | 38 3.474 | 94° 7 266 14 980 : ; a . . Fer. 2] 9 635° a 4. 36 ie ip Mer ye eae > -| ie he _ 7 5 ‘1380 >| 76 . 6 <1 30 13 . : od. : ' . : —| 16 9. 860 96 4 36 24° 7 Mar. 7 8 146 ‘16 2 16 ‘9 . 16 9 . | 718 80 - 5 45, 16 ‘ 22 6 376 63 4 . 24 16 Jun. 7. 7 405 se. | os 35 12 1? 10 . -640 64 a $ 50 ~ 13 cul. 6 | 139 . | 808 ‘42 5 89 9 t 15.0 13.8 “| 5,211 : ‘ Totals: - . ‘ ; | 393 13.26 ; Totals; : 68,174 J} 567 - 4,42 § Mean weiyhted for number of poople days. Dot : § Mean weighted for number of people days. . " Child home with. iliness , ; , ; . o Mean: 15.0 _ Range: 14-17 StdDev.; 1.73 “Mean: 13.85 Range: “8 - 24. 7. Std. Dev.: 4.89 TABLE xvii TABLE xviir Raw Data Summary For - , ees . : Raw Data Summary For — Site R31. . ; ., co Site RAI Date || Number | Total | Galions | Persons | number | Gallona : Dace | Number | Total | Gallons | Persons | Wumber | Gallons ! of: of Gallons Used per of | | per . of of Gantens . Used per of per ' Test Used per | Day People | Person Reading Test Use Per Day People’ | Person Reading Days : Day Days per ; . ; Days | Day : Days por : ; Day . . . . : Day Lge. oo | 3979 | ; Syan. aid. 44 2,331 53 - 2 88 26 i : sf Sec. a 20 912) 46 2 _ 40 23, i : : Jf. ; 24 12 665 57 4 46 16 | Fev. 6 la so4 | 28 2° J 36 7 14 . i an ; . . 3 10 354 35 2° 20 1a - 1 33e5 . , Feb. 12 38 1,163 [| 31 2 76 | 15 Mar. 3 1a 560 | 40 2 | 28. 2 | 27 15 342 23 2 30 il 17: 4 S11 36 2 J 28 18 a . . - . Mar. 12 16 433 33 2 32 7 may 21 65 2,257 35 "2 130° 7 26 2 475 34 2 | 38 Vv Jun. 4 14 363 26 2 28° 43 oo May 28. 63 | 2,185 35 2 1260 17 16 12 455 | 40 . 2 . 24 ) ‘ : ; Jun, 10 12 31s |. 26 2 24 13 cul. 3 rT) 618 34 2 36 7? , 24 i4 331 24 2 28 12 ; Jul, og 14 494 35 3 42 12 19.0 15.1 Totals: : 7,953 ae 416 19.03 . ; Totals: : 7,315 ; 470 15.56 * Mean weighted for number of people days. 7 . . ; . * Mean weighted for number of Peopie days. Maan: 18.0 oo Range: 14-26 : “Std. Dever 3.74 . ; Mean: 15.2 Range: 13-23 A-14 T a B LE XIX TABLE xx Raw Data. Sumnary'For Raw Data Summary For. Site RST Site R6I _Date Number Total Gallons Persons Gallons Dace wuaber Total Gallons Persons Number Gallons of Gallons Number of Gallons ‘Used of _ Used per of per of per of per Reading Test Used per Day People Person Test Used per Day People Person Days Day. Days Reading Days per _Day Days. per Day .Day 1979 1979 Dec. 31 222 44 20 11 Dee. 31 532 26 35 15 1980 lyso Jar.. 203 4. 20 10 12 Feb 13 43 2,447 57 172 14 Feb. i 38 1,436 39 1S2 10 27 is 763 $2 60 13 27 1s 443 30 60 4 Mar so 28 1,746 6 2 112 16 Mar. 12 14 678 $2 56 24 12 452 32 48 23 63 $2 May 3,192 262 13 May 2 > 65 2,124 33 260 sun 10 13 722 56 39 19 29 14 912 Jan 10 13 452 35 52 9 65 42 22 24 14 520 37 56 14 73 42 24 Jul 1026 Jul 14 $65 40 56 10 9.3 17.0 Totals 7,095 780 9.77 ‘Totats: 11, 362 764 14.87 § Mem weiahted for number of people: days. a.) Bei? ® Mean weighted for number of people days. Mean: Range : Std. Dev.: < 4 Mean: 17.0 Range: 13-24 Std. Dev.; 4.2 “TABLE xxI ‘Raw ‘Data Summary For Site ‘R71. - . Oste Number Total ‘Gallons | Persona {| Number. | Gallons of of Gallons Used per" of per : Re den Test Used per Day’ People | Person ac 2ng Days . Day Days per . Day Lats : . tec.31 27 920 34 2. 54 1? 29a" . Tern.20{ 20 374 “44 2 40 _ 22 Feb. 13 230 1,403: 61 2 46 30 Mar. 12 28 $70 * 20 2 54 10° - 26 .14- 1,268 7 92 (2 28 46 gun. 24| 26 “1,208 50 2 52 25 25..0 ‘Totals: 6,343 274 23.15 a Mean weighted for number of people days.- Mean: 25.0 Range: lo = 46. Std. Dev.: 12,36: TABLE XIT Raw Data Summary For Site R8C* Date Mumber | -Total Gallons | Persons | Number {Gallons ot of Gallons Used per of per Reading Test Used per Day. - People Person Days Day Days per . Day 1980 “May, 39 12 702 $8 1 12 58 Jun 8 |. 7 ooo f 9 "fF 3 21. 32 : ? 1 B88 8A, 3 3 2af ey +7? 469 -67 3 19 : 25 “gul-2 fia” 1,055 s9 | 2 “J a2: 25 32.8 tsotais: | 2,984 -. Jor." | 30.96 4 Mean weighted for number of people days. * Continuation ot-Table XI but now occupied by residents. ‘JU nour test period ; ; Mean: 32.8 Range: 24-58 - Std.dev.: 14. A=16-