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NPS Form 10-900 OW) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form See instructions in How to Complete National Register Forms Type all entries—complete applicable sections For NPS use only received ' ^ date en; 1987 1 Name Middle Works Historic District ^toric Estate Beth 1 ehem Midd 1 e Works and or common Bethlehem Middle Works 2. Location *9* 41 'i ^sssss^ street & number King's O.uarter -----not for publication city, town Christiansted vicinity of state US Virgin Islands ^ode county St. Croix CM, 3. Classification Category XX district building(s) structure site object Ownership ^ public -XX private both Public Acquisition in process being considered Status XX occupied unoccupied work in progress Accessible XX yes; restricted -----yes: unrestricted no Present Use agriculture commercial educational entertainment government industrial . military museum park private residence religious scientific transportation 4. Owner of Property name V. I Corp. see continuation sheet #4,, pa^ 1. street & number c/o Dept, of Property ajid Procurement city,town Chr ist iansted, St. Croix___vicinity of state US Vi rgin Islands 00820 5, Location of Legal Description courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. nf st^S number GcvernmP.nt city-town Christiansted. St. Croix 6. Representation in Existing Surveys state u3 yirpip |c;ianH«; Virgin Islands Inventory tWe of Historic Sites _____February I983 has this |Kepef<y been determtwed ett^Me? Mttti estate . ceunty local *»M«fTfffa«n>ey records Virgin Islands Planning Off fee d' ■ ••• • dty.taww Christiansted, St. Croix US Virgin Islands 7. Description Condition x^xcellent _2£X. good JQL fair ___deteriorated ruins unexposed Check one ___unaltered altered Check one XX original site ___moved date J58A. Describe the present, and original (if known) physical appearance BetMehem Works is one of three works at Bethlehem Estate in Kings's uar.teft," St. _Cr^^x. The estate is located in the middle of the island in an area or igVhal Iv ^4Verv;^d for King Christian VI of Denmark in 1736 when Denmark acquired the i s I a St. CM\x. Bethlehem Middle Works is now situated north of Fairplain and ''south' of Bethlij^rrv Old Works between the modern four-lane road known as the Melvin .fev^ns Highway aw the far earlier built Centerline Road. I an of Middle Works is represented on a map drawn in two scales by F.C. Von Mel bye in 1779. Mel bye's map shows the original structures of the sugar estate arranged on the hillside west of the road oriented north to south. The structures used to operate the plantation are represented on the south side of Middle Works (the left side of the map). They include the curing and still house, the boiling house, mule and cattle mill, pens, cooper shop, cistern, stills, bagasse heap, cattle mill, windmills, negro houses, and pigeon house. To the north (right side of Melbye's map) are the dwelling house with cistern, kitchen and oven, pigeon, duck and fowl houses, sick house, stable, smith shop, sheep and hog pens, gardens and watch houses surrounded by guinea corn and cane fields. Some of the original estate buildings still exist today. Other parts of the site have been developed for subsequent uses somewhat altering the original plan. The historic remains of the Middle Works are (1) the overseer's house, (2) windmill, (3) animal mill site, (4) site of steam factory, (5) site of original slave village, (6-27) later workers' quarters, (28) raised cistern, (29) animal pen, (30) stables, and (31) greathouse. (1) Overseer's House (c. 1820 with later changes) The overseer's house is not shown in Von Melbye's map. One of the buildings later added to the site, it was probably constructed in the early 1800's. The rectangular structure located on the summit of the hill Is covered with a hip roof oriented east to west. The major core of the building, three by three bays, measures 37 feet by 35 feet. It has been conscientiously converted to a modern residence. Originally, consisting of two stories, the building now has one. Alterations include a modern addition incorporating part of the gal lery on the east end, 13 feet by 35 feet. The open part of the gal lery, located on the southeast, is covered by a galvanized metal shed roof supported by masonry columns. Openings are splayed with prominent keystones above them. The two panelled shutters are made to look like the originals. Much of the original hardware still exists. Latticework covers the addition on the west end. A pressurized vessel used in the original steam operated sugar factory is being used for a cistern. A badly deteriorated retaining wal I rising up to four feet above the ground stands about ten feet away from the house on the west and north sides. The two feet thick rubble masonry walI on the west measures 30 feet long; the north walI measures 60 feet. NFS Fonn IfrtOO^i United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet OMB No HB4-001B E»p 10-31-B4 For NFS NM only received /o/'^/P y dete entered .... ................... Item number Page Vemon Ball PO Box 1579 St. Thomas, 9371 OOSOl Lambert and Julian Pierce PO Box 2339 Kingshill, St. Jroix 9S7I 00350 NPS Fom 10-900-* CM2) OMB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form received idite entered Continuation sheet Item number Page Remnants of rubble masonry walI are located south and west of the house, partially covered by a natively grown, commonly known "bread and cheese" bush. The bush was likely planted to prevent trespassing, commonly near the bake oven. (2) Sugar Mill (c. 1760-1770) Approximately 12 feet to the southwest of the manager's house are the remains of the original sugar mill. It rises up to four feet above grade. It measures 28 feet In diameter. A boiler, originally used In the steam factory, stands Inside the diameter. Further west, down the hillside from the sugar mill Is the terrace originally the site for the animal mill. (3) Animal Mill Site (<=• 17^0s) A modern residence covered by a gable roof oriented east to west Is now located on the site. Cement blocks have replaced the original rubble masonry foundatlon. (4) Site of Sugar Factory (c. 1770) None of the sugar factory remains on the Middle Works site. According to the Von Melbye map. It was a building consisting of two flanking hip roofs oriented north to south. The rectangular structures were located directly north of the animal mill, on the hillside. A modern residence Is now situated on the location of the original factory as well as a small portion of a rubble masonry retaining wal I running north to south. (5) Site of Original Slave Village (c. 1750) Nothing remains above ground of the original slave village consisting of wattle and daub houses south of the factory on the hillside. Melbye Indicates there were at least 40 buildings, each originally covered with a thatched roof. The original animal pens were located adjacent to the village directly north on the hill. There are pieces of ceramics and hardware scattered throughout this area, so that It has significant archaeological potential. This area has been greatly altered with more recent residences some of which were more recent workers' quarters. (6-27) Later Workers' Quarters (c. 1831-1851) The more recent workers' quarters village of the early nineteenth century Is now located In the valley north of the mill and south of the greathouse. There are approximately 21 plastered rubble masonry rowhouses approximately five or six bays long. Three of the rowhouses furthest south and with lengths oriented north to south were constructed later than the rest of the NPS Form 10-900-a CM2) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number OMB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 F«rNFS tits f<«artvecl cte^entere«i Page nineteenth century village. Each Is covered with a metal corrugated, hip roof oriented north to south. The rest of the workers' quarters have lengths oriented east to west situated In approximately three rows. Another more recent eight bay by fwo bay rowhouse is located west of the hill where the manager's house and and mills are located at Its base. Its length Is oriented north to south and lines the paved road leading to the south shore. The wal Is have standing gable ends on the east and west, and a shed addition flanking along the north sides. Eaoh plastered rubble masonry struoture approximately 60 to 70 feet by 27 feet, has splayed openings. These struotures were oooupled until the early 1970's. (28) Cistern (c. late 19th oentury) A raised cistern Is located south of the village. Composed of rubble masonry plaster. It consists of fwo square pools. Buttresses extend from the interior walls towards the oenter. (29) Animal Pen (o. mld-19th oentury) A more reoently oontruoted animal pen with handsome gateposts Indloate that they were oonstruoted In the 1830's after the Von Melbye map was oompleted. The remains are looated at the western base of the hill, across the street on the slightly sloping ground toward the Fairplain Gut. The site Is now overgrown with thorny bush. The fwo feet thiok, round oapped rubble masonry walls of the animal pen rise to five feet above ground, and extend east from the road for at least 150 yards. The walls are punotuated on the west faoade by two prlnolpal entranoes flanked on either side by masonry oone oapped gateposts seven feet high and six feet In diameter. The remains of the original hardware suoh as the pintles are still attaohed to the masonry posts. (30) Stables (o. early 1 9fh oentury with later ohanges) DIreotly south of the animal pens on the same side of the road is a long narrow reotangular building punotuated by splayed openings that still retain their wood lintels. All have briokll ned flat arohes with pr oject I ng keystones. The three by six bay struoture was probably for stables added in the early to mld-nlneteenth century. The principal entrance faces the paved access road on the west facade. It consists of five long narrow windows five by three and a half feet beginning one and a half feet above grade. A large opening at the south end of the west faoade may have been used for a oarriage entranoe. The metal corrugated roof once covering the building has col lapsed. NPS Form 10-900-< t>«2) 0MB No. 1024-0018 E«p. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form for Ni>S tHW only Continuation sheet Item number 7 (31) (Sreathouse (c. late 18th century with later changes) The original greathouse Is Illustrated on the Von Melbye map. It was located north of the factory complex on the ridge of a hill past the dividing valley. The 1779 drawing shows that the original greathouse consisted of a one-storied wooden building above a masonry basement. The structure was topped with a shingled hip roof. The central entrance had a gabled portico approached by a double staircase. On each side of the central portion of the house were four narrow windows with shutters. A raised cistern was located west of the house. The original greathouse was originally oriented southeast to northwest. Little remains of the original structure except for a rubble masonry retaining wall surrounding the site. A later replacement of the original greathouse, which has a commanding view of the Middle Works, was built In the 1830's when Heyllger owned the property. It Is located on the first hill directly west of the original greathouse site, north of Centerline Road and east of Golden Grove estate. It Is new the location for the Deparfment of Agriculture. The mld-1830's greathouse Is entirely composed of plastered rubble masonry except for the southwest addition covered by a gable roof oriented north to south. The 15 feet long wood novelty board siding stands on a raised rubble masonry foundation of limestone blocks. The main core of the more recent greathouse measures 40 feet by 62 feet covered by a hip roof Its length oriented east to west. The principal entrance Is located on the west facade, approached by narrow four feet wide masonry stairs and a railing leading to a shed porch. The porch's metal galvanized roof Is supported by wood campher posts evenly spaced. The doors have vertically planked shutters. All other openings have double panelled shutters most of which have the original hardware Including horizontal crossbeams. A second staircase approaches the shed porch from the south. The welcome arm staircase of eleven steps has a wide, flat masonry rail ending In flat circular colimns. On the south side of the masonry foundation and east of the stairs Is an arched opening leading to a storage area. Another storage area Is located underneath the novelty board addition. A hip dormer-1 Ike roof extends from the center of the north side of the main hip roof. It covers a raised landing that Is approached by the north and south stairways. Latticework Is located at every corner. The masonry railing Is decorated similar to the other railings of the structure. Openings are splayed; most have retained the original hardware. A shed addition attached to a hip addition with Its length oriented east to west Is located on the west side. NFS Fomi 10-900-a (M2) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 7 (32-33) Rowhouse3 (late l8th century) A long rowhouse structure with masonry standing gable ends oriented east to building. It measures 120 feet by 14 feet and Is divided Into two by ten bays. The entire rubble masonry sfructure has splayed openings with fxo panelled shutters along the north and south sides and one leaf shutter at the east and west ends. Window openings have exterior projecting sills. The limestone block building now houses offices Ulrectly north of the rowhouse about 60 feet away^s another historic buildings, now referred to as the shop and garage. The limestone block structure has been covered with lime masonry measuring 30 feet by 23 feet t altered openings on the south facade serve as vehicle entrances.' The building has horizontal planks under a metal corrugated gable roof. NPS Form 10-900-I (3-82) 0MB So, 1024-0018 Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form * * Continuation sheet Item number 7 Page S'JMMARY/DESGRIPTION! estate BETfU£HEM MIDDLE WORKS Present Physical Appearance; Estate Bethlehem Middle Worics Historic District consists of buildings ajid structures arranged on a hillside and surrounding flat land. The estate, located near the middle of the island, lies north of Fairplain and south of Bethlehem; Old and New Works. The historic remains consist of (l) an overseer's house dating to c. 1820 with later changes; (2) a sugar mill dating to the 1760s; (3) animal mill site (c. 17^0s); (4) site of factory built c. I77O; (5) site of original slave village (c. 1750); (6-27) later workers' quarters dating to c. I83I-I85I; (28) a late 19th-century cistern; (29; a mid-19th-century cinimal pen; (30) stables constructed in the early 19th century with later changes; (31) a late 18th-century greathouse with later changes and (32-33) two rowhouses dating to the late 18- th century. Cultural materials identified in the course of surface observation include I8- th and 19th-century Delft, English transfer ware and Afro-Gruzan ware pieces. Scattered above the surface are also remains of iron hardware and tools and rubble masonry debris. Below surface archaeological remains are as yet not fully accounted for. Original Physical Appearance; As with most Gruzan estates, Estate Bethlehem Middle Works was built up and added to over the course of its existance. Early maps and other written accounts document this growth. Melby's 1779 "lap shows in detail that the original components of the estate consisted of a curing house, still house, animal mill, pens and stables, cooper shop, cistern, windmill, "negro houses", pigeon house, dwelling house with cistern, cook house. The overseer's house, not shown in the 1779 inap, was added later to the site in the early l800s. The more recent workers' quarters, raised cistern south of it, greathouse, rowhouse, animal pen and stables that stand on the site today were also built in the early to raid 19th century, added after the 1779 map was drawn of the original estate. The estate has undergone minor superficial changes since then and preserves its historic appearance and character an a Gmzan sugar estate as it was c. I8OO-I85O. Boundary Selection/Justification; The boundaries of the district were chosen to adequately circumscribe the known buildings, structures and other cultural remains associated with the historic estate an well an to provide an adequate visual boundary in the event of future development. The incidence of cultural remains drops off dramatically at the edge of the nominated historic area. They may exist outside the boundaries but it is unlikely given the present knowledge and proce­ dures for investigation. Alterations/integrity; Estate Bethlehem Middle Works preserves a high degree of visual and material integrity. Essentially unchanged in outline and general appearance are most of the remains including the sugar mill, the later workers' quarters, cistern, animal pen, stables and rowhouse, all constructed of rubble masonry. Of particular interest is the unusually elaborate gate posts of the animal pen which have retained the original iron hardware. Also elaborate are the stable's windows which have brick-lined flat arches with projecting keystones. The NPS Form 10-900-t (3^) 0MB So. 1024^0018 Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 7 Page wood housing has been preserved. The overseer's house, later added to the site in the early 19th century has Tseen conscientiously converted to a modem residence so that it does not detract from its historic character. The later replacement of the original greathouse built in the late l8th century and now the location for the Department of Agriculture, also has kept its original character and appearance. Noteworthy features include the welcome-arms stairway with wide and flat railing which ends in flat circular columns at either side, as well as the arched opening punctuating the south side of the masonry foundation. All openings have double panelled shutters, most of which have retained their original hardware and horizontal crossbeams. The original animal mill and slave village no longer stand today, although their sites have been identified. Archaeological potential is great in these areas and would yield more information about the former struc­ tures. Overall, the historic district preserves its integrity of setting. Non-contributing buildings are few and do not distract from the estate's integrity of construction materials and design. Dates/Chronology; The buildings, structures and other cultural remains of Estate Bethlehem Middle Works date to the raid-l8th century (c. 1?40) through the early 20th century (I902) when the last major alteration took place. Archaeological evidence, not yet fully accounted for, would appear to date from the earliest part of occupation. The estate preserves much of its I8OO-I85O appearance as a sugar estate on St. Croix. 8. Significance Period prehistoric ^ 1400-1499 1500-1599 ___ 1600-1699 XX 1700-1799 1800-1899 ^ 1900- Areas of Significance—Check and justify below archeology-prehistoric XX community planning xxarcheology-historic xx^gi’iculture XXarchitecture art . commerce communications conservation ----- economics education engineering exploration settlement XX industry . invention Builder Architect landscape architecture law literature military _ music philosophy ** politics government religion _ ^ science ___sculpture - social' humanitarian ___theater ___transportation ^ other (specify) social history ^ecific dates Statement of Significance (in one paragraph) The history of Bethlehem Middle Works, along with Upper Bethlehem (Upper Works) and Falrplain (Bayworks), dates back to 1736 when a deed for the entire Bethlehem estate was made out to King Christian V I and his queen. Middle Works was at the time one of three estates reserved for the king. All were located at the middle of the island to take advantage of the rich flatland and relatively—at least by St. Croix standar ds--p I enti f u 1 water supply. For three years the estate was supervised by a clerk named Schuster. He was assisted by two carpenters, a doctor "to attend the negroes'* and a boy. In 1738, seven whites and eighty-three negro slaves lived in King's Quarter, all of them apparently assoclated with Bethlehem. The name of the estate is of uncertain origin. The property was first called Bethlehem in an engraved map (produced by Kuffner) published in Olderndorp's Geschlchte de Mlslon der EvangeI i schen Bruder auf den Caralbischen. S. Thomas. S. Croix und S. Jan of 1767 (published 1777). The Moravians had first arrived in the Danish West Indies in the 1730's, first establishing missions in St. Thomas and St. John and, after purchase of St. Croix from the French in 1734, in St. Croix. Eventually a Moravian mission would be established just north of Bethlehem at Fr i edensburg. The main patron of the Moravians was one Count Zlnzendorf, who himself visited the islands. Von Plessen, a close friend and counselor to the King, was also a strong supporter of the Moravian community. It is likely that this influence passed on in the form of the naming of the royal estates, as with many other Moravian communities and missions. No Moravians actually settled on Bethlehem, however, although this may have been contemplated. After three years of cultivation, the royal estate was subdivided, most of its lands, and incipient dwellings, passing to the Heyliger brothers, Johannes and Peter. The Heyliger family were residents of the island of St. Eustatlus, then a prosperous Dutch trading post in the Caribbean. Johannes at the time was in fact governor of the Dutch colony. The Heyligers and their offspring (or in-laws) were to hold the estate until the beginning of the nineteenth century when sugar profits began to decline and they, along with many other Cruzan landed families, began to divest themselves of their often enormous holdings. As of 1745, or six years after the Heyligers took possession, Bethlehem claimed a total of 72 capable slaves. Little else Is known of the plantation during that period. But in 1754, or the time of Beck's map, the estate posessed at least an animal mill and other facilities necessary for processing sugar cane; these were no doubt legacies from the king. A short time later, probably in the late 1760's, the estate gained its first windmill, the remains of which can still be seen on the crest of the hill of the center of the estate. The Heyligers were also responsible for constructing a large and ambitious greathouse. This is pictured In detail on the 1779 von Melbey map of the former royal estates, as a separate vignette above the map. The house is shown as roughly palladlan in elevation and plan, with a projecting and pedimented central bay, a 9. Major Bibliographical References Beck, L.M. S. Croix Map, 175^, 1767, Bdrgesen, F. Map of the DWI Islands, I898. British Admiralty Chart 2019 of St. Croix, I9I8. 10, Geographical Data_____________ Acreage of nominated property apprr.y acrcc^ - Quadrangle name_Chr i st iansted UTMReferences (A) 17°43'10", 6A°if7'43- (B) i7°^3'10", 64°1*7'40" * I I I I I Zone Easting Quadrangle scale (C) 17°42'55", 64°47'28" (D) 17°^2'55", 6A°A7'32" Northing Zone Easting 1 I I I _L I I I I I I I I I i G I I I J I I 1 I I I I I J Ll_Li Northing I I ± ±-L I I I I 1 I 1 1 H| I I I I I I I . I I I I , I , Verbal boundary description and justification Beginnirig at the northwesternmost Point CA) of the historic district at latitude 17°it3'10" ongitude 64 47'43", the boundary line follows a southeastern direction along the Frederiksted/ Christiansted jurisdirtion hnrder tn Point 4, 1 on^U^Kie 64°47'40'' List all states and counties for properties overlapping state or county boundaries code state state code code county county code 11 ■ Form Prepared By name/title Betty Ausherman, organization Virgin Islands Planning Office street & number PO Box 7818 date 16 November 1984 telephone 809/774-7859 city or town St. Thomas state US Virgin Islands 12, State Historic Preservation Officer Certification The evaluated significance of this property within the state is: ___national state ___local As the designated State Historic Preservation Officer for the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89- 665), I hereby nominate this property for inclusion in the National Register and certjjy that it has been evaluated according to the criteria and procedures set forth by the National PaiX/®^ice. State Historic Preservation Officer signati|td.an D . Smith CMJtemissioner, Department of Planning & Natural Resourdf^ite ForNPt uM0i% I beraby eartWy t»ia( this preperty is included in the Ntienal Register NPS Fonn 10-900-a CW2) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 8 staircase descending to either side, and a separate cistern and kitchen. The roof was hipped and covered by tiles. The base was rough-coursed limestone, the second floor of weatherboard construction. Windows were fitted with storm shutters and jalousies. All Indications are that this Is the origin of the present building on the site, a structure which, while being altered In some respects, retains much of Its original appearance. It was obviously a grand house by contemporary standards, reflective of the Heyllgers' place In the Cruz an community. Von Mel bey's map Is Instructive In that It provides a detailed description of the estate at the time of Heyllger ownership—or during Its peak sugar producing years. The greathouse, as shewn In the vignette, was located on a sharp outcropping west of the fields and above the factory and slave village. Around the greathouse were situated an oven, hen house, stable, forge and an Infirmary for slaves. East of the greathouse and lining the approach from the same direction, was an ornate garden laid out with symmetrical flowerbeds In a style associated with both French and British (as well as Dutch and Danish) estates of this period. If the scale of the map Is accurate, the garden would have measured 700 feet by 150 feet, making It an Important embellishment for the estate. The slave village, according to von Melbey's map, was located to the south of the garden along the side of the lower hill. This was a typical location for a village— away from the greathouse and upon steep land unfit for growing sugar. Nothing remains of the original village which was located south and above the present village. The site Is relatively undisturbed, however, and still possesses research potential. The map shows four rows of ten houses each making Middle Works the largest of three Bethlehem estate villages. The construction apparently was of wattle and daub and the roofs were of thatch. Unusual ly, there Is no provision ground Indicated on the map, suggesting that the slaves grew their provisions on al lotments elsewhere or were unable to grow their own vegetables. The factory and other buildings associated with the business were located befween the village and the greathouse, again on the slopes of the south hill. The windmill was sited above al I else, at the crest of the hill overlooking the valley formed by Fairplain (or Bethlehem) Creek below. Its location Is still easily visible, although little remains other than the footing and lower walls of the once conical base. The original animal mill was located on a terrace Just below this (since built on by a present-day resident) and the curing house and still were below these on the hill. There are no above ground remains of the original factory, although a later factory, converted to an overseer's house. Is located beside the windmill to the south. Finally, a mule or oxen pen to house animals used for grinding, was located south of both crushers besides the main north/south road. During the late eighteenth century, the plantation passed though a variety of names but remained with the Heyllger family. Befween 1755 and 1758, David Derrick, Jr ., William Downl s, Daniel Bryant's w1dow and their fami Iles alI IIved as residents (possibly managers) of the estate; Bryant was also connected with nearby Anguilla. NPS Fonn 10-900-1 0-«2) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 8 cia1e«mtefed Page The heirs of Johannes Heyllger succeeded to the estate In 1766. In 1774, Middle Works became the property of Jan Jacob de WIndt, Heyllger's son-in-law through a marriage to his daughter, Elizabeth. From that point on, the estate was called the "de WIndt Plantage" after its owner. Little Is known of the estate's prosperity during the late eighteenth century. De WIndt and his family lived in the greathouse, managing both Middle Works and Upper Works, which also became his property at the time. Oxholm in his 17 94 map of the estate shews the windmill and greathouse and dependencies, but little else. By 1784, the de Windt brothers had sold the entire Bethlehem estate and in 1831, Benjamin DeForrest bought all three estates at an auction. The estate still belonged to DeForrest In 1851 as evidenced by the Scorpion Survey made in that year. Middle Works, at that time, was cal led Old Bethlehem, Upper Bethlehem was known as New Bethlehem, and Lewer or Bay Works became known as Fairplain. Executors sold Bethlehem estate in 1858 with Mt. Victory to William Moore. It was apparently DeForrest who built the second village, the newer factory and overseer's house, and the large animal pens to the east of the road. (It is possible that these were built Just prior to sale by the de Windts, although this seems unlikely.) DeForrest was obviously concerned with reinvesting in the property at the time. Although sugar prices had been lower during the periods of British occupancy during the early part of the century, the end of the Napoleonic War premised a bocm in sugar revenues. As a result, many sugar investors recapitalized, hoping to pay for their improvements with later profits. DeForrest construoted a village of at least 20 rowhouses, al I with slanting gables and ti le roofs and wal Is of rough-oovered limestone taken from the nearby King's Hill beds. They were laid out along the south side of the north hill, below what was onoe the Heyllger gardens. The animal pens were also extensive and Inoluded the impressive oone-topped gates and auxllliary stables. All of this was a clear investment, but one which was not to pay out in the end. At the close of the Napoleonic Wars in 1816, Bethlehem Middle Works had 450 aores of cane cultivation. The average crop was 383 hogsheads of 1,500 pounds of sugar. The normal crop in 1861 was reduced due to a preceding four year drought. 1867 was the worst sugar producing year for the island due to epidemics of smallpox, cholera, a hurricane, earthquake and tidal wave. In 1 876, there was another hurricane and in 1878, plantation life was disrupted severely again, this time by laborers discontented with the provisions of the 1849 Labor Act and the debilitating effects of the previous natural disasters on the lagging sugar economy. Other sugar producing areas, creating stiff competition, firther caused the Ouzan sugar Industry to suffer. As a result, DeForrest's Investment fell Increasingly in value. In 1882, Bethlehem was sold to William M. Carson, a private Danish investor. In 1884, Fredensborg (450 acres), 265 acres of Upper Bethlehem and Jealousy (300 acres) were combined so that the estate grew in size comprising a total of 2,165 acres. From 1862 to 1889, 621 acres was the average area under sugar cultivation, 431 hogsheads of sugar were produced on the NPS Form 10-300-« (342) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number Page average. From 1 880-1889, the average area under sugar cultivation Increased to 876 acres, 672 hogsheads of sugar were produced. New machinery and a vacuum pan were added to Middle Works In 1891. But this was only a stopgap measure. In the early part of the century, the government approved a plan to build a large central sugar factory furnished with the most modern machinery for processing cane Into sugar to be operated and cwned by Jacob Lachmann, a Swedish Investor. Lachmann's works were to supplement the Bertram Brothers' processing company at Lower Love and those already established outside ChrIstiansted and at La Grange near FrederIksted. In the end, the New Bethlehem Works became the model factcxy for the Island and processed most of Its sugar. In 1902, Lachmann acquired Middle Works, along with Upper Bethlehem, Fredensborg and several other estates and began to cart Middle Bethlehem's sugar to be crushed there as welI. Many of the workers employed at the Central Factory were housed at Middle Works, living In a village constructed there at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The quarters were occupied until recently by workers connected with this factory. The remains at Middle Works convey a vivid sense of typical plantation arrangement during late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Most Impressive In Its visual appearance Is the expansive workers' village, regularly spaced along the contours of the hillside that were occupied until the ear Iy 1 970's. Also visible are the extensive animal pens and stables of the same period; a possible early factory (c. 1820) later used as an overseer's house and now a private residence; the remains of the original (c. 1770) windmill; the foundation remains of the early factory; the original, although altered, greathouse; and posslble remains of the original slave vlIlage (o. 1750). Bethlehem Middle Works oan best be oonsidered as a representative St. Croix sugar plantation and It Is In this light that Its main claims for significance lie. The estate Is also unusual for Its one-time Identity as a royal estate and for Its wel l-documented early history. Its assoolatlon with suoh wel l-known St. Croix names as Heyllger, de WIndt, DeForrest, and Carson are of additional Interest In understanding the site. Finally, Middle Works' plaoe In the labor history of St. Croix, from the early and wel l-dooumented slave village through the elaborate stone rowhouses oooupled until reoently. Is underwritten olearly by the material evidenoe and by the buildings still on the site. Middle Works posesses oonsi derable archaeologica 1 potential In understanding the early settlement patterns, residential patterns and nature of the sugar Industry In St. Croix. Its boundaries have been drawn with this consideration In mind and are drawn to contain all of the known structures and remains of structures ass<x:Iated with the plantation. NPS Form 1C-900*a C3-82) 0MB .Vo. 1024-0018 Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form / i Continuation sheet Item number 8 Page SIGNIFIGANGE/SUMMAflY: ESTATE BETHIEHEM MIDDLE WORKS Significance Summary; Estate Bethlehem Middle Worfcs is significant as a relatively well-preserved estate providing information about the origins and development of the sugar industry on St. Croix from the mid-l8th century through the 19th century. The remains of the estate consist of an over­ seer's house, windmill, animal mill site, site of the factory, site of the slave village, later workers* quarters, raised cistern, animal pen and stables and greathouse. Like Upper Bethlehem and Fairplain, Estate Bethlehem Middle Worics dates to I736 when initially it was a royal estate assigned to Danish King Christian VI and his Queen. The estate has retained much of its original development including buildings and structures of the 19th century. The estate has added significance for its association with the Heyliger and deWindt families, merchants and planters emportant to the early commercial and political history of St. Croix and later, with William Moore and William Carson, Cruzan merchants of the late 19th century. Applicable Criteria; Estate Bethlehem Middle Works' historic remains embody characteristics of building type, period and method of construction that are typical of St. Croix estates during the l8th and 19th centuries (criterion C); for its association with broader patterns of St. Croix's early history (criterion a); for its association with a number of figures important in the commercial and political history of the island (criterion B) and for its potential value in yielding information on the rise and development of the sugar industry on St. Croix, a subject that is yet to be fully and clearly documented as an important chapter in the history of the Danish and later American colonies (criterion D). Areas of Significance; Archaeolgy-historic; The full extent of Estate Bethlehem Middle Works' archaeolo­ gical materials has not been established, A systematic visual survey of the estate indicates a high concentration of cultural materials which should yield further inforamtion about the sequence of development and life patterns of the estate's inhabitants over the course of its occupation. These remaining cultural materials include rubble masonry debris, European transfer ware, locally made Afro-Cruzan ware and iron hardware and tools. All are of great archaeological value in allowing for greater understanding of estate functions and plamning. As yet, no sugar estate has been fully excavated or studied on St. Croix. Estate Bethlehem Middle Works represents am important resource for further investigation because the remains are relatively undisturbed and represent a Cruzan sugar estate that was at its peak of production during the early to mid 19th century. Agriculture; Estate Bethlehem Middle Works commemorates St. Croix's agricultural base and predominant industry. The estate was under cultivation by 17^0 and remained a sugar estate for at lest 200 years. Questions about residential patterns of workers, the ratio of workers to field size, the location of individual gardens, etc. are likely to be answered through further study of the estate's cultural remains — particularly as it operated during the early to mid-l9th century. NPS Form 1C-900-* CW2) 0MB So. 1024-0018 Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 8 Architecture; Estate Bethlehem Middle Works coriiiains a number of important repre­ sentative buildings that are crucial to an understanding of the full-scaled organization and development of the sugar industry on St. Croix. These buildings include the remains of the sugar mill, workers’ quarters, cistern, animal pen and stables, all composed of rubble masonry. The animal pen and stables have retained the original hardware and wood housing. Of particular interest are the elaborate features of the greathouse Including the welcome-arras stairway. All openings have double-panelled shutters, most of which have retained their original hardware and horizontal crossbeams. All of the buildings embody characteristics of materials, construction methods and craftsmanship important to an understanding of Gruzan architecture during the l8th and 19th centuries. Community^Planning; Estate Bethlehem Middle Works’ historic district includes the site of the original slave village as identified on the 1779 Melby plans. Since it has not been greatly disturbed, the site is ideal for learning more about the daily life of slaves on Gruzan plantations during this early period of sugar manufacturing. The more recent workers’ village of the early 19th century is also located within the boundaries of the estate grounds. Such masonry cottages represent a response to agricultural village plan­ ning in Britain which began to be reflected in St. Groix in the late l8th to early 19th centuries. These buildings are:aa important advance over earlier workers' housing known through documentation such as Melby’s detailed drawings. Industry; The production of sugar was the mainstay of St. Croix’s economy through­ out the 18th and 19th centuries, extending to the 20th century. Estate Bethlehem Middle Works’ buildings and structures document the development of that industry. The remains of important buildings and structures which still stand today include the sugar mill, animal mill site, factory site and later workers’ housing. The arcaeological remains, not yet fully accounted for, may yield further information about other buildings and structures related to the sugar process in St. Groix. Politics/Government; Estate Bethlehem Middle Works has commemorative value with a number of figures important in the political and commercial history of St. Groix. These people include the Heyliger and deWindt families, important landowners, merchants and planters and later, William Moore and William Carson, important Gruzan merchants of the late 19th century. Social History; Estate Bethlehem Middle Works is significant in the social history of St. Groix, its archaeological remains yielding information on daily working class life on sugar estates during the early stages of the sugar industry. Also, Estate Bethlehem Middle Works contains the later workers’ quarters of the iiid-l9th century documenting the social history of the estate at this time. Further study of these remains may yield further information about the duties of workers needed to grow and harvest sugar cane and family life on the estate. Context; Estate Bethlehem is one of a number of St. Groix estates being nominated to the National Register, either as districts, as parts of multiple resource areas or as complexes. Each estate yields a significant amount of new and often different information about the NPS Form 10-900-0 CM2) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 8 OMB Ho. 1024-0018 Expires 10-31-87 mmmmmmmm . ^ .... mmmm iiililiiliii nature and history of the sugar industry on St, Croix, and elsewhere in the West Indies through typical examples of building types. The estate has been nominated for the special characteristics of its layout and design, particularly as it iexisted I8OO-I85O. NPS Form KV900-a . P«) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 5 fornret».oiil|f Page Brock, H.G., Philip S. Smith, W.A. Tucker. The Danish West Indies: Their Resources and Commercial Importance. Dept, of Commerce, Special Agen's Serres, No. 129. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1917. Bronsted, Johannes, ed. Vore Gramie Tropekolonler. Alfred G. Hassings. For Iag Copenhagen, 1953. Vol. II, English Summary from Herbert Olsen, 21 pp, L.S. Colleotlon. Canegata, D.C. St. Croix at the 20th Century. NY: Carlton Press, Inc., 1968, 161 pp. Cheque, Darwin. The US Virgin Islands and the Eastern Caribbean. Philadelphia: Whitmore Publishing Co., 1 968, 266 pp. Dansk VestIndren; Gramie Bllleder. The Danish West Indies In Old Pictures^ Spring, 1962. Dookhan, Isaac. A History of the Virgin Islands of the US. Essex, England: Caribbean University Press, 1 974. Dubois' 1671 St. Q-oIx Map. Gosner, Pamela. Historic Architecture of the US Virgin Islands. Durham, NC: Moore PubIIshing Co., 1 971. Gurney, John Joseph. Familiar Letters to Henry Clay of Kentucky^ Describing a Winter In the West Indies. NY, 1840. 203 pp. Janssen's 1791 St. Cholx Map. Jarvis, J. Antonio. History of the Virgin Islands. Lectures. NYU Workshops, c. 1 952. 5 pp. mimeo. Kuffner, Paul. 1767 St, Cholx Map. Larsen, Jan S. Virgin 1 slands Story. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1950. Lewis, Gordon K. The VIrgIn Islands. Lewlsohn, Florence. St. Croix Under Seven Flags. Hollywood, Florida: The Dukane Press, 1970. Lewlsohn, Florence. The Romantic History of St. Cholx. St. Croix Landmarks Society, 1964, 69 pp. LInvald, Steffen. Sukker & Rom. Kobenharn, 1967, 74 pp. NPS Form 10-900-a (3^ United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 9 OMB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 reet^vcNd M McDonald, Forrest. AJexander Hamilton; A Biography. NY: W.W. Norton 4 Co., 1982, 464 pp. McGuire, James W. Geographic Dictionary of the Virgin Islands. Special PubI. No. 103, US Coast and Geodetic Survey. Dept, of Commerce. Wash., D.C., 1925, 211 pp. MerwIn, Robert L. "US Representatives' Visit to St. Croix, VI,USA, Thursday, February 21, 1924" as reviewed by Bumble Bee^ G. Johansen, St. Croix Avis Office, 1 924. Morton, Henry. Danish West Indian Sketchbook and Diary 1845-44. Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish West Indian Society and St. Croix Landmarks Society, 1975, 183 pp. Oxholm, Maps of St. Croix, 1799. Parson, John. 1856 Map of St. Croix. Quin, John. Statistics of Sugar Production on St. Q-oIx. 1862-1889. Christiansted 1892. Quin, John. Statistics of Sugar Production on St. Croix. 1890-1902. Christiansted 1903. Recorder of Deeds Office in Christiasted, St. Croix. Reilly, William Benedict. "Bermuda and the Lesser Antilles". The Monthly 11 lustrator. XV, 5, (Dec. 1897), l-lll. (reprinted). St. Croix 1907 Map. "Kort over Dansk Vest!ndien". Smith, James. The Winter of 1840 In St. Oolx with an Excursion to Tortola and St. Thomas. NY: Printed for authr, 1840, 124 pp. Statistics Concerning Properties on the Island of St. Oolx. 1816-1857. Chr 1 sti ansted St. Oolx: P.B. Hatchett, 185 9. Svenson, Ole, ed. Three Towns. Scantryk, Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish West Indian Society, 1 980. Taylor, Charles. Leaflets from the Danish West Indies. Westport, (^nnecticut: Negro University Press, 1 970 reprint, (orlg. 1887), 228 pp. USGS Map of St. Oolx, 1923, 1958, 1982. Westergaard, Waldemar C. The Danish West Indies Under Company Rule (1671-1917) with Supplementary Chapter. NY: MacMillan Co., 1917. Zabriskie, Luther K. The Virgin Islands of the USA. NY: 1918. NPs'Fomi lO-gOO-* CM2) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Fer NFS Hss only iWDNvecI temenwli f i / Continuation sheet Item number Page turning east to Point (C) at latitude 17°^2'55", longitude then turns north to Point (D) which meets the paved access road at latitude ]7°h2'55", longitude 6k°k7'32" returning west to Point (A). WASO Form - 177 ("R" June 1984) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT DF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES EVALUATION/RETURN SHEET Bethlehem Middle Works Historic District St. Croix County VIRGIN ISLANDS □ resubmission □ nomination by person or local government □ owner objection □ appeal V Working No. OCT -21987 Fed. Rea. Date: Date Due: ✓<>/7 Action: ACCEPT * Xreturn REJECT 71^ ^ ^-----*■----------------- Federal Acencv: Substantive Review: I sample n request □ appeal NR decision ritecii Reviewer's comments: Date Il//df9r Recom./Cri^ia Reviewer Discipline _L . see continuation sheet Nomination returned for: technical corrections cited below _^|!_substantive reasons discussed below 1. Name 2. Location 3. Classification Category Ownership Public Acquisition Status Accessible Present Use 4. Owner of Property 5. Location of Legal Description 6. Representation in Existing Surveys Has this property been determined eligible? CD yes □ no 7. Description Condition □ excellent CD good □ fair CD deteriorated CD ruins CD unexposed Check one CD unaltered CD altered Check one CD original site CD moved date Describe the present and original (if known) physical appearance □ summary paragraph □ completeness n clarity □ alterations/integrity □yrfates I [^boundary selection 8. Significance Period Areas of Significance-Check and justify below Specific dates Builder/Architect Statement of Significance (in one paragraph) O summary paragraph D completeness n clarity dl applicable criteria CU justification of areas checked O relating significance to the resource □ context □ relationship of integrity to significance □ justification of exception □ other - r'fy r A T~'J 9. Major Bibliographical References 10. Geographical Data Acreage of nominated property Quadrangle name UTM References Verbal boundary description and justification 11. Form Prepared By 12. State Historic Preservation Officer Certification The evaluated significance of this property within the state is: national state local State Historic Preservation Officer signature title date 13. Other CH Maps CH Photographs □ other Questions concerning this nomination may be directed to'ii Signed Datehl/a/k^h' Phone:------------------------------ GPO 918>4S0 Comments for any item may be continued on an attached sheet NPS Form 10-900 (3-82) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form See instructions in How to Complete National Register Forms Type all entries—complete applicable sections 1. Name Bethlehem Middle Works Historic District For NPS use only received OCT dateenW.«^22233^^ historic Estate Bethlehem Middle Works m ^ 8 andorcommon Bethlehem Middle Works 2. Location street & number King's O.uarter not for publication city, town Christiansted vicinity of state us Virgin Islands ^8 county Croix cod. »S00 3. Classification Category XX district building(s) structure site object Ownership public XX private both Public Acquisition in process being considered Status XX occupied unoccupied work in progress Accessible XX yes: restricted .. yes: unrestricted no Present Use agriculture commercial educational entertainment government industrial military museum park XX private residence religious scientific transportation xx-o'her: undeveloped 4. Owner of Property name V. I. Gorp. see continuation sheet #4,, pa^^- 1. street & number c/o Dept, of Property and Procurement city,town Chr i st iansted, St. Croix vicinity of state US Virgin Islands 00820 5. Location of Legal Description courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. Rprnrdpr nf street & number_____Government House city,town Christiansted. St. Croix state [15 VI rain Islands 6. Representation in Existing Surveys Virgin Islands Inventory trtfe of Historic Sites has this iwaperty Imm tfetermineel etigiMe? yes ^ no February I983 tedetri ^ stole ceurity local doposHory for survey records Virgin Islands Plann inq Office clly.tMHi Christiansted, St. Croix Mote US Virgin Islands 7. Description Condition __^.^xcellent _XX_ good JQL.fair " deteriorated ruins unexposed Check one ___unaltered XX altered Check one J<x_ original site ___moved date 198A DO»c^ibe the pce^eniand original (if known) physical appearance •} Bet^.'^ehem MK^dle Works is one of three works at Bethlehem Estate In KIngs's sQuar;t;S^‘./''*St.. ,Cr^l^x‘. The estate Is located In the middle of the Island In an area 5 . •„ Christian V I of Denmark In 1736 when Denmark acquired the Bethlehem Middle Works Is now situated north of Fairplain and (IT) Old Works between the modern four-lane road known as the Melvin the far earlier built Center I Ine Road. *'^ouf>?'of Bethld^r ^ i|an of Middle Works Is represented on a map drawn in two scales by F.C. Von Welbye in 1779. Melbye’s map shows the original structures of the sugar estate arranged on the hillside west of the road oriented north to south. The structures used to operate the plantation are represented on the south side of Middle Works (the left side of the map). They Include the curing and still house, the boiling house, mule and cattle mill, pens, cooper shop, cistern, stills, bagasse heap, cattle mill, windmills, negro houses, and pigeon house. To the north (right side of Melbye's map) are the dwelling house with cistern, kitchen and oven, pigeon, duck and fowl houses, sick house, stable, smith shop, sheep and hog pens, gardens and watch houses surrounded by guinea corn and cane fields. Some of the original estate buildings still exist today. Other parts of the site have been developed for subsequent uses somewhat altering the original plan. The historic remains of the Middle Works are (1) the overseer’s house, (2) windmill, (3) animal mill site, (4) site of steam factory, (5) site of original slave vl I lage, (6-27) later workers' quarters, (28) raised cistern, (29) animal pen, (30) stables, and (31) greathouse. (1) Overseer's House (c. 1820 with later changes) The overseer's house is not shown In Von Mel bye's map. One of the buildings later added to the site. It was probably constructed In the early 1800's. The rectangular structure located on the summit of the hill Is covered with a hip roof oriented east to west. The major core of the building, three by three bays, measures 37 feet by 35 feet. It has been conscientiously converted to a modern residence. Originally, consisting of two stories, the building now has one. Alterations Include a modern addition Incorporating part of the gal lery on the east end, 13 feet by 35 feet. The open part of the gal lery, located on the southeast. Is covered by a galvanized metal shed roof supported by masonry columns. Openings are splayed with prominent keystones above them. The two panelled shutters are made to look like the originals. Much of the original hardware still exists. Latticework covers the addition on the west end. A pressurized vessel used In the original steam operated sugar factory Is being used for a cistern. A badly deteriorated retaining wall rising up to four feet above the g-ound stands about ten feet away from the house on the west and north sides. The two feet thick rubble masonry walI on the west measures 30 feet long; the north walI measures 60 feet. MPS Poem United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number OMB No 1024-0018 Exp 10-31-84 For NFS ttM only received >4Me entered ' Page ^ Vemon Ball PO Box 1579 St. Thomas, USVI 00801 Lambert and Julian Pierce PO Box 2389 Kingshill, St. Croix US VI 00850 NPS Fonn 10-M0-a fW2) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number /y. I ' '^eceiveci ■. chite entered Page Remnants of rubble masonry wal I are located south and west of the house, partially covered by a natively grown, commonly known "bread and cheese" bush. The bush was likely planted to prevent trespassing, commonly near the bake oven. Sugar Ml I I (c. 1760-1770) Approximately 12 feet to the southwest of the manager's house are the remains of the original sugar mill. It rises up to four feet above grade. It measures 28 feet In diameter. A boiler, originally used In the steam factory, stands Inside the diameter. Further west, down the hillside from the sugar mill Is the terrace originally the site for the animal mill. (3) Animal Mill Site (°- A modern residence covered by a gable roof oriented east to west Is now located on the site. Cement blocks have replaced the original rubble masonry foundatlon. (4) Site of Sugar Factory (c. 1770) None of the sugar factory remains on the Middle Works site. According to the Von Melbye map. It was a building consisting of two flanking hip roofs oriented north to south. The rectangular structures were located directly north of the animal mill, on the hillside. A modern residence Is now situated on the location of the original factory as well as a small portion of a rubble masonry retaining wal I running north to south. (5) Site of Original Slave Village (c. 1750) Nothing remains above ground of the original slave village consisting of wattle and daub houses south of the factory on the hillside. Melbye Indicates there were at least 40 buildings, each originally covered with a thatched roof. The original animal pens were located adjacent to the village directly north on the hill. There are pieces of ceramics and hardware scattered throughout this area, so that It has significant archaeological potential. This area has been greatly altered with more recent residences some of which were more recent workers' quarters. (6-27) Later Workers' Quarters (c. 1831-1851) The more recent workers' quarters village of the early nineteenth century Is now located In the valley north of the mill and south of the greathouse. There are approximately 21 plastered rubble masonry rowhouses approximately five or six bays long. Three of the rowhouses furthest south and with lengths oriented north to south were constructed later than the rest of the NPS Fonn 10-M0-a CM2) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number Page % For NPS us« receiveci nineteenth century village. Each Is covered with a metal corrugated, hip roof oriented north to south. The rest of the workers' quarters have lengths oriented east to west situated In approximately three rows. Another more recent eight bay by two bay rowhouse Is located west of the hill where the manager's house and and mills are located at Its base. Its length Is oriented north to south and lines the paved road leading to the south shore. The wal Is have standing gable ends on the east and west, and a shed addition flanking along the north sides. Each plastered rubble masonry structure approximately 60 to 70 feet by 27 feet, has splayed openings. These structures were occupied until the early 1970's. (28) Cistern (c. late 1 9fh century) A raised cistern Is located south of the village. Composed of rubble masonry plaster. It consists of fwo square pools. Buttresses extend from the Interior walls towards the center. (29) Animal Pen (c. mld-19fh century) A more recently contructed animal pen with handsome gateposts Indicate that they were constructed In the 1830's after the Von Mel bye map was completed. The remains are located at the western base of the hill, across the street on the slightly sloping ground toward the Fairplain Gut. The site Is now overgrown with thorny bush. The fwo feet thick, round capped rubble masonry walls of the animal pen rise to five feet above ground, and extend east from the road for at least 150 yards. The walIs are punctuated on the west facade by two principal entrances flanked on either side by masonry cone capped gateposts seven feet high and six feet In diameter. The remains of the original hardware such as the pintles are still attached to the masonry posts. (30) Stables (c. early 1 9fh century with later changes) Directly south of the animal pens on the same side of the road Is a long narrow rectangular building punctuated by splayed openings that still retain their wood lintels. All have br I ckl I ned f lat arches w I th projecti ng keystones. The three by six bay structure was probably for stables added In the early to mld-nlneteenth century. The principal entrance faces the paved access road on the west facade. It consists of five long narrow windows five by three and a half feet beginning one and a half feet above grade. A large opening at the south end of the west facade may have been used for a carriage entrance. The metal corrugated roof once covering the building has col lapsed. NPS Form 10-MO-a (3<2) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 7 received ^ siite^errtered; Page k (31) Greathouse (c. late 18th century with later changes) The original greathouse Is Illustrated on the Von Melbye map. It was located north of the factory complex on the ridge of a hill past the dividing valley. The 1779 drawing shows that the original greathouse consisted of a one-storied wooden building above a masonry basement. The structure was topped with a shingled hip roof. The central entrance had a gabled portico approached by a double staircase. On each side of the central portion of the house were four narrow windows with shutters. A raised cistern was located west of the house. The original greathouse was originally oriented southeast to northwest. Little remains of the original structure except for a rubble masonry retaining wal I surrounding the site. A later replacement of the original greathouse, which has a commanding view of the Middle Works, was built In the 1 830’s when Heyllger owned the property. It Is located on the first hill directly west of the original greathouse site, north of Centerline Road and east of Golden Grove estate. It Is now the location for the Department of Agriculture. The mld-1830's greathouse Is entirely composed of plastered rubble masonry except for the southwest addition covered by a gable roof oriented north to south. The 15 feet long wood novelty board siding stands on a raised rubble masonry foundation of limestone blocks. The main core of the more recent greathouse measures 40 feet by 62 feet covered by a hip roof Its length oriented east to west. The principal entrance Is located on the west facade, approached by narrow four feet wide masonry stairs and a railing leading to a shed porch. The porch’s metal galvanized roof Is supported by wood campher posts evenly spaced. The doors have vertically planked shutters. All other openings have double panelled shutters most of which have the original hardware Including horizontal crossbeams. A second staircase approaches the shed porch from the south. The welcome arm staircase of eleven steps has a wide, flat masonry rail ending In flat circular columns. On the south side of the masonry foundation and east of the stairs Is an arched opening leading to a storage area. Another storage area Is located underneath the novelty board addition. A hip dormer-1 Ike roof extends from the center of the north side of the main hip roof. It covers a raised landing that Is approached by the north and south stairways. Latticework Is located at every corner. The masonry railing Is decorated similar to the other railings of the structure. Openings are splayed; most have retained the original hardware. A shed addition attached to a hip addition with Its length oriented east to west Is located on the west side. NPS Fonn 10-M0-a CW 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number For NFS use only received entered Page (32-33) Rowhousds (late l8th century) A long rowhouse structure with masonry standing gable ends oriented east to west stands west of the main building. It measures 120 feet by 14 feet and Is divided Into two by ten bays. The entire rubble masonry structure has splayed openings with fwo panelled shutters along the north and south sides and one leaf shutter at the east and west ends. Window openings have exterior projecting sills. The limestone block building now houses offices. Directly north of the rowhouse about 60 feet away^® another historic buildings, now referred to as the shop and garage. The limestone block structure has been covered with lime masonry measuring 30 feet by 23 feet. Three large altered openings on the south facade serve as vehicle entrances. The building has horizontal planks under a metal corrugated gable roof. NPS Form 10-900-a (3^) OHB So. 1024-0018 Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 7 Page SIJMMARY/DESGRIPTION: ESTATE BETHLEHEM MIDDLE WORKS Present Physical Appearance; Estate Bethlehem Middle Works Historic District consists of buildings ajxd structures arranged on a hillside and surrounding flat land. The estate, located near the middle of the island, lies north of Fairplain and south of Bethlehem: Old and New Works, The historic remains consist of (l) an overseer's house dating to c. 1820 with later changes; (2) a sugar mill dating to the 1760s; (3) animal mill site (c. 17^0s); (4) site of factory built c. I77O; (5) site of original slave village (c. 1750); (6-27) later workers' quarters dating to c. I83I-I85I; (28) a late 19th-century cistern; (29) a mid-19th-century animal pen; (30) stables constructed in the early 19th century with later changes; (31) a late 18th-century greathouse with later changes and (32-33) two rowhouses dating to the late I8- th century. Cultural materials identified in the course of surface observation include 18- th and 19th-century Delft, English transfer ware and Afro-Gruzan ware pieces. Scattered above the surface are also remains of iron hardware and tools and rubble masonry debris. Below surface archaeological remains are as yet not fully accounted for. Original Physical Appearance: As with most Gruzan estates. Estate Bethlehem Middle Works was built up and added to over the course of its existance. Early maps and other written accounts document this growth. Melby's 1779 inap shows in detail that the original components of the estate consisted of a curing house, still house, animal mill, pens and stables, cooper shop, cistern, windmill, "negro houses", pigeon house, dwelling house with cistern, cook house. The overseer's house, not shown in the 1779 ®ap, was added later to the site in the early l800s. The more recent workers' quarters, raised cistern south of it, greathouse, rowhouse, animal pen and stables that stand on the site today were also built in the early to mid 19th century, added after the 1779 ™3"P was drawn of the original estate. The estate has undergone minor superficial changes since then and preserves its historic appearance and character as a Gruzan sugar estate as it was c. I8OO-I85O. Boundary Selection/Justification: The boundaries of the district were chosen to adequately circumscribe the known buildings, structures and other cultural remains associated with the historic estate The incidence of cultural remains drops off dramatically at the edge of the nominated historic area. They may exist outside the boundaries but it is unlikely given the present knowledge and proce­ dures for investigation. Alterations/integrity; Estate Bethlehem Middle Works preserves a high degree of visual and material integrity. Essentially unchanged in outline and general appearance are most of the remains including the sugar mill, the later workers' quarters, cistern, animal pen, stables and rowhouse, all constructed of rubble masonry. Of particular interest is the uniisually elaborate gate posts of the animal pen which have retained the original iron hardware. Also elaborate are the stable's windows which have brick-lined flat arches with projecting keystones. The NPS Form 10-900-a (3^) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 7 Page wood housing has betn preserved. The overseer's house, later added to the site in the early 19th century has been conscientiously converted to a modem residence so that it does not detract from its historic character. The later replacement of the original greathouse built in the late l8th century and now the location for the Department of Agriculture, also has kept its original character and appearance. Noteworthy features include the welcome-arms stairway with wide and flat railing which ends in flat circular columns at either side, as well as the arched opening punctuating the south side of the masonry foundation. All openings have double panelled shutters, most of which have retained their original hardware and horizontal crossbeams. The original animal mill and slave village no longer stand today, although their sites have been identified. Archaeological potential is great in these areas and would yield more information about the former struc­ tures. Overall, the historic district preserves its integrity of setting. Non-contributing buildings are few and do not distract from the estate's integrity of construction materials and design. Dates/Chronology; The buildings, structures and other cultural remains of Estate Bethlehem Middle Works date to the mid-l8th century (c. 17^0) through the early 20th century (I902) when the last major alteration took place. Archaeological evidence, not yet fully accounted for, would appear to date from the earliest part of occupation. The estate preserves much of its I8OO-I85O appearance as a sugar estate on St. Croix. 8. Significance Period ___prehistoric ___ 1400-1499 ___ 1500-1599 ___ 1600-1699 XX 1700-1799 1800-1899 ^ 1900- Areas of Significance—Check and justify below archeology-prehistoric XX community planning XX archeology-historic _XXarchitecture __ art __ commerce ___ communications conservation ___ economics ___education . engineering exploration/settlement XX industry _ invention landscape architecture ___ law literature ___ military ___ music ___ philosophy politics government ___religion ___science ___sculpture ___social/ humanitarian theater ___ transportation XX other (^specify) ial histoi SOCD Builder/Architect Specific dates c ' 9^2 Statement of Significance (in one paragraph) The history of Bethlehem Middle Works, along with Upper Bethlehem (Upper Works) and Fairplain (Bayworks), dates back to 1736 when a deed for the entire Bethlehem estate was made out to King Christian V I and his queen. Middle Works was at the time one of three estates reserved for the king. All were located at the middle of the island to take advantage of the rich flatland and relatlvely--at least by St. Croix standards—plentiful water supply. For three years the estate was supervised by a clerk named Schuster. He was assisted by two carpenters, a doctor "to attend the negroes" and a boy. In 1738, seven whites and eighty-three negro slaves lived In K1ng's Quarter, all of them apparently associated with Bethlehem. The name of the estate Is of uncertain origin. The property was first called Bethlehem In an engraved map (produced by Kuffner) published In Olderndorp’s Reschlchte de Mlslon der FvangeI Ischen Bruder auf den Caralblschen^ S. Thomas, S. Croix und S. Jan of 1767 (published 1777). The Moravians had first arrived In the Danish West Indies in the 1730’s, first establishing missions In St. Thomas and St. John and, after purchase of St. Croix from the French In 1734, In St. Croix. Eventually a Moravian mission would be established just north of Bethlehem at Fr I edensburg. The main patron of the Moravians was one Count ZInzendorf, who himself visited the Islands. Von Plessen, a close friend and counselor to the King, was also a strong supporter of the Moravian community. It Is likely that this Influence passed on In the form of the naming of the royal estates, as with many other Moravian communities and missions. No Moravians actually settled on Bethlehem, however, although this may have been contemplated. After three years of cultivation, the royal estate was subdivided, most of Its lands, and Incipient dwellings, passing to the Heyllger brothers, Johannes and Peter. The Heyllger family were residents of the Island of St. Eustatius, then a prosperous Dutch trading post In the Caribbean. Johannes at the time was In fact governor of the Dutch colony. The Heyllgers and their offspring (or In-laws) were to hold the estate until the beginning of the nineteenth century when sugar profits began to decline and they, along with many other Cruzan landed families, began to divest themselves of their often enormous holdings. As of 1745, or six years after the Heyllgers took possession, Bethlehem claimed a total of 72 capable slaves. Little else Is known of the plantation during that period. But In 1754, or the time of Beck's map, the estate posessed at least an animal mill and other f acl I I tl es necessary for processing sugar cane; these were no doubt legacies from the king. A short time later, probably In the late 1760's, the estate gained Its first windmill, the remains of which can still be seen on the crest of the hill of the center of the estate. The Heyllgers were also responsible for constructing a large and ambitious greathouse. This Is pictured In detail on the 1779 von Melbey map of the former royal estates, as a separate vignette above the map. The house Is shown as roughly palladlan In elevation and plan, with a projecting and pedimented central bay, a 9. Major Bibliographical References Beck, L,M. S. Croix Map, 175^, 1767. B^rgesen, F. Map of the DWI Islands, I898. British Admiralty Chart 2019 of St. Croix, I9I8. 10. Geographical Data Quadrangle name Chr i st iansted_ UTMReferences (A) 17°43'10", 6A°A7'43" (B) 17°43'10", 6it°47'^0" I__L I I Zone Easting Northing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 lJ 1 1 1 L U 1 . I , . 1 . 1 . 1 . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Quadrangle scale (C) 17°42'55", 64°47'28" (D) 17°42'55", 64°47'32" B I Zone Easting J__L I I 1 1 _L J_1 Northing i L 1 L 1 1 I I I I I I I J__L J—L Hi I I I I I I 1__L J__L Verbal boundary description and justification Beginning at the northwesternmost Point (A) of the historic district at latitude 17°43'10", longitude 64°47'43'', the boundary line follows a southeastern direction along the Frederiksted/ Christiansted jurisdiction border to Point (B) at lati-tude—17°43'10", longft^Kle-64°ATMO" List all states and counties for properties overlapping state or county boundaries state code county code state code county code 11. Form Prepared By name/title Betty Ausherman. William Chapman, Claudette Lewis organization Virgin Islands Planning Office date 16 November 1984 street & number PO Box 7818 teiephone 809/774-7859 city or town St. Thomas state US Virgin Islands 12. State Historic Preservation Officer Certification The evaluated significance of this property within the state is: ___ nationai state ___iocai As the designated State Historic Preservation Officer for the Nationai Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89- 665), I hereby nominate this property for inclusion in the National Register and certj^ that it has been evaluated according to the criteria and procedures set forth by the National Parls/6l9vice.. State Historic Preservation Officer signatiAC an D. Smith Cttttemis s loner, Department of Planning & Natural ResourdfiSfe ForNPt uooonly Mist IMs proMrtjMS incluited in die Netienal Register NPS Form 10-900-a P^) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form date entered Continuation sheet Item number 8 staircase descending to either side, and a separate cistern and kitchen. The roof was hipped and covered by tiles. The base was rough-coursed limestone, the second floor of weatherboard construction. Windows were fitted with storm shutters and jalousies. All indications are that this is the origin of the present building on the site, a structure which, while being altered in some respects, retains much of its original appearance. It was obviously a grand house by contemporary standards, reflective of the Heyllgers' place in the Cruz an community. Von Mel bey's map is instructive in that it provides a detailed description of the estate at the time of Heyllger ownership—or during its peak sugar producing years. The greathouse, as shown in the vignette, was located on a sharp outcropping west of the fields and above the factory and slave village. Around the greathouse were situated an oven, hen house, stable, forge and an Infirmary for slaves. East of the greathouse and lining the approach from the same direction, was an ornate garden laid out with symmefrical flowerbeds in a style associated with both French and British (as well as Dutch and Danish) estates of this period. If the scale of the map Is accurate, the garden would have measured 700 feet by 150 feet, making it an Important embellishment for the estate. The slave village, according to von Melbey's map, was located to the south of the garden along the side of the lower hill. This was a typical location for a village— away from the greathouse and upon steep land unfit for growing sugar. Nothing remains of the original village which was located south and above the present village. The site is relatively undisturbed, however, and still possesses research potential. The map shows four rows of ten houses each making Middle Works the largest of three Bethlehem estate villages. The construction apparently was of wattle and daub and the roofs were of thatch. Unusually, there is no provision ground Indicated on the map, suggesting that the slaves grew their provisions on allotments elsewhere or were unable to grow their own vegetables. The factory and other buildings associated with the business were located befween the village and the greathouse, again on the slopes of the south hill. The windmill was sited above al I else, at the crest of the hill overlooking the valley formed by Fairplain (or Bethlehem) Creek below. Its location is still easily visible, although little remains other than the footing and lower walls of the once conical base. The original animal mill was located on a terrace Just below this (since built on by a present-day resident) and the curing house and still were below these on the hill. There are no above ground remains of the original factory, although a later factory, converted to an overseer's house, is located beside the windmill to the south. Finally, a mule or oxen pen to house animals used for grinding, was located south of both crushers besides the main north/south road. During the late eighteenth century, the plantation passed though a variety of names but remained with the Heyliger family. Befween 1755 and 1758, David Derrick, Jr., William Downis, Daniel Bryant's wIdow and their families all lived as residents (possibly managers) of the estate; Bryant was also connected with nearby Anguilla. NPS Fonn 10-900-a 0^ 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form For NPS u«« only IpcelvecI: use only 1 y/7 date entered Continuation sheet Item number 3 Page The heirs of Johannes Heyllger succeeded to the estate In 1766. In 1774, Middle Works became the property of Jan Jacob de WIndt, Heyllger's son-in-law through a marriage to his daughter, Elizabeth. From that point on, the estate was called the ”de WIndt Plantage” after Its owner. Little Is known of the estate's prosperity during the late eighteenth century. De WIndt and his family lived In the greathouse, managing both Middle Works and Upper Works, which also became his property at the time. Oxholm In his 17 94 map of the estate shows the windmill and greathouse and dependencies, but little else. By 1784, the de WIndt brothers had sold the entire Bethlehem estate and In 1831, Benjamin DeForrest bought all three estates at an auction. The estate still belonged to DeForrest In 1851 as evidenced by the Scorpion Survey made In that year. Middle Works, at that time, was called Old Bethlehem, Upper Bethlehem was known as New Bethlehem, and Lower or Bay Works became known as Fairplaln. Executors sold Bethlehem estate In 1858 with Mt. Victory to William Moore. It was apparently DeForrest who built the second village, the newer factory and overseer's house, and the large animal pens to the east of the road. (It Is possible that these were built Just prior to sale by the de WIndts, although this seems unlikely.) DeForrest was obviously concerned with reinvesting In the property at the time. Although sugar prices had been lower during the periods of British occupancy during the early part of the century, the end of the Napoleonic War promised a boom In sugar revenues. As a result, many sugar Investors recapitalized, hoping to pay for their Improvements with later profits. DeForrest constructed a village of at least 20 rowhouses, al I with slanting gables and tl le roofs and wal Is of rough-covered limestone taken from the nearby King's HIM beds. They were laid out along the south side of the north hill, below what was once the Heyllger gardens. The animal pens were also extensive and Included the Impressive cone-topped gates and auxllllary stables. All of this was a clear Invesfment, but one which was not to pay out In the end. At the close of the Napoleonic Wars In 1816, Bethlehem Middle Works had 450 acres of cane cultivation. The average crop was 383 hogsheads of 1,500 pounds of sugar. The normal crop In 1861 was reduced due to a preceding four year drought. 1867 was the worst sugar producing year for the Island due to epidemics of smallpox, cholera, a hurricane, earthquake and tidal wave. In 1876, there was another hurricane and In 1878, plantation life was disrupted severely again, this time by laborers discontented with the provisions of the 1849 Labor Act and the debilitating effects of the previous natural disasters on the lagging sugar economy. Other sugar producing areas, creating stiff competition, further caused the Cruzan sugar Industry to suffer. As a result, DeForrest's Investment fel I Increasingly In value. In 1882, Bethlehem was sold to William M. Carson, a private Danish Investor. In 1884, Fredensborg (450 acres), 265 acres of Upper Bethlehem and Jealousy (300 acres) were combined so that the estate grew In size comprising a total of 2,165 acres. From 1862 to 1889, 621 acres was the average area under sugar cultivation, 431 hogsheads of sugar were produced on the NPS Fomi 10-MO-a (»«2) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form For NPS U80 received dale enters Continuation sheet Item number Page average. From 1 880-1889, the average area under sugar cultivation Increased to 876 acres, 672 hogsheads of sugar were produced. New machinery and a vacuum pan were added to Middle Works In 1891. But this was only a stopgap measure. In the early part of the century, the government approved a plan to build a large central sugar factory furnished with the most modern machinery for processing cane into sugar to be operated and owned by Jacob Lachmann, a Swedish investor. Lachmann's works were to supplement the Bertram Brothers' processing company at Lower Love and those already established outside Chrlstiansted and at La Grange near FrederIksted. In the end, the New Bethlehem Works became the model factory for the Island and processed most of Its sugar. In 1 902, Lachmann acquired Middle Works, along with Upper Bethlehem, Fredensborg and several other estates and began to cart Middle Bethlehem's sugar to be crushed there as wel I. Many of the workers employed at the Central Factory were housed at Middle Works, living in a village constructed there at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The quarters were occupied until recently by workers connected with this factory. The remains at Middle Works convey a vivid sense of typical plantation arrangement during late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Most impressive in Its visual appearance Is the expansive workers' village, regularly spaced along the contours of the hillside that were occupied unti I the ear I y 1 970's. Also visible are the extensive animal pens and stables of the same period; a possible early factory (c. 1820) later used as an overseer's house and now a private residence; the remains of the original (c. 1770) windmill; the foundation remains of the early factory; the original, although altered, greathouse; and possible remalns of the original slave vlI lage (c. 1750). Bethlehem Middle Works can best be considered as a representative St. Croix sugar plantation and It Is In this light that Its main claims for significance lie. The estate Is also unusual for Its one-time Identity as a royal estate and for Its wel l-documented early history. Its association with such well-known St. Croix names as Heyllger, de WIndt, DeForrest, and Carson are of additional Interest In understanding the site. Finally, Middle Works' place in the labor history of St. Croix, from the early and wel l-documented slave village through the elaborate stone rowhouses occupied until recently. Is underwritten clearly by the material evidence and by the buildings still on the site. Middle Works posesses consi derabIe archaeologica 1 potential In understanding the early settlement patterns, residential patterns and nature of the sugar Industry In St. Croix. Its boundaries have been drawn with this consideration in mind and are drawn to contain all of the known structures and remains of structures associated with the plantation. NPS Form 10-900-a (3«) 0MB No, 1024-0018 Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 8 Page SIGNIFIGANCE/SUMMARY; ESTATE BETHLEHEM MIDDLE WORKS SignificaJice Summary; Estate Bethlehem Middle Worics is significant as a relatively well-preserved estate providing information about the origins suid development of the sugar industry on St. Croix from the mid-l8th century through the 19th century. The remains of the estate consist of an over­ seer's house, windmill, animal mill site, site of the factory, site of the slave village, later workers' quarters, raised cistern, animal pen and stables and greathouse. Like Upper Bethlehem and Fairplain, Estate Bethlehem Middle Works dates to 1736 when initially it was a royal estate assigned to Danish King Christian VI and his Queen. The estate has retained much of its original development including buildings and structures of the 19th century. The estate has added significance for its association with the Heyliger ^d deWindt families, merchants and planters emportant to the early commercial and political history of St. Croix and later, with William Moore and William Carson, Cruzan merchants of the late 19th century. Applicable Criteriat Estate Bethlehem Middle Works' historic remains embody characteristics of building type, period and method of construction that are typical of St. Croix estates during the l8th and 19th centuries (criterion C); for its association with broader patterns of St. Croix's early history (criterion a); for its association with a number of figures important in the commercial and political history of the island (criterion b) and for its potential value in yielding information on the rise and development of the sugar industry on St. Croix, a subject that is yet to be fully and clearly documented as an important chapter in the history of the Danish and later American colonies (criterion D). Areas of Significance; Archaeolgy-historic: The full extent of Estate Bethlehem Middle Works' archaeolo- gical materials has li^been established. A systematic visual survey of the estate indicates a high concentration of cultural materials which should yield further inforamtion about the sequence of development and life patterns of the estate's inhabitants over the ^ course of its occupation. These remaining cultural materials include rubble masonry debns, European transfer ware, locally made Afro-Cruzan ware and iron hardware and tools. All are of great archaeological value in allowing for greater understanding of estate functions and planning. As yet, no sugar estate has been fully excavated or studied on St. Croix. Estate Bethlehem Middle Works represents an important resource for further investigation because the remains are relatively undisturbed and represent a Cruzan sugar estate that was at its peak of production during the early to mid 19th century. Agriculture: Estate Bethlehem Middle Works commemorates St. Croix's agricultural base and predominant industry. The estate was under cultivation by 17^0 and remained a sugar estate for at lest 200 years. Questions about residential patterns of workers, the ratio of workers to field size, the location of individual gardens, etc. are likely to be answered through further study of the estate's cultural remains ~ particularly as it operated during the early to mid-19th century. NPS Form 10-900-a (3^) 0MB No, 1024-0018 Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 8 Architecture; Estate Bethlehem Middle Works cosmins a number of important repre­ sentative buildings that are crucial to an understanding of the full-scaled organization and development of the sugar industry on St. Croix. These buildings include the remains of the sugar mill, workers* quarters, cistern, animal pen and stables, all composed of rubble masonry. The animal pen and stables have retained the original hardware emd wood housing. Of particular interest are the elaborate features of the greathouse including the welcome-arms stairway. All openings have double-panelled shutters, most of iddLch have retained their original hardware and horizontal crossbeams. All of the buildings embody characteristics of materials, construction methods and craftsmanship important to an understanding of Gruzan architecture during the l8th and 19th centuries. Community Planning; Estate Bethlehem Middle Works' historic district includes the site of the original slave village as identified on the 1779 Melby plans. Since it has not been greatly disturbed, the site is ideal for learning more about the daily life of slaves on Giruzan plantations during this early period of sugar manufacturing. The more recent workers* village of the early 19th century is also located within the boundaries of the estate grounds. Such masonry cottages represent a response to agricultural village plan­ ning in Britain which began to be reflected in St. Croix in the late l8th to early 19th centuries. These buildings are:aa important advance over earlier workers* housing known through documentation such as ffelby's detailed drawings. Industry; The production of sugar was the mainstay of St. Croix's economy through­ out the 18th and 19th centuries, extending to the 20th century. Estate Bethlehem Middle Works* buildings and structures document the development of that industry. The remains of important buildings and structures which still stand today include the sugar mill, animal mill site, factory site and later workers* housing. The arcaeological remains, not yet fully accounted for, may yield further information about other buildings and structures related to the sugar process in St. Croix. Politics/Govemment; Estate Bethlehem Middle Woi*s has commemorative value with a number of figures important in the political and commercial history of St, Croix. These people include the Heyliger and deWindt families, important landowners, merchants and planters and later, William Moore and William Carson, important Gruzan merchants of the late 19th century. Social History; Estate Bethlehem Middle Works is significant in the social history of St. Croix, its archaeological remains yielding information on daily working class life on sugar estates during the early stages of the sugar industry. Also, Estate Bethlehem Middle Works contains the later workers' quarters of the aid-19th century documenting the social history of the estate at this time. Further study of these remains may yield further information about the duties of workers needed to grow and harvest sugar cane and family life on the estate. Context; Estate Bethlehem is one of a number of St. Croix estates being nominated to the National Register, either as districts, as parts of multiple resource areas or as complexes. Each estate yields a significant amount of new and often different information about the NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 Expires 10-31-87 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 8 nature and history of the sugar industry on St. (Iroix, and elsewhere in the West Indies through typical examples of building types. The estate has been nominated for the special characteristics of its layout and design, particulaxly as it iexisted I8OO-I85O. *NOTE. The collection of individual owners of each plantation Illustrates the traditions of plantation growth and development over the centuries of operation (adding to the Importance of these properties under Criterion A), but the case for any one of these individuals cannot be be fully documented at this time (and therefore the properties are not being submitted under Criterion B). NPS Form 10-S00-a «M2) 0MB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 3 date entered Brock, H.G., Philip S. Smith, W.A. Tucker. The Danish West Indies; Their Resources and Commercial Importance. Dept, of Commerce, Special Agen's Serres, No. 129. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1917. Bronsted, Johannes, ed. Vore Gramie Tropekolonier. Alfred G. Hassings. For lag Copenhagen, 1953. Vol. II, English Summary from Herbert Olsen, 21 pp, L.S. Col lection. Canegata, D.C. St. Croix at the 20th Century. NY; Carlton Press, Inc., 1968, 161 pp. Oeque, Darwin. The US Virgin Islands and the Eastern Caribbean. Philadelphia: Whitmore Publishing Co., 1 968, 266 pp. Dansk Vestindren; Gramie Bllleder. The Danish West Indies In Old Pictures. Spring, 1962. Dookhan, Isaac. A History of the Virgin Islands of the US. Essex, England: Caribbean University Press, 1 974. Dubois’ 1671 St. Croix Map. Gosner, Pamela. Historic Architecture of the US Virgin Islands. Durham, NC: Moore Pub IIshing Co., 1 971. Gurney, John Joseph. Familiar letters to Henry Clay of Kentucky, Describing a Winter in the West Indies. NY, 1840. 203 pp. Janssen's 17 91 St. Ctolx Map. Jarvis, J. Antonio. History of the Virgin Islands. Lectures. NYU Workshops, c. 1 952. 5 pp. mimeo. Kuffner, Paul. 1767 St. Croix Map. Larsen, Jan S. V Irgln Islands Story. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1 950. Lewis, Gordon K. The VIrgln Islands. Lewlsohn, Florence. St. Croix tinder Seven Flags. Hollywood, Florida; The Dukane Press, 1970. Lewlsohn Florenoe. The Romantic History of St. Croix. St. Ctolx Landmarks Soolety, 1 964', 69 pp. LInvald, Steffen. Sukker & Rom. Kobenharn, 1 967, 74 pp. NPS Form IO-900-o (3«) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number 9 OMB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 F«NPS». (UteenlerM McDonald, Forrest. Alexander Hamilton; A Biography. NY: W.W. Norton & Co., 1982, 464 pp. McGuire, James W. Geographic Dictionary of the Virgin Islands. Special PubI. No. 103, US Coast and Geodetic Survey. Dept, of Commerce. Wash., D.C., 1925, 211 pp. Merwln, Robert L. "US Representatives' Visit to St. Croix, VI,USA, Thursday, February 21, 1 924" as reviewed by Bumble Bee, G. Johansen, St. Croix Avis Office, 1924. Morton, Henry. Danish West Indian Sketchbook and Diary 1845-44. Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish West Indian Society and St. Croix Landmarks Society, 1975, 183 pp. Oxholm, Maps of St. Croix, 17 99. Parson, John. 1856 Map of St. Croix. Quin, John. Statistics of Sugar Production on St. Croix, 1862-1889. ChrIstiansted, 1892. Quin, John. Statistics of Sugar Production on St. Croix, 1890-1902. ChrIstIansted, 1903. Recorder of Deeds Office In ChrIstIasted, St. Croix. Reilly, William Benedict. "Bermuda and the Lesser Antilles". The Monthly 111ustrator . W, 5, (Dec. 1897), l-lll. (reprinted). St. Croix 1907 Map. "Kort over Dansk VestI ndlen". Smith, James. The Winter of 1840 In St. Croix with an Excursion to Tortola and St. Thomas. NY: Printed for authr, 1840, 124 pp. Statistics Concerning Properties on the Island of St. Croix,. 1816-1857. Chr I sti ansted, St. 0-oIx: P.B. Hatchett, 185 9. Svenson, Ole, ed. Three Towns. Scantryk, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish West Indian Society, 1980. Taylor, Charles. Leaflets from the Danish West Indies. Westport, Connecticut: Negro University Press, 1 970 reprint, (orig. 1887), 228 pp. USGS Map of St. Croix, 1 923, 1958, 1982. Westergaard, Waldemar C. The Danish West Indies Under Company Rule (1671—1917) with Supplementary Chapter. NY: MacMillan Co., 1917. Zabriskle, Luther K. The Virgin Islands of the USA. NY: 1918. NPS Font) 10-900-a P«) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form Continuation sheet Item number OMB No. 1024-0018 Exp. 10-31-84 received date entered turning east to Point (C) at latitude \l°h2'S5", longitude 6i»°A7'28" then turns north to Point (D) which meets the paved access road at latitude 17°^2'55", longitude 6A°47'32" returning west to Point (A). \ II ^ >1 I MB II scAie avioo too' loo . 'l r E£THLEHEN\ MIDDLE WORKS o 5 ---- (-1------- \. ^ \\' IT c- \ I Plan 1 M « a,u«i,i,nmt .f« Fho.it .1 a™ d.»i.rf^ Kgt ixaattiui. |;*'^ e»Vi«)«CUt. Ea Htthm^ | W SnUetlmCtt. i EaB»Snd. f. Vooiaitliaftl. ; ju, V^. vt\d*^v\\ ;!fc. HurjMi nA\ IK :K I; Hi- :: /. Doatnikbar., SOU. : ,. Sn*af«, I. EnO»|fWd. ^ ^ /I I* 1 E,M.ah«.s»M.i<5«;i^"'*^ ii m ' I I Eltp-Sai.. i | / -. M«dia|.rhdft. ||vBa^«b sAxwi. j; “K a. Ki8Uciahai|c. ;™^^-^^^::;:::r^:.-:;i::;r;::;:;r::rf, I - Fabt. bratfa. Rtaam tigiR ft, msIIb, ttt KagArfh. M.r.,. E.S.yU.I«d, law ■» « ■ . :-.lr n ■ ■ ■ ............................................................................ ■........................................................................................................................... •. ...............................................................................................■-■■- ^ 'M- ii , .........j W Vi^os: J OxWcXk^ b \ - .o\t<^ ^vVvocr^Xo^tv^ o O ro r;;T — ,v-.- ■::^V 4 . ■■; . tXt f*t/r ™'Til . ilt: m. II, wm S:fll- f"‘- i: I n, Plantagen Bethlehem pa St. Croix i det attende arhundrede Af INGE MEJER ANTONSEN Fig. J. H,iii(ll(gii,l og laiviliigl kort over l>hmlagcn liiihlchem I’d Si. Cro/.v. Sign. F.C.voii Miity ■’'«' naiurUwlcn mtd liliintcriiiiul scs planvr n/ cjrniloininrns trc .Works" (siikkcrfa- brikkcr) og ilt riiinln igni rn phni iif /«■/<■ lirlhlilinns tilliggrinh. I iirdrrslr Iwjrt- liiiiriio cr jorilcnir /«> IHnr Moiin- tiiin iiun ’nt nuil .1. da dog kiin v,in- skiFigt kail skchn s l>d u jirodiiktioiwn. Sold til hojrr. U. .-.7.S ,m. Hr.flF.J on. . Sdtiioioliniisn Is '1. afdi ling. Miis. nr. '2.W4/(iS. Lrnnnrl Larsoi lot. JHIi.i. Fa Nationalmuseets udstilling ,Trc vcstindiskc SUicr , dcr blev abnet i anledning af, at der i 1967 var forlobet ct halvt a.hundrcde s.de.i Dan- ,„ark af^tod sin sidstc Iropckoloni i Vcstindicn, cr mange hcsngcndc .standsct op foran et stort farvelagt kort over planlagcn Jk-thlehem pa St. Croix, opmait og tegnct i 1779 af F. C. von Mcley. Dctte kort blev for fi ar siden under ejercns ophold i udlandet deponeret , saml.ngen og var indtil da ukcndt af offentlighed og forskning. Kortet er nu inuseets Vcd nogcn bcnucrkclsesvicrdig tcgnckunst udimcrkcr dct .sig ikkc. Det cr cl arbcidc af cn militarpcrson, dcr bar lart at male op. men <lct bar sin uomtvistcligc kulturbisto. iskc bctydning vcd at va-re dct mcst deta.l- Icrcdc af de tie bcvarcde kort over sukkcrplanlagcr pfi dc vestindiskc oci i (let IS. arluindrcdc, og ci som si'idan cn omtalc vard (I). Kortet (fig. 1-3 og farvctavlc) ci tegnct p3 svicrt papir, nu opkbcbet pa 113 OCT 2 !987 /■|g 2. Dclaljr nj hnrlrl /ig. /, tier vi- scr lilcivignclU ii iin tl llt llih linns filatt- terhus og von Mticys signalur. F. C. von Mclcy t:r miilit^vis idntlisli mril di n Major von Meley fra Ifolstcn, dcr dode 19. februar IS14 i Christiansted. Si. Croix. Fig. 3. Detaije aj korlct jig. I visenda Bclhiehcm Old r ■■ \ ■ f-4' fii! V yf ' f/a /i m 3«9| tMil \ <• 'y;V/////////'/// , , .<yyc^?o/ /// »/y/ //u o/J'( > vkr rjc/ta •- kXr»^,0 .’f 1 if t .r ^ m mm imM t/. .A/k- V •. A...« •T '<1 u ateL"' la;ned. Linicrnc cm trukket op iiicd lusch cllcr !)la.'k og <Ic farvede partiei er udfort i vandfarve. Det er delt horisontalt i tie bidter, livoraf det overste og mest iojnefaldcnde danner kortets titclvigncf meii den grat i grat tegnede iamine (fig. 2). Denne foreslilicr et fi agnu nt al et bucslag, bygget af kvadre og er oventil afsluttet af planleiboligcn, der giver ind- tryk af at ligge hojt hcEvet pS en sparsomt iievokset klippeknude, Iivorfra planteren vil kunne folge arbejdets gang pa licle sit store tilliggende. Huset er gengivet sa nojagtigt i sine enkclte dele, at vi er i stand til tydeligt at opfatte, hvilke byggeemner, der er brugt. Over en ka;Ider af kvadre er et stokvaerk af trae, udfort af lange, vandretliggende planker og saddeltaget er tackket nied spSn. Et fremspring med trekantfronton omkring hovedindgangen, hvortil en dobbeltlulicnde trappe forcr, dan­ ner husets midtparti. Pa hver side af midtfrontonen er fire snialle vin- duer, sa smalle, at man liar indtrykket af, at propoi lionerne er iikorrckte. Den Idle hvzelvede udbygning pS husets venstre side er vandcisternen, den mmdvailigi- og aldiig iiiangU tide indMlning i in veslimlisk bolig. Titdvignelten er flankeret af signaturlavler adskilt al |)almcr og tiicer. Det midterste bidte gengiver planer af dc tre „works“ med angivelse af de enkelte bygningcr, medens det nederste viscr plantagearealet i sin bellied. Mod nord, til liojre pii kortet, ligger lletlileliem „()ld Works", der OCT 2 n ■vf f \ ipi if«lgc landlistcr og matrikkr blev kultiveiet i 1750. Hertil horer jorderne nord for rcnldlinc, dn scs lidt til hojrc for korlcts midtc, og som om- faUd iail l.'iO acres, jorden ei ojnicll i 27 loddci al lorskcllig .stonel.se, adskilt af veje til transport af de indhostede sukkerror. Al loddcrne var en optagel af fabrikken og en pa kiin I'A acre af negerjord, d. v. s. jord, hvor negrene kunne dyrke grontsager til eget brug og ined salg for o.tc. Til Bethlehem Old Works hortc de.suden et jordslykke i Blue Mountain, iiuerket A pa planen og beliggende yderst til hojre. Ogsa det var lagt ud .soil! negerjord. Fabriksbygningd ne (fig. 3) omfalter en vindmolle (A), en hestemolle (B), der kunne bruges i stillc vejr, et kogehus (C) med kyrehus og stile (D), en cisterne (1), en kvaeg og mule fold (J), en ma- lassebunke (K), dueslag, kokkenhus. hestestald ni. m. Til hojre er slave- husene anlagt i sirlige nekker, fyrretyve ialt. og med tilhorende have saint gnesarealer til ilyrenc. IManen omfalter alle <le vnk.somhcder, der er nodvendige til sukkei fremstilling og romdestillci ing. h.n mei mcic rc- degorclse herfor skal der ikkc gives plads til her, da dette pa sa ud- imerket mSde er behandlet tidligere dels i Haagenscns beskrivelse fra 175S dels i P.L. Oxholms fra 1707. Disse berelningei er suierc brugt, 1)1. a. af Jens Viback i Vore gamlc Tropekolonier, hvorlor jcg ogsa td- lader mig at henvise den interesscredc keser dertil. Syd for center-line ligger The Middle Works ellcr Upper Bethle­ hem, hvis jordlilliggcnder er pfi iiojaglig samme slorrclse som The Ohl Works, men delt i 32 lodder, hvoraf en oplages al planterboligcn med dens tilhorende huse, haver og gnesgang og en anden af fabriksankeg og slavehuse. Hovedhuset ligger pa en klippeknold, saiedes som titelvignct- ten angiver, isoleret fra fabriks- og slavehusene pfi den laverc hoj syd herfor. rarvctavlen viser anlacggct. Under A ses plantei boligen med midtfremspring, trappe og cisterne, dcr er angivet med blat. Kokkenct 15 efter siedvane i en bygning for sig (C), dcr var ovn, honschus, staid, smedie og sygehus for slavernc. 0st for hovedhuset scs en have, anlagt med symmetriske bedc efter fransk monster, sfdedes som det var ,skik i det 18. arhundrede. Det har ikkc vierel nogen hell Idle have. I'.r malcnc I ■*'*>; • ti. rig. •/. Plantrrboligrn pa Uhl’i r lIclMr- hcm. Til hojre garagrbygiiiiigni. Upper Bethlehem bcnylledes i I.riehmann.r ejer- tid til btdig for direhloieii for labrih- ken. Talograli fra I92X Trn Viggo Wulfl.’. album. mrnmrnMmmm 5^ ,Keili Caiiel 6 6 o ^ "VStejid^ hJA..,, A'U.-<, ' Af -uf %* *•«//<# ,;’ 4'- »k rt " lloxi^toi jM fr^ #i«n. //ift flAnc . iJa ’■ma.f ■ tkrmn U f/U ►*v^/»»,.i,, -?T ulw'l? lut n. Jcl'l. ^ <T KOIIKIGa^ QUAJtTUUi i 4 J^^tiiickkvuiBai*. l«*iW»r#Pl. I’l'okj 6 . * • t|lig,„6 5 ; • Ut ^ 1 • Uarjibuli^^’^'^^* ll« li?1Piy^„sw-iSiL*iSS L 1*1'? p,n h • it/.i » <2^/1 ’/rr»‘i f. r an FI i/-iay» ^ /i fii'aC -i- »7i»»i«»'l 'j’ 91 I *•'>“) ■- I t* ' *■ ..c r^\ “■ . mLl^m i a. ; ^ , '''/til d t/U‘ m S'/tUt^i. Jc w TE£R Mr k<^4l ^^<•c. ,X' .4- ■$i^A':t. V eff S ly/liuriM , ''n rw,, ■■'-'t'"' ^ci.\ .'.•' 7« 0.4 4f n ’ : r yyi,i,j., I 0 H.4i^uM~ ■'-, •^i.i<?ii _ ^ 4r '♦ ■ ? , r% (72 2)1 i 07 I ; y ^ ; I *'''7«/?irt UK’.pa/u^ L^4„-rti “• 4 U»S<Uf 4v if*’'” Fig. 3. Udsnit af kortcl fig. .S’, viscnde Fotigrns Kvtirlrr turd aiigivrl.u uf /,l<iii- Ingcn belhlehem, dcr her of,trader ved navu for feme gang. Del kgl. liihliolek. Rudolf Simon.fen fot. Fig. 6. Udsnit af cl c.xcmfdar af /. M. Reeks kiddiersliihne korl over ,Sl. Cioi.x f’" yf^lhdndskreven iingivelse af navnrne f,d dr forskellige f.lantageejere i diet I/CiG. III. Rrlhlehcms jorder, der ejes af Johannes lleyligers arvingcr. Fig. 7. Udsnit af hdndlegnet korl over Si. Croi.x. ■inl.JUiy. I'd Rrlh/ehems jor-- der er ejernavn li jiagligi angivel som Johannes de Wind! i sledel for Jan el- ler Jacob de W.. sons landlislerne anfn- rer. Kgl. Rihliolek. Rudolf Simonsrn fot. S. ■■' OCT 2- -fabT- :4;;4 • .. 4./'>3' /■/g- '>■ I'll Ul>l>rr llrllilr- hrm. Inlo^nili srnrsi I'JilO. I'm Mhiuii Chrislcnscii, foilt Adtimsrux album. Mm Fig. 10. f’liwlribolignt I'd Ul>pcr Ih Hi- Icliem set fra ml. Tilhygningen mcd irapjicn til vnislrr liggrr over den gam- le cisternc. Hag bmkndsct findcs den i leksten omlallc kecldcrlnge. der ogsd scs pd tegniiigcn fig. 2. Folngrafi fra jtdi 1922. Fru V'/ggo Widff.i album. af de omradcr, soiii nicd navns na-vnclsc cr omialt ai Motli i bans rap­ port efter en recognosering pd oen i 1734 (2), men el ter danskernes over- tagelse danner der sig ellei ltan<len et klaieie hillede. Sum del olle er omlall i litlei aliiren om de dansk veslindiske oei s liistorie, blev St. Croix opinalt af landinalere, der under iiliyre ansiien- gclser Iranede sig vej gennem <lel overgroedc terrain, l.andet l)lev opdelt i stone plantagegrunde pA 3000 gauge 2000 danske fod og nogle af min- dre slorrelsc, hvorefter grundenc blev udbi.dt til salg til riniel.ge p.iser. Landet, der var bevokset med buske og tracer - selv mange af de steder, hvor der for havde vaeret dyrket land - skiille foist rvddes. Haagensen giver i sin Bcskrivelsc af St. Croix fra 1758 en fortneffelig .skildring af forholdcnc i dissc Ar. Han n;evner bl. a. de mange kostliarc tricarter, som mahogni, fustiks og pokkenliolt, der var en udmmrkel handelsvarc for ( e nyc ejere, der solgtc dem til omliggendc oer, hvor tr;c var en mangel- vare. Pa St. Croix blev tracerne ogsa udryddede med en sadan energi. at ■hr mm ■hr ■ -.V 118 r\%. /.;. VdmW af P. L. Osholpi^ k<>l>- hmliiknr IwrI "vrr Si. Croi.x. I'HiicI I7<H. «(/.,?. I79>). V(d nilhlihimhiMins uillob scs Pair Pltiinc. m. Ki. UHhldun, 01.1 Works, o, nr. •2'., Hpiu r IWthUhnu blevet kultivcrct. EH., clc.uic anst. c.igclsc sidg.s dc sulslc ^ ’ i alt - i n.'rl til lohanncs og Pieter Heyliger f.a den l.lle hollandske o St. Eustatius, hvis kun 21 knr til ca. 2000 indbyggere m.k knnne have en udvidelse behov. Heyliger-familien var ikke ukendt pa St. tamx. Fra 1737 havde dc opkobt plantager p& ocn, savel sukker- som bom- uldsplantager, ansatte mesterkna^gte p& dem, havde slavehold, men blev selv boende pS hje.noen. Forst . 1744, da der var udbrndt kr.g mellem englarnderc og franskmxnd, flytter indvSncrc med mobler c.g slaver fi. St Eustatius til St. Croix, deriblandt Pieter Hcyl.ger med sm famd.e (a). Efter dette betydeligc kob i 1751, blev fa.uilicn Hcyl.ger langt den storste jmdbcsiddcr pS oen. At del ogs& var cn selvbev.dst fam.l.c, fa. ,nan in.ltryk af, nar man borer, at Johannes Heyl.ge., der var gouve.- „or pii St, Eustatius, overfor sin dunskc kollega skal have c.klx.el E, at aflede for end han p5 sine Plantagier med sme Bmdre see. et Tal a 400 Slave. " (6). Dette loftc holdt han. Johannes Heyliger bar dog ikke henge kunnet gl.cde s.g ove.' sure nveste iHsi.ldelse.-. for alle.e.le i 1752 er l.a.rs pla..tage. a.rl.ut , hu.. - ns,cr..e so... .ilho. e...le l.a.rs enke ..g a. vinger. Elter all a. ,b.......e ..aede ,.,ha.r.res Hevliger ald.ig at .age fast ..phol.l p5 St. C....X. hvad der vcl meppe heller havde vxrel ha..s n.eni.rg, live.,. g.>..verno.ens a.v..rger er bortset f.a l.a..s enke, er ikke .....hlell, <la han ikk,- sy...s at va.e do.l pa St Croix. .Hans arvingcr" opt.xder i landlisterne lor Konge.rs Kva. er lige til 1767, da de pludselig afloses af John Jacob de W .ndt. Jan Jacob de Windt viser sig at vx. e son af den gouve. nor Ja.r de W .ndt pa St. Eustatius, dcr i 1753 havde efterfulgl Johannes Heyl.ge. , Han blev den 10. November 1765, 23 ar gammcl. g.lt med den 15-Sr.ge Elisabeth Heyliger (7). Hvem Elisabeth Heyliger e.- fmlyder der rntet om men i alle tilfxlde ses de Windt i 1767 at bes.dde samtl.ge de ejen- dom.ne i Kongens Kvarter, som tilhorte Johannes Heyl.ge.s arv..rge., Man ma derfor antage, at Elisabeth var datte. af gor.ve. .m. e.r, og a de Wi.rdt ved sit giftermai er blevet e.jer af hendes a. vepart pa . h pla - tagegrun.1 a 3000 gauge 2000 fod.ialt 4(i..500.000 kvadratlod.eller ea.SOO tmrder la.rd, Broderens born bar delt deres a.r.lel ...elkmr s.g, so.., det ses pa ko.tet med navnei.rd.skrifterne f.a 1 A.6 (fig- 6). De.es anpa.t sva.-er i areal nojagtigt til de Windts. . u ; Tan Jacob de Windt dode 1790 (8). Af dc seks b«. n han has dc . ^gtekabee „,cd .^lisabCl,. d.alc del one bdbs. .... de fi-n a„d,e - aallc cfler tadcrens dad planlaBcnl drill i relleaskab „« be ad bvu |,„„,,b.l. 1S24 Idiver eje.rdo.u...e.. solgt ..de.. sosle.e.. J..d.ll., ,g.rv- inde Rastignac’s vidende (9). . Navncl Bclhkhe...» o|.sl5cn kendei ikke. Den lidlrfsle nmlalc al ejen- dnmmen under delle navn findei pi del knbberllukne kn.l fra 1,67 i Oldend,„ l.-a .Ge»cl,ichlc rler Mi,.,io„ der eva„sed,»ehen den earaibischen Insein S. Tliumas, S. lirnia and S. Jan , irdkommel OCT ? ‘<mh 90 mm §M ii". hi. Ifil.uiit til hull lilt hl.i'J Ill'll' SI. Crni.x. Vijciii', ilrr fra niilcr-liiii' ihls liinr oil III licllilclinn Old Worh (ig nrd III Ulijirr lli lldi lii’in, linr .uiiii- iiir liiilidi .Mini i /.S', dill. I)i‘ f^iiiiilr s;ii<iiMr lor lii llilt iu iiis jordrr i r sUuliji lyili lii^c. 1777. I'lcttc l)rinKcr omgacndc; tankcn hen pa lu'irnhiitlcr-mi.ssioiun. for lie iiialni.ske hrmlie fik inili)as p;'i de danske oei allerede i I7;?0'nve og ■selve giev Zinzeiidorf havde aflagt besog dcrude. Missionen slotledes af Kongens mere ven og radgiver von [’lessen, pa livis plantagei p;i Si. Croix brodrene holdt til i de forste ar. Del er muligt, at man her kan se oprindelsen til det navn, soni af de nuihriske brodre er givet til flere af deres missionsstationcr i den nyc verden (fig. 5). Efter i det 19. aili. at vacre blcvct handlet flere gauge, blev plantagcn Bethlehem i 1902 erhvervet af godsejer J. Laehmann. dcr byggede cn ny sukkerfabrik efter de mest moderne rctningslinier. J. Lachmann's brodci^ Karl Laehmann blev administrator for fabrikken, og det er fra bans son overhege, dr. nied. Aage Laehmann, at plantagekortet har fundet vej til Nationalmuseets samlinger. Ogsa kortets proveniens er sa- ledes i fineste orden. Korer man i dag ad eentgr-line fra Frederiksted til Christiansted, er meget forandiel. Pa det, der engang var friigtbart land med vajendc sukkerror, er nii kun sparsomnic levninger. Nu er sukkeravlen uigenkal- deligt lorbi. Drejcr man mod nord ned mod Bethlehem Old Works er in- tet tilbage fra det atlende arliundrede - ej heller meget af Laelimann’s monslerfabrik. Korer man tilbage ad den samme vej og forlsalter over eenicr-line og videre ad vejen syd for denne, forer den som i gamle dage til Upper Bethlehems plantcrhus pa klippeknolden. V’ed at sammcnligne de Windls bolig Ira 1779 med huset i dag. er der en til vished graensende sandsynlighed for, at det ligger pa den samme jdads og er bygget pa fundamenterne af det gamle bus. Sammenlignes tegnin- gen fig. 2 med fotografiet fig. 4 er ligheden uomtvislelig. I’il ven.stre lor hovedindgangen findes endog pa det nuvicrende Bethlehem en k:clder- luge, der svarer til den oprindelige, som ses pa fig. 2 og grundplanen er ogsa den samme, nar de tilbygninger, der ligger til ost og vest er bort- tagne. Ogsa cisternen ligger pa samme sted. Det hus, der pa planen (.se farvetavlen) er angivet med I, hestcstalden, kan nndigvis v;ere den mi- vicrende garagebygning, der .ses til hojre pa fotografiet fig. 10. For en opmaling af de tilbagev;erende bygningcr har fundet sted, er man dog ikke i stand til at udtalc sig med sikkerhed. Ost for den niivicrende hovedbygning fandtes i 192.1 ogsa en have (se fig. 10), s& en mulighed for den gamle haves til.stedev;ci else pa delte sted findes. I en buc har den rundet sig ornkring hojen (10). Fortsa-'tter man ad vejen, der forer ost om hojen kommer man som i gamle dage til fabrik og slavelui.se, i dag som for 200 ar siden med rode tage (fig. 10). Videre forer den sydpa til rninerne al Fair Plaine (lig. 1.3) ved kanten af Bcthlehem-bakken. Af del gamle Bay works er kun sten tilbage. Endelig nar man ned til Kongens Bay, hvor liakken lober ud i det caraibiske hav omgivet af krat pa alle sider (fig. 11). Man kan saledes endnu fa el indiryk af Kongens, I leyligernes og Jan Jacob de Windts Bethlehem. 122 OCT ?... I -yi .. -y. . .’■ ■ i;-- Farvclnvlc. Udsiiit af kortel fig. I, dcr vise/ ll/cjliddlc Works clln U/>l), r Helklr/icm (sc Ifksirn s. Il.'i). Del viste nrrnl cr n/.2mO dw/skr fod h/r/gl og ca. 1200 fod hrrdt. Mdlcslokken foroven het/viser til kovcdkorlct og Hike til del her geitgiviie iids/iil. Nii- lioiKihuiiseel. Lennart Larsen fol. 1908. 'io ' ■■'4: OCT 2 ' 198T Co iMOA/i Oa TivDi We-.^er ,4anAufrm*t , ry . 9nm/m 2^^ .4m£rn^ AMAetwf^ St^'i W /vvif 220 JOUBKAL OP NeGBO HisTOBY A St. Ceou Map of 1T66 Cmristianst>co C«M« J—* 4^ .IW^*. Aft C D «« D I p.u^ i<4. frc*.'*' o r£L'^S=;i ft C^»4« S*MdW L ft*«Urjt«Aal Sid : CV^Ttcn ?roH » iS ^ ia !U ircR ?4\ ii #SL ^ CVa^tcc ►►MNriT X Qv»ftTC h-'-:-*t’---i-' :-4.“--.“rr: r2 221 f -5 , 1 '4 . rsi) dieInsel Bu3L»r*Bajr^ \ =i^ill. 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V^ON tIJOU' £ ■'» : t^ £- .7^ ';<^iiSpm.-’J-W - ij^if ■] v:: m ««VL ly ,-*V fei MOUMTAIM • >T. r.r„..f =7^ . •v\- <l*rCLD\^ 1 •iC , . / UTbitmlchci^^ ^ V-' /•'t'i tO«rcn Lovft \ \: ■ mrm' .’7 .‘•.^:v‘ 7-t^r:^- , '.- '-^'>7 '/'^“^ '^,- vnu^i V /' ‘ jS " ►.^COKCOPtOlA 1, y^'STA'—' r v»"m l\z 7 i. V .7 'X i?.:4 ^Gqcoen Gitovc TV >r r" , , •• X rr'.A' .* :7 ‘ rti>'Ju. / /-“TT:/- - \ _ - -^ ' -;Tp^^ I mamnim* Gay •• ; .A--V Kra ............ 'La T77 ^ V I. / WASO Form -177 <"R" June 1984) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES EVALUATION/RETURN SHEET ?70d(9li. ff Bethlehem Middle Works Historic District St. Croix County VIRGIN ISLANDS Bevlet Working No.__ Fed. Reg. Date: Date Due: OCT 21987 ^//r/AK resubmission □ nomination by person or local government □ owner objection □ appeal y 01 Action: J/ACCEPT _ .RETURN______________ .REJECT_______________ Federal Agency: Substantive Review: 1 sample □ request O appeal ,4l NR decision Re.i»«r’scom™nB: ^,d^u4^ ^ /7//o/S^T- Recom./Criteri Reviewer /I. Cm p Discipline. ' Date____ .1— . see continuation sheet Nomination returned for: ..technical corrections cited below _substantive reasons discussed below 1. Name 2. Location 3. Classification Category Ownership Public Acquisition Status Accessible Present Use 4. Owner of Property 5. Location of Legal Description 6. Representation in Existing Surveys Has this property been determined eligible? IZl yes □ no 7. Description Condition n excellent IZ] good □ fair I I deteriorated I I ruins □ unexposed Check one IZH unaltered (m altered Describe the present and original (if known) physical appearance □ summary paragraph □ completeness □ clarity □ alterations/integrity □ dates I I boundary selection Check one LZ original site [m moved date. 8. Significance Period Areas of Significance-Check and justify below Specific dates Builder/Architect Statement of Significance (in one paragraph) □ summary paragraph n completeness O clarity O applicable criteria EH justification of areas checked EU relating significance to the resource EH context EH relationship of integrity to significance EH justification of exception EH other 9. Major Bibliographical References 10. Geographical Data Acreage of nominated property Quadrangle name UTM References Verbal boundary description and justification 11. Form Prepared By 12. State Historic Preservation Officer Certification The evaluated significance of this property within the state is: national state local State Historic Preservation Officer signature title date 13. Other EH Maps EH Photographs EH Other Questions concerning this nomination may.be directed to. Signed. Date Phone: GPO 918*450 Comments for any item may be continued on an attached sheet GOVERNiVIENTOF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES Department of PLANNING & NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION FOR ARCHAEOLOGY & HISTORIC PRESERVATION P.O. Box 2606 Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, V.l. 00801 PRESERVATION twBISS September 10, 1987 Carol D. Shull Chief of Registration National Register of Historic Places Interagency Resources Division National Park Service Washington, D.C. 20013-7127 Dear Ms. Shull; Enclosed are seven National Register Nominations for sites on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. They are: Estate Bethlehem, Old & New Works, Estate Bethlehem, Middle Works, Estate Fairplane, Estate Richmond, Estate Slob, Estate Lower Love, and Estate Strawberry Hill. The above listed nominations have been reviewed by the State Historic Preservation Review Board and signed by the State Historic Preservation Officer. Please feel free to contact either Claudette Lewis or David Harrington of staff at 809-774-7859 if you have any questions. Sincerely ./ Assistant Ccmnissioner BT/DHH/dhh D2 OCT 2