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NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands VOLUME V Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands Pandanales to Thymeleales NEW YORK: Published by the Academt 1924 CONTENTS OF VOLUME V. Titlo-pagc 1 Contents Ill Dates of Publication of Parts HI Preface 1-5 Descriptive Flora 7-620 Spermatophyta 7-620 Angiospermae ^ 7-020 Monocotyledones 8-217 Dicotyledones (Part) 217-620 Index to Oidors, Families and Genera G21-626 Dates of Publication of Pakts. Part 1, pp. 1- loS. August 10, 1923. Part 2, pp. 1.59~.316. January 10, 1924. Part .3, pp. 317-47 1. .Tune 10, 1924. Part 4, pp. 47.5-626. November S, 1924. PREFACE. By N. L. Britton. Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands form a geographical, geo- logical and biological province with many natural features in common from west to east, only Anegada, the most eastern island, diverging widely from the general type, through its recent soft limestones and the accompanying specialized plant and animal types. The archipelago, with a total land area somewhat less than that of the State of Connecticut, lies within the geographical area from west longitude 67° 56' (Mona) to west longitude 64° 16' (Anegada) and within the narrow belt of north latitude 17° 40' (St. Croix) to north latitude 18° 33' (northern coast of Porto Rico) and 18° 45' (Anegada). This narrow latitudinal belt renders the illumination of the whole area essentially uniform, as also the atmospheric movements of tradewinds and cyclones, and the temperatures of the waters enclosing the islands; the air temperatures at equal altitudes are also essentially alike. The old land mountain axis of Porto Rico extends brokenly and reaching lower elevations eastward through the islands Culebra, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. Jan and Tortola to Virgin Gorda. Dese- cheo Island, in the Mona Passage, west of Porto Rico, is also in this old land axis. The newer. Tertiary, land and rock-series of Porto Rico, rep- resented by the northern and southern coastal plains and their accompanjdng hills, largely of limestone, are not represented, however, in the Virgin Islands from St. Thomas to Virgin Gorda, though occurring on Vieques, on Cayo Muertos, and on Mona. St. Croix, which lies isolated well south of the main axis of the archipelago, is included in the Virgin Islands in a broad sense only, being geographically^ separated from the other islands, although with much in common with them biologically. The elements of greatest natural diversity within the area are found (1) in the differing altitudes and accompanying differing 1 2 PKEFACE barometric phenomena; (2) in the differing rainfalls ; (3) in the dif- fering soils. All these profoundly influence the distribution of the native plants and animals and also agricultural and horticultural practices and possibilities. 1. Altitudes. On the mainland of Porto Rico the monadnocks of the Luquillo Mountains and of the Cordillera Central rise to ele- vations of about 1200 meters, much of the central part averaging about 600 meters. St. Thomas rises to about 450 meters; St. Jan is a little lower; Tortola reaches about 550 meters. Ascending anywhere from sea level, the observer can not fail to notice de- creasing temperatures and changes in the vegetation; reaching about 600 meters, most of the lowland plants have been left behind, and the flora of the high mountain summits is almost wholly com- posed of characteristic species. We designate as higher elevations, altitudes from about 900 meters to the mountain summits; as 7niddle elevations, altitudes from about 500 meters to about 900 meters; and as lower elevations, lands of less than 500 meters altitude. 2. Rainfall. The moist northeasterly tradewinds, almost con- tinuous except during cyclonic disturbances, impinge upon the land masses and precipitate their vapor in the form of showers of varying intensity, from mere sprinkles to excessive cloud-bursts. The high mountains of Porto Rico cause the greater part of the atmospheric moisture to be precipitated over the northern and central districts, so that by the time the winds reach the southern coast they are dry or even drying, causing truly desert conditions to obtain in the southwestern coastal areas. In the Virgin Islands and on Vieques and Culebra, the much lower mountains do not bring about this extreme diversity of rainfall, but it is, nevertheless, locally evident, the higher parts of these islands being for the most part better supplied with rain than the lower. It is the mountain masses themselves, rather than their vegetation, that cause high rainfall, no proof whatever of a forest covering having any effect being ascertainable, but a forest covering is all important in conserving the rain and regulating the flow of streams and of rivers; the present denuded condition of most of the mountain area is detrimental and unfortunate. We designate as wet districts those in which the average annual rainfall is over about 200 centimeters; as moist districts, those with rainfall from about 100 to about 200 centimeters; as dry districts. PREFACE 3 those with rainfall of less than 100 centimeters; the wettest districts are in the higher Luquillo Mountains and in the higher western and central Cordillera Central, where the rainfall may exceed 300 centi- meters; the driest areas are in the extreme southwestern coastal parts of Porto Rico, where the average fall is under 60 centimeters, and where no rain may fall during very long periods. Reference is made to the map of Porto Rico, showing the distribution of rain published by Dr. Lobeck in "The Physiography of Porto Rico" (Sci. Survey Porto Rico and V. I. 1: 303, fig. 1). As to Vieques and the Virgin Islands their rainfall would bring them, for the most part, within our areas regarded as moist, but locally as dry; Desecheo Island, as its name impHes, is evidently dry; Mona, Culebra, Icacos and Anegada are probably dry. This varied distribution of rainfall is evidently a fundamental factor in the natural distribution of native plants, and this is noticed by all observers, even the most casual. In passing from north to south, over the central mountain axis of Porto Rico, the change of vegetation is, locally, abrupt, trees and other plants of the northern slopes giving place on the southern to different species, and the natural vegetation of the northern moist districts, as about San Juan and Arecibo, is seen to be almost wholly different from that of the southern, as about Ponce and Guanica. 3. Soils. The soils of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands are varied; they have been derived from the rocks by erosion, and dis- tributed for the most part by water. Some regions, such as the plateau of Mona Island, parts of southern Porto Rico, mountain slopes in Porto Rico and St. Thomas and elsewhere have scarcely any soil, the vegetation springing directly from rock-crevices in which the roots of plants are firmly embedded or between loose rocks; from this condition we have soils of differing thickness, up to the very deep and thick deposits of the Porto Rican alluvial coastal plains. The soils also differ greatly in the amount of water they contain, some being very wet, others nearly dry. Along the coasts within the maritime influence, the soils contain varying amounts of salt, as also along the borders of Lake Guanica. On limestone hills and their slopes the soils are more or less calcareous, on eruptive rock hills and mountains and in granite and shale regions they are often predominantly clayey, and along rivers and especially on the northern coastal plain of Porto Rico they are almost pure sand or gravel, as also on coastal beaches and dunes. 4 PREFACE All these soil features fundamentally govern the distribution of plants. Some species can exist only under saline conditions; some only on calcareous rocks; some only in sand; some only in marshes, some only in water. But it may be remarked that some species are far more cosmopolitan than others, being able to thrive under various conditions. A large number of kinds of plants exist naturally only in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands; these are termed endemic species. They are scattered in distribution, not being restricted to wet, dry, high, or low districts or to specific types of soil, though many of them appear, from our present knowledge, to be very local in distribution. All the endemic species are more or less closely related to other species inhabiting other West Indian Islands, indicating community of origin, and differentiation through iso- lation. The cutting of the forests over the greater part of both Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands has probably eHminated some endemic species. All plants may be grouped in four main categories, known as Phyla or Subkingdoms, as follows: Phylum 1. Spermatophyta, those which bear seeds, a seed being different from all other vegetable structures by containing an embryonic plantlet. All spermatophytes bear flowers of one kind or another, and this phylum is also called Anthophyta, or flowering plants and, to distinguish it from the three other phyla collectively, Phanerogamia. Phyla 2, 3 and 4 taken together are called Cryp- togamia; all of these are seedless. Phylum 2. Pteridophyta, comprises ferns and fern allies; all are flowerless and have two separate and distinct alternating generations, the one represented by the fully developed plant having root, stem and leaves, with vascular tissue and bearing spores, a spore being a single vegetable cell capable of growing into a new plant; the other, called the prothalliura stage, is small, in- conspicuous, grows from the spores, has no vascular tissue, is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves, and bears the sexual organs; from the female organ of the prothallium (archegonium) the fully developed spore-bearing plant again arises; the male organ, borne either on the same prothallium or on a different one, is called an antheridium. Phylum 3. Bryophyta, consists of mosses and their allies; all are small flowerless plants with alternating sexual and non- PREFACE 5 sexual (spore-bearing) generations, but the spore-bearing genera- ation never becomes separated and independent; the sexual gener- ation is commonly the more conspicuous and is, in most cases, differentiated into stem and leaves, while the spore-bearing gener- ation is never thus differentiated; their spores are borne in con- ceptacles termed capsules, and from the spores the plant again develops. Bryophytes consist almost wholly of cellular or non- vascular tissue. Phylum 4. Thallophyta, includes the algae, fungi andUchens; all are flowerless and their methods of reproduction and propagation are varied. They contain no vascular tissue (except a few large algae) and the plant body is not differentiated into stem and leaves. Many of them are of microscopic size. DESCRIPTIVE FLORA. Phylum 1. SPERMATOPHYTA. Seed-bearing Plants. By N. L. Britton and Percy Wilson. Plants producing seeds which contain an embryo formed of one or more rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem (hypocotyl, radicle), and a terminal bud (plumule), or these parts sometimes undifferentiated before germination. Microspores (pollen-grains) are borne in microsporanges (anther-sacs) on the apex or side of a modified leaf (filament). The macrosporanges (ovules) are born on the face of a flat or inrolled much m.odified leaf (carpel) and contain one macrospore (embryo-sac); this develops the minute female prothalhum, an archegone of which is fertilized by means of a tube (pollen-tube), a portion of the male prothallium sprouting from the pollen-grain. There are two classes which differ from each other as follows: Ovxiles and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary) stigmas 1 or more. Class 1. Angiospermae. Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale; stigmas none. Class 2. Gymnospermae. Class 1. ANGIOSPERMAE. Ovules (macrosporanges) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary) formed by the infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified rudimentary'- leaf (carpel), or of several such leaves joined together, in which the seeds are ripened. The pollen-grains (microspores) on alighting upon the summit of the carpel (stigma) germinate, sending out a pollen-tube which penetrates its tissues and reaching an ovule enters the orifice of the latter (micro pyle), and its tip coming in contact with a germ-cell in the embryo-sac, fertihzation is effected. In a few cases the pollen-tube enters the ovule at the chalaza, not at the micropyle. There are two sub-classes, distinguished as follows: Cotyledon one; stem endogenous. Sub-class 1. Monocotyledones. Cotyledons normally two; stem (with rare excep- tions) exogenous. Sub-class 2. Dicotyledones. Order 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE 9 solitary, pendulous; stjde elongate; stigma linear or spatulate, unilateral. Fruit minute, subsessile or long-stipitate. Seed subcylindric or narrowly ellipsoid; albumen farinaceous; testa membranaceous; embryo cylindric, straight. The family comprises only the following genus. 1. TYPHA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753. Characters of the family. [Name ancient.] About 9 species, widely dis- tributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Typha latifolia L. 1. Typha angustifolia L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753. Typha latifolia domingensis Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 532. 1807. Typha domingensis Pers.; Kunth. Enum. 3: 92. 1841. Typha angustifolia domingensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 512. 1864. Typha domingiensis Kronf. Verh. Zool.-Bdt. Ges. Wien. 39: 163. 1889. Stems slender, 1-3 m. tall. Leaves narrowly linear, 6-16 dm. long, or longer, 3-20 mm. broad; racemes light- or dark-brown, the staminate and pistillate portions usually separated, each 1-4 dm. long; hairs accompanying the pistillate flowers with or without club-shaped tips; pollen-grains simple; denuded rachis of the pistillate raceme roughened by the short, rigid pedicels. Along rivers and in marshes, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola;—Bermuda; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba to Trinidad; southern United States to Patagonia; Europe; Asia. Enea. Eneas. C.\t-tail. Its leaves are used for thatclnng. Pandanus utilis Bory, Screw-pine, native of Madagascar, of the related familv Pandanaceae, is sometimes planted for ornament and interest in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. It is a large, often little branched, tree-like plant with stilt-like roots and long narrow green, sword-shaped leaves armed with reddish prickles, the long-peduncled syncarpous pendulous fruits are sometimes 15 cm. in diamater. [P. odoratissimus of Eggers.] Pandanus Veitchii Hort., Polynesian, is also planted for ornament; its spiny toothed leaves are dark green in the center, margined with broad bands of white or silvery white. Order 2. NAIADALES. Aquatic or marsh-inhabiting caulescent or acaulescent herbs, the leaves . various. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious. Perianth rudimentary or wanting. Parts of the flower mostly unequal in number. Carpels 1 or more, distinct and separate or united; endosperm none, or very Uttle. Carpels distinct. Fam. 1. Zannichelliaceae. Carpels united, or 1 only. Staminate flowers of 2 long-pedicelled anthers; pen- anth wanting; acaulescent plants. Fam. 2. Cymodoce.\CEAE. Staminate flowers sessile or nearly so, consisting of an anther surrounded by the perianth; caulescent plants. Fam. 3. Naiadace.^E. Family 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE Dumort. PoNDWEED Family. Marine or fresh-water perennials, with floating or submerged leaves or both. Flowers monoecious or perfect, inconspicuous. Perianth prerient or wanting. Stamens 1-4. Carpels 1-seeded. Fruit drupe-like. Endosperm wanting. About four genera and 90 species. Perianth wanting; stamens 2. .^^€\ f^ X"^*V V d^?„^^"/,«mm Perianth of 4 segments; stamens 4. y^\v*Vv'- )s. i^oiamogeion. 10 ZANNICHELLIACEAE 1. RUPPIA L. Sp. PI. 127. 1753. Submerged, usually salt or brackish water herbs, with long thread-Uke, forking stems, and slender alternate 1-nerved leaves. Flowers 2 or more together within the leaf-sheath on a short peduncle which usually becomes greatly elong- ated after flowering, and is ultimately a loosely coiled spiral. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2 ; anthers 2-celled, sessile. Carpels 4, 1-ovuled, sessile at first, at length usually long-stipitate ; stigmas peltate; ovule pendulous. Drupelets oblique or equilateral, crowned with the long or short-style. Embryo curved. [Named in honor of Heinrich Bernhard Ruppius, a German botanist of the 18th century.] About three species, of wide distribution. Type species: Ruppia maritima L. Stipes of the drupelets free. 1. R. maritima Stipes of the drupelets united Into a column. 2. R. anomala. 1. Ruppia maritima L. Sp. PI. 127. 1753. Ruppia rostellata Koch; Reichb. Icon. PI. Crit. 2: 66. 1824. Stems pale brown or whitish, usually branched, often 1 m. long. Leaves linear-capillary, 3-10 cm. long, 0.3-0.8 mm. wide; sheaths with a short free tip; fruiting peduncles capillary, sometimes 3 dm. long; pedicles 4 or more in a cluster, 0.8--3.5 cm. long; drupes ovoid, 2-3 mm. long, often oblique or gibbous at the base , pointed with the long style. In shallow bays, pools, and lagoons, Porto Rico; Culebra ; Vieques ; St. Thomas; St. Jan; St. Croix :- Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America, sometimes occuring in saUne pools in the interior; Bermuda; Bahamas to Trinidad; temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. Ditch-Grass. 2. Ruppia anomala Ostenfeld, Bull. Torrey Club 42: 659. 1915. Stems and leaves similar to the preceding. Peduncle short, not becoming greatly elongated after flowering; stipes united into a column at the top of which the drupelets are arranged in a star-like manner. Border of Lake Giianica. Endemic. 2. POTAMOGETON [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 126. 1753. Herbs mostly of fresh-water ponds and streams, with submerged or floating stems. Leaves flat, 2-ranked, alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of ^ two kinds, submerged and floating, the submerged leaves mostly thin and narrow, the floating coriaceous or subcoriaceous and broad. Stipules either free from the leaf-bases or closely adnate to them. Inflorescence spicate, axillary. Peri- anth segments 4. Stamens 4; anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4, rarely only 1, with an ascending campylotropous ovule; stigma sessile or on a short style. Fruit of 4 drupelets, the pericarp usually thin and hard or spongy. Seeds crustaceous, with a complete or incomplete spiral embryo. [Greek, in allusion to the aquatic habit.] About 85 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Potamogeton natans L. With sessile, submerged leaves only, the blades linear, without a coarsely cellular-reticulate space each side of the midrib; spikes capitate. 1. P. foliosus. With floating and submerged leaves; spikes cylindric. Submerged leaves sessile, the blades linear, with a coarsely cellular- reticulate space each side of the midrib. 2. P. epihydrus. Submerged leaves petioled, the blades narrowly lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, without a coarsely cellular-reticulate space each side of the midrib. 3. P. fluitans. CYMODOCEACEAE 11 1. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 354. 1808. Poiamogeton paucifiorus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 121. 1814. Stems filiform, flattened. Leaves all submerged, narrowly linear, 2-6 cm. long, 0.5-2 mm. broad, acute at the apex, obscurely 3-5-nerved; peduncles 0.5- 1.8 mm. long; spikes capitate, few-flowered, on short, more or less clavate pe- duncles ; fruit lenticular or nearly orbicular, the back more or less crested ; embryo an incomplete spiral, the apex pointing towards the base or outside it. In streams, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispanlola; United States to Brazil; also re- corded from the Sandwich Islands. 2. Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Med. Repos. II. 5: 534. 1808. Poiamogeton Nultallii Cham. & Schl. Linnaea 2: 226. 1827. Potamogeton pennsylvanicus Cham. & Schl. Linnaea 2: 227. 1827. Poiamogeton Clayloni Tuckerm. Am. Jour. Sci. 45: 38. 1843. Potamogeton pen7isylvanicus portoricensis Graebner; Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 73. 1903. Potamogeton Nultallii portoricensis Graebner, Pflanzenreich 4^': 56. 1907. Stem slender, compressed, simple or sometimes branched. Floating leaves petioled, the blades oblong-elliptic to elliptic, occasionally somewhat obovate, 3-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. or more broad, obtuse or acutish at the apex, nari'owed at the acute base, many-nerved; submerged leaves sessile, the blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 5-14 cm. long, 2-4 mm. or more broad, with a coarsely cellular- reticulate space each side of the midrib; peduncles equalling or much longer than the spike; spikes cylindric, 1.5-3.7 cm. long, occasionally longer, many-flowered; fruit round-obovoid, 3-keeled, the sides flat and indistinctly impressed; embryo a complete spiral, the curved apex pointing inside the base and upward. Porto Rico, according to Graebner :—temperate continental North America. 3. Potamogeton fluitans Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 72. 1788. Potamogeton occidentalis Sieber; Cham. & Schl. Linnaea 2; 224. 1827. Potamogeton americanus Cham. & Schl. Linnaea 2: 226. 1827. Stem terete or nearly so, often branched below. Floating leaves long- petioled, the blades lanceolate to broadly elliptic, 4-13 cm. long, 1-4 cm. broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or acute at the base, many-nerved; submerged leaves petioled, the blades pellucid, narrowly lanceolate to elliptic- lanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, 7-27 mm. broad; peduncles somewhat thickened upward, usually much longer than the spike ; spikes cylindric, 2-5 cm. long, many- flowered; fruit obliquely obovoid, 3-4.5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, the back more or less prominently crested ; embryo a complete spiral, the curved apex pointing just inside the base. In streams, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Martinique; Trinidad; con- tinental America; Europe; Asia and Africa. Recorded by Bello as P. plantagineus Du Cruz. P. LeschenauUii Cham & Schl. of Urban's Symb. Ant. 4: 72. 1903, appar- ently belongs here. Family 2. CYMODOCEACEAE Kerner. Manatee-grass Family. Submerged perennial herbs of sandy sea bottoms, with long creeping rootstocks. Leaves linear, sheathing at the base. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary or cymose. Perianth wanting. Staminate flowers of 2 long-pedicelled anthers, the anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers of 1 or 2 carpels. Stigmas 1 or 2, slender. Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded. Embryo ovoid or ellipsoid. Two known genera, as follows: stigmas 2 ; leaf-blades terete or nearly so. 1. Cymodocea. Stigma 1 ; leaf-blades flat. 2. Halodule. 12 NAIADACEAE 1. CYMODOCEA Konig; Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 96. 1805. Sulmierged marine herbs, with slender elongated rootstocks. Staminate flowers consisting of two anthers on the end of a long pedicel, the anthers equally attached. Pistillateflowersof 2 carpels. Stigmas 2, slender. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous. [Named for Cymodoce, one of the Nereids.] About 7 species, tropical and subtropical. Type species: Cymodocea aequorea Konig. 1. Cymodocea manatorum Aschers. Stiz.-ber. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin 1868: 19. 1868. Phycagrostis manatorum Kuntze, Kev. Gen. 744. 1891. Rootstock branched, 7 dm. long or longer. Leaves linear, grass-like, terete or semi-terete, 0.4-3.2 dm. long, 0.8-1.8 mm. wide, their bases enclosed by mem- branous sheaths 1-5 cm. long. Fruit ellipsoid, flattened, 5-6.5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, beaked by the persistent style; seed elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long. Shallow salt water, Porto Rico; Culebra; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan:—Florida; Mississippi; Louisiana ; Jamaica ; Bermuda to Cuba, Martinique and Curacao. JSIaxatee- GR.\ss. 2. HALODULE Endl. Gen. 1368. 1841. Submerged herbs, with jointed rootstocks. Staminate flowers consisting of 2 anthers attached to the end of a long pedicel, the anthers unequally attached. Pistillate flower a single naked carpel. Style short, terminated by a slender, solitary stigma. Fruit small, globose, somewhat compressed. [Greek, referring to the saline habit.] About two species of tropical and subtropical waters. Type species: Diplanthera tridentata Steinh. 1. Halodule Wrightii Aschers. Stiz-ber. Ges. Nat. Freunde 1868: 19. 1868. Diplanthera Wrightii Aschers. in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Nacht. 37. 1897. Rootstocks jointed, rooting at the nodes. Leaves narrowly linear, flat, 4-30 cm. long, occasionally longer, 1 mm. wide or less, acute at the tip, sheathing at the base, the scarious sheaths 1-3 cm. long; anthers 6 mm. long; fruit black. Shallow salt water, Porto Rico; Culebrita; St. Thomas; St. Croi.x:—Florida; Jamaica; Bahamas to Cuba and Martinique; Panama. Also recorded from Africa. Family 3. NAIADACEAE. (Lindl.) Ascli. Naias Family. Slender submerged aquatics, with fibrous roots and branching stems. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, the blades linear, spiny on the margins or the back, or both, sheathing at the base. Leaf-sheaths rounded or auricu- late, entire or toothed. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary and axillary. Staminate flowers with a double perianth-like envelope, the inner hyaline, the outer 4-lobed or entire. Stamen 1. Anther 1-4-celled. Pistillate flower of a single pistil. Style short or wanting. Stigmas 2-4. Fruit a little drupelet. Seed solitary. Embryo straight. The family comprises only the following genus. 1. NAIAS L. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753. Characters of the family. [Greek, water-nymph.] About 30 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Naias marina L. ALISMACEAE 13 Leaves flaccid, scarcely toothed; flowers monoecious. 1. N. guadaiupensis. Leaves rigid, coarsely tootlied; flowers dioecious. 2. N. marina. 1. Naias guadaiupensis (Spreng.) Morong, Mem. Torrey Club 3=: 60. 1893. Caulinia ouadaliipensis Spreng. Syst. 1: 20. 1825. Naias microdon A. Br. Sitz.-ber. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin 1868: 17. 1868. Naias microdon guadaiupensis A. Br. loc. cit. 1868. Naias microdon curassavica A. Br. loc. cit. 1868. Naias flexilis guadaiupensis A. Br. Jour. Bot. 2: 276. 1864. Naias flexilis curassavica A. Br. loc. cit. 277. 1864. Naias guadaiupensis curassavica Mangus & Rendle, Symb. Ant. 4: 74. 1903. Stems very slender, 2-7 dm. long. Leaves numerous, opposite or in fascicles, the blades linear, 10-25 mm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. broad, acute or obtuse at the apex, the margin with numerous minute teeth; sheaths rounded, with 5-10 teeth on each margin; fruit 2 mm. long; seeds narrowly ellipsoid, straw-colored, con- spicuously reticulate. [N. major of Bello, not of AUioni.] In streams, pools and lakes, Porto Rico:—Cuba: Jamaica; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe: Curacao; temperate and tropical continental America. Recorded by Krebs from St. Thomas. • 2. Naias marina L. Sp. PI. 1015. 1753. Stems rather stout, much branched, 2-4 dm. long, the internodes spinulos. Leaves rigid, coarsely triangular-dentate, linear, 1-4.5 cm. long; flowers dioe- cious; fruit 3-4 mm. long. Laguna Tortuguero:—Cuba; temperate and subtropical regions. Order 3. ALISMALES. Aquatic or uliginous herbs, mostly acaukscent and with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, mostly basal, broad or narrow. Flowers perfect, monoe- cious or dioecious, clustered. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 thin petals, or sometimes wanting. Stamens several or many; filaments slender or short ; anthers with inconspicuous connectives. Pistils few to many, distinct ovary superior; style stout or slender; stigma small. Fruit a head of achenes in the following family. Family 1. ALISMACEAE DC. Water-pl.\ntain Family. Marsh or aquatic perennial, or sometimes annual herbs, with fibrous roots, scapose stems and basal leaves. Inflorescence simple or branched. Flowers perfect or unisexual, whorled, born in terminal racemes or panicles. Receptacle flat, convex or globose. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, de- ciduous. Stamens 6 or more. Anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 1-celled, usually with a single ovule in each cavity. Fruit a head of flat or turgid achenes. Seeds curved. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. About 13 genera and 75 species, of wide distribution in fresh water marshes, ponds and streams. Flowers perfect. . , , , Fruiting heads not ecliinate; achenes turgid, beakless or obscurely beaked. 1- Ilelianthium. Fruiting heads echinate; achenes mostly flat, prominently beaked. 2. Echinodorus. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the upper flowers of the inflorescence staminate, the lower pistillate. 3. Sagitlaria. 1. HELIANTHIUM Engelni.; Britton, Man. ed. 2. 54. 1905. Annual or perennial marsh or aquatic herbs, sometimes with creeping pro- 14 ALISMACEAE liferous shoots, and linear or ovate, erect, ascending, or floating leaves. Scapes terminating in a few-flowered whorl or a many-flowered panicle, the pedicels slender, spreading or recurved in fruit. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, embracing the fruiting-head or reflexed beneath it. Petals 3. Stamens 6 or 9; filaments elongate; anthers short. Achenes several, borne on the elevated receptacle. Style not apical, minute. Achenes forming a globular or depressed head, ribbed, obscurely beaked or beakless. [Greek, sunflower.] About two species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Echinodorus parvulus Engelm. 1. Helianthium tenellum (Mart.) Britton, Man. ed. 2, 54. 1905. AHsma tenellum Mart.; R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1600. 1830. Echinodorus parvulus Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. ed. 2, 438. 1856. Echinodorus tenellus Buch. Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 2: 18. 1868. Helianthium parvulum Small, N. A. Flora 17: 45. 1909. A rather delicate stoloniferous herb, 3-15 cm. high. Leaves erect or ascend- ing, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 0.8-5 cm. long, 2-6 mm. broad, acute at both ends, slender petioted, when submersed becoming linear phyllodia; scape often surpassing the leaves, commonly reclined; umbel 2-8-flowered; bracts lanceolate; pedicels slender, 1-3.5 cm. long, unequal, reflexed in fruit; flower 6 mm. broad; sepals ovate, obtuse; petals obovate, emarginate; styles much shorter than the ovary; fruiting heads globular, 3-4 mm. in diameter; achenes 1-1.5 mm. long. Submersed or In mud, northern coastal plain of Porto Rico:—United [States continental tropical America; Cuba; Jamaica; Santo Domingo. 2. ECHINODORUS Rich.; Engelm. m A. Gray, Man. 460. 1848. Perennial or annual marsh herbs, viith erect or ascending, long-petioled leaves. Scape often longer than the leaves. Flowers perfect, mostly in remote whorled racemes; sepals 3, persistent; petals 3, deciduous; stamens 12-30, rarely fewer; carpels numerous, inserted on a convex or globose receptacle; style ob- liquely apical, persistent; stigma simple. Achenes more or less compressed, ribbed and beaked, forming bristly heads. [Greek, in allusion to the bristly heads of fruit.] About 16 species, mostly natives of tropical America. Type species: Alisma rostratum Nutt. 1. Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb. Abh. K. Ges. Wiss. Gott. 7: 257. 1857. Alisma cordifolia L. Sp. PI. 343. 1753. Alisma Berteroanum Balbis; R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1605. 1830. Alisma rostratum Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 5: 159. 1837. Echinodorus rostratus Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 460. 1848. Sagittaria rostrata Ktze. Rev. Gen. 3-: 326. 1898. Perennial, with a short erect rootstock and angled stems and petioles. Leaves long-petioled, the blades ovate to broadly ovate, occasionally ovate- lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, 2-18 cm. broad, obtuse or acute at the apex, truncate or cordate at the base, punctate with pellucid lines, the submersed ones thin and pellucid ; scapes solitary or several, up to 1.5 m. tall, surpassing the leaves, simple or verticillately branched; flowers 3-9 in each verticil; pedicels 7-15 mm. long, nearly erect after flowering; sepals elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, 4-5 mm. long, acutish or obtuse; petals white, often about twice as long as the sepals; fruiting heads bur-like, globose to ovoid, 5-9 mm. long; achenes narrowly obovate, 1.9- 2.5 mm. long, the beak slender, about one half as long as the body. Marshy places along fresh water streams and borders of ponds, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix:—United States; Mexico and Central America; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba to'st. Thomas and Barbados; Curacao. ALISMACEAE 15 3. SAGITTARIA L. Sp. PI. 993. 17.53. Perennial bog or water plants, with tuber-bearing or irregularly thickened rootstocks. Leaves long-petioled, with a sagittate or lanceolate blade, or the leaves reduced to bladeless phyllodes. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne in verticils of 3's near the top of the scapes, the staminate uppermost. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens numerous, inserted on the convex or globose receptacle; anthers 2-celled, opening by lateral slits. Pistillate flowers with numerous dis- tinct carpels, sometimes with imperfect stamens. Achenes mimerous, densely crowded in globose or subglobose heads, compressed and often wing-margined. Seed erect, curved. [Latin, referring to the arrow-shaped leaves of some species.] About 40 species, natives of temperature and tropical regions, known as Arrow- leaf. Type species: Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Leaf-blades without basal lobes. 1- S. lancifolia. Leaf-blades with basal lobes. 2. S. intermedia. 1. Sagittaria lancifolia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1270. 1759. Sagittaria lancifolia major Micheli, in DC. Monog. Phan. 3: 73. 1881. Sagittaria lancifolia media Micheli, in DC. Monog. Phan. 3: 73. 1881. A monoecious, often rather stout, perennial herb, 4-20 dm. tall. Leaves long-petioled, the blades linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate or elliptic, 2-5 dm. long, 2-18 cm. broad, acute or acuminate at both ends; petioles more or less black-mottled; scape usually taller than the leaves, commonly branched; bracts linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, acute or acuminate, striate; pedicels 1.5-3 cm. long, rather slender ; flowers 4-5 cm. broad ; sepals obtuse ; petals obovate filaments subulate, pubescent, equalling or longer than the anthers; fruiting heads 10-14 mm. in diameter; achenes cuneate and somewhat falcate, 2-3 mm. long, without tuberculate faces, the beak less than one half the length of the body. Marshy places and borders of ponds, Porto Rico:—southern United States to Ar- gentina; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba to Barbados. Recorded by Bello as Sagittaria acutifolia L.f. In the wliite sand areas of the northern coastal plam the plant has nar- rowly linear leaves; in muddy places the leaves are much broader. 2. Sagittaria intermedia Micheli, in DC. Monog. Phan. 3: 80. 1881. A perennial herb, 2-6 dm. tall. Leaves long-petioled, the blades hastate, triangular-hastate, or occasionally sagittate, 6-18 cm. long, the terminal lobe lanceolate to deltoid, acute or obtuse, the basal lobes narrower and usually longer than the terminal lobe; scapes erect, usually shorter than the leaves, simple or branched; bracts ovate, obtuse, 3-5 mm. long; pedicels 0.4-1.8 cm. long, those of the pistillate flowers much thicker than those of the staminate flowers; sepals ovate to orbicular-ovate, obtuse or acutish; filaments glabrous, anthers about as long as the filaments; fruiting heads 10-12 mm. in diameter; achenes obovate- cuneate, 2-2.5 mm. long, with tuberculate faces, the slender beak short. Marshes, wet woods and ditches at lower elevations; Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola. Recorded by Grisebach as Sagittaria acutifolia L.f.. and by Bello as Sagittaria lancifolia L. Order 4. HYDROCHARITALES. Mostly submersed herbs, perennial by rootstock.s or stolons. Flowers monoecious polygamous or dioecious, arising from spathes. Perianth of 2 d s- similar series of parts or the corolla wanting. Stamens 3-12. Carpels 3-15, united. Ovary inferior, with several parietal placentae or several-celled. Endosperm none. 16 ELODEACEAE Gynoecium 2-5-carpellary ; ovary 1-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentae; stigmas usually 3. Fam. 1. ELODEACEAE. Gynoecium 6-9-carpellary ; ovary 6-9-celled (imper- fectly so in Hydromystria); stigmas 6-9. Fam. 2. Htdrocharitace.4.E. Family 1. ELODEACEAE Dumort. Tape-grass Family. Perennial marine or fresh-water herbs, with rootstocks or stolons, sub- merged or the leaves sometimes floating. Leaves opposite, whorled, or fascicled. Flowers small, monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous, enclosed in a spathe composed of 1-3 bracts. Calyx of the pistillate flowers with a tube and 3 lobes or sepals, that of the staminate flowers often small or obsolete. Petals 3, often rudimentary or wanting. Stamens 3-12; filaments short or none. Pistil 1; ovarj' 1-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentae; ovules usually numerous, orthotropous or anatropous. Fruit small, indehiscent. Seeds without endosperm. About 6 genera and 35 species, natives of tem- perate and tropical regions. 1. HALOPHILA Thouars; Gaud. Voy. Freyc. Bot. 429. 1829. Small submerged marine herbs, with slender creeping rootstocks. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary or two enclosed in a 2-leaved sheath. Staminate flowers peduncled; sepals 3; anthers 3, subsessile, 2- or 4-celled, extrorse. Pistil- late flowers sessile, with 3 minute sepals, a 1-celled ovary and a 3-parted style. Fruit enclosed in the spathe. Seeds numerous, the embryo with spirally tAvisted cotyledons. IGreek, salt-loving.] About 7 species of tropical distribution. Type species: Caulinia ovalis R. Br. Erect shoots very short, 1-3 mm. long, with only one pair of leaves, and a pair of scales at the base; leaf-blades nearly entire margined. 1. II. Baillonis. Erect shoots 1-4 cm. long, bearing 2 pairs of subverticillate leaves at the apex, and a pair of scales at or below the middle; leaf-blades spinulose-serrate. 2. H. Aschersonii. 1. Halophila Baillonis Aschers. Jour. Linn. Soc. 14: 317. 1874. Rhizome filiform, branched. Erect shoots very short, 1-3 mm. long, bearing a pair of erect scales at the base and one pair of leaves at the summit; leaves with slender petioles 4-10 mm. long, the blades thin, oblong-elliptic or elliptic, 1-3 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, rounded at the apex, acute at the base, hispidulous on both sides, the margin minutely denticulate or almost entire; staminate flower pedicelled; sepals oval, obtuse; anthers oblong; pistillate flowers sessile, with three minute sepals; stigmas sessile, filiform; cap.sule 3.5-4 mm. long, about 2 mm. broad; seeds globose or subglobose, about 0.3 mm. in diameter. In shallow or deep water, Porto Rico; Culebra; St. Thomas; St. Croix:—Jamaica; Cuba to Martinique. 2. Halophila Aschersonii Ostenf. Bot. Tidsskr. 24: 239. 1902. Rhizome slender, sometimes 1.3 mm. thick. Erect shoots 1-4 cm. long, bearing a pair of erect scales at or below the middle and 2 pairs of subverticillate leaves at the summit; leaves short-petioled, the petioles 3-5 mm. long; the blades elliptic, 0.8-2 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, obtuse at both ends, glabrous or nearly so, spinulose-serrate on the margins; pistillate fiowers sessile in the axils of the upper pairs of leaves, surrounded by two lanceolate acute bracts; sepals minute; stigmas 2 or 3; staminate flowers unknown. Muddy bottoms of bays, Porto Rico; Culebra; St. Croix:—Jamaica. HYDROCHARITACEAE 17 Family 2. HYDROCHARITACEAE Aschers. Frog's-bit Family. Submersed marine, mud-inhabiting, or floating fresh-water herbs, usually with rootstocks or stolons. Leaves clustered on the short crown. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, enclosed in spathes of distinct or united bracts. Perianth regular or nearly so, of 3 petaloid sepals, or sepals and petals each 3, rudimentary or wanting in the pistillate flowers. Stamens 6-12. Fila- ments distinct or partly united. Anthers 2-4-celled. Gynoecium of 6-15 united pistils. Ovary inferior, 6-15-ceIled. Styles or stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary. Ovules numerous. Fruit usually indehiscent. Seeds without endosperm. About 8 genera and 30 species, of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. Marine plants; leaves sessile, linear; anthers 4-celled. 1. Thalassia. Fresh-water plants; leaves distinctly petioled, the blades ovate to sub- orbicular; anthers 2-celled. 2. Hydromystria. 1. THALASSIA Solander; Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 93, 96. 1805. Marine herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leaves linear, elongate, clustered at the nodes of the rootstock. Scape arising from the cluster of leaves; spathes tubular, 2-cleft. Flowers dioecious, solitary; staminate flowers pedicelled; perianth of 3 petaloid sepals: stamens 9; filaments very short or obsolete; anthers opening laterally. Pistillate flowers nearly sessile in the spathe; ovary 6-12- celled. Fruit stalked, mamillate or echinate, opening by valves. Seeds numer- ous. [Greek, referring to its growth in the ocean.] Two known species, the following typical. 1. Thalassia testudinum Konig; Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 96. 180.5. Plant submersed, the base of the short stem covered by the persistent re- mains of the old leaves. Leaves 2-5, sheathing the stem, the blades linear- strap-shaped, 0..5-3.5 dm. long, 6.5-11 mm. wide, rounded at the apex, withering- persistent; scapes solitary; lobes of the spathe elliptic, papillose-dentate on the margins; perianth lobes of both staminate and pistillate flowers oblong, 10-12 mm. long, rounded at the apex; anthers linear, 8 mm. long; stigmas 9-12, linear- fusiform, pilose, grooved on the inside, about 1 cm. long; fruit elliptic-fusiform, short-stalked and short-beaked, mammillate. [? Zostera oceanea of Krebs.] In shallow salt water, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Jan; St. Croix:—Bermuda; Florida; throughout the West Indies; northern South America. Palmas del mar. Turtle-grass. 2. HYDROMYSTRIA G. F. W. Meyer, Fl. Esseq. 152. 1818. Stoloniferous fresh-water plants. Leaves distinctly petioled; blades ovate to subortaicular, somewhat spongy beneath. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary or the staminate ones 2 or 3, enclosed in a 2-cleft spathe. Sepals 3. Petals 3, rudimentary or wanting in the pistillate flowers. Stamens 6-12, dis- tinct ; anthers linear. Gynoecium of about 6 united pistils ; ovary one-celled with 6 placentae; styles 6; stigmas curved. Fruit ellipsoid, one-celled, many seeded, (Greek, "water-spoon," alluding to the aquatic habit of the plant and spoon- shaped leaves.) Two or three species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Hydromystria stolonifera G. F. W. Meyer. 18 POACEAE 1. Hydromystria stolonifera G. F. W. Meyer, FI. Esseq. 153. 1818. Limnobium stoloniferum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 506. 1861. Petioles 3-25 cm. long, usually tapering upwards from the base; leaf-blades ovate to suborbicular, 2-8 cm. long, 1.5-6.5 cm. broad, entire, fleshy. Sepals in the staminate flowers lanceolate, spreading; petals linear- flliform, spreading, about half as long as the sepals; filaments subulate, shorter than the anthers; hypanthium in the pistillate flowers tubular; sepals lanceolate. In ditches and ponds, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Santo Domingo; Martinique; Trinidad; South America. Order 5. POALES. Grasses and sedges. Monocotyledonous plants, mostly herbaceous, with leafy or leafless, usuallj^ simple, stems (culms), the leaves usually narrow and elongated, entire or minutely serrulate. Flowers mostly perfect, small, incomplete, in the axils of dry, chaffy scales (glumes) arranged in spikes or spikelets. Fruit a caryopsis (grain); culm mostly hollow. Fam. 1. PoACEAE. Fruit an achene; culm mostly solid. Fam. 2. Cyperaceae. Family 1. POACEAE R. Br. Grass Family. Annual or perennial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees. Culms (stems) generally hollow, but occasionally solid, the nodes closed. Leaves sheathing, the sheaths usuall.y open to the base on the side opposite the blade; a scarious or cartilaginous ring, naked or hairy, rareh' wanting, called the ligule, is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets composed of two to many, 2-ranked imbricated bracts, called scales (glumes), the two lowest in the complete spikelet always empty, one or both of these sometimes wanting. One or more of the upper scales, except sometimes the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is usually enclosed by a bract-like awnless organ called the palet, placed opposite the scale and with its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet, generally 2-keeled; sometimes the palet is present without the flower, and vice versa. Flowers perfect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, subtended by 1-3 minute hyaline scales called the lodicules. Stamens 1-6, usuall.y 3. Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Stjdes 1-3, commonly 2 and lateral. Stigmas hairy or plumose. Fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis) . Endosperm starch.y. About 3500 species widely distributed throughout the world, growing in water and on all kinds of soil. Those yielding food-grains are called cereals. The species are more numerous in tropical countries, while the number of in- di^'iduals is much greater in temperate regions, often forming extended areas of turf. We gratefuU}^ acknowledge much assistance in the determination of specimens from Prof. A. S. Hitchcock and Mrs. Agnes Chase, as well as from their publications on American grasses. A. Pedicels jointed below the spikelets; spikelets mostly with only 1 perfect flower, this terminal. [See Oryzeae.] I. Lower scales indurated; fruiting scale and palet hyaline or membranous. a. Inflorescence monoecious [Maydeae]. Fruiting spikelets aggregated, enclosed in large foli- aceous bracts. 1. Zea. Fruiting spikelets enclosed in a globose bony involucre. 2. Coix. b. Inflorescence not monoecious. POACEAE 19 1. Spikelets paired, one sessile ttie otlier stalked (See Sorghastrum) [Tribe Andropogoneae]. *Axis of the racemes continuous. **Axis of the racemes articulated. tSpikelets all perfect. tttjessile spikelet mostly perfect, the stalked one staminate or rudimentary. JFertile spikelet without a callus. § Inflorescence a dense silky brown panicle. §§ Inflorescence various, not a dense silky panicle. aPedicel of the sterile spikelet thick- ened. aaPedicel of the sterile spikelet not thickened jSSpikelets in racemes. ^Racemes sessile or short- stalked. 6 Racemes l to many, not forking. Spikelets laterally flat- tened. Spikelets dorsally flat- tened. Raceme I: pedicels clavate Racemes usually more than I pedicels not clavate. Pedicels filiform. Awn borne at the sinus of the 2- cleft fertile scale. Awn terminating the fertile scale of the spikelet. Pedicels flat. 55Racemes 2, forking, with staminate awnless spike- let in the fork. 77Racemes long-stalked, verti- cillate. /3/3Spikelets in panicles. Stalked spikelet staminate. Stalked spikelet reduced to a pedicel. tJFertile spikelet with a hairy-pointed callus. 2. Spikelets all alike [Tribe Nazie.\e]. Spikelets not prickly. Spikelets prickly, like little burs. II.TLower scales membranous; fruiting scale and palet more or less indurated. a. Fruiting scale and palet scarcely more indurated than the lower scales [Tribe Melinideae] b. Fruiting scale and palet definitely firmer than the lower scales [Tribe Paxiceae]. 1. Inflorescence not monoecious. * Axis of the inflorescence not corky thickened. tSpikelets not subtended by prickles or bristles. JFruit cartilaginous, not rigid, papillose Fruit open at the top ; inflorescence a nar- row panicle. Fruit not open at the top ; inflorescence of digitate or flabellate spike-like ra- cemes. S pikelets long-si Iky ; racemes flabellate. Spikelets glabrous or puberulent; ra- cemes digitate. UFruit rigid, mostly smooth. §Back of the fruit turned away from the rachis of the solitary, subsessile spikelets. Inflorescence of secund racemes; a ring-like callus at the base of the spikelet. Inflorescence of spike-like racemes; no callus. 3. Imperata. 4. Saccharum. 5. Eriochrysis. 6. Ryiilix Diectomis. 8 Schizachyrium. 9. Andropogon 10. Dichanthium. 11. Amphilophis. 12. Cymbopogon. 13. Anatherum. 14. Holcus. 15. Sorghastrum. 16. Heteropogon. 17. Anthephora. 18 Nazia. 19. ArundineUa. 20. Leplocoryphium. 21. Valoia. 22. Syntherisma. 23. Eriochloa. 24. Axonopus. 20 POACEAE (scales 3, spike-like 4): §§Back of the fi'uit turned toward the rachis of the spikelet. aLower scale wanting rarely 4); spikelets in racemes. aaLower scale present (scales spikelets mostly in panicles. ^Scales awnless. 7Lower flower of the spikelet staminate or neutral; the upper perfect. Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle. Culms not woody. Fruiting scale with- out appendages or excavations. Frmting scale with basal appendages or excavations. Culms woody, half cUmbing. Inflorescence a dense spike- Uke panicle. Second scale saccate; fruit stipitate. ' Second scale not saccate; fruit sessile. 77Lower flower of the spikelet usually perfect, the upper perfect. /3/3Scales, or some of them, awned or mucronate. Inflorescence of secimd racemes. Inflorescence paniculate. ttSpikelets subtended by prickles or bristles. Spikelets deciduous, the bristles persistent. Bristles or prickles deciduous with the spikelets. Bristles distinct, often plumose. Prickles imited into an involucre or nearly separate. Prickles bristle-hke, united only at base. Prickles united, forming a 2-valved bur. **Axis of the inflorescence corky thickened, the spikelets sunken in it. 3. Inflorescence monoecious. Panicles terminal, bearing pistillate spikelets above and staminate below. Panicles axillary, or both axillary and terminal, the terminal one wholly of staminate spikelets. Spikelets mostly jointed above the lower empty persistent scales, usually several-flowered, sometimes 1-flowered. I. Culms coriaceous. a. Lower scales mostly reduced or wanting; spikelets 1- flowered. [Tribe Oryzeae.] Inflorescence monoecious. Inflorescence not monoecious. Fruiting scales awned; lower scales present. Scales awnless; lower scales wanting. b. Lower scales present. 1. Spikelets 1-flowered; inflorescence paniculate. [Tribe Agrostideae.] Fruiting scales awned. Awns 3-cleft. Awns simple. Fruiting scales awnless. 2. Spikelets 2-several-flowered or 1-flowered in some genera of Chloi-ideae. *Lower scales elongated, often as long as the whole spikelet. [Tribe Aveneae.] **Lower scales short. tSpikelets sessile or very nearly so, forming narrow spikes. [Tribe Chloride.\e.] JSpikelets with only 1 perfect flower. ISpikes racemose. §§Spikes digitate. aNo empty scales above the flower. aaOne or more empty scales above the flower. 25. Paspalum. 26. Panicum. 27. Ichnanthus. 28. Lasiacis. 29. Sacciolepis. 30. Hymenachne. 31. Isachne. 32. Oplismenus. 33. Echinochloa. 34. Chaeiochloa. 35. Pennisetum. 36. Cenchropsis. 37. Cenchrus. 38. Slenotaphrum. 39. Olyra. 40. Lilhachne 41. Pharus. 42. Oryza. 43. Homalocenchrus. 44. Aristida. 45. Muhlenbergia. 46. Sporobolus. 47. Avena. 48. Spartina. 49. Capriola. POACEAE 21 Perfect flower not stipitate. Flowering scale long-awned. Flowering scale awnless or merely tipped. Perfect flower long-stipitate. JtSpikelets with 2 or more perfect flowers. Spikes digitate. Rachis not produced beyond the spikelets. Rachis produced beyond the spikelets. Spikes racemose or panicled. Spikes short, broad. Spikes long, slender. Spilces racemose. Spikes panicled. ttSpikelets panicled, stalked. [Tribe Festu- CEAE.] JFlowering scale cleft into many awns. IJFlowermg scale awnless or 1-awned. §Spikelets, at least the pistillate, long- hairy- Inflorescence monoecious; only the pis- , tillate spikelets long-hairy. Inflorescence not monoecious. Flowering scales long-hau-y; ra- chilla glabrous. Flowering scales glabrous; rachUla long-hairy. §§Spikelets not long-hairy; glabrous or cUiate. Flowering scales 3-nerved. Flowering scales many-nerved. II. Culms woody, climbing or erect. [Tribe B.-vmboseae.] Ciilms climbing, vine-like. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, racemose. Spikelets 1-flowered, panicled. Culms erect. 50. Chloris. 51. Eustachys. 52. Gymnopogon. 53. Eleusine. 54. Dactyloctenium. 55. Bouteloua. 56. Leptochloa. 57. Diplachne. 58. Pappophorum. 59. Gynerium. 60. Arundo. 61. Phragmites. 62. Eragrostis. 63. Uniola. 64. ArlhrostyUdium. 65. Chusquea. 66. Bambos. 1. ZEA L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753. Tall, erect, broad-leaved grasse.s, the staminate spikelets in terminal panicles, the pistillate aggregated, sessile, in several rows on a thick spongy rachis in the leaf-axils, enclosed in large foliaceous bracts. Staminate spikelets in pairs, 2- flowered; scales 4, the 2 outer membranous, the 2 inner hyaline, flowering. Pis- tillate spikelets with 4 short scales, the fourth one flowering; style filiform, greatly elongated, 2-toothed at the apex. Grain hard, naked except at base or rarely enclosed by the scales. [Greek, life, in allusion to its grain.] A monotypic genus. 1. Zea Mays L. Sp. PI. 971. 1753. Roots of thick fibers; culms 2-5 m. high, solid, 2-4 cm. thick. Leaf-blades 5-10 dm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, the tips usually drooping; staminate inflorescence 1-2.5 dm. long; fruiting pistillate inflorescence 1-3 dm. long, the grains white, yellow or black, flattened, various in shape and size. Widely cultivated and occasionally spontaneous after cultivation. Native of South America. The species consists of numerous races developed under cultivation, none of them known in the wild state. Indian Corn. Mais. 2. COIX L. Sp. PI. 972. 17.53. Perennial, branching grasses with flat and broad leaf-blades, the spicate inflorescence monoecious. Pistillate spikelet and 1 or 2 sterile ones enclosed in a globose involucre which becomes bony and shining; scales 4, hyaline, the 2 outer empty; styles nearly distinct, filiform. Staminate spikelets in a short spike, exserted from the involucre; scales 4, the 2 outer ones empty, the 2 inner hyaline, one or both of them flowering. [Ancient Greek name, said to have been first 22 POACEAE applied to some palm.] A few species, natives of the Old World tropics, the following typical. 1. Coix Lachryma-Jobi L. Sp. PI. 972. 1753. Culms 1.5 m. high or less, usually freely branching, glabrous. Leaf-blades 1-7 dm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, cordate-clasping at the base, the apex attenuate; inflorescence mostly axillary, 4-6 cm. long or longer; fruiting involucres globose or ovoid-globose, white or bluish, 6-12 mm. in diameter. Waste wet and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico; Vieques; Tortola:—widely distrib- uted in insular and continental tropical America; sometimes cultivated for its fruits, used as beads. Native of tropical Asia. Job's Tears. C.\mandulas. 3. IMPERATA Cirillo, PI. Ear. Neap. 2: 26. 1792. Perennial grasses with elongated leaves, the spikelets in dense terminal spike-like, silvery-hairy panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, un- equally pedicellate in pairs ; scales 4, thin, hyaline, awnless, the 2 outer ones empty, pilose, the third glabrous, usually empty, the fourth glabrous, subtending a perfect flower and its 2-nerved palet. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles distinct, stigmas plumose. [Commemorates Ferrante Imperate, Italian naturalist of the sixteenth century.] About 5 species of tropical distribution. Type species: Lagurua cylindricus L. 1. Imperata contracta (H.B.K.) Hitchc. Kep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 146. 1893. Sacchariirn contractum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 182. 1816. Anatherum portoricense Spreng. Syst. 1: 290. 182,5. Imperata caudata Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 2: 331. 1832. Culms rather slender, hollow, smooth, up to 1 m. high. Leaf-blades 4-6 dm. long, 6—10 mm. wide, hairy on the upper side near the base, long-attenuate, narrowed at the base; sheaths glabrous, or the lower pubescent; panicle narrow, 2-4 dm. long; spikelets long-hairy, about 3 mm. long. Banks and hillsides, Porto Rico, ascending to 1000 m. on Monte Gregorio:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Dominica; Tobago; Trinidad; Mexico to northern South America. Guayanilla. 4. SACCHARUM L. Sp. PI. 54. 1753. A tall annual or perennial grass with flat and broad leaf-i^lades, the spikelets ' in a large terminal panicle of silky racemes, paired, one spikelet sessile, the other stalked, both 1-flowered, the flowers perfect, the axis of the racemes articulated. Scales 4, the 3 outer ones empty, the fourth one shorter than the others, flowering. Stamens 3. Styles distinct ; stigmas plumose. [Ancient name of the Sugar Cane.] A monotypic genus. 1. Saccharum officinarum L. Sp. PI. 54. 1753. Culms stout, erect, 1.5-5 m. tall, glabrous. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or pu- berulent, the blades up to 1 m. long and 6 cm. wide, rough-margined; panicle 4-6 dm. long, the numerous slender racemes erect-ascending, .5-12 cm. long; spikelets narrow, about 3 mm. long, each with a tuft of long white hairs at the base. Widely cultivated in many races and sometimes spontaneous after cultivation, he most important economic plant in Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix:—cultivated in ropicil and warm temperate regions of both tiie Old World and the New. Probably ative of soLitlisrn Ana,. Can'e. Sugar Cane. Cana. POACEAE 23 5. ERIOCHRYSIS Beauv. Agrost. 8, 162. 1812. Erect, perennial grasses, the leaf-blades flat, the inflorescence a silky, ter- minal, dense, spikelike panicle of short, crowded racemes. S pikelets 1 -flowered, the pistillate ones short-stalked, the perfect ones sessile; scales 4, awnless, the 3 outer ones empty. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong. [Greek, golden wool.] A few species, natives of tropical America and Africa, the following typical. 1. Eriochrysis cayennensis Beauv. Agrost. 8. 1812. Saccharum cayennense Benth. Jour. Linn. Soc. 19: 66. 1881. Culms stiff, smooth, 2 m. tall or less. Leaves 8-20 cm. long, or the upper ones shorter, 6-15 mm. wide, the blades densely pubescent on both sides, the sheaths pubescent, at least above; inflorescence 1-2 dm. long, usually inter- rupted, densely brown-velvety, 1-3 cm. thick; spikelets oblong, enveloped by the silky brown hairs, the sessile ones 2-2.5 mm. long, the stalked ones a little smaller. Hillsides near San Juan, Bayamon and Maricao:—Hispaniola; Martinique; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 6. RYTILIX Raf. in Seringe, Bull. Bot. 1: 219. 1830. Annual, branched grasses, with flat leaf-blades and small spikelets in terminal and axillary spike-like racemes. Spikelets borne in pairs in depressions of the rachis, 1-flowered, the sterile one short-stalked, larger than the perfect, sessile one. Scales 4, awnless, the first one of the perfect spikelet globose, pitted, the second concave, 1-nerved, the third shorter than the second, the fourth flowering, hyaline. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. First and second scales of the sterile spikelet 5-7-nerved, the third 2-nerved, the fourth nerveless or 1-nerved. [Derivation not cited.) A monotypic genus. 1. Rytilix granulans (L.) Skeels, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. 282: 20. 1913. Cenchrus granularis L. Mant. 575. 1771. Manisuris granularis Sw. Prodr. 25. 1788. Hackelochloa granularis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 776. 1891. Culms freely branching, rather weak, 2-10 dm. long. Leaves papillose- hirsute, the blades 5-15 cm. long, 3-15 mm. wide, ciliate; racemes 1-2.5 cm. long; sessile spikelets about 1 mm. long, the stalked ones about 2 mm. long. Banks, roadsides and fields at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—southern United States; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent; con- tinental tropical America and Old World tropics. 7. DIECTOMIS H. &. B. ; Beauv. Agrost. 132, 1.50, 160. 1812. Perennial grasses, with flat or folded leaf-blades, the spikelets in pairs in flattened spike-like racemes, one sessile, the other stalked. Internodes of the rachis with toothed appendages. First scale of the sessile spikelet 2-keeled; second scale awned; third scale hyaline; fourth scale membranous, 2-toothed, iong-awned, the palet subtending a perfect flower. Stalked spikelet broad, flowerless, concealing the sessile one, its first scale awned. [Greek, two sterile scales.] A few species of tropical America, the following typical. 24 POACEAE 1. Diectomis fastigiata (Sw.) Beauv. Agrost. 160. 1812. Andropogon fastigiatum Sw. Prodr. 26. 1788. Culms usually branched, slender, glabrous, 1 m. high or less. Leaf-sheaths keeled: ligule broad, 5-10 mm. long; blades elongated, 1-4 mm. wide, glabrous, or ciliate at the base, scabrate; racemes 4-8 cm. long, the internodes ciliate; sessile spikelet 4-5 mm. long, the first scale pilose above, the awn of the second scale elongated, that of the fourth scale about 4 mm. long; stalked spikelet larger than the sessile one. Fields and banks at lower elevations, Porto Eico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Grenada; continental tropical America. 8. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees; Agrost. Bras. 331. 1829. Annual or perennial grasses, the spikelets in a spike-like raceme, terminating the culm or its branches. Rachis articulated, the internodes cup-shaped or appendaged, the basal callus barbed. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the rachis, one sessile, the other stalked, the sessile one dorsally compressed, 1-flow- ered, the flower perfect ; first scale 2-keeled with infolded margins, the second awn- less or bristle-tipped, the third 2-nerved or nerveless, the fourth usually 2-cleft, usually bearing a bent awn. Stalked spikelet usually flowerless. Stamens mostly 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Greek, cleft-chaff.] Some 40 species, or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Andropogon brevifolius Sw. Annual. 1- ^- brevifolium. Perennials. „ „ nmHlp Rachis flexuous. ^- '^- oracite. First scale of tlie sessile spikelet villous. 3. S. domingense. Scales glabrous or nearly so. 4- S. semtberbe. 1. Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Nees; Kunth, Enum. 1: 488. 1833. Andropogon brevifolius Sw. Prodr. 26. 1788. Andropogon obtusifolius Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 1: 538. 1810. Annual, usually much-branched, spreading, glabrous, the culms decumbent, slender flattened, 3-5 dm. long. Leaf-sheaths compressed, the blades flat, those of the main culm obtuse, 3-5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, those of the branches much narrower; raceme very slender, flliform-peduncled, 1.5-3 cm. long; sessile spikelet about 4 mm. long, its fourth scale with a filiform awn 7-15 mm. long; stalked spikelet usually reduced to a single scale 1-1.5 mm. long, bearing an awn 4-5 mm. long. Banks and meadows at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico :—Jamaica ; Cuba; Hispaniola ('^); Martinique; Dominica; .St. Vincent; Trimdad; contmental tropical America and Old World tropics. Serillo dulce. 2. Schizachyrium gracile (Spreng.) Nash in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 60. 1903. Andropogon gracilis Spreng. Syst. 1: 284. 1825. Andropogon juncifolius Desv. ; Hamilt. Prodr. 9. 1825. Perennial tufted, glabrous, except the inflorescence; culms slender, branched, 2-6 dm high. Sheaths striate; leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, terete, less than 1 mm in diameter; raceme long-stalked, 3-5 cm. long, the rachis clothed with long silkv hairs; sessile spikelet 5-6 mm. long, the first scale chartaceous with his- pidulous keels, the second scale acute, the fourth 2-cleft, bearing an awn 13-20 mm. long; stalked spikelet of one short-awned scale 1-2.5 mm. long. Hillsides, Monte Mesa and near Arecibo, Porto Rico; St. Croix:—Florida; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe. POACEAE 25 3. Schizachyrium domingense (Spreng.) Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 103. 1912. Streptachne domingensis Spreng.; Schultes, Mant. 2: 188. 1824. Schizachyrium hirtiflorum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 334. 1829. Andropogon hirtiflorus Kunth, Rev. Gram. 2: 569. 1832. Perennial; culms branched, glabrous, 12 dm. high or less. Leaves glabrous or sparingly pubescent or ciliate, the blades 1-2 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; raceme 4-12 cm. long; sessile spikelet lanceolate, about 8 mm. long, its first scale villous, or hirsute, entire or bifid at the apex, the fourth scale deeply cleft, bearing a geniculate awn 12-20 mm. long; stalked spikelet 3-5 mm. long, short- awned. Rio Maricao {Chase 6202) :—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba, Hispaniola. 4. Schizachyrium semiberbe Nees, Agrost. Bras. 336. 1829. Andropogon semiberbis Kunth, Enum. 1: 489. 1833. Perennial; culms glabrous, branched, erect, 6-13 dm. high; leaves glabrous; sheaths compressed, keeled; blades 1-3 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; raceme narrow, 5-8 cm. long, the internodes of the rachis as long as the sessile spikelets or shorter, glabrous or nearly so; sessile spikelets 5-7 mm. long, the first scale glabrous or with a few short hairs, its infolded margins touching, the third and fourth scales, ciliate, the fourth 2-cleft nearly to the base, its awn 12-15 mm. long; stalked spilcelet of one hispidulous scale about 3 mm. long, with an awn about as long. Banks and field at lower elevations, Porto Cuba; Trinidad; continental tropical America. Rico:—Florida; Bahamas; Jamaica; 9. ANDROPOGON L. Sp. PI. 1045. 1753. Perennial grasses with usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and axillary racemes. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed hairy rachis, one sessile, and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate, empty or reduced to a scale, or none. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outer 2 coriaceous, the second keeled and acute, the two inner hyaline, the fourth awned or awnless and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. [Greek, in allusion to the bearded rachis.] About 100 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions, known as Beard-ghass and Motojillo. Type species: Andropogon virginicus L. Spikelets awned. Spikelets awnless. Inflorescence corymbose, dense. Inflorescence not dense, paniculate. Racemes long-pilose. Racemes glabrous. 1. A. glomeratus. 2. A. bicornis. 3. A. leucostachys. 4. A. virgatus. 1. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. Pre!. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888. Cinna glomerata Walt. Fl. Car. 59. 1788. Andropogon macrourus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am- 1: 56. 1803. Andropogon tenuispatheus Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 113. 1912. Culms 1.5 dm. high or less, much branched, the ultimate flowering branches forming oblong corymbiform clusters, the nodes of the secondary branches densely barbed. Sheaths keeled ; leaf-blades 4 dm. long or less, 3-7 mm. wide spathes 2.5-3 cm. long, glabrous; racemes in pairs, 1-2 cm. long; sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, the awn 10-15 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet a rudimentary scale, or wanting. Moist grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas? (ex Hackel) :- eastern and southeastern United States; Jamaica; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Kitts to Martinique; continental tropical America north to Mexico. 26 POACEAE 2. Andropogon bicornis L. Sp. PI. 1046. 1753. Culms rather stout, stiff, glabrous, 8-15 dm. high, much branched above, the branches erect-ascending, the inflorescence dense, corymbiform. Leaf-sheaths glabrous, the blades elongated, 3-4 mm. wide, those ot the ultimate branches spathe-like, small and narrow; racemes very numerous, slender, long-hairy, 3-4 cm. long; scales all awnless. [? A. alo-pecuvoides of Kretas.] Banks and fields at lower and middle altitudes in Porto Rico, ascending to 800 m.; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—Cuba to Trinidad; Jamaica; continental tropical America. 3. Andropogon leucostachys H.B.K. Nov. Gen. i: 187. 1816. Culms usually clustered, slender, erect, 5-8 dm. high, glabrous, branched above. Leaves glabrous; blades 1-3 dm. long, 1.5-5 mm. wide; racemes in distant clusters of 2 to 5, 3-6 cm. long, the axis with long white hairs; sessile spikelet 2.5-4 mm. long, awnless, the fourth scale muticous. Banks and fields at lower and middle altitudes in Porto Rico, ascending to 800 m.; St. Thomas:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 4. Andropogon virgatus Desv. ; Hamilt. Prodr. 9. 1825. Hypogynium spathiflorum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 366. 1829. Andropogon spathiflorus Kunth, Enum. 1: 496. 18.33. Perennial; culms clustered, usually much-branched above. Leaf-sheaths compressed, the blades 4 dm. long or less, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, glabrous, or ciliate at the base; racemes panicled, 6-13 mm. long, the rachis straight; sessile spikelet about 3 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, its first scale keeled, nerveless, the second and third 1-nerved, the fourth 2-toothed, all awnless; stalked spikelet about as long as the sessile one. Fields and banks at lower and middle altitudes, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 10. DICHANTHIUM Willemet in Usteri. Ann. 18: 11. 1796. Mostly perennial grasses, with branched or simple culms, flat leaves, and subdigitate, spike-like racemes. Spikelets in pairs at the nodes of the jointed rachis, one sessile and mostly perfect, the other flliform-pedicelled, staminate or neutral, the two similar in shape and size. Perfect spikelet sessile, its scales chartaceous, the upper one passing into a slender awn. Stamens 3. Grain oblong. [Greek, referring to the paired spikelets.] About 8 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Dichanthium nodosum Willemet. 1. Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf. in Prain Fl. Brit. Ind. 9: 178. 1917. Andropogon annulatus Forsk. Fl. AEgypt.-Arab. 173. 1775. Perennial; culms slender, tufted, 6-10 dm. long, glabrous, ascending, the nodes usually white-bearded. Leaves glabrous, narrow, 5 mm. wide or less; racemes few or several, rather flaccid, 3-6 cm. long, nearly erect, usually purplish; sessile spikelet about 4 mm. long, the awn 10-20 mm. long, almost filiform; lower scale of the pedicelled spikelet several-nerved. Along a ditch, Aguirre (Britton & Earle GJfOlf, March 11, 1922):—Cuba; British Guiana. A native of the Old World tropics. 11. AMPHILOPHIS Nash in Britton. Man. 71. 1901. Perennial grasses with usually flat leaves and showy, often silvery-white, panicles, the a.xis short, making the panicle appear fan-like, or elongated with the branches more scattered. Racemes usually numerous, the internodes with mani- POACEAE 27 festly thickened margins, the median portion thin and translucent, the pedicels of the same structure, the margins ciliate with usually long hairs. Sessile spike- lets of 4 scales, the first one 2-keeled, the second 1-keeled, the third and fourth scales hyaline, the latter very narrow, stipe-like, somewhat thickened, gradually merging into a usually geniculate, contorted or spiral awn, or the awn rarely wanting. Stalked spikelets staminate and similar to the sessile, or sterile and smaller. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, with reference to the hairs surrounding the spikelets.] Thirty species or more, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Type species Andropogon Torreyanus Steud. Stalked spikelet much smaller than the sessile one. 1. A. saccharoides. Stalked and sessile spikelets about equal in size. 2. A. Ischaemum. 1. Amphilophis saccharoides (Sw.) Nash, N. A. Fl 17: 125. 1912. Andropogon saccharoides Sw. Prodr. 26. 1788. Culms erect, 4.5-10.5 dm. tall, the nodes naked or barbed. Sheaths more or less glaucous; blades 7. .5-25 cm. long, glaucous; racemes numerous, 2.5-3.75 cm. long in a terminal long-exserted panicle 4-10 cm. long; outermost scale of sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, about equalling the terminal hairs of the rachis- joints, lanceolate, acute; awn 8-16 mm. long, spiral; pedicelled spikelet shorter than the sessile one, reduced to a 7-nerved scale. Moimtain sides, Monte Mesa and Monte Alegrillo:—southwestern United States to Mexico and northern South America; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua, Martimque. 2. Amphilophis Ischaemum (L.) Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 124. 1912. Andropogon Ischaemum L. Sp. PI. 1047. 1753. Andropogon panormitanus Pari. Fl. Ital. 1: 140. 1848. Culms erect, simple, or branched above, up to about 8 dm. high. Leaf- sheaths glabrous, the blades linear, 5-20 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, sometimes sparingly hairy near the base; racemes several, subflabellate, 4-8 cm. long; sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, its first scale 7-9-nerved, the second ciliate, the fourth bearing an awn 1-2 cm. long; stalked spikelet about the size of the sessile one. Very abundant in fields and waste grounds, St. Croix, where it has become a per- nicious weed:—Jamaica; Antigua to Trinidad; naturalized from the Old World. A species consisting of several races. [Andropogon saccharoides of Eggers, not of Swartz ;A. Wrighm of Millspaugh.] Sour Grass. 12. CYMBOPOGON Spreng. Pug. 2: 14. 1815. Large, perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades, the spikelets in panicled racemes. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other stalked, the racemes forked, bearing an awnless, staminate spikelet in the fork, the sessile spikelet of the lower pair or pairs differing from those above. [Greek, hollow-beard.] About 10 species, natives of the Old World tropics. Type species: Andropogon Schoe- nanthus L. Sessile spikelets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, the back flat. 1. C. Nardus. Sessile spikelets linear to linear-lanceolate, the back concave below. 2. C. cilratus. 1. Cymbopogon Nardus (L.) Eendle. Cat. Welw. Afric. PI. 2: 155. 1899. Andropogon Nardus L. Sp. PI. 1046. 1753. Culms much branched, 1-2 m. tall, the aromatic leaves crowded near the base, the inflorescence decompound, up to 8 dm. long. Leaves glabrous, glaucous. 28 POACEAE 6-10 dm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide; spathes cymbiform. 1-2 cm', long: racemes 1-1.5 cm. long; sessile spikelet 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, the back flat, the fourth scale 2-toothed. Locally spontaneous after ciiltivation in Porto Rico, as in Florida, Jamaica, Mar- tinique and Guadeloupe. Native of tropical Asia. Citronella Grass. 2. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Kew. Bull. 1906: 357. 1906. Andropogon citratus DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 78. 1813. Andropogon ceriferus Hack, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2^: 281. 1883. Similar to the preceding species, and about as large, the nodes of the culm ceriferous, the branches of the inflorescence elongated and somewhat pendulous. Spathes lanceolate; racemes like those of C. Nardus, but the sessile spikelet linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, the back concave below. Banks at lower elevations, Porto Rico, escaped from cultivation; Vieques; St. Thomas:—Florida; Cuba; Guadeloupe; Trinidad; South America. Original home unknown , and known only in cultivation or as an escape from cultivation. Lemox-GRASS. 13. ANATHERUM Beauv. Agrost. 128. 1812. Tall erect grasses; the culms mostly simple, the leaf-blades narrow and flat, the narrow spikelets on whorled branches of large terminal panicles. Spikelets paired, one sessile, bearing a perfect flower, the other stalked, staminate. Scales 4. Sessile spikelet flattened laterally, its first scale coriaceous or chartaceous, the second awned or awnless, the third and fourth hyaline. Stalked spikelet usually awnless. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, much longer than the styles. [Greek, without awns.] A few species of the Old World tropics, the following typical. 1. Anatherum zizanioides (L.) H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 285. 1917. Phalaris zizanioides L. Mant. 183. 1771. Andropogon muricatvs Retz. Obs. 3: 43. 1783. Anatherum muricatum Beauv. Agrost. 150. 1812. Andropogon zizanioides Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 79. 1903. Vetiveria zizanioides Nash in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 67. 1903. Perennial, with aromatic roots; culms 2-2.5 m. tall, glabrous, shining. Leaves glabrous, the blades up to 9 dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide; panicle narrow, 2-3 dm. long, its branches readily disarticulating from the nodes; sessile spikelet about 4 mm. long, the second scale with a muricate keel, the fourth awnless or short-awned; stalked spikelet as long as the sessile one or a little shorter. Banks and roadsides, Porto Rico, escaped from cultivation:—widely cultivated and locally subspontaneous in tropical and subtropical regions. Native of the Old World. Khus-Khus. Pachuli. 14. HOLCUS L. Sp. PI. 1047. 1753. Tall erect grasses, Avith broad and flat leaf-blades. Spikelets in large terminal panicles, in pairs or in 3's at the ends of its branches, one sessile and with a perfect flower, the other 1 or 2 stalked and staminate. Sessile spikelet with the 2 outer scales indurated, the third and fourth hyaline, the fourth awned or awn- less. Stalked spikelet Avith the 2 outer scales firm-membranous. Stamens 3, POACEAE 29 Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Greek, taken from Pliny]. About 10 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Holcus Sorghum L. Perennial ; panicle decompound. 1- H. halepensis. Annual: panicle usually dense. -i- •"• borgnum. 1. Holcus halepensis L. Sp. PI. 1047. 1753. Andropogon halepensis Brot. Fl. Lusit. 1: 89. 1804. Sorghum halepense Pers. Syn. l: 101. 1805. Andropogon cernuns Kunth, Enum. 1: 501. 1833. Perennial by long rootstocks; culms smooth, erect, 2 m. high or less. Leaf- blades 4-6 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide; panicle decompound, open, up to 6 dm. long, its branches ascending; sessile spikelets about 4 mm. long, the outer scales densely appressed-pubescent ; first scale 3-toothed at the apex ; fourth scale bearing a bent awn about 12 mm. long; stalked spikelet about 6 mm. long, its 2 outer scales pubescent. Waste grounds near Rio Piedras:—widely distributed in tropical and warm-tem- perate America by cultivation for fodder. Native of the Old World. Johnson Gr.^ss. 2. Holcus Sorghum L. Sp. PI. 1047. 1753. Andropogon Sorghxim Brot. Fl. Lusit. 1: 88. 1804. Sorghum vulgare Pers. Syn. 1: 101. 1805. Andropogon bicolor Koxb. Hort. Beng. 21. 1814. Andropogon Sorghum sudanensis Piper, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 28: 33. 1915. Annual; culms tall, stout, up to 4 m. high. Leaf-blades 2-5 cm. wide, elongated; panicle dense or decompound, its branches commonly nearly erect; stalked spikelet often without flowers; sessile spikelets similar to those of the preceding species, from which it is supposed to have been derived. Locally subspontaneous after cultivation in Porto Rico; St. Croix; St. Thomas:— widely cultivated in temperate and tropical regions in several races. Native of the Old World. Sorghum. Guinea Corn. 15. SORGHASTRUM Nash in Britton, Man. 71. 1901. Generally tall perennial grasses, with long, narrow, flat leaves and terminal panicles. Spikelets in pairs, or 3's at the end of the branches, one sessile and perfect, the lateral pedicelled, empty, or reduced to the pedicel only. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the two outer indurated and shining, the inner hyaline, the fourth awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower, or the palet sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Named with reference to the resemblance of these grasses to sorghum.] About 15 species, in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Andropogon avenaceus Michx. 1. Sorghastrum parviflorum (Desv.) H. &. C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 287. 1917. Sorghum parviflorum Desv.; Hamilt. Prodr. 12. 1825. Andropogon selosus Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 235. 1866. Sorghastrum seiosum Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 195. 1909. Sorghastrum agrostoides Hitchc. Bot. Gaz. 51: 300. 1911. Culms smooth, erect, often clustered, up to 1 m. high or higher. Leaf- blades flat or the margins involute in drying, elongated, 4-7 mm. wide; panicle narrow, 1-3 dm. long, its branches nearly flliform; spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, hirsute, yellowish-brown, the awn 1-4 mm. long. Open sandy soil, northeastern districts of Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; continental tropical America. 30 POACEAE 16. HETEROPOGON Pers. Syn. 2: 533. 1807. Annual or perennial grasses, with narrow leaf-blades, the 1-flowerecl spikelets in spike-like racemes borne singly at the ends of the branches of the inflorescence. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, flowerless or with a staminate flower in the lower pair, and with a pistillate or perfect flower in the pairs above; the other spikelet stalked, bearing a staminate flower or flowerless. Sessile spikelet of 4 scales, with a hairy-pointed callus, the first scale convolute, awnless; the second keeled, the third hyaline, the fourth flowering and bearing a long twisted awn ; stalked spikelet awnless. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Greek, variously bearded.] About 8 species, natives of warm-temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Andropogon Allionii DC. 1. Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv.; R. & S. Syst. 2: 836. 1817. Andropogon contortus L. Sp. PI. 104.5. 1753. Perennial; culms 2-8 dm. high, branched above. Leaves smooth, the blades 1-2 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide; racemes 4-7 cm. long, the internodes between the upper spikelets densely pubescent with long brown hairs; callus of the sessile spikelets brownish-barbed, about 3 mm. long, the spikelet about 8 mm. long, the awn 4-12 cm. long; stalked spikelet about 10 mm. long, its first scale papillose- hispid with long hairs above and near the margins. Krumbay, St. Thomas (ex Eggers) ; Virgin Gorda:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua; Guadeloupe; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Twisted Grass. 17. ANTHEPHORA Sclireb. Beschr. Gras. 2: 105. 1810. Tufted grasses, the culms often branched, erect or prostrate, the leaves mostly flat, the 1-flowered spikelets in deciduous clusters of 3 or 4, forming elongated terminal, slender spikes. Empty scales of the spikelets rigid, the first one indurated, large, involucre-like, the others acute or short-awned; upper and inner scales thin, the innermost enclosing a thin palet and a perfect flower, the stamens 3, the styles united at the base, the stigmas plumose. [Greek, flower- bearing.] Five known species, of tropical distribution, the following typical 1. Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 759. 1891. Tripsacum hermaphroditum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1261. 1759. Cenchrus laevigatus Trin. Fund. Agrost. 172. 1820. Annual; culms 3-10 dm. long, rooting and branching at the lower nodes. Leaves flat, 7-20 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, glabrous or hirsute, acuminate; spikes 2-12 cm. long, continuous and dense, or interrupted below, about 4 mm. thick, the slender rachis flexuous; cluster of spikelets about 7 mm. long; lower scales ovate to elliptic, acute to acuminate, glabrous or hispidulous. Fields, sandy and stony soil, northern districts of Porto Rico; St. Croi.x; St. Thomas; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—West Indies; continental tropical America. 18. NAZIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 31, 581. 1763. Annual grasses, diffusely branched, with flat leaves and 1-flowered deciduous spikelets, either solitary or in clusters of 3-5 in a terminal spike. Scales of spikelet 2 or 3,. the outermost small or wanting, the second rigid and covered with POACEAE 31 hooked ijrickles, the third membranous, subtending a palet and perfect flower. [Name unexplained.] Two species, of tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Cenchrus racemosus L. 1. Nazia aliena (Spreng.) Scribii. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 17: 28. 1899. Lappago aiicna Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 3: 15. 1822. Tufted, 13 dm. high, the culms often rooting at the lower nodes, slender, glabrous. Sheaths ulabrous; leaf-blades 2-8 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, their margins ciliate. Inflorescence 4-10 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. long; the second scale bearing prickles 0.5 mm. long or less, the prickles with swollen opaque ba.ses. Field.s, rocks and waste grounds, especially near the .southern coast, Porto Rico; Culebrita; St. Thomas; St. Jan; St. Croix:—southwestern United States; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Barts; St. Eustatius; St. Kitts; Antigua; Trinidad; Margarita; Curacao; continental tropical America. [Apparently recorded by Hackel as Tragus raccnwsus from near Coamo; Lappayo rucemosa of Krebs.j Prickle-grass. 19. ARUNDINELLA Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 36 1823. Erect, often tall grasses, with flat leaf-blades and small spikelets, jointed below the outer scales, in a large terminal panicle. Spikelets 1 2- flowered, when 2-flo\vered the lower flower staminate. Scales 4, the first awnless, the second awned or acuminate, the third muticous, the fourth membranous, awned or awnless. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Diminutive of Arundo.] About 30 species, natives of warm temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Amndindla hrasilicnsis Kaddi. 1. Arundinella confinis (Schultes) H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 290. 1917. Piptaiherum confine Schultes, Mant. 2: 1S4. 1824. Arundinella martinicensis Trin. Gram. I 'an. 62. 1826. Culms rather stout, 1.5 m. tall or less, glabrous. Leaf-sheaths more or less hispid above, the blades 2-4 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, usually hispid; panicle dense, 2-4 dm. long, its nearly filiform branches erect-ascending; spikelets about 4 mm. long, the fourth scale tipped with an awn about 2 mm. long. [Recorded by Hackel as A. hispida.] Banks, hillsides and cliffs from lower to higher elevations in moist districts of Porto Rico :—Jamaica ; Cuba Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 20. LEPTOCORYPHIUM Nees, Agrost. Bras. 83. 1829. lirect, perennial grasses, with narrow leaves and small, silky, panicled spike- lets, jointed below the scales. Spikelets lan("eolate, 1-flowered. Scales 3, the 2 outer ones empty, long-hairy, the fruiting one minutely papillose, cartilaginous, its summit hyaline, lacerate, open. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plu- mose. [Greek, thin apex, refei'ring to the hyaline apex of the fruiting scale.] A few species of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Leptocoryphium lanatum (H.B.K.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 84. 1829. Paspalum lanatum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 94. 1815. Milium lanatum L. & S. Syst. 2: 322. 1817. Culms slender, smooth, 1 m. high or less, solitary or clustered, the old leaf- sheaths persistent. Leaves glabrous, or nearly so, 2-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; 32 POAOEAE panicle terminal, narrow, 1-2 dm. long, with short, nearly filiform, ascending branches; spikelets filiform-stalked, 4-5 mm. long, the fruiting scale chestnut- brown. Red clay slopes, Monte Mesa, Mayaguez:—Cuba; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 21. VALOTA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 495. 1765. Perennial grasses, with flat leaves and terminal pubescent panicles. Spike- lets lanceolate, acute or acuminate ; scales 4, the 3 outer ones membranous, empty, the first minute or rudimentary, the second silky-pilose and ciliate, the fourth one shorter, glabrous, shining, chartaceous. [Perhaps in honor of P. Vallot.] Several species, of warm temperate and tropical America, the first following one typical. Leaves elongated; racemes many. 1- V. insularis. Leaves short; racemes few. ^- >'• hggersti. 1. Valota insularis (L.) Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19: 188. 1906. Andropogon insuJare L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1.304. 17.59. Panicwm ifMCop/!ae?/7?iH.B.K. Nov. Gen. l: 97. 1815. Panicum insulare Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 60. 1818. Trichachne insularis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 86. 1829. Culms erect, slender, 1-1.6 m. high, clustered. Leaves 3 dm. long or less, 1-2 cm. wide, acuminate, glabrous or their sheaths pubescent; panicle narrow, often 3 dm. long, little, if any more than 3 cm. thick; racemes many; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, acuminate; second and third scale 3-nerved, long-hairy; fruiting scale chestnut-brown. Banks and hillsides at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico, mostly in dry dis- tricts- Desecheo; Mona; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola: southern United States; Bermuda; West Indies and continental tropical America. Silky-grass. 2. Valota Eggersii (Hack.) H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 292. 1917. Panicum Eggersii Hack. Oest. Bot. Zeits. 51: 292. 1901. Culms erect, very slender, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves short, lanceolate, 2.5-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, the sheaths puberulent; inflorescence of 2-4 very slender racemes; racemes erect, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets about 4 mm. long. Banks, St. Thomas; Vii-gin Gorda. Endemic. 22. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788. Mostly annual grasses, with flat leaves and spikelets borne in pairs or some- times in 3's, in secund racemes which are digitate or approximate at the summit of the culm. Spikelets often purplish. Scales of the spikelet 4, sometimes 3 by the suppression of the lowest one; the fourth or innermost scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, crop-making, in allusion to its abundance.] Species about 20, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions, known as Crab-grass and Finger-grass. Type species: Syntherisma praecox Walt. Rachis of the raceme winged, appearing flat. Spikelets glabrous or puberulent. . Spikelets about 3 mm. long. 1. S. sangutnahs. Spikelets not over 2 mm. long. 2. .S. chinensis. Spikelets pubescent. 3. S. Ischaemum. POACEAE 33 Kacliis of the raceme wingless. <-. j- •, , RacMs with long scattered hairs. 4. .b. digitata. Rachis without long haks. . ,., . ^ c i. Hairs of the spikelet long, forming a brush-like tip. 5. 5. argillacea. Hairs of the spiicelet short. 6. S. filiformis. 1. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 77. 1867. Panicum sanguinale L. Sp. PI. 57. 1753. Digitaria sangHinahs Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, 1: 52. 1772. Digitaria marginata Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 102. 182 1 Digitaria fimbriala Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 226. 1827. Panicum fimbriatum Kunth, Rev. 33. 1829. Syntherisma marginatum Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 154. 1912. Culms S dm. long or less, finally branched, prostrate at the base and rooting at the lower nodes. Lower leaf sheaths densely papillose-hirsute; blades 2-8 cm. long, ."^-lO mm. wide, glabrous or more or less pubescent; racemes 2-9, 2-12 cm. long, in pairs or whorls; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, lan- ceolate, very acute, in pairs; first scale small, glabrous, the second one 3-nei-ved, the third slightly exceeding the flowering scale, 7-nerved, the fourth one lanceo- late, very acute, yellowish white at maturity. Waste and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. 2. Syntherisma chinensis (Nees) Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22: 468. 1922. Paspalum chinense Nees in H. & A. Bot. Beechey Voy. 231. 1841. Syntherisma Helleri Nash, Minn. Bot. Stud, l: 798. 1897. Culms slender, glabrous, erect or reclining, 5 dm. long or less. Leaves glabrous, the blades 1..5-3 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; racemes 3-5 in a terminal whorl, rarely fewer, sometimes with 1 or 2 additional ones below, 6-10 cm. long; rachis flattened, narrowly winged; spikelots in 2's or 3's, about 1.5 mm. long; first scale wanting; second and third scales about equal, 3-5-nerved, appressed- pubescent; fruiting scale brown, acute. Fields and waste grounds, Porto Rico;—Bermuda; Jamaica; Trinidad. Naturalized from the Old World tropics. Formerly confused with S. longiflora (Retz) Sheels. 3. Syntherisma Ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 151. 1912. Panicum Ischaemum Schreb.; Schweig. Spec. Fl. Erlang. 16. 1804. Culms slender, glabrous, branched at the base, becoming prostrate, 2-5 dm. long, forming mats. Leaves glabrous, the sheaths compressed, the blades 6-15 cm. long, 2.5-6 mm. wide; racemes 2-5, widely spreading, 2-8 cm. long; rachis flattened, narrowly winged; spikelets elliptic, about 2 mm. long, the first scale rudimentary or wanting, the second and third pubescent, the fruiting scale chest- nut-Jjrown. Waste grounds, St. Croix:—eastern United States. Native of Europe. 4. Syntherisma digitata (Sw.) Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 142. 1908. Milium digitatum Sw. Prodr. 24. 1788. Digitaria horizontalis Willd. Enum. 92. 1809. Panicum horizontale Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 54. 1818. Syntherisma setosa Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 300. 1898. Culms 4-10 dm. long, branched, tufted, at length decumbent below and rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves more or less densely hirsute, 2-12 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide; racemes several, 3-14 cm. long, whorled or alternate or approximate LIBRARY) <'VAt A n.%'. 34 I'OACEAE In pairs, widely spreading; rachis very narrow; spikelets in pairs, about 2.5 mm. lont;, lanceolate, acuminate; first scale minute, glabrous; second scale 3-nerved. appressed-pubescent ; third scale 7-nerved, also appressed-pubescent ; fruiting scale nearly 2 mm. long, shorter than the third, elliptic, greenish when mature. Plains, waste and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico; Icacos; Mona: Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; Tortola:—Florida; West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. 5. Syntherisma argillacea H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 296. 1917. Perennial; culms usually tufted, ascending from a decumbent base, glabrous, simple, or branched below, 6 dm. long or less, the nodes loosely pilose. Leaves pilose or scabrous, the Ijlades 3-8 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide; racemes 1 or several, up to 8 cm. long, the rachis very slender, wingless; spikelets about 2 mm. long, clothed with appressed hairs forming a brush-like tip, the fourth scale brown. Monte Alegrillo near Maricao, at 8U0 meters elevation, and on Monte Mesa:—Cuba. 6. Syntherisma filiformis (L.) Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 420. 1895. Panicum filifortne L. Sp. PI. 57. 1753. Milium paniceum Sav. Prodr. 24. 1788. Digitaria filiformis Muhl. Gram. 131. 1817. Syntherisma paniceum Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 152. 1912. Cidms 1.5-7 dm. tall. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, hirsute; blades 3-20 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; racemes 2-5, 2-10 cm. long, erect or ascending; spikelets about 1.8 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, elliptic, short-hairy, acute, in pairs, the first scale wanting, the second ;i-norved, the third 7-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut-brown at maturity. Sandy soil, northern districts of Porto Kico; Cowell Hill, St. Thomas (e.\ Eggers): eastern United States; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Mexico. 23. ERIOCHLOA H.B.K. Nov. Gen. l: 94. 1815. Perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades. Spikelets 1-flowered, in .secund spike-like racemes, in 2 rows along a flattened rachis, jointed i^elow a basal annular callus, acute or acuminate. Scales 3, the 2 outer membranous, empty, the third indurated, shining, awn-tipped, flowering, the flower perfect. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Greek, woolly grass.] About 10 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Eriochloa dislachya H.B.K. Spikelets long-acuminate. 1. E. punctata. Spikelets acute. 2. E. subglabra. 1. Eriochloa punctata (L.) Desv.; Hanult. Prodr. 5. 1825. Milium punclatum L. Syst. ed. 10, 872. 1759. Monachne punctata Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 374. 1903. Culms usually clustered, branched, 2-8 dm. high, the nodes puberulent, the leaves glabrous or puberulent. Blades 3 dm. long or less, 3-10 mm. wide; inflorescence usually long-stalked; racemes erect or ascending, 1.5-4 cm. long, the rachis short-hairy; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, long-acuminate, the 2 outer scales with long appressed hairs, the thii'd scale short-awned, transversely rugose. Banks, roadsides, waste and cultivated grovmds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico: St. Croix; St. Tiioraas; Tortola:—southern United States; Jamaica; Cuba to Trinidad; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. POACEAE - 35 2. Eriochloa subglabra (Nash) Hitchc. Contr. U. S.Nat. Herb. 12: 208. 1909. Monachne subglabra Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 374. 1903. Eriochloa punctata subglabra Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 8."). 1903. Culms branched or simple, glabrous, 8-12 dm. high, the nodes pubescent. Lower leaf-sheaths hirsute; blades glabrous, 1-3 dm. long, 7-17 mm. wide; in- florescence stalked; racemes 4-6 cm. long; spikelets elliptic, acute, about 3. .5 mm. long; empty scales glabrate, the flowering one mucronate, finely transversely rugose. Wet ineadow.s, sandy plains and dunes at lower elevations, in Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Trinidad; Brazil. Maix).ulla. 24. AXONOPUS Beauv. Agrost. 12. 1S12. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and 1-flowered spikelets, borne singly in 2 rows in one-sided spike-like racemes. Spikelets oblong to lanceolate, convex on the outer surface, flat on the inner. Scales 3, the outer 2 membranous, the inner one firm and with its opening turned toward the rachis, subtending a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, foot-axis.] About 12 species, of warm temperate and tropical regions, the following tjT)ical. Kacliis of the racemes without hairs. 1. A. compressus. Rachis of the racemes with stiff brown hairs. 2. A. aureus. 1. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv. Agrost. 12, 154. 1812. Milium compressum Sw. Prodr. 24. 1788. Paspalum tristachyon Lam. Tab. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791. Anastrophus compressus Schlecht. ; Nash in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 79. 1903. IPaspalum Raunkierii Mez, Repert. 15: 60. 1917. Perennial; stolons numerous, leafy, sometimes 6 dm. long; culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, slender, compressed, glabrous; sheaths loose; leaves glabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate, obtuse, those of the culm 5-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the stolons about 2.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; racemes 2-5, 2.5-5 cm. long, ap- proximate at 'the summit of the long and slender stalk; spikelets not crowded nor secund, about 2 mm. long, acute. Wet grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan:—southeastern United States; West Indies; continental tropical America. Flat JorNT-GRASs. 2. Axonopus aureus Beauv. Agrost. 12. 1812. Perennial; culms slender, smooth, erect, 3-6 dm. high, compressed, slender, branching. Leaves more or less pilose with long hairs, the blades 7-15 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, rather stiff; inflorescence long-stalked, of 4-15, sessile, slender, pilose, golden-brown racemes 6-10 cm. long ; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, pointed. Along road between Rio Piedras and Tnijillo Alto:—Trinidad; continental tropical America. Golden Joint-grass. 25. PASPALUM L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 855. 1759. Perennial grasses, various in habit, with generally flat leaves and i-flowered spikelets, borne singly or in pairs in 2 rows on 1-sided spikes, which are single, in pairs or panicled. Spikelets oblong to orbicular, flat on the outer surface, convex on the inner. Scales 3 (rarely 4) the outer ones membranous, the inner one indiu'ated and subtending a palet ami perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free. (An ancient Greek 36 POACEAE name for some grass, used by Hippocrates.] About 160 species, of wide distri- bution in tropical and temperate regions, most abundant in America. Type species: Panicum dissectum L. A. Spikelets not lacerate-margined. 1. Racemes 1 to many, not conjugate, a. Spikelets with 3 scales. Culms erect or ascending. tFruiting scale dark brown, shining. Perennial. Annual. ttFruiting scale not dark brown and shuung. JRacemes several or many. Spikelets pubescent. Spikelets obovate, about 3 mm. long. Spikelets nearly hemispheric, about 1.5 mm. long. Spikelets glabrous. Panicle dense; rachis long-pUose. Panicle not dense; racliis glabrous or sparingly pilose. Lower leaf-sheaths nodulose. Lower leaf-sheaths not nodulose. tJRacemes few, 1 to 5. §Annual; spikelets minute. §§Perennials. Raceme always only one; spikelets 1- 1.5 mm. long. Leaves subinvolute; racemes 1.5-2 cm. long. Leaves flat; racemes 3-4 cm. long. Racemes 2-10, or on some culms soli- tary; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long. Spikelets narrow, acutish, slender- stalked. Spikelets broad, obtuse, short- stalked. Nodes of the cvilm long-pilose. Culms glabrous. Racemes 5-1 2 cm. long. Spikelets glandular-pubes- cent. Spikelets glabrous, or minutely pubescent. Spikelets elliptic-obo- vate. Spikelets broadly oval. Racemes 2-4 cm. long; spike- lets pubescent. **Culras creeping; spikelets minute, yellowish b. Spikelets with 4 scales. 2. Racemes 2, conjugate, rarely a third one below, or on some culms only one. Spikelets plano-convex, not ciliate. Spikelets suborbicxdar; plants not stoloniferous. Spikelets about 1.2 mm. long. Spikelets 2-4 mm. long. Spikelets 2.5-4 mm. long. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long. Spikelets elliptic to ovate; stoloniferous plants. Spikelets glabrous, 3-4 mm. long. Spikelets pubescent, 2.5-3 mm. long. Spikelets nearly flat, long-ciliate. CD. Spikelets lacerate-margined. 1. P. plicatulum. 2. P. melanosperrmim. 3. P. virgatum. 4. P. paniculatum. 5. P. densum. 6. P. niillegrana. 7. P. secans. 8. P. parviflorum. 9. P. rupestre. 10. P. Leoninum. 11. P. portoricense. 12. P. Poiretii. 13. P.Slmpsoni. 14. P. glahrum. 15. P. propinquum. 16. P. caespitosum. 17. P. orbiculatum. 18. P. decumbens. 19. P. clavuliferum. 20. P. notatu7n. 21. P. minus. 22. P. vaginatum. 23. P. distichum. 24. P. conjugatum. 25. P. fimbriatum. 1. Paspalum plicatulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. l: 45. 1803. Paspalu7n undulatum Poir. in Lam. EncycL 5: 29. 1804. Perennial; culms commonly clustered, flattened, glabrous, 4-10 dm. tall. Leaf-sheaths glabrous, compressed, the blades usually folded, 3 dm. long or less, 2-8 mm. wide, nearly erect, sometimes long-hairy above; racemes usually several, 3-7 cm. long, short-stalked, ascending or spreading; spikelets 2-3 mm. long, obovate to elliptic; first scale wanting; second scale 5-nerved, appressed-pubes- cent, the third 3-nerved, glabrous, the fruiting one reddish-brown, polished. Grassy slopes and fields at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Croix; St Thomas; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—southern United States; Jamaica; Cuba; His- paniola; Guadeloupe to Tobago; continental tropical America. POACEAE 37 2. Paspalum melanospermuin Desv.; Polr. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 315 1816. Annual; culms glabrous, tufted, erect or the base decumbent, 2-4 dm. high, compressed, often purplish. Leaves glabrous, or sparingly pilose, the sheaths compressed, brownish-margined, the blades nearly linear, flat, whitish- margined, 6-15 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide; racemes 2 or 3, or on some culms solitary, 3-6 cm. long, the rachis broad; spikelets plano-convex, broadly elliptic-obovate, obtuse, about 2 mm. long; first scale wanting, the second 3-nerved, the fruiting one dark brown, shining. Shaded slopes at middle and higher elevations, Porto Rico:—Florida; Brazil. Re- ferred by Nash to P. Bosc ianum Fluegge. 3. Paspalum virgatum L. Syst. ed. lo, 855. 1759. Perennial, forming clumps; culms stout, erect, 1-2 m. high. Leaves flat, 4-7 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, the margins scabrous-ciliate, the lower sheaths with transverse veinlets between the veins; racemes many, 5-12 cm. long, with a tuft of long hairs at the base, the whole inflorescence up to 5 dm. long; rachis of the racemes sparingly long-hairy; spikelets crowded, elliptic-obovate, ciliate, 3 mm. long, brownish. Moist and cultivated grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan;—West Indies; continental tropical America. Cortedero. 4. Paspalum paniculatum L. Syst. ed. 10, 855. 1759. Paspalum hemisphericum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 31. 1804. Perennial; culms erect, rather stout, glabrous, 6-10 dm. high, often branched. Leaf-blades flat, 2-3 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, rather densely pilose-pubescent; racemes many, 3-10 cm. long, forming a dense terminal inflorescence; spikelets nearly hemispheric, crowded, pubescent, about 1.5 mm. long, obovate to nearly orbicular; flrst scale wanting, the second and third 3-nerv^ed, the fruiting one oval, smooth, shining. Moist meadows, hillsides and ravines, Porto Rico, ascending to 900 m. ; St. Thomas (ex Schlechtendal) :—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. ICitts to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 5. Paspalum densum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 32. 1804. Perennial; culms erect, smooth, very stout, 1-1.5 m. high. Leaves 4-7 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide, roughish-margined, the lower sheaths with many prominent transverse veinlets between the veins; racemes many, 4-6 cm. long, with a tuft of long hairs at the base, densely clustered, forming a compact in- florescence, 1.5-3 dm. long, the rachis pilose or ciliate; spikelets crowded, suli- orbicular, glabrous, about 2 mm. long. In shallow water, northern coastal plain of Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Guade- loupe; Trinidad; continental tropical America. Porto Rico is the type locality. 6. Paspalum millegrana Schrad. in Schultes Mant. 2: 175. 1824. Paspalum Underwoodii Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 375. 1903. Culms stout, 1-1.5 m. high, often clustered, smooth. Lower sheaths nodulose, overlapping; leaves elongated, roughish, 5-10 mm. wide, commonly pubescent above; racemes many, rather close together, ascending or nearly erect, 4-10 cm. long; spikelets glabrous, suborbicular or obovate-orbicular. about 2 mm. long, usually purplish; rachis sparingly pilose. Wet grounds at lower elevations near the northern and western coasts of Porto Rico Vieques:—Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Barbados; Tobago; Trinidad; Soutli America. Referred by Hackel to P. lentiginosum Presl. 38 POACEAE 7. Paspalum secans H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 319. 1917. Perennial, forming clumps; culms simple, erect, glabrous, 1-2 m. tall. Leaf- sheaths with a row of white hairs at the mouth, the blades much elongated, some- times 1 m. long, 5-10 mm. wide, flat, but in drying more or less involute, their margins serrulate; racemes 5-20, slender, spreading, 5-15 cm. long; rachis gla- brous; spikelets glabrous, about 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide. Wet grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Croix:—Bahamas; .Jamaica; Cuba; Antigua. Included by Hackel in P. elatum L. C. Rich, and by Nash in P. Schreberianum (Fluegge) Nash. 8. Paspalum parviflorum Rhode; Fluegge, Mon. Pasp. 98. 1810. Annual; culms up to 1.5 dm. long, freely branching, the nodes pilo.se. Leaves flat, linear, narrow, long-pilose; racemes 2 or 3, close together, pilose at the base, 1-2 cm. long; spikelets elliptic, glabrous, obtuse, the first scale wanting, the second and third equal, the fruiting one yellowish, as long as the spikelet. Porto Rico (type locality, but not since collected here) :—South America. 9. Paspalum rupestre Trin. Linnaea 10 : 293. 1836. Perennial; culms very slender, usually tufted, more or less pilose at the nodes, 1-2.5 dm. long. Leaves mostly basal, ciliate, 2-5 cm. long, 2.5 mm. wide or less, flat or becoming involute; raceme solitary, very slender, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; spikelets oval, glabi'ous, about 1 mm. long. Slopes, Monte Mesa:—Cuba. 10. Paspalum. Leoninum Chase; Hitchc. Bot. Gaz. 51: .300. 1911. Perennial; commonly tufted and forming dense small mats; culms slender, glabrous, except the long-hairy nodes, weak, simple, 1.5-3.5 cm. long. Basal leaves numerous, flat, 6-12 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, ciliate, somewhat involute in drying, those of the culm 1 or 2, smaller, shorter; raceme 1, very slender, glabrous, 2-4 cm. long; spikelets elliptic, only about 1 mm. long, obtuse; first scale wanting, the second 3-nerved. Serpentine slopes and shaded rocks, Guanajibo, Monte Mesa, Monte Alegrillo, Indiera Fria:—Cuba. 11. Paspalum portoricense Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 377. 1903. IPaspalum Richardii Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 17. 1854. Culms tufted, glabrous, very slender, spreading, 6 dm. long or less, simple or rarely branched. Leaves flat, .5-12 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, with a few long hairs at the base; racemes 1-3, very slender, 2-6 cm. long, ascending; spikelets geminate, oblong-elliptic, acute, about 1.8 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, glabrous, about as long as the primary pedicel, the scales 3-nerved. Moist slopes and fields at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—Bahamas (according to Hitchcock and Chase). 12. Paspalum Poiretli R. & S. Syst. Veg. 2: 878. 1817. Paspahnn oracile Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 313. 1810. Not Rudge 1805. Perennial ; culms densely tufted, 5 dm. high or less, slender, glabrous, simple, or sometimes branched at the base, the nodes pubescent. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, glabrous or sparingly hirsute, or ciliate; racemes 1-3, erect or ascending, 2-4 cm. long, the rachis about 0.5 mm. wide; spikelets 1.5 mm. long. POACEAE 39 0.9 mm. wide, elliptic, appressed-pubescent singly disposed, the scales 3-nerved, the fruiting one oval. Slopes, Agiiada and Lares; St. Thoma.s (according to Kreb.s) :—Jamaica; Bahamas; Cuba; Hlspaniola. Included by Nash in P. rupeslre Trin. Mrs. Chase informs us that the application of the name Poiretii is not certainly establi-shed. 13. Paspalum Simpsoni Na.sh Bull. Torr. Club 24: 39. 1897. Paspalum gracillimuvi Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 73. 1903. Tufted, similar to P. caespilosum; culms slender, 4-8 dm. high. Basal sheaths hirsute, the upper glabrous; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, glabrous on both sides, the margins ciliate ; racemes 3-5. spreading, 2-7 cm. long, the rachis narrow; sinkelets in ])airs, obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, and 0.8 mm. thick, the first scale wanting, t lie second and third 3-nerved, densely pubescent with sliort glandular hairs. Sandy soil. .Toyuda; Mona:—^Florida; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba. 14. Paspalum glabrum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 30. 1804. Paspalum milioideum Desv. ; Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 315. 1816. Paspalum Hclleri Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 370. 1903. Culms tufted, slender, glabrous, erect or p^scending, simple, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves 5-20 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, roughish-margined, with a few hairs at the base of the blade: racemes 2-6, narrow, 10 cm. long or less, erect or spreading; spikelets many, oval, glabrous or pubescent, 1.7-2 mm. long, obtuse. Sandy and rocky soil at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Desecheo; Mona; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda; Ane- gada:—Florida; West Indies. 15. Paspalum propinquum Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 1: 291. 1899. Perennial; culms clustered, slender, glabrous, up to 6 dm. long, ascending or spreading. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or the lower ones pubescent; blades ,5-15 cm. long, 8 mm. wide or less, ciliate with long hairs at least near the base; racemes solitary or 2 together, slender, 5-7 cm. long; spikelets oval, puberulent, a little less than 2 mm. long. In dry soil, plains and hillsides of the northern districts, Porto Rico:—southeastern United States; Cuba; Jamaica. Probably not distinct from P. ciliatifolium Michx. 16. Paspalum caespitosum Fluegge, Mon. Pasp. 161. 1810. Paspalum Blodgettii Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 571. 1860. Tufted; culms slender, 3-0 dm. high. Leaves glabrous, narrowly linear, flat, 5-20 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, erect or nearly so, with glabrous sheaths; racemes 2-6, erect, 1-5 cm. long, the rachis very narrow; .spikelets in pairs, a little less than 2 mm. long and nearly 1 mm. wide, elliptic, the first scale wanting, the second and third sparingly papillose-pubescent with appressed hairs, 3-nerved, the fruiting scale yellowish-white. Woods and thickets at lower elevations in dry districts, Porto Rico; Mona; St. Thomas (according to Krebs) :— Florida; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola. 17. Paspalum orbiculatum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 32. 1804. Paspalum pusillum Vent. ; Fluegge, IMon. Pasp. 100. ISIO. Perennial; glabrous; culms prostrate, often rooting at the nodes, slender, sometimes 4 dm. long or longer, the flowering branches erect, 5-20 cm. high. Leaves short, lanceolate, flat, 2-5 cm. long, 7 mm. wide or less, mostly spreading; 40 POACEAE racemes 2-4, short-exserted from the upper leaf-sheath, 1-3 cm. long; spikelets orbicular-elliptic, smooth, yellowish, a little less than 1 mm. long. Wet banks and along shaded streams at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas (type locality of P. pusillum, but not collected there recently);—Hispaniola; Dominica; Alartiniqiie; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 18. Paspalum decumbens Sw. Prodr. 22. 17SS. Paspalum pedunculatum Desv. ; Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 31.5. 1810. Perennial; culm decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, branched, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves glalirou? or more or less pubescent, ciliate, the blades 5-10 cm. long, 12 mm. wide or less; racemes solitary, 1..5-4 cm. long; spikelets glabrous, paired, about 1.5 mm. long, the first scale orbicular, the second and third 3-nerved, the fruiting one oval, longitudinally papillose. Shaded banks and woods in wet districts, Porto Rico, ascending to SOO m.: Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Trinidad; continental ti'opical America. 19. Paspalum clavuliferum C. Wright; Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Habana 8: 203. 1871. Perennial culms tufted, slender, weak, simple or few-branched, 4 dm. long or less. Leaves flat, pilose-pubescent, 1-2 mm. wide; racemes 2, sometimes 3 (rarely only 1), slender, straight or slightly curved, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets elliptic- obovate, plano-conve.x, pubescent, 1.5 mm. long. Hillsides and plains at lower elevations in the northern and western districts of Porto Rico:—Cul>a; Mexico to South America. 20. Paspalum notatum Fluegge, Mon. Pasp. 106. 1810. Perennial by a short, tough rootstock; culms simple, glabrous, clustered or solitary, 1..5-4 dm. high, erect or nearly so. I eaf-sheaths ciliate or glabrous, the blades flat, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, G-20 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; racemes 2, conjugate, straight or becoming somewhat curved, 3-6 cm. long or sometimes longer; spikelets oval, glabrous, ol)tuse, 2. .5-3 mm. long, the first scale wanting, the third 3-5-nerved. Wet meadows, slopes and along streams at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas (type locality, but not found there by recent collectors):—.Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Grenada; continental tropical America. 21. Paspalum minus Fourn. Me.\. PI. 2: 6. 1886. Closely resembles Paspalum notatum and may not be specifically distinct from that species. The two racemes are more widely divergent than those of notatrun and the siiikelets are a little less than 2.5 mm. long. Trujillo Alto (ex Hitchcock & Chase) :—Jamaica ; Cuba ; continental tropical America- 22. Paspalum vaginatum. Sw. Prodr. 21. 1788. Culms 2-6 dm. tall, from a long stout rootstock; sheaths compressed, keeled, usually crowded and overlapping, at least at the ))ase and on the innovations, glabrous; leaves folded, or involute when dry, 1.5 dm. long or less, 2-4 mm. wide, glabrous or sparingly hairy; racemes terminal, usually in pairs, rarely more or but a single one, erect or ascending, 3-7 cm. long; spikelets singly disposed, ovate- lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. long, the 2 outer scales glabrous, thin, the first scale 4-nerved, the lateral nerves appro.ximate at the margin, the midnorve suppressed, the second scale 5-nerved, the lateral nerves rather near together, the third scale glabrous at the apex or with 2 or 3 hairs. Brackish soil aloag the coasts of Porto Rico; Mona; Vieques; St. Croix; Tortola: southern United States; West Indies; continental tropical America. POACEAE 41 23. Paspalum distichum L. PI. Jam. Pugil. 5. 1759. Culms 1-6 dm. tali, from a long stout rootstock; sheaths compressed, keeled, usually crowded and overlapping, especially at the base and on the innovations, glabrous, or more or less hairy on the margins; leaves commonly less than 1 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, usually glabrous; racemes terminal, in pairs, ascending, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets singly disposed, ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute, the 2 outer scales firm, 5-nerved, rarely 7-nerved, the first scale glabrous, the second ap- pressed-pubescent, the third apiculate, pubescent at the apex. Wet grounds at low elevations near the coasts of Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix: United States; Bermuda; West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Joint-grass. 24. Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Act. Helv. Phys. Math. 7: 129. 1762. Smooth and glabrous. Culms compressed, 2-9 dm. tall, finally decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes; leaves 4-16 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide; racemes in pairs, slender, often curved, spreading or ascending, 5-12 cm. long, the rachis straight, or flexuous toward the apex, 0.6-0.8 mm. broad; spikelets crowded, much compressed dorsally, singly di.spo.sed, 1.5 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. broad, apiculate, the 2 outer scales 2-nerved, the nerves marginal, the first scale ciliate on the margins with very long lax hairs, the third scale smooth, white. Hillsides and fields at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico, ascending into the Luquillo Mountains; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan:—southern United States; Bermuda; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba to Trinidad; Margarita; continental tropical America. 25. Paspalum fimbriatum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 93. 1815. Annual; culms tufted, glabrous, often branched below, 3-8 dm. high, the sheaths hirsute or glal3rous. Leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5 cm. wide or less, ciliate; racemes 2-6. erect or ascending, 2.5-7 cm. long; spikelets mostly in pairs, sub- orbicular, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the scales papillose, 3-nerved, the lower one with a broad cleft wing, with ciliate segments, the next with a similar partial wing, the fruiting scale 7-ridged. Waste grounds, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix:—West Indies; continental tropical America. Paspalum molle Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 34. 1804. A species described from St. Thomas, not undertsood by modern botanists. Paspalum spathaceum Desv.; Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. 4: 314, 1816. St. Thomas (ex Schlechtendal). A species not understood by modern bot- anists. 26. PANICUM L. Sp. PI. 55. 1753. Annuals or perennials, various in habit, with open or contracted panicles, Spikelets 1-2-flowered, when 2-flowered the lower one staminate only. Scales 4- the 3 lower membranous, empty, or the third with a staminate flower, varying in the same species; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, shining, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Awns none. Stamens 3. Styles dis- tinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the hardened fruiting scale and 42 POACEAE palet. [Old Latin name for some grass, proba)3ly the cultivated sorghum, referring to its panicle, taken from Pliny.] About 500 species, in temperate and tropical regions, known as Panic-orass. Type species: Panioim milinceum L. A. Panicle-branchlets prolonged as a bristle beyond the upper- most spikelet. B. Panicle-branchlets not prolonged as a bclstle 1. Basal leaves similar to those of the culm. a. Fourth scale transversely wrinkled. Pereiuiial species. Panicle open, diffusely branched. Panicle of secund racemes. Nodes of the culm glabrotis. Nodes of tlie culm bearded. Aniuial species. (^ulms prostrate or spreading, (^^ulms erect or ascending. Spikelets glabrovis, reticulate veined. Spikelets pubescent, scarccl.v i'e(.iculaf(v veined. b. Fourtli scale not transversely wrinkled. *Fir.st scale trimcate, short. Spikelets aciite. Spikelets acuminate. **First scale not trmicate. tAnnual, species. Spikelets about 5 mm. long. Spikelets about 1.2 mm. long. ttPerennial species. JSpikelets in open or contracted panicles. §Panicle narrow ; spikelets few ; leaves in- volute. Spikelets pointed, about 2.5 mm. long. Spikelets not pointed, about 1.5 mm. long. §§Panicles open, mostly large; spikelets several or many; leaf-blades flat. First scale about one-fifth as long as the spikelet. First scale about one-third as long as the spikelet. Cidms erect, not rooting at the lower nodes Leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide. Leaf-blades 6-12 mm. wide. Culms decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes. Spikelets viscid. Spikelets not viscid. Leaf-blades 10-25 mm. wide. Leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide. tJi^pikelets forming spike-like, more or less secund racemes in the panicles. Culms erect;. panicle dense. CXdms decumbent ; panicles not dense. I^eaf-blades narrowed at the base. Leaf-blades cordate or truncate at the base. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; pani- cle-branches nearly erect. Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; pani- icle-branches spreading. 2. Basal leaves usually broader and shorter than those of culm, forming rosettes. a. Plants branching from the base. b. Plants brandling from the nodes. *Leaf-blades long and stiff. Nodes not bearded. Spikelets 2 mm. long. Spikelets .S mm. long. Nodes bearded. **Leaf-blades not long and stiff. Spikelets turgid, blimt, strongly nerved. Spikelets not tm-gid nor strongly nerved. Ligule long-hairy. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or nearly so. I^eaf-sheaths very pubescent. Ligule obsolete; plants velvety-pubescent. 1. P. iilowamieum. 2. P. maximum 3. P. geminatum. 4. P. harbinode. 5. P. reptans. ti.. P. fasciculatum. 7. I'. (idsjUTSiitn. 8 P. oqiiaticum. 9. P. e'.ephantipes. 10. P. miliaceum. 11. P. irichoides. 12. P. lenerum. i;5. p. stenodes.' 14. P. Schiffnrri. 15. P. diffusum. i<). P. ClMesfbrcghtii. 17. P. (ilitlinnsunt. IS. P. Irichanthum. 19. P. parvifoHum. 20. P. crmdcnsiim. 21. P. loj-iiw. 22. P. Stevensianiim. 2:?. P. hoHviense. 24. P. poh/caiilon. 2.5. P. aciculnif. 26. P. fusijoriiK'. 27. P. chrysopsidifolitiin. 28. P. portoricense. 29. P. leucothrix. ;M). p. acuminatum. 'M. P. scoparium. POACEAE 43 1. Panicum utowanaeum Scribn. ; Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 25. 1903. Panicum Sinlenisii Nash, Bull. Torrey Clul) 30: 382. 1903. Perennial by slender rootstocks; cuims glabrous, rather weak, little branched, 2-6 dm. long. Leaf-sheaths ciliate above, ligule a few short stiff hairs; blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-4 mm. wide, glabrous, or the upper surface pilose toward the base; panicles slender, 3-10 cm. long, with nearly erect branches, the branch- lets prolonged beyond the uppermost spikelet into a bristle 2-4 mm. long; spike- lets about 2 mm. long, nearly sessile, ellipsoid, glabrous, the first scale acute, 1 mm. long, 3-nerved, the second 3-5-nerved, the fruit rugulose. Hillsides at lower elevations in dry parts of the southwestern districts of Porto Rico; De.secheo; Mona; Muertos; Anegada:—Cuba; Guadeloupe; Venezuela. 2. Panicum maximum .Jacq. Ic. PI. Rar. 1: 2, pi. 13. 17.s(>. Pnnirinii jii nieiitoruiii Pers. S.\ii. 1: 83. 1S0.5. Perennial; culms 1-2 m. tall or more, leafy; ieaf-sheaths over lapping, glabrous, or tuberculate-pubescent; blades elongated, 1-4 cm. wide, glabrous; panicle 3-6 dm. k)ng, its branches erect or nearly so, very long; spikelets glabrous, 3-4 mm. long, the fourth scale transversely rugose. Fields and hanks at lower and middle elevations, Porto Kico; Mona; Icacos; Muertos; A'ieques; St. (^roix; Si. Thomas; St. .Tan: Tortola:—widely naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions after i)laiiting for f(Klder. Native of tropical Africa. Guinea Grass. Yerba Guinea. 3. Panicum geminatum F'orsk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. is. 177.1. Panicum hrhoiden Lam. Tab!. Encyc. 1: 170. 1791. Not Tj. 1771, Paspalum appressuin Lam. Tabl. Encycl. l: 176. 1791. Aquatic. Culms 6-12 dm. long, usually clothed with sheaths below; leaves glabrous, 2..'> dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. wide; racemes 10-20, one-sided, the rachis broadly winged, appressed, 2-4 cm. long; spikelets about 2. .5 mm. long, ovate, acute, glabrous, singly disposer! in 2 rows, the first scale broader than long and clasping the spikelet at its base, truncate at the apex, the fourth scale transversely wrinkled. Banks and borders of streams and lakes at lower elevations and in coastal salinas, Porto Rico; Icacos; St. Thomas; St. Jan ; St. Croix; Anegada:—Florida; Texas; Bahamas, Jamaicta; Cuba to Martinique: Curacao; Aruba; continental tropical America and Old World Tropics. [P. paspaloidcs of authors, not of Persoon.] Water-grass. 4. Panicum barbinode Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 256. 1834. Sterile culms 1-2 m. long, rooting at the iiodes, the fertile ones erect, 6-10 dm. tall or more,- the nodes densely barbed; leaf-sheaths often overlapping, papillose-hirsute; l)lacies 1-3 dm. long, glabrous or i)ubescent, 6-16 mm. wide; panicle 1..5-2 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending; spikelets about 3 mm. long, glabrous. Wet meadows, marshes and in cultivated grounds, Porto Rico, at lower elevations Mona; Culebra; Vieques; St. Croix; Tortola:—southern United States; Bermuda; West Indies; continental tropical America. Native of South America. A valuable fodder- grass [Paniram /no/te of authors, not Swartz.] Para Grass. Malojillo. Yerba Para . 5. Panicum reptans L. Syst. ed. 10, 870. 1759. Panicum grossarium L. Syst. ed. 10, 871. 17.59. Panicum prostratum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791. Panicum caespilosum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 146. 1797. P. prostratum pilosum Eggecs, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 104. 1879. 44 POACEAE Annual; culms prostrate or decumbent, usually much-branched, rooting at the lower nodes, the flowering branches 1-3 dm. high, glabrous, or the nodes puberulent. Leaf-sheaths ciliate; ligule a dense row of hairs; blades lanceolate, ciliate at the base, subcoixlate, 6 cm. long or less, 4-12 mm. wide ; panicle at length long-stalked, of several secund spikelike racemes 1-3 cm. long; spikelets elliptic, about 2 mm. long, the first scale very short. [P. repcns of Krebs, not of Swartz.] Hillsides and cultivated ground, Porto Rico, in dry parts of the southern districts; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan:—southern United States; Me.\ico; Jamaica; Cuba to Tobago; Margarita; Curacao; continental tropical America and Old World. 6. Panicum fasciculatum Sw. Prodr. 22. 1788. Panicum carthaginense Sw. Prodr. 22. 1788, Panicum fusctim Sw. Prodr. 23. 1788. Panicum flavescens Sw. Prodr. 23. 1788. P. fuscum fasciculatum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. .547. 1864. P. fasciculatum flavescens Doell. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2': 20.'"). 1877. Panicum. paniculaium Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 381. 1903. Not Kuntze 1898. Perennial; culms glabrous or somewhat pube.scent above, slender or rather stout, erect, spreading or ascending, 0.3-1 m. long. Leaves flat, 3 dm. long or less, 0.6-2 cm. wide, glabrous or niore or less pubescent, the sheaths sometimes pilose or hispid; panicles .5-1.') cm. long, the branches raceme-like, ascending; spikelets commonly approximate, short-stalked, brown, 2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous, the outer scales reticulate-veined, the fourth scale rugose. Moist banks, hillsides and woodlands, Porto Rico, at lower and middle elevations; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—southern United States; West Indies; continental tropical America. {?UrocMoafasciculata of K.rchs.] 7. Panicum adspersum '^I'lin. Cirara. Pan. 146. 1826. Culms ascending or spreading, rooting at the lower nodes, branched, com- pressed, glabrous, 3-10 dm. long. Sheaths ciliate above; leaf-blades 5-20 cm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, glabrous, or sometimes ciliate at the base, rather stiff, abruptly acuminate, rough-margined; panicles 6-15 cm. long, composed of maiiy spike-liko racemes; spikelets short-stalkeo, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5-1.8 mm. wide, fusiform; first scale acute, glabrous, 5-nerved, about one-third as long as the whole spikelet; second and third scales, hispid at least above, rarely glabrous. Banks and hillsides at lower elevations in dry parts of the southern districts of Porto Rico, extending north to Guanajibo on the western coast; Mona; Muertos; Vieqiies; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—southern United States; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Saija; Guadeloupe. 8. Panicum aquaticum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Sup])l. 4: 2S1. 1816. Perennial; culms rather stout, glabrous, decumbent below and rooting at the nodes, simple or branching, the branches neai'ly erect, 2-5 dm. high. Leaf- sheaths glabrous, or pilose above; blades 8-25 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, glabrous, or sparingly pilose above; panicles short-stalked, open, 8-20 cm. long, the filiform branches spreading, smooth or nearly so; spikelets about 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, acute, the first scale short, truncate, the second and third strongly nerved. [Referred by Hackel to P. proUfervm Lam.] Wet grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—Cuba ; Trinidad ; conti- nental tropical America. Recorded by Krebs from St. Thomas. 9. Panicum elephantipes Nees, Agrost. Bras. 165. 1829. Annual; culms ascending from a decumbent base, rooting at the lower nodes, somewhat fleshy, up to 1 m. long, stout, sometimes 2 cm. thick, glabrous, the nodes usually blackish. Leaf-sheaths glabrous, the blades 1.5-5 dm. long, 7-20 mm. wide, pilose above near the base; panicles open, 2-4 dm. long, their slender POACEAE 45 branches ascending; spikelets acuminate, 4-5 mm. long; first scale 1-1.5 mm. long, subtruncate, the second and third 7-9-nerved. [Referred by Hackel to P. chlorolicum pingue Nees.] Wet grounds at low elevations, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jauiaica; continental tropical America. 10. Panicum miliaceum L. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. Culms erect or decumbent, rather stout, 3 dm. tall or more, glabrous or hirsute. Sheaths papillose-hirsute; leaves 1.2.5-2.5 dm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, more or less pubescent; panicle rather dense, 1-2.5 dm. long; branches erect or ascending; spikelets 5 mm. long, acuminate; first scale about two-thirds as long as the spikelet, acuminate, 5-7-nerved; second scale acuminate, 13-nerved, some- what exceeding the 7-13-nerved acuminate third one, which subtends an empty palet; fourth scale shorter than the third, becoming indurated, obtuse. Waste grounds, St. Croix :—United States. Native of the Old World. Hog Millet. 11. Panicum trichoides Sw. Prodr. 24. 1788. Panicum hrcvifolium of authors. Not L. 1753. Panicum capillaceum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 173. 1791. Animal; culms slender, ascending or erect, 6 dm. high or less, pubescent Sheaths pubescent and ciliate; leaf-blades membranous, 2 7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; panicles 2 dm. long or less, their branches filiform, spreading and ascending; spikelets nearly ellipsoid, about 1.2 mm. long, sparingly hirsute; first scale acute, 1-nerved, aliout one-half as long as the whole spikelet; second and third scales 3-nerved. Banks, liillsides, woods and along streams, Porto Rico, ascending to high elevations; St. Thomas (ex Eggers) ; Tortola :—West Indies ; continental tropical America. 12. Panicum tenerum Beyr. ; Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Nat. 1: 341. 1834. Perennial; culms slender, stiff, tufted, glabrous, 4-9 dm. high. Sheaths glabrous, or the lower softly pubescent; leaf-blades 4-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, or the upper much smaller, erect, somewhat involute in drying, somewhat pu- bescent, at least toward the base; panicles solitary and terminal, 3-8 cm. long, or also a few smaller ones lateral; spikelets 2-2.8 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, pointed, short-stalked, rather crowded ; first scale about one-half the length of the whole spikelet, 1-nerved, the second and third 5-7-nerved. Moist wliite sand near Mauati:—southeastern United States; Bahamas; Cuba. 13. Panicum stenodes Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 547. 1SG4. Perennial; culms tufted, wiry, glabrous, erect or reclining, 5 dm. high or less, usually branched at or above the middle, the branches elongated. Leaves glabrous, the blades 1-4 cm. long, involute, 1-2 mm. wide; panicles small, only 1-2 cm. long, the subracemose spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic; first scale about one-half the length of the spikelet, nerveless or 1-nerved, the second and third 5-nerved. Savanna near San Juan on road to TrujUlo Alto:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; con- tinental tropical America. 14. Panicum Schiffneri Hack. Ergeb. Bot. Exp. Sudbras. 11. 1906. Perennial; culms slender, decumbent, ascending or clambering, with long diverging branches, glabrous or more or less hirsute. Leaf-sheaths papillose- 46 POACEAB hispid, at least above, the blades flat, lanceolate, 10-18 cm. Ions;, 1-2.5 cm. wide, scabrate and sometimes sparingly hispid, the base narrowed; panicles 10-15 cm. long, the filiform branches spreading or the lower reflexed, scabrous, pilose at the base; spikelets clustered on the branchlets, glabrous, about 2 mm. long and 1 mm. thick, obtuse, first scale very short, the second and third about equal. [? Panicum coininelinacfolium R. & S.] River banks and wet slopes, Porto Rico:—Martinique; St. Vincent; continental tropical America. 15. Panicum diffusum Sw. I'rodr. 23. 1878. Perennial; culms tufted, spreading or ascending, simple or little branched, glabrous witli pubescent nodes, 2-.^ dm. high. Sheaths striate, glabrous or pubescent; leaf-blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-3 mm. wide, sparingly pubescent; panicles 5-10 cm. long, open, tlie branches filiform; spikelets few, near the ends of the panicle-branches, short-stalked, about 2 nmi. long and I mm. wide; first scale acute, about one-half as long as the spikelet; second and third scales 7-9- nerved. Hillsides near Mie coast, western and northwestern districts of Porto Rico; St. Croix (ex Grisebach); St. Tliomas; St. .Ian; Tortola:—West Indies, soutli to Martinique. 16. Panicum Ghiesbreghtii Fourn. Me.x. PI. 2: 29. 1886. Panicum hirlira'jin ii m Ifitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 223. 1909. I'ereiuiial; culms erect, tufted, rather stout, 6-S dm. higli, the nodes hirsute. Sheaths hirsute; leaf-blades flat, uj) to 6 dm. long and 12 mm. wide, hirsute or glabrate; panicle 2-3 dm. long, its branches ascending; spikelets numerous, short- stalked, about 3 mm. long and 1 mm. wide; first scale acute, one-half to two- thirds as long as the whole spikelet; second and third scales 7-9-nerved. [Re- corded by Hackel as P. diffusum Sw.] Moist meadows at lower elevations, Porto Rico:—Bahamas; Jamaica; Culja; con- tinental tropical America. 17. Panicum glutinosum Sw. Prodr. 24. 17S8. Perennial; culms erect with a decumbent base, rooting at the lower nodes, rather stout, glabrous, 1-2 m. high. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or iiilo.se, bearded at the mouth, the blades 1.5-5 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, long-acuminate, ciliate toward the base; panicles open, 1-3 dm. long, their branches ascending, bearded at the base, the lower verticillate, the branchlets scabrous and sometimes viscid; spikelets slendei'-stalked, viscid, aliout 3 mm. long, the first and second scales about equal. Banks, hilLsides and forests at middle anti luglier elevations iji wet or moist districts, Porto Rico; St. Croix (ex West):—.Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; continental tropical America. 18. Panicum trichanthum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 210. 1829. Perennial; culms often clustered, glabrous, slender, decumbent or ascending, up to 2 m. long. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or ciliate, sometimes villous at the mouth, the blades lanceolate, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 8-15 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, the base coi'date, the apex acuminate; panicles diffuse, 1-3 cm. long, the spreading branches and branchlets capillary; spikelets very numerous, nearly oblong, acute, about 1.3 mm. long; first scale very short, the second and third 3-nerved. Tliickets, woods and river banks in wet or moist districts, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Trinidad; continental tropical America. POACEAE 47 19. Panicum parvifolium Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 173. 1791. Panicum oplismenoides Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 381. 1903. Not Hack. 1888. Perennial; culms slender, creeping or decumbent, rooting at the nodes, branched, glabrous, or the nodes sometimes pilose, 2-8 dm. long. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or sparingly pilose or ciliate, the blades lanceolate, short, 1-3 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, sometimes pilose near the rounded or subcordate base; panicles short-stalked, 2-6 cm. long, the branches filiform, spreading; spikelets glabrous, about 1..5 mm. long, obtuse; first scale about 0.7 mm. long, the second and third 5-nerved; fruit smooth, shining. Wet grounds, northern coastal plain of Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Trinidad, continental tropical America. 20. Panicum condensum Nash in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 93. 1903. Culms tufted, branched, 0.6-1 m. tall, the basal sheaths compressed and keeled. Leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, erect or nearly so; panicles large, dense, oblong, 1-2.5 dm. long, their branches erect; spikelets numerous, about 2.3 mm. long, acute, glabrous ; first scale acuminate, about one-half the length of the whole spikelet ; second and third scales acuminate. Swamps and borders of lakes, northern coastal plain of Porto Rico:—southeastern United States; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Guadeloupe (?); Mexico. 21. Panicum laxum Sw. Prod. 23. 1788. Panicum agrostidiforme Lam. Tabl. Encycl, 1: 172. 1791. Panicum tenuiculmiim Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 58. 1818. Culms simple or little branched, often decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, 4-12 dm. high. Sheaths hirsute above, otherwise glabrous; blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent on the upper side; panicles 0.5-3 dm. long, with many, slender spike-like branches, the lower branches spreading, the ultimate branchlets mostly secund ; .spikelets 1-1.5 mm. long, about 0.7 mm. wide, short-stalked; first scale 1-3-nerved, about one-third the length of the whole spikelet, the second somewhat shorter than the third. [?P. pilosum of Krebs.] Moist or wet soil, Porto Rico, ascending to at least 900 m.; Vieques; St. Thomas; Tortola:—West Indies; continental tropical America. 22. Panicum Stevensianum H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 498. 1915. Perennial; culms compressed, 3-6 dm. long, prostrate, rooting at the nodes, the branches ascending, about 3 dm. high. Leaf-sheaths ciliate, keeled, the blades flat, glabrous, 4-10 cm. long, 10 mm. wide or less, the base truncate or subcordate, sometimes ciliate; panicle short-stalked, 6-10 cm. long, narrow, its spike-like Vjranches nearly erect and appressed; spikelets crowded, about 2 mm. long, acute; first scale about one-fourth the length of the spikelet; the second and third 3-5-nerved, about equal. In wet white sand, Laguna de Tortuguero:—Cuba. 23. Panicum boliviense Hack. Repert. 11: 19. 1912. Perennial; culm creeping or decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, rather slender, glabrous, branched, the branches erect, 5-15 dm. high. Leaf- sheaths glabrous, or hirsute above, with ciliate margins, the blades flat, 5-16 cm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, the base subcordate, clasping, ciliate; panicle stalked, 7-25 cm. long, its branches spike-like, distant, or the upper approximate; spikelets nearly sessile, about 1.5 mm. long, and one-half as wide as long, the first scale short, the second and third about equal in length, obtuse. Hillsides, Tortola:—Cuba; St. Kitts (?); continental tropical America. 48 POACEAE 24. Panicum polycaulon Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 200. 1897. Densely tufted, forming rosettes or small mats, the basal leaves much larger than those of the culms; culms glabrous, simple,' or branched at the base, 6-20 cm. high, often many together. Basal leaf-blades linear-Ianceoiate, 3-7 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, ciliate, the sheaths ciliate; panicles pilose, 4-7 cm. long; spikelets filiform-stalked, glabrous, l..'>-2 mm. long, obovate, obtuse; first scale about one-third as long as the spikelet, acutish; second and third scales nerved. Grassy places at lower and middle elevations in moist districts, Porto Rico: southeastern United States: Jamaica; Cuba. Referred by Hackel to P. ciliaium EII. 25. Panicum aciculare Desv.; Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 274. 1816. Culms slender, ascending, 1-3 dm. long, pubescent at least above, at length bushy-branched and forming cushion-like masses. Leaf-sheaths villous or ciliate, the blades linear, rather stiff, involute and tapering to a sharp tip, glabrous, or the lower pilose, 4-7 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, or those of the culms much smaller and narrower; panicles 3-7 cm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long and 1 mm. thick, obovoid, obtuse; first scale about one-fourth the length of the spikelet, the second and third papillose-pubescent. Hillsides at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—southern United States; Cuba. 26. Panicum fusiforme Hitchc. Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 222. 1909. Culms tufted, up to 7 dm long, usually shorter, pubescent, ultimately bushy- branched. Leaves stiff, somewhat pubescent, or ciliate, their sheaths villous, their blades long-acuminate, 10 cm. long or less; panicles exserted; spikelets ellipsoid, pubescent, about 3 mm. long, the fl,.st scale obtuse. Sunamit of El Yunciue:—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; British Honduras. 27. Panicum chrysopsidifolium Nash in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 100. 1903. Culms slender or rather stout, 4.5 dm. long or less, densely villous, often purplish, at length diffusely branched and matted, the nodes bearded. Leaves villous, rather stiff, the blades of the lower or basal ones 5-10 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, those of the later branches much smaller and narrower; panicles at length long-stalked, 4-7 cm. long, with filiform, flexuous branches; spikelets obovoid, obtuse, about 2 mm. long ; first scale about one-third the length of the spikelet, the second and third villous. [Recorded by Hackel as P. angustifolium Ell. and as P. consanguineum Kunth.] Slopes and banks at lower and middle elevations in moist or wet districts, Porto Rico, ascending into the Luqmllo Moimtains:—southeastern United States; Cuba. 28. Panicum portoricense Desv.; Ilamilt. Prodr. 11. 1825. Panicum pnucicilialinn Ashe, Journ. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 16: 87. 1900. Culms commonly clustered, ascending or decumbent, puberulent or glabrate, 3 dm. long or less, at length branched from most of the nodes. Sheaths usually ciliate, at least above; ligules inconspicuous; blades rather thin, glabrous or puberulent, 2-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, or those of the later branches much smaller; panicle small, 2-6 cm. long, glai^rous; spikelets usually few, turgid, obliquely obovoid, blunt, 1.5 mm. long; first scale about one third the length of the spikelet, obtuse, the second and third strongly 7-9-nerved, puberulent. [Recorded by Hackel as P. Nashianum Scribn.] Sandy soU northern coastal plain of Porto Rico:-—southeastern United States; Cuba. 29. Panicum leucothrix Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 41. 1897. Culms tufted, pubescent or pubervilent at least above, slender, ascending or erect, the later ones much branched, 2.4-5 dm. long. Leaf-blades more or less pubescent, ciliate or puberulent, the hairy ligules about 3 mm. long, rather thin, POACEAE 49 flat, 2-7 cm. long, 2-7 mm. Avlde, the sheaths often nearly glabrous or with some long hairs; panicle 2-8 cm. long, pilose, the branches filiform; spikelets nearly ellipsoid, about 1..3 mm. long, papillose-pubescent, first scale ol^tuse, about one- fourth the length of the spikelet, the second and third about equal, 7-nerved. Savannas and hillsides, Porto Rico:—southeastern United States; Cuba. 30. Panicum acuminatum Sw. Prodr. 23. 1788. Panicuvi ornatmn Desv. ; Hamilt. Prodr. 11. 1825. Panicum comophyllutn Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 380. 1903. Culms densely villous, ascending, 7 dm. long or less, the later ones usually branched at most of the nodes, the ultimate branchlets commonly fascicled. Leaves villous or pul^escent, or the upper sheaths glabrate, the ligule about 3 mm. long, the blades 4-8 cm. long, 6-13 mm. wide, those of the later branches much smaller; panicle up to 10 cm. long, villous; spikelets obovoid, nearly 2 mm. long, pilose, first scale about one third as long as the spikelet, the second and third strongly nerved. [Referred by Hackel to P. dicholomum L.] Banks at lower and middle elevations in moist districts, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Colombia. 31. Panicum scoparium Lam. Encycl. 4: 744. 1798. Culms rather stout, densely velvety, branched, erect, ascending or de- cumbent, up to 1 m. long, the base usually decumbent, the nodes villous with a viscid ring alsove. Leaf-sheaths velvety or viscid, the blades lanceolate, villous, 2 dm. long or less, 8-15 mm. wide, or those of the branches much smaller; panicle stalked, &-15 cm. long, viscid, its filiform branches spreading or ascending; spikelets pedicelled, oblong-obovoid, villous, about 2.5 nmi. long, pointed; first scale very short, the second and third strongly nerved. Rocky situations. Sierra de Naguabo:—southeastern United States; Cuba. Panicum cayennense Lam. is recorded, by Schlechtendal, with doubt, as collected on St. Thomas. We have no evidence of its existence there. Panicum anceps Michx., of the United States; P. distachyum L., of Asia and Australia; and P. oryzoides Sw., of tropical Amei'ica, recorded by Krebs as formerly found in St. Thomas, are, presumably errors for identification. 27. ICHNANTHUS Beauv. Agrost. 56. 1812. Mostly perennial, herbaceous grasses, with flat leaf-blades and panicled, narrow, 1-2-fiowered spikelets jointed below the scales. Scales 4, awnless, the first one often as long as the whole spikelet, Lower flower of the spikelet com- monly staminate, sometimes wanting, the upper one perfect. Fruiting scale with ))asal appendages, or in our species with excavations, its back turned toward the rachis of the spikelet. [Greek, vestigial flower.] About 25 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Ichnanthus panicoides Beauv. Lower scales attenuate-acuminate. 1. /. nemorosus. Lower scales acute or merely acuminate. Leaf-blades lanceolate, glabrous. 2. /. pollens. Leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often pubescent beneath. 3. /. axillaris. 1. Ichnanthus nemorosus (Sw.) Doeli in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2^: 289. 1877. Panicum nemorosum Sw. Prodr. 22. 1788. Perennial; culms prostrate, often rooting at the nodes, branched, glabrous. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or sparingly pilose or ciliate; blades ovate to lanceolate, somewhat inequilateral, acuminate, glabrous or sparingly pilose; panicles 8 m. long or shorter; lower scales lanceolate, attenuate acuminate. IVIoimtain forests of Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Kitts to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 50 POACEAE 2. Ichnanthus pallens (Sw.) Munro; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 414. 1861. Panicum pallens Sw. Prodr. 23. 1788. Similar to /. nemorosus, the culms more slender and more elongated. Leaf- blades lanceolate, glabrous or sparingly pilose; panicles usually larger; lower scales acute or acuminate, not attenuate. Shaded banks, forests, woodlands and along streams, Porto Rico, ascending to higher elevations:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Kitts to Trinidad; continental tropical America. Caruzo. 3. Ichnanthus axillaris (Nees) H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 334. 1917. Panicum axiliare Nees Agrost. Bras. 141. 1829, Culms commonly shorter than those of either of the two preceding species. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, usually more or less pubescent at least beneath; lower scales acute or acuminate. Mountain forests of Porto Rico:—Hispaniola; Tobago; Trinidad; nortliern South America. 28. LASIACIS (Griseb.) Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 16. 1910. Perennial, woody, often elongated and vine-like grasses, with flat leaves, the inflorescence of terminal panicles of large subglobose somewhat oblique 1-flowered spikelets. Scales 4, somewhat coriaceous or chartaceous, not awned, bearing an apical tuft of short hairs. Grain enclosed in the hard fruiting scale and palet. [Greek, hairy-tip.] Ten species or more, of tropical and subtropical America, known as Cane-grass. Type species: Panicum divarication L. Leaf-blades glabroas. Leaf-blades linear-attenuate, mostly less tlian 5 mm. wide. 1. L. Harrisn. Leaf-blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, mostly 5-20 mm. wide. Panicles few-flowered, tlie branches zigzag. 2. L. divaricala. Panicles many-flowered, the branches straight. 3. L. Sloanei. Leaf-blades pubescent or puberiilent, at least beneath. Ligule brown, about 2 mm. long; leaves puberulent beneath. 4. L. ligulala. Ligule 1 mm. long or less; leaves velvety-pubescent on both sides. 5. L. sorghoidea. 1. Lasiacis Harrisii Nash, Torreya 13: 274. 1913. Culms clambering, glabrous, branched, up to 6 m. long, the branches very slender. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or sometimes ciliate; ligule scarious, 1 mm. long or less, blades linear-lanceolate, attenuate, 5-12 cm. long, mostly less than 5 mm. wide, glabrous, rather thin; panicles narrow, few-flowered, short stalked, 3-7 cm. long, the branches few and short; spikelets ellipsoid, about 4 mm. long, the first scale orbicular, about 2 mm. long. Hillsides, slopes and tliickets in moist districts, Porto Rico; St. Jan:—Jamaica. 2. Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 16. 1910. Panicum, divaricalum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 871. 1759. Panicujn bambusoidcs Desv. ; Hamilt. Prodr. 10. 1825. Panicxim divaricalum glabrum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 784. 1891. Culm glabrous, smooth, much branched, erect or arching, 2-3 m. long, the branches sometimes pendent. Sheaths ciliate; leaf-blades glabrous, acuminate, those of the main culm 8-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, those of the branches smaller; panicle 5-10 cm. long, its slender branches spreading or deflexed; spikelets swollen, 4-5 mm. long. Thickets and woodlands, Porto Rico, ascending to higher elevations; Mona; Muertos; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St- Jan; Tortola:—West Indies; continental tropical America. POACEAE 51 3. Lasiacis Sloanei (Griseb.) Hitchc. Bot. Gaz. 5i: 302. 1911. Panicum lalifolium Hamilt. Prodr. 10. 1825. Not L, 1753. Panicum Sloanei Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 551. 1864. Culms arching or clambering, glabrous, 2-4 m. long, the branches slender, elongated. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or their margins ciliate; ligule very short; petiole commonly pubescent; blades lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, thin, 6-15 cm. long, 8-20 mm. wide; panicles 6-20 cm. long, their branches rather widely spreading; spikelets ellipsoid or obovoid, pale, about 4 mm. long. Dry liillside, Arecibo:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Dominica to Trinidad and South Amprica. 4. Lasiacis ligulata H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb, 18: 337. 1917. Panicu7n divaricahtrn puberulum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 551. 1864. Culms clambering, sometimes attaining a length of 10 meters, and a dia- meter of 1 cm. toward the base, the slender, widely spreading branches nearly straight. Leaf- sheaths ciliate, otherwise glabrous; ligule brown, about 2 mm. long; blades lanceolate, 12 cm. long or less, 3-15 mm. wide, acuminate, glabrous above, puberulent beneath, roughish-margined ; panicles rather loose, 5-10 cm. long, the short slender branches at length reflexed ; spikelets obovoid, nearly black when mature, about 4 mm. long. Hillsides and thickets at lower and middle elevations in moist districts, Porto Rico St. Thomas; Tortola:—Tobago; Trinidad; Brazil. 6. Lasiacis sorghoidea (Desv.) H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 338. 1917. Panicum sorghoideum Desv.; Hamilt. Prodr. 10. 1825. Panicum Siuartziatnim Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 140. 1908. Lasiacis Swartziana Hitchc. Bot. Gaz. 51: 302. 1911. Culms arching or clambering, glabrous, 3-7 m. long, the branches slender. Leaf-sheaths velvety-pubescent or glabrate; ligule inconspicuous, 1 mm. long or less; blades lanceolate, velvety-pubescent on both sides, the larger ones 1-2 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide; panicles usually looosely branched and about as broad as long, their slender branches spreading or ascending; spikelets pale, subglobose, about 3 mm. long. [Referred by Urban to Panicum maculatum Aubl. (1775) but the identity is doubted.] Wooded slopes and ravines at middle and higher elevations, Porto Rico; St. Croix; St. Thomas; Vhgin Gorda:—Jamaica; Cuba; Antigua to Trinidad and South America. 29. SACCIOLEPIS Nash in Britton, Man. 89. 1901. Perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and small spikelets in panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, jointed below the scales. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous the second one much larger than the others, .saccate at the base, many-nerved, the fourth one chartaceous. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Greek, with reference to the saccate second scale of the spikelet.] A few American species, the following typical. 1. Sacciolepis striata (L.) Nash. Bull. Torrey Club 30: 383. 1903. Holcus striatus L. Sp. PI. 1048. 1753. Panicum striatum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 172. 1791. Culms erect, with a creeping or decumbent base, branched below, 0.6-1.8 m. long. Lower leaf-sheaths hirsute, the upper usually glabrous; blades 7-18 cm. 52 POACEAE long, 4-20 mm. wide, pubescent; panicle dense, narrow, 2.5 dm. long or less; spikelets elliptic, 3-4 mm. long. Wetgroundsatlower elevations, Porto Rico;—southeastern United States; Jamaica; Cuba. Reported from Bermuda. 30. HYMENACHNE Beauv. Agrost. 48. 1812. Perennial, mostly marsh or aquatic grasses, with flat leaf-blades, and small 1-flowered acuminate spilielets in dense or interrupted spikelike panicles, the very short pedicels jointed below the scales. Scales 4, membranous, all awnless, the second one not inflated, the fruiting one little indurated, open at the summit, not stalked. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Greek, membranous scales.] A few species of tropical and warm-temperate regions. Type species: Agrostis monostachya Poir. 1, Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 276. 1829. Panicum amplexicaule Rudge, PI. Guian. 1: 21. 1805. Agrostis monoslachya Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 1: 250. 1810. Panicum hymenachne Desv. Opus. 82. 1831. Culm erect from a more or less decumbent base, often rooting at the lower nodes, stout, glabrous, 1-2 m. high. Leaf-blades thin, glabrous, lanceolate, long-acuminate, 1-3 dm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, the base cordate- clasping; spike- like panicles elongated, 2-5 dm. long, 8-10 mm. thick, sometimes with a few short branches below; spikelets lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long. Wet grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; His- paniola; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique, Trinidad; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. 31. ISACHNE R. Br. Prodr. 196. 1810. Mostly perennial and branching grasses, with flat, conspicuously nerved leaf-blades, the small spikelets panicled, globose or obovoid. Scales 4, not awned, the two lower ones unequal, empty, the third and fourth flowering, both usually with perfect flowers, and forming plano-convex grains which usually remain attached to the minute rachilla. [Greek, similar scales.] About 30 species, tropical and subtropical. Type species: Isachne australis R. Br. 1. Isachne angustifolia Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 377. 1903. Culms 1 m. long or less, prostrate and branched, often forming large masses, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or somewhat pubescent; ligule a ring of short hairs; blades 2-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, rough and green above, smooth and glaucescent beneath; panicles long-stalked, .5-8 cm. long, the branches spreading, puberulent; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long. Slopes and forest borders at higher elevations, Porto Rico:—Guadeloupe. Referred by Hackel to /. arundinacea (Sw.) Griseb. The plant mentioned by Urban under 1. ngidifolia (Poir.) Urban, is I. angustifolia, the only species known in Porto Rico. Isachne disperma (Lam.) Doell [I. dubia Kunth], was recorded by Krebs as formerly found in St. Thomas ; it is now known only from the Lesser Antilles from St. Kitt's southward. 32. OPLISMENUS Beauv. Fl. Owar. 2: 14. 1807. Perennial grasses, often decumbent and branched at the base, with broad flat leaf-blades and inflorescence composed of spikes, bearing on the lower side scattered clusters of a few spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered. Scales 4, the 3 outer POACEAE 53 membranous, the first and second empty, awned, the first equalling or somewhat shorter than the spikelet, the third scale usually awned, empty, or enclosing a small palet, the fourth one shorter than the others, obtuse, awnless, chartaceous, finally indurated, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct to the base. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, armed, presumably referring to the awns.] About 4 species, natives of warm regions. Type species: Oplismenus africanus Beauv. 1. Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 54, 168. 1812. Panicum hirtellum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 870. 1759. Oplismemis seiarivs R. & S. Syst. 2: 481. 1817. Orthopogon loliaceus Spreng. Syst. 1: 306. 1825. Culms prostrate or neai'ly so, rooting at the nodes, very slender, 6 dm. long or less. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-6 cm. long, 1 cm. wide or less, their sheaths often pubescent; panicle 8 cm. long or less, its filiform short branches erect or spreading; spikelets 3 mm. long, the awns up to 8 mm. long. Shaded banks, woodlands and forests, Porto Rico, at lower and middle elevations; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—southern United States; Bermuda; West Indies; continental tropical America. Wood-grass 33. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 53, 161. 1812. Usually tall grasses, commonly annuals, with broad leaves and a terminal inflorescence consisting of one-sided racemes racemosely or panicxUately arranged. Spikelets 1-flowered,' singly disposed, or in smaller racemes or clusters on the ultimate divisions of the inflorescence. Scales 4, the outer 3 membranous, hispid on the nerves, the third and usually also the second scale awned, or sometimes merely awn-pointed, the awn often very long; fourth scale indurated, shining, frequently pointed, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. [Greek, in ref- erence to the stout hispid hairs of the spikelets.] Species about 12, mostly in warm and tropical countries. Type species: Panicum Crus-galli L. Annuals; ligule wanting. Spikelets in about 4 rows; third scale merely tipped, none of them awned. 1. E. colonum. Spikelets irregularly arranged, not in definite rows; third scale awned. 2. E. Crus-galli. Perennial; ligide a dense line of stiff haii's. H. E. polystachya. 1. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833. Panicum colonum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 870. 1759. Oplismenus colonus H. B. K. Nov. Gen. 1; 108. 1816. Annual: culms tufted, smooth and glabrous, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall, often decum- bent and rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths compressed, usually crowded; leaf-blades 2.5-17 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide; inflorescence composed of 3-18, 1-sided, more or less spreading dense racemes 6-.50 mm. long, disposed along a 3-angled rachis and generally somewhat exceeding the length of the internodes; spikelets single, in pairs, or in 3s in rows on one side of the hispidulous, tri- angular rachis, obovate, pomted, the first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved, the second and third scales a little more than 2 mm. long, awnless, 5-nerved, hispid on the nerves, the fourth scale cuspidate. Fields, hillsides, waste and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Jungle Rice. 54 POAOEAE 2. Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 53, 161. 1812. Panicum Crus-galli L. Sp. PI. 56. 1753. Oplismenus Crus-pavonis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 108. 1815. Panicum sabulicolum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 258. 1829. Panicum Crus-galli sabulicolum Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2^: 142. 1877. Echinochloa sabulicolum Hitchc Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 257. 1913. Annual; culms 6-12 dm. tall, often branching at base. Sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaf-blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, glabrous, smooth or sca- brous; panicle composed of 5-15 sessile, erect or ascending racemes, or the lower branches spreading or reflexed; spikelefcs ovate, green or purple, densely crowded on one side of the rachis; second and third scales about 3 mm. long, scabrous or hispid, the third scale awned, empty, the fourth ovate, abruptly pointed. Roadsides and wet waste grounds, Porto Rico:—continental North and South America; Bermuda; Jamaica; Cuba; Guadeloupe; Trinidad; Old World. Consists of several races, differing in length of awns. Barnyard-grass. Arrozillo. 3. Echinochloa polystachya (H. B. K.l Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22: 135. 1920. Oplismenus polystachyus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 107. 1815. Echinochloa spectabilis Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833. Perennial; culms commonly clustered, stout, glabrous, 2 m. high or less, the nodes with appressed yellowish hairs. Sheaths glabrous or papillose-hispid ligule a line of stiff yellow hairs; leaf-blades 7-25 mm. wide, roughish; panicle 1-3 dm. long, scabrous, the racemes several or many, ascending 2-6 cm. long, the rachis scabrous; spikelets somewhat larger than those of E. Crus-galli, the third scale with an awn 12 mm. long or less. Moist or wet grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaionla; Antigua; Martinique; Tobago; continental tropical America north to Mexico. 34. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4: 38. 1897. Mostly annual grasses with erect culms and flat leaves, the inflorescence in spike-like clusters. Spikelets 1-flowered, or rarely with a second staminate flower, the basal bristles single or in clusters below the articulation of the rachilla, and therefore persistent. Scales of the spikelet 4, the three outer membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, in reference to the bristles of the inflorescence.] Species about 60, in temperate and tropical regions, known as Foxtail-grass. Type species : Setaria longiseta Beauv. Leaf-blades narrowly elliptic, plaited. 1. C barbata. Leaf-blades linear to lanceolate, not plaited. Bristles subtending the spikelets 5 or more. 2. C. geniculata. Bristles under the spikelets 1-3. Bristles retrorsely scabrous above; culms clambering. 3. C. tenacissima Bristles antrorsely scabrous; culms erect. Annual; very large. 4. C magna. Perennials. Panicle elongated, narrow, attenuate. Leaf-blades 5-10 mm. wide. 5. C. setosa. Leaf-blades less than 5 mm. wide. 6. C. rariflora. Panicle broader, not attenuate. 7. C. vulpiseta. 1 . Chaetochloa barbata (Lam.) H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18 : 348. 1917. Panicum barbatum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. l: 171. 1791. Panicum costatum Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1: 314. 1820. Annual; culms slender, branched, glabrous or somewhat villous, rather weak, 0.5-2 m. long, the base usually decumbent. Leaf-sheaths compressed, glabrous POACEAE 55 or villous, the ligule ciliate, the blades narrowly elliptic, plicate, 0.7-2.5 cm. broad panicle long-stalked, 5-20 cm. long, its branches ascending, sessile; spikelets densely crowded, about 2.5 mm. long, subtended by bristles 5-10 mm. long; first scale circular; second scale ovate; fertile scale transversely rugo.se. Vicinity of Mayaguez:—Jamaica; Hispaniola; Antigua to Trinidad; continental tropical America. Naturalized from the Old World tropics. [Recorded by authors as Panicum flavcscens Sw. Mary Grass. 2. Chaetochloa geniculata (Lam.) ATillsp. & Chase, Field. IMus. Bot. 3: 37. 1903. Panicum geniculatum Lam. Encycl. 4: 727. 1798. Panicum imberhe Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 272. 1816. Setaria purpui-ascens H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 110. 1815. Setaria Ventenatii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 251. 1829. Chaetochloa imherhi>i Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr, Agrost. 4: 39. 1897. Chaetochloa purpurascens Scribn. & Merr. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 21: 13. 1900. Chaetochloa Ventenatii Nash; Kearney, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5: 515. 1901. Setaria glaitca geniculata Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 96. 1903. Setaria glauca purpurascens Urban, loc. clt. 190.3. Perennial; culms 0-12 dm. long, ascending. Sheaths smooth and glabrous, compressed and keeled; leaves 1-3.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, pale green or glaucous, smooth or nearly so; spike-like panicle long-exserted, rather slender, 2.5-7 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick; spikelets u.sually single, about 2.5 mm. long and 1.25 mm. wide, the first scale ovate, 3-nerved, about one-half a long as the spikelet, the second scale acute, 3-nerved, the third scale 5-nerved; bristles in two nearly equal clusters of 5 each, very slender, 6-10 mm. long. [Setaria glauca of authors, not Panicum glaucum L. ; ?Setaria gracilis of Krebs.] Banks, hillsides, waste and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico; Mona; Icacos; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—eastern United States; West Indies; continental tropical America. 3. Chaetochloa tenacissima (Schrad.) H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb 18: 352. 1917. Setaria tenacissima Schrad.; Schultes, Mant. 2: 279. 1824. Annual; culms simple or little branched, slender, scabrous above, 0.5-2 m. long, weak and clambering. Leaf-sheaths scabrous above; ligule ciliate; blades 1-2 dm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides, pubescent, long-attenuate; panicle narrow, dense, 7-15 cm. long, 1-2 cm. thick, the axis pubescent, the branches short, each ultimate branchlet bearing a bristle about 10 mm. long, retrorsely scabrous above, antror.sely scabrous below; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; first scale 3-nerved; fertile scale transversely rugose. [Referred by Nash to C. scandens and included by Hackel in Setaria sca7idens.] Slopes near Utuado:—Trinidad; continental tropical America. 4. Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.) Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4: 39. 1897. Setaria magna Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 554. 1864. Annual; culms erect, branched at the ba.se, stout, tall, 1-4 m. high. Leaf- sheaths compressed, glabrous, the blades 3-G dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, scabrate; panicle large, up to 3.5 dm. long, 2-5 cm. thick; spikelets elliptic, acute, about 2 mm. long, subtended by 1-3 upwardly barbed bristles 8-12 mm. long; flowering scale hard, shining, smooth. On the coast near Humacao and at Laguna de Tortuguero:—southeastern United States; Bermuda (?); Jamaica; Guadeloupe; Panama. 56 POACEAE 5. Chaetochloa setosa (Sw.) Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4: 39. 1897. Panicum setosum Sw. Prodr. 22. 1788. Panicum caudatum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791. Setaria setosa Beauv. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Panicum paractaenoides Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Peter.sb. VI. 3^: 219. 18.34. Setaria paractaenoides Urban, Repert. 15: 98. 1917. Perennial, tufted; culms wiry, slender, 3-9 dm. high, somewhat flattened. Leaf-l)lades 2 dm. long or less, pubescent or scabrous, .5-15 mm. wide; inflor- escence more or less branched, the branches erect, or ascending, the lower sometimes 3 cm. long; bristles 1-3 at the base of all the spikelets or of some of them, 6-12 mm. long; spikelets ovoid, about 2 mm. long. Banks and thickets at lower elevations in dry districts, Porto Rico; Desecheo; Mona; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. .Ian; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—West Indies; conti- nental tropical America; Florida. The identity of the grass recorded by Hackel as Setaria scabrifolia from Guanica (Sintenis 3577), "has not been ascertained, but Chaetochlua setosa is abundant there. 6. Chaetochloa rariflora (Mikan) H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 349. 1917. Setaria rariflora Mikan; Trin. in Spreng. Neue Entd. 2: 78. 1821. Perennial; culms tufted, very slender, erect or the base decumbent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaf-blades very narrow, pubescent, mostly less than 5 mm. wide; inflorescence very slender and narrow, 1-1.5 dm. long; bristles usually only 1 at the base of each spikelet, 4-7 mm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long. On cliflf facing the sea at Boqiieron, Porto Rico; St. Croix;.—Antigua; Brazil. 7. Chaetochloa vulpiseta (Lam.) H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 350. 1917. Panicum vulpiseluvi Lam. Encycl. 4: 735. 1798. Setaria vulpiseta R. & S. Syst. 2: 495. 1817'. Panicum amplifolium Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 53. 18.54. Perennial; culms branched at the base or simple, glabrous, rather stout, 0..5-2 m. high. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or hispidulous; ligule hispid; blades sca- brous, 3-5 dm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, long-attenuate; panicle dense, narrow, 0.5- 3 dm. long, 2-4 cm. thick, narrowed above but not atteiuiate; bristles 1 or 2 at the base of each spikelet, antrorsely scabrous, 1-2 cm. long; spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, the flowering scale coarsely transversely wrinkled. [Recorded by Hackel as Setaria macrostachya H.B.K.] Bank between Rio Piedras and Tnijillo Alto and cultivated at Jayuya:—Tobago; Trinidad; continental tropical America. Chaetochloa sulcata (Aubl.) Hitchcock, of Tobago, Trinidad and conti- nental tropical America was recorded by Krebs as found in St. Thomas prior to 1851, but the determination is doubted. [Panicum sulcalvm Aubl.] 35. PENNISETUM Pers. Syn. 1 : 72. 1805. Annual or perennial grasses, mostly with flat leaf-blades, the spikelets in usually spike-like panicles. Spikelets lanceolate, involucrate, the involucre a fascicle of short sterile branchlets Avith few or many antrorsely scabrous or plumose bristles; fascicles falling away with the spikelets attached. First scale minute or obsolete, the second and third few-several-nerved. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Grain compressed. [Greek, feather-bristles.] Eighty species or more, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Holcus spicatus L. POACEAE 57 1. Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. i: 213. 1827. Cenchrus ciliaris L. Mant. 302. 1771. Pennisetum cenchroides Pers. Syn. 1: 72. 1805. Perennial; culms tufted or clustered, tough, erect from an ascending base, scabrate above, slender, simple or little branched, 1-.5 dm. high. Leaf-sheaths scabrate, usually pilose on the margins, the blades 2-12 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrate above, pilose on the margins near the base; panicle 1.5-10 cm. long, purplish; bristles united at the base, the outer short, scabrous, the inner long, flat, ciliate; spiklets 1-5 in the fascicles, about 5 mm. long. Dry limestone lulls near Ponce:—Guatemala. Naturalized from tropical Africa. Pennisetum purpureum Schum., Elephant Grass, Napier Grass, African, grown for fodder in Porto Rico and St. Croix, is a tall perennial grass, sometimes 4 m high, th? leaves 2-3 cm. wide, the spikelets purplish, in stiff, dense panicles. 36. CENCHROPSIS Nash in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 109. 1903. Perennial grasses, with long rootstocks and flat leaves, the spikelets in ter- mmal spikes, each spikelet subtended by an involucre of 1 or 2 outer rows of barbed, thick-based brLstles, and 1 or 2 inner rows of barbed spines longer than the bristles, the involucre jointed to the rachis and deciduous. Spikelets of 4 scales, the first and second ones empty, the third enclosing a palet one-half its length or less, the fourth enfolding a similar palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. [Greek, resembling Cenchrus.] A few species, of tropical America. Type species: Cenchrus myosnroides H.B.K. 1. Cenchropsis myosuroides (H.B.K.) Nash in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 109. 1903, Cenchrus myosuroides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 115. 1815. Culms erect, slender, 0.6-1.5 m. tall, simple or branched above, glabrous. Leaves 1-3 dm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, glabrous; spikes 5-20 cm. long; involucres numerous, the barbed spines about 5 mm. long, and about as long as the spikelet. Waste and cultivated groimd, Porto Rico; Mona:—southeastern United States; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; continental tropical America. Spiked Bur-grass. 37. CENCHRUS L, Sp. PI. 1049. 1753. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves. Inflorescence spike- like. Spikelets subtended by a spiny involucre which is deciduous with them at maturity. Scales 4; the first hyahne; the second and third membranous, the latter sometimes having a palet and staminate flower in its axil; the fourth char- taceous, subtending a palet of .similar structure which encloses a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles united below. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Ancient Greek name for some grass, probably Millet.] About 12 species, in tropical and temperate regions, known as Bur-grass. Type species: Cenchrus echinatus L. Involucre 2-spikeleted, armed at the base with commonly shorter often refle.xed spines, usiially glabrous, or merely puberulent at tlie base. 1. C carolinianus. Involucre more than 2-spikeleted, armed at the base with barbed bristles. Spines on the usually 3-spikeIeted involucre basal and slender, rarely any above, erect; bristles very slender. 2. C viridis. 68 POACEAE Spines on the usually 4-6-spikeleted involucre not basal but occurring on various parts, spreading or often reflexed; bristles stouter and almost spine-like. 3- C. echinaius. 1. Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Fl. Car. 79. 1788. Culms erect or decumbent from an annual root, 2-9 dm. long. Sheaths usually loose, compressed, smooth; leaves G-12.5 cm. long; spikes 2.5-6.2.5 cm. long, sometimes partially included in the upper sheath; involucres crowded on the scabrous rachis, 2-spikeIeted, globose, pube.scent except at the base, the spines stout; spikelets about 6 mm. long. [Recorded liy Krebs, by Nash and ))y Hackel as C. tribtiIoide!i L.] Coastal sands, Porto Rico; Mona; Muertos; Vieques; St. Thomas:—United States; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua; Guadeloupe. 2. Cenchrus viridis Spreng. Syst. 1: 301. 1825. C. echinaitis viridis Spreng. ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 550. 1SG4. Culms erect or ascending, usually 6-8 dm. high, branched or simple, the leaf- blades flat, 4 dm. long or less. Spike usually dense and cylindric, 8-12 cm. long and often much exserted; involucres usually 3-spikeleted, armed below with slender spines, the )3ody ai^out 4 mm. in diameter, the barbed bristles slender. Dry or moist soil and waste grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico; Muertos; Culebra; VMeques; St. Thomas:—Florida; West Indies; continental tropical America. 3. Cenchrus echinatus L. Sp. PJ. 1050. 17.53. Cenchrus brcvinctus Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: .50. 1886. Culms finally prostrate and rooting at the nodes, branched; leaf-sheaths loose; blades 1-4 dm. long, 5-16 mm. wide, smooth or rough, flat; spikes 3-12 cm. long, finally more or less exserted; involucres 20-50, containing 4-6 spikelets, green to purplish, villous at the i)ase, the spines 3-4 mm. long, the bristles at the base numerous, slender, distinctly barbed for their wlu)le length; spikelets 6-7 mm. long. [C. echinatus tribuloides of Kuntze.] Fields and waste grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico: Mona; Muertos; Icacos; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—southern United States; Bermuda; West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Cenchrus parviflorus Poir., described as from Porto Rico, is not under- stood by modern Ijotanists. 38. STENOTAPHRUM Trin. Fund. Agrost. 175. 1820. Perennial creeping branched grasses, with rather stout flattened culms and short linear leaves. Spikelets spicato or panicled, acute, mostly 2-flowered, im- bedded in depressions on one side of the flattened rachis. Scales 4; first scale small or minute, second about as long as the spikelet, third similar to the second, subtending a staminate flower, fourth rigid, enclosing a perfect flower. Stigmas plumose. [Greek, a narrow depression.] A few species of tropical and subtrop- ical distribution, the following typical. 1. Stenotaphrum secundatum (W alt.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. pi. 794. 1891. Ischaemiun secundatum AValt. Fl. Car. 249. 1788. Rottboellia stolonifera Poir, in Lam. Encycl. 6: 310. 1804. Stenotaphrum glabrum Trin. Fund. Agrost. 176. 1820. Stenotavhrum americanum Schrank, Hort. Monac. pi. 98. 1822. POACEAE 59 Widely creeping, sometimes 5 m. long, glabrous, rooting at the lower nodes. Leaf-sheaths keeled, flattened, the blade linear, 3-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, blunt and rounded at the apex ; spikelets about 6 mm. long, in spikes 4-13 cm. long. Moist banks and sandv soil at lower elevations. Porto Rico; Vieques: St. Croix; St Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—southeastern United States; Bermuda; West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Grama blanca. Running Crab- grass. St. Augustine Grass. Valuable as a lawn-grass. A liandsome variegated race with white banded leaves was seen in cultivation at the Insular Experiment Station, Rio Piedras, in 1923, and also in St. Croix. 39. OLYRA L. Syst. ed. 10, 12(Jl. 1759. Tail, perennial, monoecious grasses, with broad, flat leaves and terminal panicles of large, 1-flowered spikelets. Pistillate-flowered spikelets borne on the upper branches and at the ends of the lower branches of the panicle. Staminate- flowered spikelets smaller than the pistillate, deciduous, borne on the lower branches of the panicle. First scale of the pistillate spikelet wanting; second and third scales long-acuminate. Grain hard. [Greek, of little value.] Several species of tropical distribution, the following typical. 1. Olyra latifolia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1201. 1759. Olyra arundinacea H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 197. 181(). Culm smooth, rather stout, usually branched below, elongated, sometimes up to 5 m. long, the lower sheaths bladeless. Leaf-blades nearly sessile, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or obtuse and oblique at the base, many-nerved, 2 dm. long or less, 2-5 c-m. wide, the upper ones smaller than the lower; panicles 1-1.5 dm. long; pistillate spikelets, including the prolongation of the scales, 1..5-2.5 cm. long; staminate spikelets narrow, 1 cm. long or less, of but one, usually awned scale. Woodlands and shaded thickets at lower and middle elevations in moist or wet districts, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas: St. Jan (ex Eggers) ; Tortola:—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Kitts to Trinidad; tropical America. Caruzillo. 40. LITHACHNE Beauv. Agrost. 135. 1812. Monoecious, perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and small axillary or axillary and terminal panicles of rather large, 1-flowered spikelets. Terminal panicle when present, wholly of staminate-flowered spikelets; axillary panicles with one pistillate-flowered spikelet at the end, and one or several staminate ones below. First scale wanting; second and third scales long-acuminate; fruiting. scale horny. Staminate spikelets much reduced. [Greek, hard scales]. Several .species of tropical distribution, the following typical. 1. Lithachne pauciflora (Sw.) Beauv.; Poir Diet. Sci. Nat. 27: 60. 1823. Olyra pauciflora Sw. Prodr. 21. 1788. Culms slender, glabrous, usually clustered, naked below, several-leaved above, 2-5 dm. high. Leaf-blades obliquely lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, 3-8 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, the apex acuminate, the base sub- truncate; panicles small, of few spikelets, borne in the upper axils; pistillate spikelets 1-2 cm. long; staminate spikelets early deciduous, much smaller than the pistillate; grain white, obliquely obovoid, compressed, shining, about 4 mm. long. Woodlands in moist or wet districts, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent; continental tropical America. 60 POACEAE 41. PHARUS P. Br.; L. Syst. ed. 10. 1269. 1759. Large perennial grasses with very broad, flat, petioled leaf-blades, the monoecious spil<elets in a terminal panicle. Spikelets jointed below the scales in pairs on the panicle-branches, one sessile, with a i>istillate flower, the other short-stalked, staminate, much smaller. Scales 3, the 2 lower ones membranous, empty, the third in the pistillate spikelet flowering and fruiting, longer than the empty ones, narrow, nearly closed by involute margins. Stamens 6. Styles filiform; stigmas papillose. [Greek, a cloak.] About 5 species, natives of tropical America known as Lambedora. Type species: Pharus latifolius L. Culms erect or erect-ascending. Fruit a little longer than the lower scales, pubescent at the tip. 1 P. latifolius. Fruit much longer than the lower scales, pubescent all over. 2. P. glaber. Culms creeping at the base. 3. P. parvifolius. 1. Pharus latifolius L. Syst. ed. 10, 1269. 1759. Phanis ovalifolius Desv.; Hamilt. Prodr. 8. 1825. Erect-ascending, glabrous, up to 1 m. long. Leaf-sheaths longer than the internodes; petioles 1-5 cm. long; blades obovate, oblanceolate or elliptic, dark green, acute, 1-2 dm. long, .3-6 cm. wide; panicle 2 dm. long or less; pistillate spikelet 8-10 mm. long, the fruiting scale a little longer than the 2 empty ones, pubescent near the tip, glabrous below; staminate spikelet 3-5 mm. long. Woodlands at middle altitudes in moist or wet districts, Porto Rico:—Jamaica: Cuba: Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; continental tropical America. Recorded from St. Thomas by Krebs, apparently erroneously. 2. Pharus glaber H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 190. 1816. Pharus brasilicnsis Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 21. 1823. Pharus lancifolius Desv.; Hamilt. Prodr. 8. 1825. Similar to P. latifolius, about as large, the leaf-blades averaging a little narrower; panicles sometimes smaller; fruiting scale 2 to 3 times as long as the 2 empty ones, pubescent all over. Woods and forests in moist districts, PortO Rico: Vieques; St. Croi.x; St. Thomas; St. .Tan; Tortola:—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba to Barbados and St. Vincent; continental tropical America. 3. Pharus parvifolius Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 301. 1908. Culms creeping, branching, rooting at the lower nodes, up to 1 m. long, pubescent at least above. Leaves glabrous, the sheaths overlapping; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; blades elliptic-lanceolate, 0-12 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, acu- minate; panicle small, usually long-stalked; pistillate spikelet 10-12 mm. long, the fruiting scale about twice as long as the empty ones, pubescent. Woodlands, Jobo near Arecibo:—Cuba; Hispaniola; .Tamaica; Trinidad. Included by Hackcl in P. glaber H.B.K. 42. ORYZA [Touni.] L. Sp. PI. 333. 1753. Mar.sh grasses, with erect culms, flat leaf-blades and rather large, 1-flowered spikelets in terminal panicles. Spikelets flattened, jointed below the scales; scales 4, the 2 outer ones small, empty, the 2 inner keeled, awned or awnless, the fourth enclosing a perfect flower without a palet. Stamens 6. Styles nearly distinct; stigmas plumose. [Greek, rice.] About 6 species of warm temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Oryza saliva L. Leaves 5-15 mm. wide. 1. O. saliva. Leaves 2-5 cm. wide. 2. O. lalifolia. POACEAE 61 1. Oryza sativa L. Sp. PI. 333. 1753. Annual, with coarse fibrous roots; culm simple, 5-12 dm. high, glabrous. Leaf-sheaths long, smooth or nearly so, the blades scabrous, elongated, .5-l.'5 mm. wide; panicle narrow, 1-3 dm. long, its branches slender and nearly erect; spike- lets oblong, 8-10 mm. long, the third and fourth scales hispidulous, the fourth one awned or awnless, the 2 lower empty ones subulate, glabrous. Waste grounds and spontaneous after cultivation. Porto Rico; St. Thomas:—spon- taneous after cultivation in warm-teniperatiu-e and tropical regions. Native of the East Indies. Rice. Arroz. 2. Oryza latifolia Desv. Journ. de. Bot. 1: 77. 1813. Perennial; culm stout, glaljrous, simple, 2-2. .5 m. tall. Leaf-sheaths elon- gated, smooth or scabrate, the blades 3-6 dm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, scabrous; panicles large, up to 4 dm. long, with many spikelets on the upper parts of the elongated ascending branches: spikelets oblong, about G mm. long, the third and fourth scales hispid, the upper one long-awned, the 2 lower ones subulate. Along a stream, Mayaguez:—Hispaniola; Trinidad; continental tropical America. Native of the Old World tropics. 43. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. in See. Phys.-med. Basil, Act. Uelv. 4: 307. 1760. Mostly marsh grasses with flat narrow, generally rough leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, strongly flattened laterally, and usually more or less imbricated. Scales 2, chartaceous, the outer one broad and strongly conduplicate, the inner much narrower. Stamens 1-6. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. [Greek, in reference to the supposed resemblance of these grasses to Millet.] About 5 species, natives of temperate and tropical countries. Panicle narrow, its branches spikelet-bearing nearly to the base; spikelets hispidulous. 1. //• hexandrus. Panicle open, its branches spreading, naked below; spikelets glabrous. 2. li. monandrus. 1. Homalocenchrus hexandrus (Sw.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 777. 1891. Lccrsia hexandra Sw. Prodr. 21. 1788. Perennial; culms slender, weak, 6-20 dm. long, rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves scabrous, the blades .5-20 cm. long, 8 mm. wide or less. Panicle narrow, 4-8 cm. knig, its branches ascending, liearing si)ikelets along nearly their whole length ; spikelets oblong, about 4 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, the scales scabrate on the keel, hispidulous on the sides; stamens 6. Marshes at lower elevations, Porto Rico:—southern United States; Jamaica; Cuba: Hispaniola; Martinique; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 2. Homalocenchrus monandrus (Sw.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 777. 1891. Leersia monanira Sw. Prodr. 21. 1788. Perennial; culms tufted, erect or ascending, 4-6 dm. high. Leaf-sheaths glabrous, smooth, the blades scabrate, 4-16 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; panicle open, 7-13 cm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long and 1 mm. wide, elliptic, gla- brous; seamen only 1. Woodlands in dry parts of the southern and soutiiwesteni districts of Porto Rico: Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; continental tropical America. 62 POACEAE 44. ARISTIDA L. Sp. PI. 82. 1753. Grasses varying greatly in habit and inflorescence. Leaves narrow, often involute-setaceous. Spikelets narrow, 1-flowered. Scales 3, narrow, the two outer carinate; the third rigid and convolute, bearing three awns occasionally united at the base, the lateral awns rarely wanting or reduced to rudiments. Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [Latin, from arista, an awn.] About 100 species, in the warmer regions of both hemispheres, known as Tkiple-awnbd Grass. Type species: Aristida adscensionia L. Annual. !• A- adscensionis. Perennials. . Panicle dense, spike-like; neck of the fruit long, twisted. 2. A. sptctjormis. Panicle not spike-like ; neck of the fruit short or wanting. Awns 2-2.5 cm. long. 3. A. portoricensis. Awns 1.5 cm. long or less. Culms spreading; spikelets clustered. 4. A. cognata. Culms erect or ascending. 5. A. refracta. 1. Aristida adscensionis L. Sp. PI. 82 1753. Aristida bromoides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 121. 1815. Aristida striata Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 534. 1834. Not Michx. 1803. Annual, tufted, glabrous; culms slender, erect, or ascending, 3-7 dm. long, branching from the lower nodes. Leaf-blades thin, flat or involute; panicles narrow, 1.5 dm. long or less, with short appressed branches or the lower branches spreading; awns about, equal in length, 12-20 mm. long. Coastal plains in the drv southwestern districts, Porto Rico; Mona; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan: - Bahamas; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Antigvia; Montserrat; Caudeloupe; Martinique; Bonaire; Curacao; A.scension; southern United States and Mexico to con- tinental tropical America. lA. dispersa of authors, not of Trinius & Ruprecht; errone- ously referred by Pilger to A. americana L. ] 2. Aristida spiciformis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. l: 141. 1816. Perennial, glabrous; culms clustered, simple, 4-10 dm. high, stiff, erect. Leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide, involute in drying; panicle dense, narrow, 10-20 cm. long; central awn 2.5-3.5 cm. long, the lateral ones a little shorter, the three united below into a twisted column 1.5-2.5 cm. long, forming the neck of the^ fruit. In white sand, Campo Alegre:—southeastern United States; Isle of Pines. 3. Aristida portoricensis Pilger in Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 100. 1903. Perennial; culms tufted, very slender, erect, glabrous, 3-5 dm. high, simple or little branched. Leaf-blades setaceous, 8 cm. long or less, erect or nearly so; panicle open, its ttliform branches spreading or ascending; awns 2-2.5 cm. long, the neck of the fruit short. Red clay slopes, Monte Mesa and serpentine slopes, Guanajibo. Endemic. 4. Aristida cognata Trin. & Rupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5*: 127. 1842. Aristida Swartziana Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 137. 18.54. Perennial; culms slender, tufted, .spreading, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves involute- filiform, the upper shorter; panicle strict, or the top sometimes nodding, its short branches ascending; awns 1-2 cm. long, horizontal when old, nearly equal in length. Rocky soil, Boqueroa, Porto Rico, (e.^c Hitchcock & Chase); St. Croix; St. Thomas:^ Bahamas; Jamaica. POACEAE 63 5. Aristida refracta Grisob. Cat. PI. Cub. 228. 1866. Perennial, densely tufted; culms nearly filiform but stiff, erect, simple or branched below, 3-.5 dm. high. Leaves filiform-setaceous, 10 cm. long or less, erect; panicle rather narrow, its branches ascending; awns 10-12 mm. long. Serpentine slopes, Guanajibo, and near Boqueron:—Jamaica; Cuba. Aristida capillacea Lam., East Indian, and A. plumosa. L., Mediterranean, recorded by Krebs from St. Thomas are, presumably, errors in determination. 4.5. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 171. 17U1. ISIostly perennial grasses, with fiat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Rootstocks often scaly. Spikelets 1-flowered, very rarely 2- flowerod. Scales 3. very rarely 4; the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline, acute and sometimes awned ; third scale 3-5-nerved, subtending a palet and perfect flower, obtuse, acute, or very often produced into a capillary awn; palet 2-keeled. Stamens often 3. Style distinct. Stigmas plumose. Callus minute. Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [In honor of Henry Muhlenberg, 1756-1817, North American botanist.] About 60 species, chiefly natives of America, a few Asiatic. Type species: Muhlenbergia Schreberi Gmel. 1. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 191. 1824. Stipa capillaris Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 158. 1791. Culms 4..5-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or nearly so. Sheaths smooth, the lower short and overlapping, the upper ones much longer; loaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scal)rous; panicle 1.7.5-3 dm. in length or more, diffuse, the capillary l)ranches 1-2 dm. long, at length widely spreading; spikelets on long hair-like pedicels which are clavate-thickened at the apex; outer scales unequal, acute or short-awned, slightly scabrous; third scale, exclusive of the awn, 4 mm. long, about twice as long as the first one, the awn 6-18 mm. lon^ ^n • Top of limestone cliiT west of the junction of Rio Arecibo and Rio Limon, and near the Arecibo-Lares road :—United States ; Bahamas ; Cuba. Hair Grass. Purple Grass. Muhlenbergia tenuissima Kunth, of Central America was recorded by Krebs from St. Thomas, presumably in error. 46. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Prodr. 169. 1810. Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets generally small, 1-flowered, occasionally 2-3- flowered. Scales in the 1-flowered spikelets 3, membranous; the 2 outer empty, the first somewhat shorter; the third scale equalling or longer than the empty ones; palet 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, and often early deciduous. [Greek, referring to the de- ciduous grain.] About 100 species, in tropical and temperate regions, very numerous in America. Type species: Agroslis indica L. Annual. 1- -S. muralis. Perennials. _, . . . Plants with long rootstocks. 2. S. virgimcus. Plants without rootstocks. Second scale much shorter than the spikelot. Panicle loose; second scale about one-fourth as long as the, spikelet. 3. S. indicus. Panicle dense; second scale about one-half as long as the spikelet. 4. S. Berteroanus. Second scale about as long as the spikelet. Panicle ovoid; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long. 5. S. argulus. Panicle elongated, dense; spikelets 2-4 mm. long. Panicle green; spikelets 2 mm. long. 6. S. domingensis. Panicle purple; spikelets 4 mm. long. 7. S. cubensis. 64 POACEAB 1. Sporobolus muralis (Raddl) H. & C. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 368. 1917. Ayroslicula muralis Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 33. 1823. Annual, glabrous, 3-8 dm. high; culms very slender, flattened, erect or ascending. Leaf-blades nearly linear, 2-3 mm. wide; panicle large, sometimes 3 dm. long, loose, with capillary ascending branches; spikelets long-stalked, about 1 mm. long, glabrous, the scales acute. Waste grounds, St. Croix; Tortola:—Martinique; St. Lucia. Native of Brazil. [Sporobolus rninutiflorus of Milispaugh, not of Link.] 2. Sporobolus virginicus (L.),Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 67. 1829. Agrostis virginica L. Sp. PI. 63. 17.53. Agrostis liltoralis Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 161. 1791. Sporobolus littoralis Kunth, Rev. Gram, 1: 68. 1829. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect or decumbent, from a stout creeping rootstock. Sheaths numerous, short, overlapping and crowded at the lower part of the culm, smooth, glabrous or .sometimes pilose on tlie margins and at the throat; leaves 2.5-20 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less at tlie base, distichous, involute on the margins and at the apex, smooth beneath, scaijrous above or sometimes sparingly hairy; panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick, dense and spike-like; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, the outer scales about equal, acute, smooth and glabrous; third scale smooth and glabrous acute, slightly shorter than the second and about equalling the oiituse palet. [?S. Ircmulus of Krobs.j Saline soil along the coasts, Porto Rico; Desecheo; Mona; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Anegada;—eastern and southern United States; Bermuda; West Indies; continental tropical America. Sea-shore Rush-grass. 3. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. Prodr. 170. 1810. Agrosiis indica L. Sp. PI. 63. 17.53. Agrostis tenacissima L. f. Suppl. 107. 1781. Sporobolus Jacnuemontii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 2: 427. 1831. Glabrous. Culms .3-12 dm. tall, erect, tufted; leaves 2-6 mm. wide, atten- uate into a long slender tip, the lower 2-3 dm. long, the upper shorter; panicle 1-4 dm. in length, usually elongated, narrow, spike-like; spikelets 1..5-2 mm. long, the outer scales unequal, the second about one-third as long as the third, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the lower one shorter, and often erose-truncate. Dry soil, waste and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico, at lower and middle elevations; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Tiiomas; St. .Ian; Tortola:—West Indies; Mexico to northern South America. West Indian Rush-grass. Serrillo. 4. Sporobolus Berteroanus (Trin.) H. & C, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 370. 1917. Vilfa Berteroana Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 4': 100. 1840. Sporobolus angustus Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1862: 88. 1862. Slender, wiry, 1 m. tall or less. Leaves smooth, nearly erect, 1-3 mm. wide, long-attenuate, the lower ones 1.5-2.5 dm. long, the upper shorter; panicle narrow, often 3 dm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long, crowded on the short ap- pressed branches of the panicle; second scale ovate-oblong, about one half as long as the spikelet. Wet groimd, and sliaded slopes, a.sceiKling to 800 m. in Porto Rico; Vieque.s; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola:—southern United States; Bermuda; West ladies; Mexico to nortliern South America. Bull-grass. 5. Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth, Enum. 1: 215. 1833. Vilfa arguta Nees, Agrost. Bras. 395. 1829. Perennial ; culms 3 dm. tall or less, erect, or somewhat decumbent at the base. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, their margins sometimes hirsute at the top; eaves 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at the base, acumiuate, smooth and glabrous POACEAB 65 beneath, scabrous, and often sparingly hairy at the base above; panicle 3.75-7.5 cm. in length, the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, verticillate, at first appressed, finally widely spreading ; spikelets 1.5 mm. long ; outer scales smooth and glabrous, the first rounded or obtuse, one-quarter the length of the acute second one; third scale about equalling the second, acute. Sandy and saline soil along the coasts and along Lake Guanica, Porto Rico; Mona; IVIuertos;"st. Croi.x; Anegada:—southwestern United States; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua; Trinidad; Bonaire; Curacao; Mexico to northern South America. 6. Sporobolus domingensis (Trin.) Kunth. Enum. 1: 214. 1833. Vilfa domingensis Trin.; Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 2: .59. 1821. Perennial, similar to S. argutus, but usually larger, the culms up to 4 dm. long, the panicle densely many-flowered, narrow, 9 cm. long or less, its branches 2-4 cm. long. Spikelets 2 mm. long; first scale about one-half as long as second. Sandy soil, Cabo Rojo;—Florida; Baliamas; Cuba; Hispaniola. The Cabo Rojo specimen "is immature and the determination doubtful. 7. Sporobolus cubensis Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 237. 1909. Perennial; culms clustered, glabrou.«, erect, slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaf- sheaths long-ciliate, the blades of the lower ones elongated, sometimes as long as the culm, flat or involute, 3 mm. wide or less, strongly nerved, long-ciliate at the base; upper leaves much smaller; panicle 6-10 cm. long, its short branches op- posite or whorled; spikelets glabrous, about 4 mm. long, short-stalked; lower scale 1.5-2 mm. long. [Referred by Nash and by Hackel to ,S. purpurascens (Sw.) Hamilt.] Slopes of Monte Mesa:—Cuba. CUBAN Drop-seed Grass. Sporobolus pungens Kunth, of southern Europe, was recorded from St. Thomas by Krebs, presumably in error. 47. AVENA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 79. 1753. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves and panicled spikelets. Spikelets 2-many-flowerad, or rarely 1-flowered; lower flowers perfect, the upper often staminate or imperfect. Scales 4-many (rarely 3) ; the two lower empty, somewhat unequal, membranous, persistent; flowering scal&s deciduous, rounded on the back, acute, generally bearing a dorsal awn, the ape.x often 2-toothed. Palet narrow, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the scale and palet, free or sometimes adherent to the latter. [Old Latin name for the oat.] About 50 species, widely distributee? in temperate regions, chiefly in the Old World, th3 following typical. 1. Avena sativa L. Sp. PI. 79. 1753. Annual, glabrous; culms erect, 1 m. high or less. Leaf-blades 2-3 dm. long, 7-12 mm. wide, acuminate; panicle 1-2 dm. long, its very slender branches as- cending; spikelets flhform-stalked, 1..5-2.5 cm. long, the empty scales broad, acute, the flowering scales awnless or short-awned. Waste grounds. San Juan:—widely cultivated in temperate regions. Native of the Old World. Oats. Avena. 48. SPARTINA Schreb.; Qmel. Syst. 123. 1791. Perennial glabrous grasses, with long horizontal rootstocks, flat or involute leaves, and an inflorescence of one-sided spreading or erect alternate spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, artic- 66 POACEAE ulated with the very short pedicels below the scales. Scales 3; the two outer empty, keeled, very unequal; the third subtending a perfect flower, keeled, equaUing or shorter than the second; palet often longer than its scale, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles fiUform, elongated. Stigmas fihform, papillose or shortly plumose. Grain free. [Greek, referring to the cord-like leaves of some species.] About 7 species, widely distributed in saline soil, rarely in fresh-water marshes. Type species: Spartina Schreberi Gmel. 1. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Gram. 55. 1817. Dactylis patens Ait. Hort. Kew l: 104. 1789. Spartina juncea Willd. Enum. 81. 1809. Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at base, smooth. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. broad, involute, attenuate into a long tip, smooth and glabrous beneath; spikes 2-10, 2.5-5 cm. long, usually ascending, more or less peduncled, the rachis slightly scabrous; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer scales acute, scabrous, hispid on the keel, the first usually rather less than one-half as long as the second; third scale somewhat scabrous on the upper part of the keel, emarginate or 2- toothed at the apex, longer than the first and exceeded by the palet. Coastal rocks and banks, Porto Rico; Icacos; Vieques; Virgin Gorda (barren): eastern United States; Bermuda; Bahamas; Jamaica; Guadeloupe; Martinique. Salt Grass. 49. CAPRIOLA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 31. 1763. Perennial gi'asses with short flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes digitate. Spikelets 1-flowered, secund. Scales 3; the 2 lower empty, keeled; flowering scale broader, membranous, compressed; palet a little shorter than the scale, hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas short, plumose. Grain free. [Name mediaeval Latin for the wild goat, that feeds on this grass in waste rocky places.] Four known species, of which three are Australian, the following typical one widely distributed. 1. Capriola Dactylon (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 764. 1891. Panicum Dactylon L. Sp. PI. 58. 1753. Cynodon Dactylon Pers. Syn. 1: 85. 1805. Culms 1-3 dm. tall, erect, from long creeping and branching stolons, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths glabrous or somewhat hairy, crowded at the bases of the culms and along the stolons; leaves 2. .5 -5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat, scabrous above; spikes 4 or 5, digitate, 1-5 cm. long, the rachis flat; spikelets 2 mm. long; outer scales hispid on the keel, narrow, the first shorter than the second. Hillsides and banks at lower elevations, Porto Rico, especially in dry districts; St. Croix: St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola;—southern and central United States; Bermuda; West Indies; continental tropical America; warm-temperature and tropical regions of the Old World. Bermuda Grass. Grama. 50. CHLORIS Sw. Prod. 25. 1788. Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes few or numerous, verticillate or approximate. Spikelets 1-flowered, arranged in two rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty, unequal, keeled, acute; third and fourth usually awned, the former subtending a perfect flower; palet folded and 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, greenish-yellow, referring to the color POACEAE 67 of the herbage.] About fifty species, mostly natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Agrostis cruciata L. Hairs on the margins or nerves of the tliird scale short, not mani- fest, appressecl to and not extending beyond the apex. Fourth scale of the spikelet at least one third as long as the second scale and bearing a long awn 4 mm. long or more; spikes 4-6, widely spreading at maturity. 1. C. Sagraeana. Fourth scale of the spikelet rudimentary, bearing an awn less than 4 mm. long; spikes usually numerous, erect or ascending at maturity. 2. C. radiata. Hairs on the margins or nerves of the third scale long, manifest, widely spreading or extending much beyond the apex. Third and fourth scales only awned, the former densely long- hairy on the midnerve, its awn less than twice the length of the scale. 3. C. ciliata. Tliird, fourth and fifth scales awned, the first glabrous on the midnerve, its awn about three times the length of the scale. 4. C. paraguaiensis. 1. Chloris Sagraeana A. Rich, in Sagra. Hist. Cub. 11: 315. 1850. Chloris eleusinoides Griseb. Fi. Brit. W. I. 539. 1864. Perennial; culms ascending, 6 dm. long or less, usually branched below. Leaf-sheaths keeled, the blades narrow, involute; spikes 4-6, slender, 4-8 cm. long, horizontally spreading when old, not pectinate; spikelets imbricated, the fourth scale bearing a filiform awn 4-12 mm. long. Dry soil, St. Croix:—Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua; Guadeloupe. This is, perhaps, the grass recorded by Krebs from St. Thomas as C. cruciata. 2. Chloris radiata (L.) Sw. Prodr. 26. 1788. Agrostis radiata L. PI. Jam. Pugil. 7. 1759. Annual; culms decumbent, ascending or erect, 2-4 dm. long, usually branched, smooth and slender. Leaf-sheaths compressed, the blades flat, blunt or short-pointed, 2-15 cm. long; spikes several or many, radiating, slender, 4-8 cm. long, not pectmate ; spikelets densely imbricated, the fourth scale rudi- mentary, bearing a filiform awn about 3 mm. long. Hillsides, banks, ditches and waste grounds, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—West Indies; continental tropical America. Plush-grass. HORQUETILLU. 3. Chloris ciliata Sw. Prodr. 25. 1788, Annual; culms decumbent, ascending or nearly erect, rather stiff, 8 dm. long or less, smooth, mostly simple. Leaf-sheaths somewhat compressed, the blades flat, long-acuminate, 7-20 cm. long; spikes few, stout, radiate, pectinate, 4-7 cm. long, commonly curved; spikelets pale, approximate, the third and fourth scales short-awned. Dry and brackish soil near Tallaboa, Porto Rico; St. Croix; St. Thomas:—southern United States; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua to Grenada; continental tropical America. 4. Chloris paraguaiensis Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 204. 1854. Chloris barbata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 200. 1797. Not Andropogon barbatum L. 1759. Annual; culms decumbent, ascending or erect, 3-6 dm. long, slender, smooth. Leaf-sheaths compressed, the blades flat or folded, long-acuminate, 4-12 cm. long. Spikes few or numerous, radiate, pectinate, 4-8 cm. long; spikelets usually purple, the third, fourth and fifth scales filiform-awned. Waste and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico; Mona; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—West Indies; continental tropical America; Old World tropics. 68 POACEAE 51. EUSTACHYS Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 188. 1810. Perennial grasses, with flat or folded, usually obtuse leaf-blades, and spicate inflorescence, the spikes single, in pairs or 3-inany and digitate. Spikelets usu- ally 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, sessile, crowded in 2 rows. Scales 4, rarely 5, the 2 lower empty, persistent, unequal, keeled, the first generally acute, the second oblong, truncate or 2-lobed at the apex, short-awned, the others awnless, mucronate, or short-awned, firmer than the empty scales, the third scale enclosing a perfect flower and a palet, the fourth scale empty, or rarely enclosing a stam- inate flower. [Greek, beautiful spikes.] About 6 species, natives of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Eustachys petraea (Sw.) Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 189. 1810. Chloris petraea Sw. Prodr. 25. 1788. Chloris Swartziana Doell, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2^: 68. 1878. Culms 3-11 dm. tall; leaves 3 dm. long or less, 10 mm. wide or less, smooth spikes 3-11, usually 4-6, erect, 4-11 cm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long; scales 4, the second, exclusive of the awn, 1.5-1.75 mm. long, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth triangular, acute or obtusish, the awn about 0.5 mm. long; third scale about 2 mm. long, in side view elliptic and about 1 mm. wide, tl:(e awn short or wanting; fourtli scale, in side view, obovate-elliptic, rounded at the apex, awnless. Sandy soil along and near the coasts, Porto Rico; Mona; Vieques:—Florida; Ber- muda; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispauiola; Trinidad; coutiuental tropical America. Finger-grass. 52. GYMNOPOGON Beauv. Agrost. 41. 1812. Annual or perennial grasses with flat and usually short rigid leaves, and numerous slender alternate or digitate spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, almost sessile, the rachilla extended and bearing a small scale which is usually awned. Scales 3 or 4; the 2 lower empty, unequal, narrow, acute; third broader, fertile, 3-nerved, slightly 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an erect awn; the fourth empty, small, awned; palet 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose, Grain linear, free, enclosed in the rigid scale. [Greek, naked-beard, referring to the prolongation of the rachilla.) Six known species, all but one of them natives of America. Type .species; Andrupogon ambiguus Michx. 1. Gymnopogon foliosus (Willd.) Nees, Agrost. Bras. 426. 1829. Chloris foliosa Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 924. 1806. Annual; culms branched near the base or tufted, erect or ascending, with erect branches, slender, glabrous, 1.5-5 dm. high, the internodes short. Leaf- sheaths with a row of long hairs at the mouth, the blades short, tapering from the base to the apex, glabrous, 1-2.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; spikes 4-8, digitate at the end of a long, very slender stalk, 2-4.5 cm. long, the upper scales of the spikelets filiform-awned. In white .sand, Campo Alegre, Porto Rico; St. Thomas:—Hispaniola; northern South America. The type locality is St. Thomas. 53. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 1: 7. 1788. Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes digitate or close together at the summit of the culm. Spikelets several- flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is POACEAE 69 not extended beyond them; flowers perfect or the upper staminate. Scales compressed, keeled; the 2 lower empty; the others subtending flowers, or the upper empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [From the Greek name of the town where Ceres was worshipped.] Species 6, natives of the Old World. Type species: Cynosurua coracana L. 1. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 1: 8. 1788. Cynosuriis indicus L. Sp. PI. 72. 175.3. Andropogon repens Schoepf, Reise 2: 493. 1788. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base. Sheaths loose, overlapping and often short and crowded at the base of the culm, glabrous or sometimes sparingly villous; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth or scabrous; spikes 2-10, 2. .5-7. 5 cm. long, whorled or approximate at the summit of the culm or one or two sometimes distant ; spikelets 3-G-flowered, 3-4 mm. long scales acute, minutely scabrous on the keel, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-7- nerved, the others 3-5-nerved. Waste and cultivated grounds, a troublesome weed. Porto Rico; Mona; Icacos; Vieques: St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—temperate and tropical regions of the Old World and the New. Native of the Old World. Wire-grass. Yerba dulce. Pata DE gallina. 54. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029. 1809. An annual grass, with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes in pairs or digitate. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the rachis, which is extended beyond them into a sharp point. Scales compressed, keeled, the 2 lower and the uppermost ones empty, the others subtending flowers. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, rugose, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, referring to the digi- tately spreading spikes.] A monotypic genus of the warmer parts of the Old World.] 1. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029. 1809. Cynosurus aegyptitis L. Sp. PI. 72. 1753. Culms 1.5-6 dm. long, usually decumbent and extensively creeping at the base. Sheaths loose, overlapping and often crowded, smooth and glabrous; leaves 1.5 dm. in length or less, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth or rough, sometimes pubescent, ciliate toward the base; spikes in pairs, or 3-5 and digitate, 1.25-5 cm. long; spikelets 3-5-flowered; scales compressed, scabrous on the keel, the second awned, the flowering ones broader and pointed. Waste and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico; Mona; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas: St. Jan; Tortola; Anegada:—southern United States; West Indies; tropical continental America; warm-temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. Egyptian Grass. 55. BOUTELOUA Lag. Varied. Cienc. 2^: 134. 1805. Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous spikelets In few one-sided spikes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, arranged in two rows on one side of a flat rachis, the rachilla extended beyond the base of the flowers, bearing 1-3 awns and 1-3 rudimentary scales. Two lower scales empty, acute, keeled; flowering scale broader, 3-toothed, the teeth awn-pointed or awned; 70 POACEAE palet hyaline, entire or 2-tootiied. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free. [In honor of Claudian Boutelou, a Spanish botanist.] About 36 species, particularly numerous in ]Me.xico and in the south- western United States, known as Mesquite-grass. Type species: Bouteloua racemosa Lag. Second flower a rudimentary 3-fld awn. Leaf-blades up to 10 cm. long; spikes 2-3 cm. long. 1. B. amencana. Leaf-blades only 2 era. long or le.ss; spikes about 0.5 cm. long. 2. B. juncea. Second flower well developed. 3. B. heterostega. 1. Bouteloua americana (L.) Scribn. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1891: 306. 1S91. Aristida americana L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 879. 1759. Bouteloua litigiosa Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 5. 1816. Perennial, tufted. Culms wiry, compressed, decumbent or ascending, 7 dm. long or less, often much branched, glabrous. Leaves involute-margined, hairy near the base, 6-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less; raceme open, composed of several spike-like branches 2-3 cm. long; spikelets a1)out 7 on each spike, ap- pressed; second flower rudimentary, with 3 awns of about equal length. Sandy fields and roadsides near the southern and western coasts, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Vii-gin Gorda:—Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua to Tobago; continental tropical America. 2. Bouteloua juncea (Desv.) Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 343. 1913. Triathera juncea Desv.; Beauv. Agrost. 40. 1812. Perennial; culms glabrous, very slender, prostrate or ascending, branched, 5-15 cm. long, the branches often fascicled or densely tufted, the flowering ones flhform, erect, 6-15 cm. high. Leaf-sheaths pilose at the mouth, the blades 15 mm. long or less, 1-1.5 mm. wide, glabrous, folded, at least in drying; racemes of few or .several minute spikes; spikelet solitary, pilose at the base, about 4 mm. long, the scales lanceolate, acuminate, the second flower of 3 slender scabrous awns. Red soil, coastal plain near Guanica:—Hispaniola. 3. Bouteloua heterostega (Trin.) Griffiths, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 14: 414. 1912. Eutriana heterostega Trin. Gram. Unifl. 242. 1824. Bouteloua Humboldtiana Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 532. 1862. Heterosteca rhadina Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 386. 1903. Perennial; culms prostrate, ascending or erect, branched, glabrous, slender, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves more or less pilose, the blades 2-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide, folded, at least when dry; racemes 2-10, ascending or spreading, 1.5-3 cm. long; spikelets 4-7, about 12 mm. long, the second flower staminate, the other perfect or pistillate, its scale long-awned. Rocky and sandy soU at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico, mostly in dry districts:—Cuba; Hi.spaniola; Martinique. 56. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 71. 1812. Usually tall annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and numerous spikes forming a simple panicle. Spikelets usually several-flowered, flattened, alter- nating in two roAvs on one side of the rachis. Scales 4 to many ; the 2 lower empty, keeled, shorter than the spikelet; the flowering scales keeled, 3-nerved. Palet POACEAE 71 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, en- closed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the slender spikes.] About 12 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Type species: Cynosurus virgatus L. Perennial. 1- ^- virgata. Annuals. ^ r ^i-r Sheaths, or the upper ones hispid. 2. L. fihformis. Sheaths glabrous. 3. L. scabra. 1. Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 71, 166. 1812. Cynosurus virgatus L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 876. 1759. Perennial; culms rather slender, smooth, erect or decumbent, somewhat tufted, 2-10 dm. high, little branched or simple. Leaf-sheaths glabrous, the blade 6-18 cm. long, 4-15 mm. wide; spikes slender, weak, 3-12 cm. long, racemose near the top of the culm; spikelets about 4 mm. long; flowering scales awnless or very short-awned. [?L. virgata gracilis of Eggers.] Wet and waste grounds, Porto Rico; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—West Indies; continental tropical America. 2. Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Agrost. 166. 1812. Festuca filiformis Lam. Tabl. Encycl. l: 191. 1791. Eleusine mucronata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. l: 65. 1803. Leptochloa mucronata Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 91. 1829. Annual; culms 3-12 dm. high, finally branching. Leaf-sheaths usually hispid or hirsute, the i^lades 6-25 cm. long, 1 cm. wide or less, scabrous; spikes ascending, 5-15 cm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long. [L. mucronata multiflora of Eggers.] Fields and cultivated grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico: along ditches, St. Croix (according to Eggers):—southern United States; Bermuda; West Indies; conti- nental tropical America. 3. Leptochloa scabra Nees, Agrost. Bras. 435. 1829. Annual; culms about 1 m. high, or less, rather stout, usually simple. Leaf- sheaths glabrous but scabrate, the blades 6-20 cm. long, mostly less than 1 cm. wide; spikes 4-8 cm. long, ascending or nearly erect, numerous, forming an elongated, narrow inflore.scence ; spikelets .secund, 3-4 mm. long. Wet grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico:—southern United States; Tobago; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 57. DIPLACHNE Beauv. Agrost. 80. 1812. Tufted grasses, with narrow flat leaves and long slender spikes arranged in an open panicle, or rarely only one terminal spike. Spikelets several-flowered, narrow, sessile or rarely pedicelled, erect. Two lower scales empty, membranous, keeled, acute, unequal; flowering scales 1-3-nerved, 2-toothod and mucronate or short-awned between the teeth. Palet hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, referring to the 2-toothed flowering scales.] About 15 species, natives of the Avarmer regions of both hemispheres, the following typical. 72 POACEAE 1. Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv. Agrost. 160. 1812. Feslitca fascicularis Lam. Tabl. Encycl. l: 189. 1791. Leptochloa fascicularis A. Gray, Man. 588. 1848. Culms tufted, finally branching, 3-8 dm. tall. Leaves erect, 1-2 dm. long, 3 mm. or less wide, involute when dry, rough; racemes 8 or more, erect or ascend- ing, the larger ones 4-8 cm. long; spikelets 4-8 mm. long; scales 10-12, the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 3-4 mm. long, the midnerve extending into an awn 1 mm. long or less. In a ditch, St. John's Estate, St. Croix:—United States; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Mexico; South America. Spike-GRASS. 58. PAPPOPHORUM Schreb.; Vahl, Symb. 3: 10. 1794. Mostly perennial, tufted, large or small grasses, the narrow leaf-blades often convolute in drying, the 1-3-flowered spikelets in dense spike-like, simple or branched panicles. Spikelets jointed above the 2 lower empty scales, the 1 or 2 lower flowers perfect, the upper one staminate. Lower empty scales mem- branous, persistent, the flowering ones and the upper barren ones subcoriaceous, cleft at the apex into numerous .slender awns, forming a pappus-like crown, which falls away with the grain. [Greek, pappus-bearing.] Twenty species or more, mostly tropical, the following typical. 1. Pappophorum alopecuroideum Vahl, Sj-mb. 3: 10. 1794. Pappophorum laguroideum Schrad. ; Schultes, Mant. 2: 342, 1824. Culms densely tufted, stiff, erect, glabrous, 6-15 dm. tall. Leaves elongated, al^out 4 mm. wide, strongly convolute in drying, glabrous, light green; panicle 1-4 dm. long, silvery-bristly, its branches erect-appressed ; awns soft, nearly filiform, 8-10 mm. long. On a limestone bench, Punta Aguila, Porto Rico; Desechen; Mona; St. Thomas; Cuba; St. Eustatius; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; Trinidad; coiitinenfca! tropical America; Jamaica? 59. GYNERIUM H. &, B. PI. Aequin. 2: 112. 1812. Tall, perennial, dioecious grasses, the culms stout, somewhat woody below, the leaf-blades large and flat, the .spikelets in a large terminal panicle. Spikelets several-flowered, jointed above the lower scales. Scales membranous or hyaline, narrow, the 2 lower ones empty; flowering scales of the pistillate spikelets long- hairy, those of the staminate spikelets glabrous. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas ])lumose. Grain oblong, free, nearly terete, not grooved. [Greek, referring to the hairy pistillate scales.] A few species of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) Beauv. Agrost. 138. 1812. Saccharum sagittatum Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 50. 1775. Gynerium saccharoides H. & B. PI. Aequin. 2: 112. 1812. An immense grass, sometimes reaching 10 m. in height, the old leaf-sheaths persistent iielow. Leaf-blades up to 2 m. long, 4-7 cm. wide, long-acuminate, serrulate, those of the staminate plant approximate under the panicle which is often 1 m. long, its axis erect, the branches drooping, the pistillate panicle very silky. River-banks at lower elevations, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Kitts to Trinidad; contineutal tropical America. Uva Grass. Wild Cane. Cana de Castilla. Cana de la India. The leaves are used in basketry POACEAE 73 60. ARUNDO [Scheuch.] L. Sp. PI. 81. 1753. Tall, perennial grasses, with stout somewhat woody culms, broad and flat leaf-blades and large panicles of spikelets. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, the Internodes of the rachilla glabrous ; scales 4 to many, the empty lower ones narrow, the flowering ones broader, hairy on the back. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Name said to be derived from the Celtic for water.] About 6 species, natives of the Old World, the following typical. 1. Arundo Donax L. Sp. PI. 81. 1753. Culms erect, 3-8 m. high. Leaf-blades up to 1 m. long, 5-8 cm. wide; panicle terminal, 5 10 dm. long, the .spikelets numerous and crowded. Wet grounds near Ponce and Guanica; Vieques:—southern United States; Bermuda; Jamaica; Cuba; Antigua to Barbados. Much planted for ornament. Native of the Old World. Giant Reed. Cow Cane. Cana guana. 61. PHRAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820. Tall, perennial reed-like grasses, with broad flat leaves and ample panicles. Spikelets 3-several-flowered, the first flower often staminate, the others perfect; rachilla articulated between the flowering scales, long-pilose. Two lower scales empty, unequal, membranous, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the spikelet; the third scale empty or subtending a staminate flower; flowering scales glabrous, narrow, long-acuminate, much exceeding the short palets. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek referring to its hedge-like growth along ditches. Three known species, the following typical one widely distributed, one in Asia the third in South America. 1. Phragmites Phragmites (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 379. 1881. Arundo Phiautnili.'i L. Sp. PI. 81. 17.53. Phragjniies communis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820. Culms 1.5-5 m. tall, erect, stout, from long horizontal rootstocks, smooth and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, loose; blades 1.5-3 dm. long or more, 8-50 mm. wide, flat, smooth, glabrous; panicle 1..5-3 dm. long or more, ample; spikelets crowded on the ascending branches; first scale 1-nerved, half to two-thirds as long as the 3-nerved i^econd one; flowering scales 1-1.2 cm. long, 3-nerved, long- acuminate, equalling the hairs of the rachilla. River-banks, marshes and lake-borders at lower elevations, Porto Rico:—north tem- perate zone; Bahamas; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Tobago; Mexico. Reed-ghass. Wild Cane. 62. ERAGROSTIS Host, Ic. Gram. Austr. 4: 14. 1809. Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, from a few inches to several feet in height, the spikelets in panicles. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, more or less flattened. Two lower scales empty, unequal, shorter than the flowering ones, keeled, 1-nerved, or the second 3-nerved; flowering scales membranous, keeled, 3-nerved ; palets shorter than the scales, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually persisting on the rachilla after the fruiting scale has fallen. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, etymology doubtful, perhaps signifying a low 74 POACEAE grass, or Love-grass, an occasional English name.] A genus of about 100 species, widely distributed throughout all warm and temperate countries, l^nown as Love-grass. Type species: Briza Eragrostis L. Palets glabrous on the keel, or merely liispidulous. Spikelets dioecious; creeping grass. 1. E. hypnoides. .Spikelets all alike; plants not creeping. Annuals; low. Spikelets small, about 1.5 mm. wide. 2. E. pilosa. Spikelets larger, about 2 mm. wide. Spikelets ovate, 6 mm. long or less. 3. E. tephrosanthos. Spikelets linear, 7-10 mm. long. 4. E. Barrelieri. Perennial; tall. 5. E. Elliotlii. Palets long-ciliate on the keel. Spikelets 2 mm. long. 6. E. amabilis. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long. 7. E. ciliaris 1. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. Pre). Cat. N. Y. 69. 1888. Poa hypnoides Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 185. 1791. Poa reptans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 69. 1803. Eragrostis reptans Nees, Agrost. Bras. 514. 1829. Culms 2.5-45 cm. long, extensively creeping, branched, the branches erect or ascending, 2. .5-15 cm. high. Sheaths villous at the summit; leaf-blades 5 cm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, flat, smooth beneath, rough above; spikelets dioecious, 10-35-flowered, 4-16 mm. long; lower scales unequal, the first one-half to two- thirds as long as the second; flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, the lateral nerves prominent; .scales of the pistillate flowers more acute than those of the staminate. Banks, roadsides and muddy places at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico: Cuba; Hispaniola; Martinique; Trinidad; temperate and tropical continental North and South America. 2. Eragrostis pilosa (I^.) Beauv. Agrost. 162. 1812. Poa pilosa L. Sp. PI. 68. 1753. Annual; culms 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, tufted, erect, slender, branched. Sheaths sometimes pilose at the throat; leaf-blades 2.5-12.5 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, smooth beneath, scabrous above; panicle 5-15 cm. in length, the branches at first erect, finally widely spreading, 2.5-3.75 cm. long, often hairy in the axils, spikelets 5-12-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide; lower scales acute, the first one-half as long as the second; flowering scales acute, the lower 1.5 mm. long, thin, usually purplish. Fields, roadsides and waste grounds, Porto Rico; St. Croix; St Thomas:—United States; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; continental tropical Ameri- ca; warm-temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. 3. Eragrostis tephrosanthos Schult. Mant. 2: 316. 1824. Annual; culms tufted, slender, erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous. Leaf-blades 4-8 cm. long, 1..5-3 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so, the sheath ciliate at the top; panicle open. 4-8 cm. long, its filifoi'm branches spreading or ascending; spikelets filiform-peduncled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-7 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; scales and palet glabrous. Banks, fields, roadsides and in cultivated grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas:—West Indies; northern South America. Doubtfully referred by Nash to E. Piirshii Schrad. 4. Eragrostis Barrelieri Desv., Journ. de Bot. 8: 289. 1894. Annual ; culms tufted, glabrous, ascending or erect, 5 dm. high or le.ss. Leaf- blades 4-9 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous above; panicle open, 1-2 dm. long or shorter, its filiform branches ascending; spikelets linear, 8-12 mm. long. [E. minor of Millspaugh, not of Host; E. poaeoides of Eggers, not of Beauvois.] Dry soil, St. Croix; St. Thomas (ex Eggers):—Texas. Native of the Old World. POACEAE 75 5. Eragrostis Elliottii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 140. 1890. Poa nitida Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 162. 1817. Not Lam. 1791. Eragrostis macropoda Pilger, in Urb. Symb. Ant. 4: 106, 1903. Perennial; culms tufted, glabrous, rather slender, erect, 4-10 dm. high. Sheaths glabrous; leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrous above; smooth beneath; panicle 2-5 dm. long, open, its nearly filiform branches spreading or ascending; pedicels filiform, much longer than the spikelets; spikelets 6-13- flowered, 5-10 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2 mm. long. Moist sandjr soil near the northern and western coasts of Porto Rico; St. Thomas: southeastern United States; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola. 6. Eragrostis amabilis (L.) W. & A.; H. & A. Bot. Beechey Voy. 251. 1841. Poa amabilis L. Sp. PI. 68. 1753. Poa plumosa Retz. Obs. 4: 20. 1786. Eragrostis plumosa Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 192. 1827. Annual ; culms slender, densely tufted, erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. high. Sheaths commonly with a tuft of hairs at the top, their margins usually ciliate; leaf-blades 2-10 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less; panicle-branches spreading or ascending; spikelets about 2 mm. long, 4-8-flowered, the palets ciliate with very short hairs. Waste and cultivated grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico; St. Jan:—south- eastern United States; Bahamas; Jamaica: Cuba; St. Kitts to Trinidad. NaturaUzed from tlae Old World tropics. 7. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 192. 1827. Poa ciliaris L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 875. 1759. Annual; culms densely tufted, slender, erect or ascending, 3 dm. high or less; leaf-sheaths with a tuft of hairs at the top and usually ciliate, the blades flat, 2-7 cm. long, 2-5 mm. Avide; panicle narrow, dense, 2-10 cm. long, its branches appressed; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 6-16-flowered ; palet-nerves long-ciliate. Sandy soil, waste and cidtivated grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico; Mona: Muertos; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Anegada:—southern United States; Bermuda; West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Consists of several races. Specimens from Anegada recorded by Britton as E. Urbaniana Hitchc, a closely related species, now appear l^ettcr referable to E. ciliaris. Specimens from Morillos de Cabo Rojo, Porto Rico, closely approach E. arabica. 63. UNIOLA L. Sp. PI. 71. 1753. Erect and often tall grasses with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, flat, 2-edged, the flowers perfect, or the upper staminate. Scales flattened, keeled, sometimes winged, rigid, usually acute; the lower 3-() empty, unequal; the flowering scale many-nerved, the uppermost scales often smaller and empty; palets rigid, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain compressed, free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Name diminutive of unus, one, of no obvious application.] About 8 species, natives of America. Type species: Uniola paniculata L. 2. Uniola virgata (Poir.) Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 531. 1864. Poa virgata Poir, in Lam. Encycl. 5: 78. 1804. Uniola racemiflora Trin. Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 1: 68. 1836. Culms tufted, 1-2 m. tall, rigid. Leaves 3-5 dm. long, rigid, involute, usually curved, 2-3 mm. wide; panicle narrow, virgate, 2-5 dm. long, about 2 cm. thick, its many short branches erect, appressed, the spikelets racemose- 76 POACEAE spicate, secuncl, 3-4 mm. long, oval, few-flowered; flowering scales about 2 mm. long. Coastal rocks, southwestern districts, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; Little St. James:—Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Saba. 64. ARTHROSTYLIDIUM Riipr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 52; 117. 1839. Woody, mostly vine-like grasses, the leaves usually borne on short branches whorled at the nodes, the leaf-blades hnear or lanceolate, jointed with the sheaths. Spikelets racemose, usually appearing only after long intervals, sometimes only after many years. Spikelets linear, few-several-flowered, stalked or nearly sessile, more or less secund, articulated above the lower 3 or 4 empty scales; lowest scale small, the others similar to each other, acute or acuminate, many- nerved, not awned; palets narrow, 2-carinate, scarcely shorter than the scales. Flowers perfect. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous; styles 2. Grain oblong. [Greek referring to the jointed spikelets.] About 20 species, natives of tropical America. Known as Cakoncillas. Type species: Arthrostylidium Haenkei Rupr. Leaf-blades nearly capillary, involute in drying, 1-3 mm. wide. Leaf-blades flat, not involute. I. A. capiUifoKum. Young branches retrorse-scabrous ; leaf-blades 10-15 mm. wide. 2. A. mulHspicalum. Young branches smooth; leaf-blades 3-5 mm. wide. 3. A. sarmentosum. 1. Arthrostylidium capillifolium Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. IL 8: .531. 1862. Arundinaria capillifolia Hack. Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 53: 69. 1903. Glabrous; stem slender, wiry, woody, climbing over shrubs and small trees, sometimes .5 m. long, often forming large colonies. Branches numerous, fas- cicled at the nodes, short; leaves capillary, flexible, 5-15 cm. long; spikelets few, at the ends of the branches, lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, several- flowered. Woods and thickets near Maricao and Sabana Grande, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan:—Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola. OLD M.\n'S Beard. 2. Arthrostylidium multispicatum Pilger in Urban, Symta. Ant. 2: 341. 1901. Arundinaria multispicata Haclv. Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 53: 69. 1903. High-climliing; main ])ranches elongated, when young retrorse-scabrous, the older branches smooth; ultimate branchlets verticillate, 15-30 cm. long; leaf- blades 6-8 cm. long, 10-15 mm. wide, or larger on strong shoots; racemes ter- minal and axillary, numerous, the axis straight, the glabrous spikelets appressed. Mountain forests, central and western districts of Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola. Forest Climbing Bamboo. 3. Arthrostylidium sarmentosum Pilger in Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 108. 1903. Climbing on trees and .snruos, the culm and branches very slender, smooth, the ultimate branchlets 10-15 cm. long, in dense, distant verticils. Leaf-blades pale green, flat, 5 cm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide; racemes many, terminal and axillary, zigzag, composed of few pubescent spikelets. Moimtain forests at higher elevations, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola. Forest Climbing Bamboo. 65. CHUSQUEA Kunth, Syn. PI. Aequin. 1: 254. 1822. Climbing or clam))enng woody grasses, with elongated, branched culms, small leaves, the blades jointed with the sheaths, the small 1-flowered spikelets in terminal panicles, the flowers perfect. Sc^Jeg 5, the two lower ones small, POACEAE 77 empty, persistent, the next two appressed, the flowering one membranous. Stamens 3. Styles distinct or united. Grain oblong. [Colombian name.] About 35 species of tropical America. Type species: Chusquea scandens Kunth. 1. Chusquea abietifolia Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 529. 1S64. Arnndinaria (?) microdada Pilger in Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 289. 1907. Climbing on trees and shru))s, slender, niuch-liranched, the culms elongated, often drooping, sometimes 6-7 meters long, the ultimate branchlets verticillate, immerous, 6-10 cm. long. Leaves rather rigid, narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, spinulose-tipped, the margins scabrate; panicles terminating leafy branch- lets; spikelets few, lanceolate, pointed, about 6 mm. long, short-stalked. Hillsides, Monte Alegrillo and near Yauco:—Jamaica; Hispaniola. The grass flowers only after long intervals and dies after flowering. 66. BAMBOS Retz. Obs. 5: 24. 1789. Woody grasses, with erect, hollow, jointed, branching culms, flat leaf-blades jointed with their sheaths, and several-many-flowered spikelets clustered in narrow or broad panicles, the panicle-branches often verticillate. Scales several or numerous, awnless, the lower 1 to 4 empty, shorter than the flowering ones. Stamens 6. Style undivided or 2-3-cleft. Grain olilong. [Indian name.] Forty species or more, natives of warm-temperate and tropical parts of the Old World. Type species: Bambos arundinacea Retz. 1. Bambos vulgaris Schrad, ; Wendl. Coll. PI. 2: 26. 1810. Culms stout, 15 m. high or less, about 1 dm. in diameter, the lateral branches numerous, slender, the nodes with a line of hairs. Leaf-sheaths loosely pu- bescent, the blades lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 4 cm. wide or less; flowering branches clustered; spiklets 1-2 cm. long in bracted clusters of 3-10, oblong, pointed, the empty scales ovate, acute, many-nerved. Moist grounds and along water-courses at lower elevations, Porto Rico; St. Croix, St. Thomas:—Widely naturalized in the West Indies and in continental tropical America from the Old World tropics. Bamboo. Bambu. A low arching slender Bamboo was seen at Agricultural Experiment Station, Maya- guez, in 1923. Krebs records the East Indian li. arundinacea Willd., as formerly grown in St. Thomas. Melinis minutiflora Beauv., Molasses Grass, South America, grown as a forage grass in Porto Rico, is a perennial, odorous, velvety, slender species up to almost a meter in height, with a terminal panicle of numerous awned spikelets. Polytrias amaura (Buese) Kuntze [P. praemorsa Hack.], Java Grass, experimentally planted for use ag a lawn-grass in Porto Rico, is a low, prostrate, densely tufted grass, with rather slender, brownish, hairy racemes 2-5 cm. long. Tripsacum latifolium Hitch., Cayenne Grass, seen growing luxuriantly at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Mayaguez, in 1923, is an erect grass 2-2.5 m. high, with broad flat leaves, the spikes 3 together in clusters axillary to leafy bracts. Tripsacum laxutn Nash, Guatemala Grass, also seen growing luxuriantly at the Mayaguez Station, and also at the St. Croix Station is similar to the pre- ceding species, but with solitary spikes Tricholaena rosea Nees, Natal Grass of Africa, cultivated at the Insular Experiment Station, Rio Piedras and tending there in 1922 to spread beyond ciUtivation, is a slender perennial species 6-10 dm. high with panicled, silky red-purple spikelets, now naturalized in northeiui Cuba and in Florida. 78 CYPERACEAE Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf, African, grown at the Mayaguez Agricul- tural Experiment Station, is a tufted perennial tall grass, with long narrow leaves, the reddish-pubescent awned spikelets in panicles. [Trachypogon rufus Nees; Cymbopogon rufum Rendle.] Stipa tortilis Desf., of southern Europe was recorded by Krebs from St Thomas, probably in error. Family 2. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hilaire Sedge Family Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Stems (culms) slender, solid (rarely hollow), triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Roots fibrous (many species perennial by long rootstocks). Leaves narrow, with closed sheaths. Flowers perfect or imperfect, arranged in spikelets, one (rarely 2) in the axil of each scale (ghmie, bract), the spikelets solitary or clustered, 1-many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricated, persistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, composed of bristles, or interior scales, rarely calyx-like, or son'ietimes wanting. Stamens 1-3, rarely more. Fila- ments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, anatropous, erect. Style 2-3-cleft or rarely simple or minutely 2-toothed. Fruit a lenticular, plano-convex, or trigonous achene. Endosperm mealy. Embryo minute. About 65 genera and 3000 species, of very wide geographic distribution. A. Flowers, at least the pistillate ones, perfect. a All the spikelet-seales subtending flowers or only 1 or 2 empty. Scales of the spikelets distichons (See Abildgaardia). Spikelets with only 1 perfect flower. 1. KulUnga. Spikelets with 2 to many perfect flowers. 2. Cyperus. Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated. Base of the style persistent as a tubercle on tlie achene. . Spikelet 1. culm leafless; bristles usually present. 3. Eleocharis. Spikelets several or many ; leaves present ; bristles none. 4. Slenophyllus. Base of the style not persistent as a tubercle. Flowers without any inner scales (petals). Base of the style swollen; bristles none. ,..,,. Spikelets terete. ,. 5. limbnstyhs Spikelets compressed, their scales pseudodis- tichous. 6. Abildgaardia. Base of the style not swollen ; bristles usually present. 7. Scirp'us. Flowers with 3 expanded inner scales (sepals) alter- . nating with 3 bristles in our species. 8. t uirena. b. Three or more of the lower scale.s usually empty. Style 2-cleft. , ^ , Bristles none; spikelets several-flowered. Spikelets in a terminal invohicrate cluster. 9. Uicnrnme.na. Spikelets in umbels or panicles. . 10. Psilocarya. Bristles present, except in a few species; spdielets variously clustered, the clusters not involucrate. 11. Uynchospora. Style :^-cleft. , . . „ Pistillate flower axillary; plants tall. . Bristles none. 12. Man^cus. Bristles present. l-^- Machaenna. Pistillate flower subterminal; plants low. leafy. 14. Remirea. B. Flowers all imperfect. Pistillate flower subtended by scales. . ^ ^, . , ... , , _ , „„„„„^„,„„o Lower spikelets of tlie panicles stammate, the upper pistdlate. 15. Lagenocarpus. Staminate and pistillate spikelets variously intermixed m the . panicles. . ]% '^^'l^^- Pistillate flower enclosed in a perigymum. 17. ^arez.. 1. KYLLINGA Rottb. Descr. & Ic. 12. 1773. Annual or perennial sedges, with slender triangular culms, leafy below, and with 2 or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the strictly sessile, simple or compound dense head of spikelets. Spikelets numerous, compressed, CYPERACEAE 79 falling away from the axis of the head at maturity, consisting of only 3 or 4 scales, the 1 or 2 lower ones small and empty, the middle one fertile, the upper empty or staminate. Joints of the rachis wingless or narrowly winged. Scales 2-ranked, keeled. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the achene. Achene lenticular. [In honor of Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist of the seventeenth century.] About 45 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Perennials, with rootstocks. Basal leaves with blades. Leaves long, the apex gradually acuminate. 1. {^- orenjoiia. Leaves short, the ape.x acute. 2. K. pungens. Basal leaves reduced to sheaths. o. ^- peruviana. Annua! or biennial; roots fibrous. a t^ , Fertile scale setulose on the keel, eglandular. 4. ii. pumiia. Fertile scale smooth on the keel, glandular. 5. K. oaorata. 1. Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Descr. & Icon. 13. 1773. Perennial by slender rootstocks; culms 6 dm. high or less, slender. Leaves 2-4 cm. wide, attenuate at the apex, the basal ones as long as the culm or much shorter, those of the involucre 3 or 4, the longer sometimes 12 cm. long; heads 1-3, usually only 1, ovoid to short cylindric, 5-12 mm. long; fertile scale ovate- lanceolate, boat-shaped, submuCronate, the keel rough-setulose, or wholly smooth. Wet or moist gromids. at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croi.x; St. .Ian; Tortola;—southern United States; West Indies; tropical contmental America and Old World tropics. 2. Kyllinga pungens Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 326. 1827. Perennial by short scaly rootstocks; culms erect or reclining, 3-8 dm. long. Basal leaves much shorter than the culm, 3-4 mm. wide, acute, those of the involucre 2-4, 6 cm. long or less; head solitary, subglobose to short-cylindric, about 1 cm. thick; spikelets lanceolate; fertile scale acute or mucronate, boat- shaped, keeled, 3-nerved on each side. [Scirpus mutatus Bello, not L.] Moist grassy places near Mayaguez. Porto Rico; St. Croix:—Hispaniola; Jamaica; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. 3. Kyllinga peruviana Lam. Encycl. 3: 366. 1789. Kyllinga aphylla Kunth, Enum. 2: 127. 1837. Perennial by short stout rootstocks covered by ovate scales; culms rather stout, erect, 7 dm. high or less. Basal leaves reduced to tubular sheaths 1-5 cm. long; involucral leaves reduced to triangular acute bracts mostly shorter than the solitary head of spikelets; head about 1 cm. in diameter; spikelets many, brownish, about 4 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate; fertile scale mucronulate, boat- shaped, striate. [Scirpus nodulosus Bello, not Roth.] In swamps and marshes, rarely on sand dunes, at lower elevations. Porto Rico:— Jamaica; Hispaniola; Antigua; Trinidad; continental tropical America; tropical Alnca. 4. Kyllinga pumiia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. l: 28. 1803. Annual, fibrous-rooted; culms tufted, slender to filiform, 4 dm. long or less. Leaves 0.7-5 mm. wide, the basal ones mostly shorter than the culm, those of the involucre 3-5, elongated, spreading; heads 1-3, ovoid to ovoid-oblong, 5-9 mm. long, or the lateral ones smaller; spikelets brownish; fertile scale ovate to ovate- lanceolate, acute, not glandular, its keel setose. Moist grassy places, Porto Rico; St. Thomas (according to Clarke); Tortola:— southeastern United States; Me-xico to Brazil; Jamaica; Cuba to Irmidad; Airica. so CYPERACEAE 5. Kyllinga odorata Vahl, Enum. 2: 382. 1805. Annual or biennial, fibrous rooted; culms rather slender, tufted, 4 dm. long or less. Leaves grass-like, 2-4 mm. wide, the basal ones shorter than the culm, those of the involucre 3 or 4, the longer 8-12 cm. long; heads 1-4, cylindric to ovoid-cylindric, 7-15 mm. long, or the lateral ones much smaller; spikelets yellowish-brown ; fertile scale ovate-oblong, depressed-glandular, its keel smooth. Roadsides and sandy places at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Jan :^southern United States; Me.xico to Uraguay; Jamaica; Cuba; Trinidad. 2. CYPERUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 44. 1753. Annual or perennial sedges. Culms in our species simple, mostly triangular, mostly leafy near the base, and with 1 or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre to the simple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Rays of the umbel sheathed at the base, usually very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes commonly sessile. Spikelets flat or subterete, the scales falling away from the rachis as they mature (nos. 1-19), or persistent and the spikelets falling away from the axis of the head or spike with the scales attached (nos. 20-34). Scales concave, conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bearing or the lower ones empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the achene. [Ancient Greek name for these sedges.] About 600 species, of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions, called Gai-ingale. Type species: Cyperus escvlentus L. A. Style-branches 2; achene lenticular or plano-convex. Achene laterally compressed [Genus PYCEAEUS Beauv]. Superficial cells of achene oblong. Superficial cells of achene quadrate. Achene dorsaUy compressed [Genus JUNCELLUS Clarke]. Style-branches 3; achene trigonous, a. Racliis of the spikelet persistent [EucYPEKUS]. *Rachis wingless, or very narrowly winged. Annuals. Scales sharply acuminate or awned. Scales sharply acuminate. Scales with recurved awns. Scales obtusish. Perennials. Spikelets spicate. Spikelets digitate. Stamens 3 or 2. Scales acute; basal leaves reduced to sheaths; culms smooth. Involucral leaves 8-20. Involucral leaves 1-3. Scales mucronate or short-awned; basal leaves normal; culms viscid-pubescent. Stamen only 1. Spikelets linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, yellow. Spikelets ovate; leaves not transversely nerved. Spikelets capitate, yeUow to yellow-brown. Spikelets densely glomerate, red to red- dish-brown. Spikelets ovate, green-brown; leaves strongly transversely nerved. **Rachis broadly winged. Perennials. Culms leafy below, not pseudoseptate ; plants tuberif- erous. Spikelets pm-ple-brown. Spikelets yellow-brown. Culms leafless, pseudoseptate. Annuals, flowering the first season. Wings of tlie racliis at length separating from it; no basal leaves. Wings of the racliis persistent; basal leaves present. 1. C. flavescens. 2. C. odoratus. 3. C. laevigatus. 4. C compressus. 5. C. cuspidatus. 6. C. sphacclatus. 7. C. distans. 8. C. alternifolius. 9. C. Haspan. 10. C. elegans. 11. C. ochraceus. 12. C. surinamensis 13. C. Luzulae. 14. C. virens. 15. C. rotundus. 16. C. esculentus. 17. C. arliculatus . 18. C. giganleus. 19. C radiatus. CYPERACEAE 81 b. Rachis of the spikelets deciduous above the 2 lower scales [Mariscus Clarke, not Zlmi.] *Achetie more than twice as long as tliick; heads globose. **Achene not more than twice as long as thick; spikelets mostly spicate or capitate. Spikelets with 1-5 achenes. Umbel simple or head only one. Spikelets spreading. Scales of the spikelet imbricated. Spikelets yellow or yellomsh. Spikelets 2^ mm. long. Spikelets 1 mm. long; spike solitary. Spikelets dark brown; head sohtary, globose. Scales of the spikelet few, faintly nerved, acute. Scales of the spikelet numerous, strong- ly nerved, mucronate. Scales of the spikelets distant. Spikelets in age reflexed; spike 1, short. Umbel compound. Spikes oblong, 8-10 mm. thick. Spikes long-cylindric, 5-7 mm. thick. Spikelets with 5-25 achenes. Scales awned ; spikelets capitate. Scales acute or acuminate; spikelets spicate. Umbel capitate or with rays up to 3 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. wide. Umbel decompound, with rays 4-6 cm. long; spikelets 1.5 mm. wide. C. Rachis of the spikelets separating into 1-fruited joints [Genus TORULINIUM Desv.]. Perennial; culms slender; spikes 1 or 2. Annual ; culms stout ; spikes numerous. Spikelets yellow-browTi, loosely spicate. Spikelets dark brown, densely spicate. 20. C. globulosus. 21. C. cayennensis. 22. C. granularis. 23. C. calcicola. 24. C. fuligineus. 25. C. Urbani. 26. C. tenuis. 27. C. ligularis. 28. C. incompletus. 29. C. confertus. 30. C. brunneus. 31. C. planifolius. 32. C. filiformis. 33. C. ferax 34. C. Vahlii. 1. Cyperus flavescens L. Sp. PI. 46. 17.53. Pycracus flavescens Beauv. ; Reich. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 72. 1830. Annual; culms slender, tufted, 3 dm. tall or less. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, smooth, mostly shorter than the culm; heads of spikelets solitary, or in a 2-4- rayed umbel; spikelets hnear, subacute, yellow, flat, 8-18 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide, many-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse, appressed, twice as long as the black, shining, lenticular achene; stamens 3; style branches 2; superficial cells of the achene oblong. Wet groimds near Bayamon and Dorado :- Hispaniola; Mexico; Europe and Asia. -eastern United States; Bermuda; Cuba; 2. Cyperus odoratus L. Sp. PI. 46. 17.53. Pycracus polystachyos Beauv. Fl. Owar. 2: 48. 1807. Cyperus polystachyos R. Br. Prodr. 214. 1810. Pycracus odoratus Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 164. 1900. Annual, or perennial with a rootstock up to 5 cm. long; culms slender, tufted, 8 dm. high or less. Leaves as long as the culms or shorter, 2-5 mm. wide, those of the involucre spreading; umbel 1-,5-rayed, or sometimes capitate, the rays 5 cm. long or less; spikelets linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-20 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, acute; scales gray-brown or yellow-brown, dull, acutish, one-half longer than the gray, oblong dull achene; style-branches 2 ; superficial cells of the achene quadrate. Moist grassv places at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; Tortola; Vu-gin Gorda:—Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua to Trinidad; Jamaica; contmental tropical America; southern United States; Old World tropics. 3. Cyperus laevigatus L. Mant. 179. 1771. Junccllus laevigatus Clarke, in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 596. 1893. Perennial by horizontal rootstocks; culms rather stout, erect, 1-6 dm. high, trigonous above. Basal leaves strongly sheathing, usually much shorter than the culm, sometimes reduced to sheaths, those of the involucre 1 or 2, when only 82 CYPERACEAE 1 erect and much exceeding the spikelets; spikelets 1 to many, capitate, appearing lateral, 6-12 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, compressed, linear-oblong, many-flowered, scales ovate, obtuse, whitish to brown; style-branches 2; achene plano-convex, obovoid, brown, 1.5-2 mm. long. Moist or wet soil, mostly in saline situations near the coasts, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix; Virgin Gorda:—southern United States; Cuba to Antigua; Jamaica; con- tinental tropical America and Old World species. 4. Cyperus compressus L. Sp. PI. 46. 1753. Annual, fibrous-rooted; culms tufted, spreading or erect, 1-4 dm. long, wiry. Leaves mostly shorter than the culm, 1-3 mm. wide, those of the involucre 2 or 3, the longer one surpassing the inflorescence; umbel capitate, or with 2 or 3 rays up to 1.5 cm. long; spikelets 3-10 in the clusters, lanceolate, 8-25 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, several-many-flowered; rachis wingless; scales ovate, acuminate, firm, keeled, light green with a yellowish band on both sides; stamens 3; achene obovoid, dull, obtuse, brown to black, sharply 3-angled. Waste and cultivated grounds at lower and middle altitudes, Porto Rico; Vieques; Culebra; St. Thomas; Virgin Gorda:—southern United States; West Indies; tropical continental America and Old World tropics. 5. Cyperus cuspidatus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 204. 1816. Annual, glabrous; culms tufted, 2-14 cm. tall, as long as the leaves, or longer. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, those of the umbel usually 3 or 4, sometimes 1 dm. long; umbel 2-5-rayed, rarely capitate; rays 0..5-5 cm. long; spikelets linear, 5-12 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, digitate, many-flowered; scales chestnut- brown, nearly 2 mm. long, the recurved spreading awn-like tip nearly as long as the body, strongly 3-.5-nerved, keeled; stamens 1-3; achene broadly obovoid, 0.5 mm. long, trigonous, brown, apiculate; style very short. On the rocky limestone plain, Anegada:—southern United States; Bahamas; Cuba; Yucatan; northern South America. 6. Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb. Descr. & Icon. 26. 1773. Annual, fibrous-rooted; culms tufted, somewhat thickened at the base, spreading or erect, 6 dm. long or less. Leaves 1.5-5 mm. wide, mostly shorter than the culm, those of the involucre 3-6, the longer ones mostly surpassing the inflorescence; umbel simple or compound, 1-8-rayed, the longer rays up to 15 cm. long; spikelets rather loosely short-spicate, linear, acute, flat, 1-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide; scales ovate, obtusish, light green or with purple margins; rachis nar- rowly winged; stamens 3; achene narrowly ellipsoid, 3-angled. Moist grassy situations and waste groimds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; Tortola:—West Indies (except Bahamas) ; continental tropical America; tropical Africa. 7. Cyperus distans L. f. Suppl. 103. 1781. Perennial by short rootstocks or stolons; culms stout, up to 1.5 m. tall, often overtopped by the leaves. Leaves 5-12 mm. wide, those of the involucre about 5, the longer ones surpassing the inflorescence; umbel large, usually compound, the slender rays 2 dm. long or less; leaves of the involucels mostly shorter than the raylets; spikelets rather loosely spicate, narrowly linear, 1-3 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide; scales oblong, obtuse, 2 mm. long, distant, reddish-brown; rachis very narrowly winged; stamens 3; achene oblong or narrowly oblong-obovoid, 3-angled, 1.5 mm. long, brownish-black, obtusely pointed. Moist woodlands and along streams from lower to higher elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix:—Jamaica; Hispaniola to Trinidad; tropical continental America and Old World tropics. CYPERACEAE 83 8. Cyperus alternifolius L. Mant. 28. 1767. Perennial by short stout rootstocks, glabrous; culms stout, tufted, 1.5 m. high or less, trigonous, smooth. Basal leaves reduced to lanceolate acuminate sheaths ; leaves of the involucre 12-20, spreading, 1-2..'} dm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, flat, linear, acuminate, longer than the inflorescence; umbel decompound, often 1.5 dm. broad; rays numerous, nearly filiform; heads very numerous, the spikelets few, digitate, linear, obtusish, many-flowered, 10 mm. long or less, 1.5-2 mm. wide; rachis narrowly membranous-winged; scales greenish yellow to brownish, lanceolate, acute, obscurely nerved, appressed; achene oblong, narrowed at each end, trigonous, a little shorter than the scale. Naturalized in swamps and along streams :—Florida; Bermuda: Cuba; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent. Often planted for ornament; many seedlings were seen on an old wall at Ponce. Native of Madagascar. Umbrella Sedge. 9. Cyperus Haspan L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753. Perennial by short rootstocks, or sometimes annual; culms weak, tufted, 3-10 dm. long. Basal leaves reduced to membranous pointed sheaths; involucral leaves usually 2, 1-3 mm. wide, shorter than or somewhat exceeding the in- florescence; umbel compound or simple, its rays 10 cm. long or less; spikelets few in the clusters, digitate, linear, many-flowered, flat, G-15 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; scales ovate to oblong-lanceolate, reddish or greenish-brown, keeled; rachis-wings narrow, membranous; stamens 2 or 3; achene obovoid, obtuse, 3-angled, nearly white, half as long as the scale. Ditches and marshes, northern coastal plain of Porto Rico and in the eastern mountains.—southeastern United States; Cuba; Hispanlola; Jamaica; Trimdad; conti- nental tropical America and Old World tropics. 10. Cyperus elegans L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753. Cyperus viscosus Sw. Prodr. 20. 1788. Perennial by short rootstocks; culms viscid-pubescent, 8 dm. tall or less. Leaves convolute in drying, the basal ones about as long as the culm, those of the involucre about 3, the longer ones much surpassing the inflorescence; umbel usually compound, the rays up to 15 cm. long; spikelets 2-12 in the clusters, digitate, oblong-lanceolate, 6-15 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, compressed; scales green-brown, ovate, strongly mucronate, about 3 mm. long; stamens and style- branches 3; achene obovoid, 3-angled, nearly black, about half as long as the scale. Wet saline soil, Porto Rico; Mona; St. Thomas; St. Jan; St. Croix; Anegada: Florida; West Indies; continental tropical America. 11. Cyperus ochraceus Vahl, Enum. 2: 325. 1805. Perennial; culms rather stout, 2-7 dm. tall. Leaves 6 mm. wide or less, the basal ones mostly shorter than the culm, those of the involucre several, spreading, 2 or more of them much longer than the compound or simple umbel; umbel-rays 15 cm. long or less; spikelets numerous, capitate, flattish, blunt, many-flowered, 5-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; scales yellow, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, obtusish; stamen 1; achene ovoid, 3-angled, narrowed at both ends. In wet soil at lower elevations, Porto Rico; St. Croix:—southern United States; Bahamas; Cuba to Guadeloupe; Jamaica; continental tropical America. 12. Cyperus surinamensis Rottb. Descr. & Icon. 35. 1773. Perennial by short rootstocks; culms slender to stout, longer than the leaves, 3-12 dm. tall. Leaves 1.5-4 mm. wide, those of the involucre 5-7, the longer much surpassing the compound inflorescence; umbel-rays 5-12, slender, 1-15 cm. 84 CYPERACEAE long; spikelets numerous, capitate, ovate to oblong, flat, 5-12 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, obtusish; scales ovate-lanceolate, keeled, nearly 1.5 mm. long, yellow or yellow-brown, aplculate; stamen 1; achene oblong or ellipsoid, 3-angled, nar- rowed at both ends, half as long as the scale. [C. acnminains Bello, not Torr. & Hook.] In wet or moist soil at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas- —southern United States; West Indies; continental tropical America. 13. Cyperus Luzulae (L.) Retz. Obs. 4: ii, 1786. Scirpus Luzulae L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 75. 1762. Perennial by short rootstocks; culms stout, 1 m. high or less. Leaves 3-7 mm. wide, the basal ones often overtopping the culm, those of the involucre 5-10, much exceeding the inflorescence; umbel usually simple with .short rays; spikelets densely glomei-ate, numerous, ovate, 3-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, flat, 6-12-flowered; scales oblong, obtusish, mostly reddish-brown; stamen 1; achene oblong to oblong-obovoid, 3-angled, half as long as the scale. Moist grounds, collected on Porto Rico by Bertero, and near Bayamon by Brotiier Hioram:—Hispaniola to Trinidad; Mexico and continental tropical America. 14. Cyperus virens Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 28. 1803. Perennial by short rootstocks. Culms stout, smooth, 1.5 m. tall or less; basal leaves shoi'ter than the culm, strongly transversely lineolate between the veins, 5-12 mm. wide, those of the involucre several, similar to the basal ones, the longer much surpassing the inflorescence; umbel compound, its 3-12-rays 2 dm. long or less, sometimes quite short; spikelets in capitate clusters, ovate, flat, acutish, several-many-flowered, 6-14 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; scales ovate- oblong, green, keeled, obtusish, 2-2.5 mm. long; stamen only 1; achene linear, trigonous, about one-half as long as the scale. Wet grounds near Bayamon and Pueblo Viejo:—southeastern United States; Cuba; Mexico. Recorded from Guadeloupe. 15. Cyperus rotundus L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753. Perennial by long tuber-bearing rootstocks; culms rather stout, 8 dm. high or less, thickened at the base. Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, the basal ones shorter than the culm, those of the involucre .3-5, the longer usually exceeding the 3-8-rayed, simple or compound umbel; rays slender, 3-12 cm. long; spikelets loosely spicate, linear, acute, 1-4.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; scales purple-brown or greenish- purple, ovate, acute or obtusish, scarious-margined ; rachis-wings hyaline ; stamens 3; achene ellipsoid, 3-angled, half as long as the scale. [C. esculentus of Bello, not of Linnaeus.] Moist and cultivated grounds and waste places at lower and middle elevations, often a pernicious weed, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Vii'gin Gorda; St. Croix:—southeastern United States; West Indies; continental tropical America; warm-temperate and tropical parts of the Old World. NuT-GR.\ss. CoQUi. 16. Cyperus esculentus L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753. Perennial by scaly horizontal tuber-bearing rootstocks; culms usually stout, 3-7 dm. tall, commonly shorter than the leaves. Leaves light green, 4-8 mm. wide, the midvein prominent; those of the involucre 3-6, the longer much ex- ceeding the inflorescence; umbel 4-10-rayed, often compound ; spikelets numerous in loose spikes, straw-colored or yellowish-brown, flat, spreading, 12-25 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, many-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, subacute, ;5-5-nerved ; rachis narrowly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, obtuse, 3-angled. Waste grounds, Palo Seco, Porto Rico; St. Thomas (according to Clarke):—temper- ate and subtropical continental North America; Europe Eind Asia; Bermuda; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe, Martinique; Bonaire. CYPERACEAE 85 17. Cj^enis articulatus L. Sp. PI. 44. 1753. Perennial by thick scaly rootstocks; culms stout, 2 m. tall or less, terete, pseudoseptate at intervals from 8 to 20 mm. Basal leaves reduced to scarious bladeless sheaths, those of the involucre usually 3, triangular ovate to linear- lanceolate, much shorter than the inflorescence; umbel 4-10-rayed, compound; spikelets few to several in the clusters, narrowly linear, 1..5-5 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide; scales ovate, o])tusish, about 3 mm. long, straw-color; rachis-wings oblong; stamens 3; achene oblong, 3-angled, nearly black, al)out 2/5 as long as the scale. In streams and lagoons and in mud, Porto Rico, up to 900 m. elevation; St. Thomas; St. Croi.x; Tortola:—southeastern United States; Cuba to St. Thomas and Tnmdad; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. 18. Cyperus giganteus Vahl, Enum. 2: 364. 1805. Fibrous-rooted; culms stout, 2 m. high or less. Basal leaves none; leaves of the involucre numerous, up to 8 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, those of the involu- cels also numerous, 2.5 dm. long or less, mostly not over 6 mm. wide, erect or ascending, much longer than the umbellets; inflorescence large, sometimes 1 m. broad; spikelets numerous, spicate, 8-12 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, compressed, several-flowered; rachis-wings lanceolate, deciduous; scales brown, ovate, ob- tusish; stamens 3; achene oblong-ellipsoid, 3-angled, blackish, about one-fourth as long as the scale. Marshes and ditches at lower elevations, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Trinidad; tropical continental America. 19. Cyperus radiatus Vahl, Enum. 2: 369. 1805. Fibrous-rooted; culms slender to stout, 1 m. high or less. Leaves 4-9 mm. wide, the basal ones shorter than the culm, those of the involucre several, the longer much exceeding the compound umbel; spikelets spicate, 5-9 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, in sessile spikes 5 cm. long or less; rachis-wings oblong, per- sistent; scales ovate, brown, obtuse or mucronulate; stamens 3; achene oblong, 3-angled, blackish, about half as long as the scale. River-banks and wet soil at low elevations. Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Hispaniola; Trinidad; tropical continental America and Old World tropics. 20. Cyperus globuloSUS Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 47. 1775. Cyperus croceus Ya,h\, Enum. 2: 3.57. 180G. Mariscus globidosus Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 165. 1900. Perennial by tuber-like corms; culms slender, smooth, erect, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves pale green, 3-4 mm. wide, those of the involucre .5-10, the longer usually much exceeding the umbel ; umiiel 6-13-rayed ; the rays filiform, their sheaths short, mucronate; spikelets 4-6 mm. long, linear, flat, capitate In globose heads; scales thin, pale green, appressed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 9-13- nerved, with narrow scarious margins; joints of the rachis broadly winged; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene oblong-obovoid, obtuse, one-half as long as the scale, about twice as long as thick. Sandy soil, northern coastal plain of Porto Rico and on the Playa de Humacao: southeastern United States; Bermuda; Jamaica; continental tropical America. 21. Cyperus cayennensis (Lam.) Britton, Bull. Dept. Agric. Jamaica 5: Suppl. 1, 8. 1907. Kylliaga cayennensis Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 149. 1791. Mariscus flavus Vahl, Enum. 2: 374. 1805. Cyperus flavus Nees, Linnaea 19: 698. 1847. Mariscus cayennensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 165. 1900. Perennial by short rootstocks; culms slender to stout, sometimes 8 dm. high, their bases thickened. Leaves 2-8 mm. wide, the basal ones as long as the culm 86 CYPERACEAE or shorter, those of the involucre much exceeding the inflorescence; spikes cylindric, dense, 8-25 mm. long, 5-8 mm. thick, sessile and capitate, or some of them peduncled: spikelets numerous, oblong, 2-4 mm. long, yellowish, bearing 1 or 2 achenes; fertile scales ovate, striate, nearly twice as long as the achene; stamens 3; achene oblong to oblong-obovoid. 1.5-2 mm. long, 3-angled. Grassy places and waste grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix:—Louisiana; West Indies (except Bahamas); Mexico to Paraguay. 22. Cyperus granulans (Desf.) Britton, Bull. Dept. Agric. Jamaica 5: Suppl. 1. 9. 1907. Kyllinga gramilaris Desf.; Boeckl. Linnaea 35: 4.32. 1868. Mariscus gracilis Vahl, Enum. 2: 373. 1805. Not Cyperus gracilis R. Br. 1810. Cyperus nanus Boeckl. Bot. Jahrb. 1: 363. 1881. Not Willd. 1798. Roots fibrous ; rootstocks very short or wanting; culms tufted, weak, filiform, smooth, 3-25 cm. long. Basal leaves linear-filiform, shorter than the culm or as long, those of the involucre 1-3, similar, 6 cm. long or less; spikes solitary (rarely 2), globose or globose-oblong, 4-7 mm. long; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, bearing 1 or 2 achenes, spreading or reflexed; flowering scales ovate, obtuse, striate, light brown; achene trigonous, obovoid-oblong, brown, a little shorter than the scale. Grassy places in dry districts at lower elevations, Porto Rico; Icacos; Virgin Gorda; St. Croix:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola. 23. Cyperus calcicola Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 42: 387. 1915. Perennial by short rootstocks; culms slender, tufted, smooth, 1-2.5 dm. high. Leaves shorter than the culm, 0.5-1 mm. wide; bracts of the involucre 2 or 3, the longer sometimes 4 cm. long, similar to the leaves; head globose, solitary, 5-7 mm. in diameter; spikelets about 3-flowered, 3.5-4.5 mm. long; scales dark brown, the lowest empty ones persistent on the axis after the fall of the rest of the spikelet, lanceolate, the others ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, faintly striate-nerved. Limestone rocks, Cayo Muertos. Endemic. 24. Cyperus fuligineus Chapm. Fl. 8. States 511. 1860. Mariscus fuligineus Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8: 16. 1908. Perennial; culms very slender, smooth, tufted, 1-4 dm. high, rather rigid- Leaves revolute-margined, shorter than the culm, those of the involucre usually 2> unequal; spikelets linear, 6-10 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, densely crowded in a single terminal head; scales ovate to oval, about 2 mm. long, dark brown, striate, mucronulate; style 3-cleft; achenes oblong-obovoid, trigonous, about 1.5 mm. long, dull brown. On the rocky limestone plain of Anegada:—Florida; Bahamas; Cuban Cays; Bonaire: Curagao. 25. Cyperus Urbani Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 1: 10. 1888. Mariscus Urbani Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 47. 1900. Roots fibrous; culms very slender, tufted, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide, the basal ones about as long as the culm, those of the involucre about 3, up to 6 cm. long; head mostly solitary, subglobose to oblong, 5 mm. thick; spike- lets about 2 mm. long, 1 mm. thick, densely capitate, bearing 2 or 3 achenes; scales pale, greenish-brown, ovate, mucronate, little imbricated, faintly striate- nerved; achene ellipsoid-obovoid, 3-angled, brown, about H as long as the scale. Grassy banks and woodlands, Porto Rico, at higher elevations; in woods on Vieques at 150 m. altitude. Endemic. CYPERACEAE 87 26. Cyperus tenuis Sw. Prodr. 20. 1788. Mariscus tenuis Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 48. 1900. Roots fibrous; rootstock very short or none; culms tufted, filiform, 1-3 dm- long. Leaves mostly shorter than the culm, smooth, 11. .5 mm. wide, those of the involucre similar to the basal ones; spikes short, usually solitary, 6-10 mm. long; spikelets linear, 3-5 mm. long, bearing 2 or 3 achenes, at length deflexed; scales ovate, obtuse, mucronulate, striate, brown; achene ellipsoid, trigonous, a little longer than the scale. Rocky or sandy soil at low elevations in the southwestern districts, Porto Rico; Mona; St. Croi.x (according to Clarke):—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola. 27. Cyperus ligularis L. Am. Acad. 5: 391. 1759. Mariscus rufus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 216. 1816. Cyperus Sintenisii Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 1: 12. 1888. Cyperus trigonus Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 1: 11. 1888. Mariscus ligularis Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 165. 1900. Perennial; roots fibrous, thick; rootstock short or none; culms stout, 1.2 m. high or less. Leaves 8^20 mm. wide, i)ale green, rough-margined, the basal ones often overtopping the culm, those of the involucre sometimes 7 dm. long; umbel 4-12-rayed, large, comj)ound; spikes ol)long or subglo))ose, 8-10 mm. thick, very dense; spikelets gray to brown, 4-6 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, bearing 2-4 achenes; fruiting scales oval or ovate, .striate, blunt, 2.5-3 mm. long; achene narrowly obovoid to ellipsoid, dark brown, dull, 3-angled, about 1.5 mm. long, half as long as the scale. [Scirpus ferrugineus Bello, not L.] Marshes and ditches at low elevations, Porto Rico, near tlie coast: Icacos; Culebra; Vieques; Mona; St. Thomas; .St. Jan; St. Croi.v; Tortola:—Florida; West Indies; con- tinental tropical America; tropical Africa. 28. Cyperus incompletus (Jacq.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 319. 1827. Kyllinga incompleta Jacq. Coll. 4: 101. 1790. Mariscus elalus Vahl, Enum. 2: 377. 1805. Mariscus Mutisii H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 216. 1816. Cyperus Mutisii Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 567. 1864. Cyperus compresso-triqueter Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 1: 10. 1888. Mariscus incompletus Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 165. 1900. Perennial by rootstocks; culms .stout, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves 6-14 mm. wide, the basal ones about as long as the culm, those of the involucre 4-7, the longer much exceeding the inflorescence; umlael compound, its rays 2 dm. long or less; spikes narrowly cylindric, rather dense, 2-4 cm. long, 7-11 mm. thick, digitate; spikelets oblong, 3-0 mm. long, bearing 1-3 achenes; scales yellow-brown, ovate, obtuse; achene oblong to ellipsoid, 3-angled, about % as long as the scale. Banks and hillsides at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico :—Jamaica ; His- paniola; Martinique; continental tropical America 29. Cyperus confertus Sw. Prodr. 20. 1788. Mariscus confertus Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 50. 1900. Perennial by .short rootstocks; culms rather slender, 1-4 dm. high, clustered. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide, the iiasal ones as long as the culm or shorter, those of the involucre 2 dm. long or less, the longer much surpassing the inflorescence; umbel simple, 1-7-rayed; heads subglobo.se, about 1 cm. thick; spikelets greenish- yellow, 5-7 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, flat, bearing 5-9 achenes; fertile scales ovate, keeled, strongly striate, tipped with short, somewhat curved awns; stamens 3 or sometimes 2; achene oblong-obovoid, 3-angled, 1-1.5 mm. long, about half as long as the scale. Sandy or gravelly soil at lower elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix; Virgin Gorda:—Jamaica; Hispaniola; St. Kitts to Martinique; northern South America; Ga- lapagos. 88 CYPERACEAE 30. Cyperus brunneus Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. l: 116. 1797. Cyperus Krugii Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 1: 8. 1888. Mariscus brunneus Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: .'51. 1900. Cyperus discolor Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 1: 7. 1888. Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms stout, 7 dm. high or less. Leaves 4-10 mm. wide, pale green, the basal often overtopping the culm, tho.se of the involucre 3-5, the longer much sur])assing the inflorescence; umbel few-rayed, or glomerate, simple or little compound, the rays up to 3 cm. long; spikelets short-spicate, 1-2 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide, with .'i 10 achenes; scales brown, ovate, apiculate, strongly striate-nerved ; achene oljovoid, 3-angle(L aliout half as long as the scale. Coa.stal sands, Porto Rico; Mona; Icacos; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan- Anegada—Florida; West Indies south to St. Vincent; Central America; l<ernando Noronha. The species consists of several slightly differing races. 31. Cyperus planifolius L. C. Richard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: lOG. 1792 Cyperus purpiirascens Vahl, Enum. 2: 3.'S9. 180.^. Mariscus purpnrascens Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: .^)1. IHOO. Mariscus plainfolius Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 10.5. 1900. Perennial by short rootstocks; culms stout, 8 dm. high or le.ss. Leaves 5-12 mm. wide, pale green, the basal ones often overtopping the culm, the longer ones of the involucre up to 6 dm. long, much surpassing the compound or de- compound inflorescence; umbel-rays slender, .S-12 cm. long; spikelets loosely spicate, about 1 cm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, Ijearing 8-12 achenes ; scales red-brown, ovate, obtuse, twice as long as the obovoid 3-angled achene. Pimta de la Tuna near Maunabo; slopes of Mt. Yimque; border of mangrove swamp, Culebra; Vieques; St. Thomas: St. Croix; Tortola; Vij-gin Gorda:— St. Kitts to Irmmaa and tlie Dutch Islands. 32. Cyperus filiformis Sw. Prodr. 20. 1788. Cyperus unifolius Boeckl. Linnaea 36: 374. 1869. Torulinium filifurme Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 57. 1900. Perennial by slender or short rootstocks ; culms slender, wiry, spreading or erect, 1-7 dm. long. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, the basal ones usually much shorter than the culm, sometimes as long, those of the involucre 1 or 2, 1-15 cm. long; spikes usually solitary, rarely 2, of 2-10, nearly digitate, terete spikelets 0.5-2.5 cm. long, about 1 mm. thick; scales yellowish with a green keel, shinmg, acutish, inroUed; ovate in outline, the successive ones on each side of the spikelet not overlapping; achene ellipsoid, pointed at both ends, 3-angle 1, shorter than the scale. Moist sandy and rocky places at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix:-—Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola. 33. Cyperus ferax L. C. Richard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 106. 1792. Torulinium confertum Hamilt. Prodr. 15. 1825. Cyperus fastuosus Hamilt. Prodr. 12. 1825. Cyperus poeoides Hamilt. Prodr. 12. 1825. Cyperus Ehrenbergii Kunth, Enum. 2; .89. 1837. Torulinium ferax Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 165. 1900. Annual, fibrous-rooted; culms stout, solitary, erect, 12 dm. tall or less. Leaves 5-15 mm. wide, soft, the basal ones mostly shoiter than the culm, those of the involucre 4-7, the longer much surpassing the inflorescence; umbel com- pound, its ravs sometimes 2 dm. long, sometimes quite short; spikelets linear, subterete, 1-2 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, loosely or rather densely spicate; CYPERACEAE 89 yellowish or brownish; scales elliptic, convex, 2-3 mm. long, the successive ones on each side the spikelet somewhat overlapping; achene oblong to oblong-obovoid, 3-angled, nearly black. Wet .soil at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix;—southeastern and .soutliern United States; West Indies; tropical continental America. In his original description of C'yperns Eggersii Boeckeler (Cyp. Nov. 1: 53) includes a specimen collected in Porto Rico lay Sintenis (No. 4477) ; this species is otherwise unknown from Porto Rico or the Virgin Islands. Mr. C. B. Clarke subsequently (in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 55) refers this number of Sintensis to Cyperus ferax L. C. Richard (Toruliniurn confertuni Hamilt.). 34. Cyperus Vahlii (Nees) Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 48. 1855. Diclidium Vahlii Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2': 53. 1842. Toruliniurn Vahlii Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 50. 1900. Annual with flljrous roots; culms rather stout, smooth, trigonous, 2-8 dm. high. Leaves smooth, 5-12 mm. wide, the l^asal ones as long as the culm or shorter, those of the involucre similar ijut shorter; umbel compound or simple, its rays 2-10 cm. long; spikes short, dense; spikelets linear, red-brown, 8-16 mm. long, bearing few or several achenes, at length i^reaking up into 1-fruited joints; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, few-nerved, achene oblong, trigonous. Moist or wet grounds, St. Thomas; St. Jan:^—Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua; Guade- loupe; Martinique; South America; recorded from Mexico. Cyperus ferrugineus Poir., recorded from St. Thomas by Clarke, from a specimen in the herbarium uf the British Museum, is proiiably an error in locality, as the plant is otherwise unknown in the West Indies. Cyperus strigosusL., recorded by Schlechtendal as found in a garden on St. Thomas, is probably an eiTor in determination. The species is confined to temperate North America. 3. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Prodr. 1: 224. 1810. Annual or perennial sedges. Culms simple, triangular, quadrangular, terete, flattened or grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest very rarely blade-bearing. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered, not subtended i^y an involucre. Scales concave, spirally imbricated all around. Perianth of 1-12 ijristles, usually retrorsely barbed, or wanting in some species. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-cleft and achene lenticular or biconvex, or 3-cleft and achene 3-angled, but sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid. Base of the style persistent on the summit of the achene, forming a terminal tubercle. [Greek, referring to the growth of most of the species in marshy ground.] About 140 species, widely distributed, known as Spike-rush. Type species; Scirpus palustris L. A. Spikelet mostly not thicker than the tall stout culm; scales rigid, not keeled. Culm terete. Culm nodose-septate. 1. E. interstincta. Culm continuous. 2. E. cellulosa. Culm 3-4-augled, contmuous. 3. E. mutata. B. Spikelet mostly thicker than the usually slender culm ; scales membranous, keeled. a. Style-branches usually 2; achene lenticular or biconvex. Upper sheath hyaline and scarious at the summit; peren- nials. 90 CYPEKACEAE Bristles about as long as the achene or longer. 4. E. flaccida. Bristles shorter than the achene. 5. E. flavescens. Upper sheath truncate, oblique, or 1-toothed, not scarious. Annuals with fibrous roots; achenes black. Bristles pale or white: achene 0.5 mm. long. 6. E. atropurpurea Bristles brown; achene 1 mm. long. 7. E. caribaea. Perennials with rootstocks. Culms stout, nodose-septate. 8. E. nodulosa. Culms filiform, continuous. 9. E. yunquensis. b. Style-branches 3; achene trigonous. Spikelet oblong, linear or ovoid. Culms filiform or capillary, continuous. Achene cancellate. 10. E. relroflexa. Achene smooth. 11. E. microcarpa. Culms stout, pseudoseptate. 12. E. geniculata. Spikelet obovoid. 13. E. pachystyla. 1. Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) R. & S. Syst. 2: 149. 1817. Scirpus intersti actus Vahl, Enum. 2: 251. 1805. Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms stout, terete, 4-10 dm. high, hollow, nodose-septate. Basal sheaths membranous, obUque; spikelet terete, cylindric, 4 cm. long or less, not thicker than the culm, many-flowered; scales ovate to obo- vate, faintly nerved, narrowly scarlous-margined, rigid, not keeled; bristles rigid, retrorsely barbed, as long as the acliene, or shorter; style 3-cleft, or rarely 2-cleft; achene obovoid, brown, shining, many-striate and with many transverse ridges, about half as long as the scale; tubercle conic, acute. In water and wet soil at low altitudes, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix:—eastern and southern United States; West Indies; tropical continental America. 2. Eleocharis cellulosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 298. 1836. Perennial by long rootstocks; culms obscurely 3-angled below, terete above, 7 dm. tall or less, not nodose. Sheaths membranous, oblique; spikelet 1..5-3 cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. thick, cylindric, somewhat thicker than the culm; scales coriaceous, obtuse, membranous-margined, many-striate; bristles 6 or 7, nearly or quite smooth, about as long as the achene; style 3-cleft; achene broadly obo- void, trigonous, striate, copiously pitted; tubercle deltoid, about one-half as witie as the achene. Wet grounds, San Juan and Condado, Porto Rico; Tortola:—southern United States; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Yucatan. 3. Eleocharis mutata (L.) R. & S. Syst. 2: 1-55. 1817. Scirpus mutatus L. Pi. Jam. Pug. 6. 1759. Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms rather stout, 1.3 m. high or less, sharply 3-4-angled, continuous. Basal sheaths membranous, oblique; spikelet cylindric, terete, 2-5 cm. long, many-flowered, about as thick as the culm; scales firm in texture, obovate or broadly ovate, scarious-margined, faintly many- nerved, not keeled; bristles rigid, retror.sely barbed, about as long as the achene; achene obovoid, brownish, minutely cancellate, about twice as long as the conic acute tubercle. In swamps and pools at lower elevations, Porto Rico; Culebra; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Jan (according to Eggers); Tortola:—eastern United States; Jamaica; Cuba to Trini- dad; continental tropical America. 4. Eleocharis flaccida (Rchb.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 165. 1900. Scirpus flaccidus Rchb. ; Spreng. Tent. Suppl. 3. 1828. Eleocharis ochreata Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 79. 1855. Eleocharis ochreata flaccida Boeckl. ; Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 63. 1900. Perennial by very slender rootstocks; culms very slender, or filiform, some- what 3-angled, 0.5-3 dm. long. Upper sheath with a hyaline membranous limb; CYPERACEAE 91 spikelet oblong or ovoid, 6 mm. long or less, 2-3-times as thick as the culm; scales elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, thin, pale green, with a faint midvein; style 2-cleft, achene plano-convex, obovate, smooth, dark brown, about 0.5 mm. long, 2-4 times as long as the conic acute tubercle; l)ristles about as long as the achene or longer, retrorsely barbed, sometimes wanting. Wet grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico, ascending into the Luquillo Mountains; St. Thomas;—soutlieastern United States; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba to Trinidad; continental tropical America; Pliilippine Islands. 5. Eleocharis flavescens (Poir.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 116. 1903. Scirpus flavescens Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 756. 1804. Perennial by very slender rootstocks; culms very slender, 2-12 cm. long, striate. Upper sheath with a white membranous limb; spikelet ovoid to ovoid- cylindric, 2-4 mm. long; scales ovate, 1 mm. long, pale green or with a brownish band on each side of the niidvein, somewhat spreading when mature; achene obovate, a little more than 0.5 mm. long, dull, greenish- brown, the conic-mitra- form tubercle about one-sixth as long; bristles white, shorter than the achene or as long. Wet mud near Santurce and Dorado (Porto Rico is the type locality):—Cuba; San Luis Potosi to Guatemala; Australasia. 6. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth. Enum. 2: 151. 1837. - Scirpus atropurpurcHs Retz. Obs. 5: 14. 1789. Heleocharis Sinlenisii Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 1: 16. 1888. Heleocharis hahamensis Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 2: 11. 1890. Annual; roots fibrous; culms tufted, very slender, 2-9 cm. high. Upper sheath 1-toothed; spikelets ovoid, many-flowered, subacute, .3-4 mm. long, 2 mm. in diameter or less; scales minute, ovate-oblong, persistent, green or purple- brown with green midvein and very narrow scarious margins; stamens 2 or 3; style 2-3-cleft; bristles 2-4, fragile, white, mimitely downwardly hispid, about as long as the achene; achene jet black, shining, 0.5 mm. long, smooth, lenticular; tubercle conic, minute, depressed but rather acute, constricted at the base. Wet grounds, Porto Rico:—United States; Bahamas; Cuba; Europe. 7. Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) Blake, Rhodora 20: 24. 1918. Scirpus caribaeus Rottb. Descr. 24. 1772. Annual with fibrous roots; culms slender, tufted, striate, 0..5-3 dm. long, the upper sheath 1-toothed. Spikelet ovoid to ellipsoid, 3-6 mm. long, much thicker than the culm; scales ovate to elliptic, obtuse, yellowish-brown or whitish; bristles retrorsely barbed, about as long as the achene; style 2-cleft; achene obo- vate, plano-convex, black, shining, 1 mm. long; tubercle depressed- conic, much shorter than the achene. Wet grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. .Jan; Tortola:—soutlieastern United States; West Indies; California to Paraguay; Old World tropics and .subtropics. The name capitaia has long been erroneously applied to this species. 8. Eleocharis nodulosa (Roth) Schultes, Mant. 2: 87. 1824. Scirpus nodulosus Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 29. 1821. Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms rather stout, 6 dm. high or less, terete or nearly so, pseudoseptate, upper sheath truncate or 1-toothed; spikelet 1-2.5 cm. long, 5 mm. thick or less, ovoid-cylindric, acute, densely many-flowered; 92 CYPERACEAE scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, brown or purple-brown, scarious margined ; bristles brown, about as lont? as the achene; style 2 cleft; achene ovate, piano convex, 1 mm. long, brown, much longer than the black, acute tubercle. Lake Guanica (Sintenis 3833, ex Clarke); St. Croix (ex Eggers) :—southern United States; Cuha; Hispaniola; Antigua; Mexiro and continental tropical America. ISlr. N E. Brown informs us that the Kew specimen of Sintenis 3S33 is not this species; its occurrence in Porto Rico is therefore in doubt; we failed to find it at Lake Guamca. 9. Eleocharis yunquensis Britton, sp. nov. Perennial by filiform rootstocks 7 cm. long or less; culms filiform, weak, 15 cm. long or less, very numerous, forming dense light green mats up to 2.5 dm. in diameter or patches 1 m. broad or more; spikelet oblong, acute, terete, 5-7 mm. long, much thicker than the culm; scales several, oblong, acute, keeled, dark brown; bristles about 6, white, unequal, the longer ones nearly as long as the achene and tubercle; achene obovoid, turgid, black, shining, the conic tub- ercle sharply acute, about one-third as long as the achene; style-branches 2. Catalina-El Yunque Trail, Sierra deLuquillo, about 1,000 m. altitude (Bn«on and Bruner 7619). Endemic. 10. Eleocharis retroflexa (Poir.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 165. 1900. Scirpus retroficxus Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 753. 1804. Eleocharis Chaetaria R. & S. Syst. 2: 154, 1817. Rootstock filiform, short or none; culms filiform-setaceous, weak, 2-20 cm. long, sometimes proliferous and rooting at the tip, the upper sheath oblique, somewhat inflated. Spikelet oblong, 2-4 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. thick, few- flowered; scales pale, sometimes purplish, oblong-lanceolate, 1..5-2 mm. long; bristles as long as the achene, or shorter, or wanting; style 3-cleft; achene obo- void. trigonous, nearly white, cancellate; tubercle brown, pyramidal, acute, nearly half as long as the achene. Wet banks, rills and in mud, Porto Rico, ascending into the loigher mountains; St Thomas:—southeastern United States; Cuba to Trinidad; contmental tropical America and Old World tropics. Porto Rico is the type locaUty. 11. Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 312. 1836. Eleocharis miniina Kunth, Enum. 2: 139. 1837. Annual, with fibrous roots, culms capillary, tufted, .5-20 cm. long, the upper sheath with a triangular-lanceolate tooth. Spikelet ovoid to ovoid-oblong, 2-3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick, several-flowered, obtuse or bluntly pointed; scales pale, ovate to oblong, obtuse or acutish; bristles 3-5, somewhat shorter than the achene or wanting; style 3-cleft; achene grayish-white, trigonous, obovoid, about 0.5 mm. long, smooth or nearly so; tubercle conic, acute, much shorter than the achene. Krunibay, St. Thomas (according to Clarke):—southeastern United States; Cuba; continental tropical America. 12. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) R. & S. Syst. 2: 1.50. 1817. Scirpus geniciilatns L. Sp. PI. 48. 1753. Perennial by short stout rootstocks; culms stout, 3-10 dm. high, 4-10 mm. thick, transversely pseudo.septate, constricted under the spikelet. Upper sheath truncate, often dark-margined; spikelet 1-3 cm. long, 4-9 mm. thick, consider- ably thicker than the upper part of the culm, densely many-flowered ; scales blunt, ovate; bristles 7 or 8, reddish, retrorsely barbed, longer than the achene; style 3-cleft; achene 1-1.5 mm. long, ellipsoid, yelloAvish-brown, trigonous; tubercle conic, acute, about half as long as the achene. Wet groimds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; His- paniola; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; Mexico to Paraguay. CYPERACEAE 93 « 13. Eleocharis pachystyla (C. Wright) Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 72. 1900. Scirpus pachystylus C. Wright; Sauv. Ann. Acad. Habana 8: 79. 1871. Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms rather slender, 4-6 dm. tall; upper sheath oblique at the herbaceous apex. Spikelet obovoid, densely several- flowered, obtuse, 6—7 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; scales elliptic, obtuse, brown with whitish margins, the lower one larger than the others; l?ristles 6, retrorsely scab- rous, brown, longer than the achene; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, sharply trigonous, brown, about 1 mm. long, one-half to two-thirds as long as the scale; tubercle long-conic, nearly half as long as the achene. Wet wliite sand near Dorado, March, 1922, collected in flower only:—Cuba; Trini- dad; Costa Rica to Venezuela. 4. STENOPHYLLUS Kaf. Neog. 4. 1825. Mostly annual sedges, with slender erect culms, leafy below, the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, with ciliate or pubescent sheaths. Spikelets um- bellate, capitate or .solitary, subtended by a 1 -several-leaved involucre, their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, glabrous, its base much swollen and persistent as a tubercle on the achene as in Eleocharis. Achene 3-angled, turgid or lenticular. [Greek, referring to the narrow leaves.] A genus of some 20 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Type species: Scirpus stenophyllus Ell. Spikelets in umbellate heads. 1. S. vestitus. Spikelet solitary, subtended by a filiform bract. 2. S. porloricensis. 1. Stenophyllus vestitus (Kunth) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 43: 446. 1916. Isolepis vestita Kunth, Enum. 2: 210. 1837. Bulbostylis vestita Kunth; Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 87. 1900. Annual, with fibrous roots; culms tufted, very slender, 2-3 dm. long, erect, finely pilose. Leaves setaceous, shorter than the culm, densely pilose; in- florescence umbellate or capitate; rays of the lunbel filiform, 2 cm. long or less; spikelets sessile, fascicled in 3-1;^, oblong, 5-8 mm. long; scales ovate, dark brown, keeled, mucronate-aristate ; style 3-cleft; achene obovoid, brownish, finely re- ticulated. Mountain woods and slopes near Mayaguez:—Cuba; continental tropical America. Erroneously recorded by Urban as Bulbostylis hirlella, a species with stalked spikelets, from continental tropical America. 2. Stenophyllus portoricensis Britton, Torreya 13: 216. 1913. Densely tufted, perennial. Culms setaceous, slightly roughened, weak, spreading, glabrous, 2 dm. high or less, longer than the similar leaves; leaf- sheaths loosely pilose; spikelet solitary, linear, 5-8 mm.. long, subtended by a filiform or setaceous bract 1-3 cm. long; lowest scale ovate, acute, 1 mm. long, the others lanceolate, acuminate, 2. .5-3 mm. long; achene narrowly oblong- obovate, bluntly 3-angled with faces somewhat sunken, thickest a little above the middle, 1.3 mm. long, 0.5 mm. thick, irregularly roughened, tipped by a broad tubercle about 1.5 mm. high and wide. Rocky coastal thicket near Guanica. Endemic. 5. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl, Enum. 2: 285. 1805. Annual or perennial sedges. Culms leafy below. Spikelets umbellate or capitate, terete, several to many-flowered, subtended by a 1-many-leaved in- volucre, their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous, all fertile. 94 CYPERACEAE Perianth none. Stamenfe 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its base much enlarged, falling away from the summit of the achene at maturity. Achene lenticular, biconvex, or 3-angled, reticulated, cancellate or longitudinally ribbed or striate in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the fringed style of some species.] A large genus, the species widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Fimhristylis acuminata Vahl. A. Style-branches 2; acheue lenticular. Achene smooth, or cancellate, not ribbed. Leaves long, mostly half as long as the culm or more. Leaves involute. 1. F. spadicea. Leaves flat. 2. F. inaguensis. Leaves much shorter than the culm. Scales of the spikelet puberulent. 3. F ferruginea. Scales of the spikelet glabrous. 4. F. spathacea. Achene longitudinally ribbed and reticulated. 5. F. diphylla. B. Style-branches 3; achene trigonous. Spikelets linear to linear-oblong. 6. F. complanata Spikeiets globose or subglobose. 7. F. miliacea. 1. Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2:294. 1806. Scirpus spadiceus L. Sp. PI. 51. 1753, Perennial; culms rather slender, stiff and wiry, erect, 1 m. high or less. Basal leaves elongated, involute-margined, half as long as the culm or more, their bases broadened, brown and shining, subdistichous, those of the involucre 3 or 4, the longer ones mostly surpassing the simple or compound umbel; spikelets oblong or oblong-cylindric, 8-15 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick; scales ovate, brown, smooth, shining, apiculate; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, half as long as the scale, biconvex, cancellate. Coastal sands and marshes, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix:—Jamaica; Cuba: Hispaniola; Anguilla; Martinique; Grenada; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 2. Fimbristylis inaguensis Britton, Torreya 13: 216. 1913. Perennial by short stout rootstocks; culms rather stout, stiff, smooth, compressed, 3-5 dm. tall. Basal leaves one-third to two-thirds as long as the culm, flat, rather stiff, smooth, 1-2.5 mm. wide, obtuse; leaves of the involucre 2-4, the longer one usually a little exceeding the inflorescence; umljel compound, 5-7 cm. broad, the rays 2-4 cm. long, ascendintr, the raylets slender, 0.5-2 cm. long; spikelets narrowly oblong, 8-12 mm. long, about 2.5 mm. thick, acute, many-flowered, solitary at the ends of the rays and raylets; scales brown, glabrous, dull, ovate, carinate, mucronate or the lower short-awned: achene elliptic or obovate-eUiptic, flat, blunt, finely reticulated, nearly 1.5 mm. long; style- branches 2. On the .sandy plain, Anegada:—Bahamas; Cuban Cays. 3. Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 291. 1805. Scirpus fcrrugineus L. Sp. PI. 50. 1753. Perennial; culms rather slender, clustered, 2-8 dm. long. Basal leaves very much shorter than the culm, those of the involucre 2-4, short, the longer ones sometimes exceeding the small compact umbel, but usually shorter; spikelets few, rarely solitary, ovoid-olilong, ,S-20 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; scales ovate, acutish or mucronulate, brownish, dull, pilose-puberulent toward the apex; style 2-cleft; achene about one-half as long as the scale, obovate, biconvex, brownish, smooth. Coastal marshes and sands, Porto Rico; Icacos; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Tiiomas; St. Jan Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—West Indies; tropical continental America; Old World tropics and subtropics. CYPERACEAE 95 4. Fimbristylis spathacea Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 24. 1821. Scirpus glomeratus Retz. Obs. 4: 11. 1786. Scirpus ohtusifolius Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. .571. 1864. Fimhristylis Sintinisii Boeckl. Bot. Jahrb. 7: 276. 1886. Fimbristylis glomerata Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 166. 1900. Not F. glomerata Nees. 18.34. Perennial; culms tufted, stiff, erect, rather slender, 1-4 dm. high. Basal leaves flat, stiff, much shorter than the culm, 1..5-3 mm. wide, spreading or as- cending, the apex bluntish and mucronate ; involucral leaves few, mostly shorter than the compound small dense umbel; spikelets ellipsoid to short-cylindric, 3-6 mm. long, about 2 mm. thick; scales ovate, brownish, glabrous, emarginate, scarious-margined ; style 2-cleft; achene about one-half as long as the scale, biconvex, obovate, brown, granular or subtuberculate. Moist or wet soil at lowor elevations, Porto Rico; Mona:—Baliaraas; Jamaica: Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Kitts; Antigua; Guadeloupe; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. 5. Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 289. 180.5. Scirpus diphyllus Retz. Obs. 5: 1.5. 1789. Fimbristylis polymorpha Boeckl. Linnaea 37: 14. 1871. Perennial; glabrous or more or le.ss pubescent; culms tufted slender, 1-6 dm. high. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, flat, the basal ones shorter than the culm, those of the involucre 3 or 4, not elongated; umbel simple or compound, loose, sometimes 6 cm. broad, the rays very slender; spikelets oblong to ovoid, .5-10 mm. long, 2. .5-4 mm. thick; scales ovate, glabrous, acute; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, biconvex, about one-third as long as the scale, strongly longitudinally riljbed and reticulated, the ribs more or less tubercled. [Not Fimbristylis annua (All.) R. & 8. of the Old World.] Grassy places at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—southern United States; West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. 6. Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 292. 1827. Scirpus complanatus Retz. Obs. 5: 14. 1789. Glabrous; culms slender, tufted, 2-6 dm. high, somewhat angled above. Leaves 2-6 mm. wide, the basal ones shorter than the culm, those of the invo- lucre mostly 2 and shorter than the inflorescence; umbel compound or decom- pound, the spikelets in small umbellets, the central one ses.'iile, the others ped- uncled, hnear or linear-oblong, 5-10 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; scales brown, ovate to lanceolate, keeled; style-branches 3; style glabrous; achene obovoid, trigonous, yellow-brown, transversely striate and minutely tubercled. In moist or wet gra.ssy places, Porto Rico, ascending into the eastern mountains: Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Dominica to Trinidad; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. 7. Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 287. 1805. Scirpus miliaceus L. Syst. ed. 10, 868. 1759. Annual with fibrous roots; culms weak, tufted, 7 dm. long or less, angled above. Leaves soft, 1.5-4 mm. wide, the basal ones usually about half as long as the culm, long attenuate at the apex, those of the involucre similar, but much shorter and narrower, shorter than the loose, large, decompound umbel; spikelets subglobose, 2-4 mm. long, their lower scales early deciduous; scales ovate, the midvein broad; style-branches 3; style villous; achene obovoid, trigonous, brown- ish, minutely tuberculate, less than 1 mm. long. Sandy shore, Yabucoa:—Florida; California; Cuba; tropical continental America; Old World tropics. 96 CYPERACEAE Fimbristylis divaricata Hamilt. Prodr. 14. 1825. A species described as from Porto Rico, the specimen in the herbarium of Desvaux, witli pilose culms and divaricate brandies; it has not been identified by modern botanists; the published description is incomplete. Fimbristylis hirtella Hamilt. Prodr. 14. 1825. Fimbristylis Hamiltonii Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 119. 1855. A species also described from Porto Rico, the specimen in the herbarium of Desvaux, not identified by modern botanists, the description being incomplete. 6. ABILDGAARDIA Vahl. Enum. 2: 296. 1805. Low, perennial or annual sedges, with slender culms, narrow or setaceous basal leaves, the involucre usually of 1 small bract, the flattened spikelets soli- tary or few together, several-many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 rows keeled, deciduous. Bristles none. Stamens 1-3. Style pubescent, deciduous, its ba§e swollen. Stigmas 3. Achene trigonous. [Commemorates P. S. Abild- gaard, Danish l)otanist.] About 15 species of tropical and subtropical distri- bution, the following typical. 1. Abildgaardia monostachya (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 296. 1805. Cypcrus monostachyos L. Mant. 180. 1771. Fimbristylis monostachya Hassk. PI. Jav. Rar. 61. 1848. Perennial, glabrous; culms very slender, smooth, tufted, 4 dm. high or less. I-eaves setaceous, 0.5 mm. wide, about one-half as long as the culms, the in- volucral one rarely as long as the spikelet; spikelet ovate or ovate-lanceolate, many-flowered, 1-1.5 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide; scales ovate, keeled, mu- cronate, pale greenish-brown with white margins; style villous, with 3 short branches; achenes 2-2.5 mm. long, constricted near the base, yellowish, tuber- culate. Sterile grassy situations and in mud at lower elevations, Porto Rico ; St. Jan ; Anegada —Florida; West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. 7. SCIRPUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 47. 1753. Annual or perennial very small, or very large sedges, with leafy culms or the leaves reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary, capitate, spicate or umbellate, subtended by a 1-several-leaved in- volucre or the involucre wanting in some species. Scales spirally imbricated all around, usually all fertile, the 1-3 lower sometimes empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 1-6, slender or rigid, short or elongated, barbed, pubescent or smooth bristles, or none in some species. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, not swollen at the base, wholly deciduous from the achene, or its base persistent as a subulate tip. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex. [Latin name of the Bulrush, said to be from sirs, the Celtic word for rushes.] About 200 species of very wide geographic distribution, known as Bulrush. Type species: Scirpus lacus- Iris L. Spikelets umbellate, terminal; culm terete. 1. .S. validus. Spikelets glomerate, appearing as if lateral; culm trigonous. 2. S. Olneyi. CYPERACEAE 97 1. Scirpus validus Vahl. Enum. 2: 268. 1805. Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms stout, smooth, terete, erect, 1-3 m. tall, sheathed at the base. Involucral-bract 1, erect, shorter than the umbel, appearing as if continuing the culm; umbel compoimd, its primary rays slender, 1-6 cm. long; spikelets several or many, oblong-conic, 1 to 5 together, 5-12 mm. long, .3-4 mm. thick; scales ovate, short-tipped; Ijristles 4-6, downwardly barbed, as long as the achene or longer; stamens 3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano- convex, mucronate. [Included by authors in the Old World species Scirpus lucustris L.] Banks of streams in the vicinity of Guanica'—continental North America; Bermuda; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica. 2. Scirpus Olneyi A. Gray, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 5: 238. 1845. I'eronnial by long rootstocks; culms stout, or rather sleruler, erect, smooth, sharply 3-angled with concave sides, 2-7 dm. tall. Leaves 1-3, 2-13 cm. long, or sheaths sometimes leafless; spikelets capitate in dense clusters of .5-12, oblong or ovoid-oblong, obtuse, 5-8 mm. long, the solitary involucral leaf short, stout, erect, 1-3 cm. long; scales oval or orbicular, dark brown with a green midvein, emar- ginate or mucronulate, glabrous; bristles usually 6, slightly shorter than or equalling the achene, downwardly barljed; stamens 2-3; style 2-cleft; achene obovate, plano-convex, brown, mucronate. Wet grounds, Santurce:—coasts of continental temperate and tropical North America; Bermuda; Cuba; Hispaniola. Scirpus subdistichus Boeckl. Linnaea 36: 490. 1869. Isolepis disticha Boeckl. Flora 41: 415. 1858. A species recorded as collected by Bertero on St. Thomas and not otherwise known. After an examination of scanty material, Mr. C. B. Clarke thought it might, perhaps, represent Scirpus cernuus Vahl, a plant not known to occur in the West Indies. Scirpus articulatus ( Kunth) Gri.seb. , an Old World species, is recorded from St. Croix by Kunth, and by Krebs from St. Thomas, presumably erroneously. [Isolepis arliculata Nees.] 8. FUIRENA Rottb. Descr. & Icon. 70. 1773. Perennial sedges, with leafy triangular culms (in a Florida species the leaves reduced to inflated sheaths), and many-flowered terete spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters, or rarely solitary. Scales spirally imbricated, awned, the 1 or 2 lower commonly empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 3 ovate oblong or cor- date-ovate, stalked, often awned sepals, usually alternating with as many down- wardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft, not swollen at the base, de- ciduous. Achene stalked or nearly sessile, sharply 3-angled, acute or mucronate, smooth. [In honor of Georg Fuiren, 1581-1628, Danish physician.] About 20 species, natives of warm-temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Fuirena umbellata Rottb. Spikelets la 1-5 heads; plant with fibrous roots. 1. F. sqitarrosa. Heads of spikelets numerous, panicled ; plants perennial by rootstocks. 2. F. umbellala. 1. Fuirena squarrosa IMichx. Fl. Bor. Am. i: 37. 1803. Roots fibrous; culms tufted, glabrous or nearly .so, 5-20 cm. tall. I^eaves flat, nearly or quite glabrous or the lower sheaths pubescent; spikelets .sessile, 1-10 together in capitate clusters, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 6-12 mm. long, about 98 CYPERACEAE 5 mm. in diameter; scales ovate or oblong, brown, pubescent, mostly obtuse, 3- nerved, tipped with a stout spreading or recurved awn of nearly their own length sepals oblong, long-stalked, usually narrowed at both ends, the awn downwardly barbed or sometimes smooth; bristles mostly longer than the achene. [Ptcros- cleria longifolia Bello, not Griseb.l Western Porto Rico. Deterinined by Clarke from a drawing by Consul King; other- wise unknown from the island:—eastern United States; Cuba; recorded from Jamaica. 2. Fuirena umbellata Kottb. Descr. et Icon. 70. 1773. Perennial by rootstocks; culms stout or rather slender, erect, trigonous, glabrous, or pilose above, 5-1.5 dm. high. Leaves flat, 7-16 cm. long, .'>-2.5 mm. wide, glabrous or sparingly pilose, the lower ones often much shorter; panicles 1-4, terminal or also in the upper axils, rather dense, pilose; spikelets commonly numerous, oblong to linear-oblong, 6-10 mm. long, clustered, acutish; scales green-brown, pubescent, aristate, the awns spreading or recurved; sepals obovate, mucronate, nearly sessile, about as long as the smooth, trigonous, beaked achene. Meadows and marshes at lower and middle altitudes, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; Margarita; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. 9. DICHROMENA IMich.x. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 37. 1803. Leafy-stemmed sedges, perennial by I'ootstocks, the spikelets crowded in a terminal head involucrate by the upper leaves, which are often white at the base. Spikelets compressed, several-many-flowered. Scales spirally imbricated all around, several of them with imperfect flowers, or empty. Perianth none. Stamens 3. Stylo 2-cleft, its branches subulate. Achene lenticular, trans- versely rugose, crowned with the broad persistent Jjase of 'the style (tubercle). [Greek, alluding to the two-colored involucral leaves.] About 8 species, natives of America. Type species: Dichromena leucocephala Michx. Involucral leaves glabrous. 1. D. colorata. Involucral leaves pubescent or ciliate toward the base. Spikelets mostly subspicate; scales wliite. 2. D. ciliata. Spikelets 1-5, digitate; scales brownish. 3. D. radicans. 1. Dichromena colorata (L.) Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 141. 1893. Schoenus coloratus L. Sp. PI. 43. 1753, Dichromena leucocephala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 37. 1803. Glabrous; culm slender, erect, rather sharply triangular, 0.3-0.6 m. tall. Leaves distant, narrowly linear, about 2 mm. wide, much shorter than the culm, those of the involucre 4-6, reflexed when mature, yellowish white at the base; head globose, 1-2 cm. iu diameter; spikelets narrowly oblong, acute; scales mem- branous, lanceolate, nearly white, 1-nerved, subacute at the apex; achene obovate, brown, nearly truncate at the summit, compressed, covered by the tubercle which is not decurrent on its edges. Wet grassy places at lower elevations, Porto Rico:—eastern and southern United States to Mexico; Bermuda; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe and Martinique. 2. Dichromena ciliata Vahl, Enum. 2: 240. 1805. Dichromena piira Nees, Linnaea 9: 291. 1834. Rynchospora pura Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 577. 1864. Perennial by short rootstocks; culms slender, 7 dm. tall or less, 3-angled. Leaves pubescent or glabrate, mostly shorter than the culm, flat, grass-like, 2-4 mm. wide, those of the involucre 4-6, similar to the lower ones, but ciliate- CYPERACEAE 09 pilose towards the usually whitened base; spikelets 3-15, subspicate or capitate, 6-7 mm. long; scales white, keeled, obtusish; achene broadly obovate to suborbic- ular, 1-1.5 mm. long, transversely undulate; tubercle ovoid-lanceolate or de- pressed, one-fourth to two-thirds as long as the achene. Grassy places at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico, ascending into the Lu- qnillo Moimtains; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan:—West Indies, (except Bahamas); continental tropical America. Spikelets sometimes proliferous. 3. Dichromena radicans Schl. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 28. 1831. Somewhat pidiescent ; rootstock slender, or very short; roots fibrous. Culms slender, !!>-(> dm. long; leaves narrowly linear, 1.5-4 mm. wide, shorter than the culm, those of the involucre 2-5, similar to the lower ones but shorter, spreading, ciUate-pilose at the base, green throughout or sometimes a little whitish below; spikelets 1-3, cinnamon-brown, acute or obtusish, 7-12 mm. long; culm often prohferous at the summit, reclining and radicant; achene obovate, 1-1.5 mm. long, Ijrown, delicately transversely undulate, the low tubercle decurrent on its edges. Forests, shaded banks and hillsides at middle and higher elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; Tortola:—Jamaica; Cuba to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 10. PSILOCARYA Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 359. 1836. Annual sedges, with fdirous roots, slender leafy stems and ovoid or oblong, many-flowered terete spikelets in terminal and axillary, mcstly compound umbels, the rays and raylets bracted at the base. Scales of the spikelets .spirally imbri- cated all around, deciduous. Flowers perfect. Perianth or bristles none. Stamens 1 or 2. Style 2-cleft, enlarged at the base. Achene lenticular or biconvex, smooth or transversely wrinkled, gapped by the persistent base of the style (tubercle), or nearly the whgle style persistent as a beak. [Greek, re- ferring to the absence of perianth-bristles.] About 10 species, natives of tem- perate and tropical America. Type species: Psilocarya scirpoides Torr. 1. Psilocarya portoricensis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 42: 387. 1915. Annual, with fibrous roots; culm rather slender, about 4 dm. high; leaves shorter than the culm, 2-3 mm. wide; umbels several, slender-stalked; spikelets 3-5 in the umbels, ovoid, acutish, 4-6 mm. long, 2 mm. thick; scales ovate, dark brown, sharply acute; style rather deeply 2-cleft; achene oblong, 1 mm. long, transversely wrinkled; tubercle triangular, acute, one-third to one-half as long as the achene, and distinctly decurrent upon it. Shore of Laguna Tortuguero. Endemic. 11. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Eniim. 2: 229. 1805. Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, with erect 3-angled or terete culms, narrow flat or involute leaves, and ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously clustered spikelets. Scales thin, 1-nerved, imbricated all around, usually mu- cronate by the excurrent midvein, the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect, the lower perfect. Perianth of 1-20 (mostly 6) upwardly or downwardly barbed or scabrous bristles, wanting in some species. Stamens commonly 3. Style 2-cleft, 2-toothed or rarely entire. Achene lenticular or swollen, not 3-angled, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent base of the style (tubercle), or in some species by the whole style. [Greek, referring to the beak- 100 CYPERACEAE like tubercle.] About 200 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in warm regions, known as Beaked-rush. Type species : Rynchospora aurea Vahl. A. Style long, its branches much shorter than the undivided part. Spikelets densely capitate, the heads corymbose-paniculate. Spikelets not densely capitate. (See No. 3.) Bristles as long as the achene or longer. Spikelets fascicled in 2'.s-6's; achene not sulcate. Spikelets fascicled in 12's-20's; achene 1-2-sulcate. Bristles obsolete or none. Spikelets fascicled; sheaths glabrous. Spikelets loosely clustei-ed; sheaths pubescent. B. Style short, its brandies mostly as long as the imdivided part. (See No. 14.) a. Perianth-bristles none. *Achene transversely wrinkled. Plant pilose; spikelets with 3 achenes. Plants glabrous; spikelets with only 1 or 2 achenes. Plant tall, stout, 1 m. high or less. Plants low or slender, 5 dm. liigh or less. Spikelets only 1-2 mm. long. Spikelets 3-6 mm. long. Achene 3-toothed at the top. Achene not 3-toothed. Plant low ; spikelets clu.stered in 2's-G's. Plants slender; spikelets pedunclcd, mosly panicled. Spikelets about 4 mm. long. Spikelets about 2 mm. long. **Achene smooth. Spikelets narrowly lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long. Spikelets oblong, abotit 3 mm. long. b. Perianth-bristles present. *Perianth-bristles retrorsely barbed. **Perianth-bristles upwardly barbed, tAchene smooth. Leaves flat, grass-like, 1-3 mm. wide. Leaves setaceous, about 0.5 mm. wide. ttAchene transversely wrmkled. tAchene not stipitate; bristles not plumose at base. Bristles shorter than the achene. Bristles as long as the achene or longer. Leaves 2-4 nrai. wide. Spikelets 3 mm. long; tubercle half as long as the achene or less. Spikelets 5 mm. long; tubercle nearly as long as the achene. Leaves only 1 mm. wide or less. ttAchene stipitate; bristles plumose at base. 1. R. cyperoides. 2. R. corymbosa. 3. R. gigantea. 4. jB. elongata. 5. R. jamaicensis. 6. R. trichodes. 7. R. rufa. 8. R. micrantha. 9. R. setacea. 10. R. Berlerii. 11. R. tenuis. 12. R. Bruneri. 13. R. filiformis. 14. R. Blauneri. 15. R. hiquillensis. IG. R. distans. 17. R. Wrightiana. 18. R. cymosa. 19. R. glauca. 20. R. borinquensis. 21. R. bahamensis. 22. R. Marisculus. 1. Rynchospora cyperoides (Sw.) Mart. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Muench. 6: 149. 1816-17. Schoenus cyperoides Sw. Prodr. 19. 1788. Rynchospora polycephala Wydler; Kunth, Enum. 2: 291. 1837. Rootstocks short; culms clustered, sharply trigonous, rather stout, glabrous, 4-8 dm. tall. Leaves 3-,5 mm. wide; heads of spikelets dense, globose, 8-12 mm. In diameter, corymbose-paniculate, sometimes few; spikelets with about 7 scales, only one of them achene-bearing ; bristles 6, rigid, upwardly barbed, longer than the achene; style long, 2-cleft above; achene obovoid, narrowed below, about 1 mm. long, faintly transversely undulate; tubei'cle subulate, ciliate. Wet grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico, ascending into the Luquillo Moiuitains;—West Indies; continental tropical America; tropical Africa. 2. Rynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 11 : 84. 1892. Scirpus corymbosus L. Cent. 2: 7: 1756. Rynchospora aurea Vahl, Enum. 2: 229. 1805. Rootstocks stout; culms stout, glabrous, trigonous, roughish, 8-12 dm. tall. Leaves elongated, rough-margined, 8-15 mm. wide; inflorescence large, often 3 dm. long, corymbo.se-paniculate, the lower corymbs often distant; spikelets clustered in 2's-6's, or solitary, 6-10 mm. long, bearing but one achene; scales bright brown, ovate, obtuse, mucronate; bristles 6, rough, longer than the CYPERACEAE 101 achene; style nearly undivided ; achene oblong-obovate, about 3 mm. long, smooth or somewhat wrinkled; tubercle long-conic, sulcata on both sides. Wet grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guade- loupe; Martinique; Trinidad; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. 3. Rynchospora gigantea Link, Jahrb. 3: 70. 1820. Culms very stout, smooth, sharply trigonous, 1-2 m. high or more. Leaves elongated, roughish-margined, 1-2 cm. wide; inflorescence corymbose-paniculate, the corymbs approximate, or the lower distant; spikelets about 8 nmi. long, glomerate, bearing but one achene; scales bright brown, ovate; bristles 6, rough- ish above, about as long as the achene and tubercle; aChene oblong-obovate, 1-2-sulcate, somewhat rugose, 2-3 mm. long; tubercle conic, sulcate, about as long as the achene ; style long. Wet grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico:—Cuba; South America. 4. Rynchospora elongata Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 1: 26. 1888. Culms slender, smooth, 6 dm. long or less, weak, bluntly 3-angled. Leaves smooth, 2-3 mm. wide, elongated, but mostly shorter than the culm ; inflorescence of 2-5 small, distant, lateral, rather dense corymbs; spikelets lanceolate, clustered, about 4 mm. long, bearing but one achene; scales brown, ovate, acutish, or the lower ones mucronate; bristles none; style elongated, shortly 2-cleft near the summit; achene oblong-obovate, smooth, about as long as the conic tubercle. Top of Mt. Yunque, Sierra de Luquillo:—Cuba; Jamaica. 5. Rynchospora jamaicensis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 41: i. 1914. Rootstocks short; culms clustered, slender ,6-8 dm. long, recUning. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, rather stiff, the lower 2-5 cm. long, the middle ones 12-15 cm. long, those subtending the. clusters of spikelets 6-10 cm. long; sheaths of all the leaves densely short-pubescent; spikelets loosely panicled in several distant axil- lary clusters and in a terminal one, short-pedicelled, the axis of the inflorescence loosely pubescent; spikelets narrowly conie, 4-5 mm. long, maturing 2 achenes; lower empty scales broadly ovate, the others lanceolate, acuminate; bristles none; achenes obovate-orbicular, 1 mm. long, pale brown, shining, finely cancellate; tubercle triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, about one-third longer than the achene. its base nearly truncate ; style long. Alta de la Bandera, collected by F. L. Stevens in 1915:—Jamaica. 6. Rynchospora trichodes Clarke in Urban. Symb. Ant. 2: 116. 1900. Schoenus hispidulua Vahl. Enum. 2: 219. 1805. Fimbriistylis hirsulaUochst. : Steud. Hyn. PI. Cyp. 116. 1855. Not R. hir- suta Vahl. Rynchuspora hispidula Boeckl. Linnaea 37: 004. 1873. Not Griseb. 1806. Roots fibrous; culm and leaves loosely pilose. Culm 4 dm. long or lesst slender; leaves about 3 mm. wide, sometimes exceeding the culm; inflorescence of terminal and lateral corymbs 3-8 cm. in diameter; spikelets slender-peduncled, mostly solitary, ovoid, 4 mm. long, bearing about 3 achenes; scales ovate, brown, glabrous, obtuse; bristles none; style deeply 2-cleft; achene broadly obovoid, about one-third as long as the .scale, biconvex, brownish, transversely wrinkled, the tubercle broad, depres.sed, decurrent. Represented in the Delessert Herbarium, (ieneva, Switzerland, by a specimen in- dicated in the haiidwriting of Salzmann as from Porto Rico. The species is otherwise known from northern South America. 7. Rynchospora rufa (Nees) Boeckl. Vidensk. Medd. Kjob. 1869: 149. 1870. Psilocarya rufa Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2': 117. 1842. Perennial by rootstocks; culms rather stout, glabrous, 5-10 dm. high. Leaves long, flat, about 3 mm. wide; inflorescence corymbose-paniculate, the spikelets luimerous; bracts linear, often pilose ; spikelets 6-7 mm. long, containing only 1 achene or rarely 2, often barren, mostly sessile in clusters of 2-4; scales 102 CYPERACEAE brown, the lower ovate, cuspidate, the upper lanceolate, acute; bristles none; style-branches long, filiform; achene broadly obovate, transversely wrinkled, about 1.5 mm. long; tubercle about as long as the achene, with a broad base. Marsh, Martin Pena:—Cuba; continental tropical America. 8. Rynchospora micrantha Valil, Enum. 2: 231. 1805. Juncus parviftorus Poir, in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 3: 160. 1813. Dichromena micrantha Kunth, Enum. 2: 278. 1837. Annual, with fibrous roots; culms slender, glabrous, tufted, weak, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide, thin, shorter than the culm; corymbs several, loose, flliform-rayed ; spikelets ovoid, 1-2 mm. long, bearing a single achene; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute; bristles none; style deeply 2-cleft; achene obovoid, less than 1 mm. long, biconvex, transversely wrinkled; tubercle depressed. Wet grassy places at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Antigua to Grenada; continental tropical America; west tropical Africa. 9. Rynchospora setacea (Berg.) Boeckl. Vidensk. Medd. Kjob. 1869: 159. 1870. Schoenus setaceus Berg. Act. Helv. 7: 130. 1772. Rynchospora tenerrima Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 26. 1827. Rynchospora spermodon Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 570. 1864. Annual with fibrous roots, glabrous; culms slender, mostly erect, tufted, 1-5 dm. high. Leaves only 1-1.5 mm. wide, usually shorter than the culm; corymbs several; distant, small; spikelets clustered, about 4 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, bearing 1 or 2 achenes; .scales ovate-lanceolate, acute or mucronate; bristles none; style deeply 2-cleft; achene obovoid, biconvex, aiiout 1 mm. long, much shorter than the subtending scale, transvei'sely rugose, 3-toothed at the apex, the tubercle conic, forming the central tooth. Wet sandy and grassy places at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:-—Jamaica; Cuba; Guadeloupe to Grenada; continental tropical America. 10. Rynchospora Berterii (Spreng.) Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 119. 1900. Hypolytrum Berterii Spreng. Neue Entd. 1: 241. 1820. Schoenus pusillus Sw. Prodr. 20. 1788. Rynchospora pusilla Griseb. Kar. 123. 1857. Not Curtis, 1849. Perennial by short stolons and a slender rootstock; culms nearly filiform, glabrous, weak, 2 10 cm. long. Leaves 1 mm. wide or less, often exceeding the culm, glabrous, or with pilose sheaths; spikelets 2-6 together in a usually solitary terminal clu.ster, lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long, bearing 1 or 2 achenes; scales lanceo- late, acute, nearly white; bristles none; style-branches long; achene brown, or- bicular-obovoid, about 1 mm. long, transversely wrinkled, the low tubercle conic. Shaded grassy banks and hillsides at lower and middle altitudes, Porto Rico; St. Thomas (according to Eggers):—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe. 11. Rynchospora tenuis Link, Jahrli. 3: 76. 1820. Rootstocks short, slender; culms very slender, tufted, 1..5-4 dm. long, gla- brous and smooth, erect or reclining. Leaves 0.5-2 mm. wide, as long as the culm or shorter; corymbs of spikelets 1-3, filiform-stalked; spikelets usually rather loosely clustered, about 4 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, acute, *i)ale, bearing a single achene; scales acute, the lower ovate, the upper lanceolate; bristles none; style deeply 2-cleft; achene obovate or nearly orbicular, sessile, transversely rugose, about 1 mm. broad; tubercle acute, one-fourth to one-half as long as the achene and decurrent on its margins. Moist grounds near Dorado:—Bahamas; Cuba; Dominica; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent; continental tropical America. CYPERACEAE 103 12. Rynchospora Bruneri Britten, sp. nov. Glabrous, culms densely tufted, filiform, erect, stiff, 16 cm. high or less. Leaves filiform, much shorter than the culm; spikelets few in a terminal loose cluster and often in 2 or 8 distant lower clusters, brownish, narrowly oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, liearing 1 achene; scales lanceolate, acute; bristles none; achene oblong, transversely striate, about 1 nnn. long; tubercle broad, minutely tipped. Rocky summit of El Yuiif|U(>, Liifiiiillo Moimlains {Britlim iind Bruner, 7630.) 13. Rynchospora filiformis Vahl, Enum. 2: 232. 1805. Rynchospora podosperma C. Wright; Sauvalle, Anales Acad. Habana 8: 87. 1871. Rynchoapora longispicata Boeckl. Linnaea 37: 600. 1873. Perennial by slender i-ootstocks ; culms glabrous, slender or nearly filiform, 4 dm. long or less. Leaves smooth, about 1 mm. wide, shorter than the culm; corymbs distant, loose, filiform-rayed; spikelets narrowly lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, bearing I or 2 achenes; .scales oblong-lanceolate or the lower ovate, cuspidate or acute, yellowish-brown; liristles none; style-branches long; achene brown, smooth, obovoid, truncate, stipitate, 1.5 mm. long, the short tubercle conic. Porto Rico, collected by Ledru; St. Tliomas:—Cuba; Trinidad; South America. 14. Rynchospora Blauneri Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 50: 56. 1923. Perennial by short rootstocks; cidms filiform, Aveak, clustered, glabrous, 3-5 dm. long; leaves filiform, glabrous, shorter than the culms; spikelets narrowly oblong, 3 mm. long, few together in 2 or 3 distant compact clusters subtended by a filiform bract 3-5 cm. long; scales ovate-oblong, acute, light brown; bristles none; achene obovate, light brown with darker brown margins, smooth, about 1 mm. long; tubercle conic, acute, about one-third as long as the achene. •Sierra de Luqiiillo (Blauner SJ/T, in herbarium of Columbia University, collected in 1852-5.3). Referred by Clarke to R. diveryens. Endemic. Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl, recorded from Porto Rico by Clarke, as illus- trated by a specimen collected by Blauner (no. 247) preserved in the Candollean herbarium at (ieneva, Switzerland, is manifestly an error in record or determin- ation, the plant being restricted to the north temperate zone. 15. Rynchospora luquillensis Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 50: 56. 1923. Perennial by rootstocks; culms very slender, smooth, erect, about 2 dm. high. Leaves narrowly linear, about 1 mm. wide, flat, smooth, shorter than the culm; inflorescence a small terminal cluster of few spikelets; spikelets narrowly oblong, about 4 mm. long; scales olilong, brownish, acute; bristles about 6, retrorsely barbed, a little longer than the achene; style elongated; achene narrowly obovate, smooth, brown, 1.6 mm. long; tubercle subulate, about as long as the achene. Rocky summit of EI Yunque, Sierra de Luquillo. Endemic. 16. Rynchospora distans (Michx.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 235. 1805. Schoenus distans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 36. 1803. Roots of thick fibers; culms clustered, slender, glabrous, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, smooth, flat, mostly shorter than the culm; corymbs 1-4, dense, distant, 0.5-1.5 cm. thick; spikelets about 4 mm. long, ovoid-lanceolate, usually bearing but 1 achene; .scales brown, ovate, acute or cuspidate; bristles 5 or 6, upwardly barbed, as long as the achene and tubercle, or shorter, sometimes 104 CYPERACEAE only one-third as long as the achene; style-branches long; achenes smooth, brown, obovold, biconvex, about one-half as long as the scale; tubercle sharply conic, one-third to one-half as long as the achene. Wet sandy soil at lower elevations, Porto Rico:—southeastern United States; Bermuda; Hispaniola; Cuba; Jamaica; continental tropical America. Porto Rican specimens cited by Clarice under R. fascicularis are better referred to R. distans. 17. Rynchospora Wrightiana Boeclvi. Flora 64: 7S. 1881. Roots of nearly capillary fibres; culms tufted, nearly filiform, 2-4 dm. long, weak; leaves flUform, half as long as the culm or longer; corym1)s solitary or some- times 2, dense, 1 cm. broad or less; spikelets 3-10, ovoid, 4-.5 mm. long, usually with but 1 achene; scales dark brown, acute, ovate; bristles upwardly barbed, short, or sometimes two-thirds as long as the achene; achene lenticular, brown, smooth, ol)ovoid to obovoid-orbicular, about 2 mm. long, the triangular-conic tubercle short. [R. pallida Clarke, not Curtis.] Sierra de Luquillo:—southeastern United States and Cuba. 18. Rynchospora cymosa Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: r>8. 1816. Schoemis cymosus Muhl. Gram. 8. 1817. Root.stock short, rather stout; culms slender, few or several together, 8 dm. tall or less. Leaves grass-like, smooth, 3-5 mm. wide, nearly flat, shorter than the culm; corymbs usually 2-4, slender-stalked, distant, filiform-rayed, 2-8 cm. broad; spikelets ovoid-oljlong, sessile or nearly so, about 3 mm. broad, usually with but one achene; scales ovate, brown, acute or short-acuminate; bristles about 6, upwardly barlied, shorter than the achene; achene lenticular or nearly flat, ot)ovoid, transversely wrinkled, 1.5 mm. long, tipped by the short conic tubercle. Moist grassy places at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico, ascending to 800 m.:—southeastern United States; Hispaniola; Cuba; Jamaica; Martinique; continental tropical America. 19. Rynchospora glauca Vahl, Enum. 2: 233. 1805. Rootstocks short and thick; culms slender to rather stout, 3-9 dm. tall. Leaves flat, shorter than the culm, 2-4 mm. wide; corymi^s 1-3, distant, loose, 1.5-3 cm. broad, slender-stalked; spikelets ovoid, about 3 mm. long, bearing 1 or 2 achenes; scales ovate, dark brown, acuminate; bristles about 0, upwardly barbed, as long as the achene or somewhat exceeding it; achene obovoid, lentic- ular, about 1.5 mm. long, transversely wrinkled, the conic acute tubercle one- third to one-half its length. [R. gracilis R. & S.] Moist grounds and along streams, Porto Rico, ascending into moimtain woodlands: Hispaniola; Cuba; Jamaica; Trinidad; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Rynchospora miliacea (Lam.) A. Gray. [R. sparsa Vahl] of the southeastern United States and Cul)a, with larger looser corymbs, the tubercle of the achene depressed and rounded, recorded as Porto Rican by Schultes, has not been found there by recent collectors. 20. Rynchospora borinquensis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 42: 387. 1915. Perennial by short rootstocks; culms slender, trigonous, about dm. high. Leaves flat, about 2 mm. wide, shorter than the culm; corymbs 2 or 3, distant, filiform-stalked, compound, narrow, 2-7 cm. long; spikelets clustered, fusiform, 5 mm. long, narrowed at both ends, bearing only 1 achene; scales lanceolate or CYPERACEAE 105 oblong-lanceolate, dark brown, acute; bristles about 6, upwardly barbed, longer than the achene and tubercle; style-branches about one-third as long as the un- divided part; achene oblong-oljovate, faintly transversely wrinkled, 1.5 mm. long, a little longer than the smooth, conic, acute tubercle. Open wet ])laces in the forest, Rio leaco and adjacent hill.s, Sierra de Naguabo: Cuba. 21. Rynchospora bahamensis Britton, Torreya 13: 217. 1913. Densely tufted, rootstocks short. (Julnis nearly filiform, roughish, spreading or reclining, 2-3.5 dm. long; leaves setaceous-fiattened, less than 1 mm. Avide, roughish-margined, the basal ones about one-fourth as long as the culm, the upper 3-5 cm. long; spikelets oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long in 2 to 4 distant slender- peduncled clusters, each with a single achene; scales dark brown, ovate-oblong, mucronulate; achene elliptic-obovate, faintly transversely wrinkled, 1.5 mm. long; tubercle flattened, conic, one-third to one-half as long as the achene; bristles upwardly barbed, as long as the achene. Rocky slopes and valleys, western Porto Rico:—Bahamas; Cuba. 22. Rynchospora Marisculus Lindl. & Nees; Mart. Fl. Bras. 2': 142. 1S42. Perennial by rootstoclvs, glalM'ous. Culm rather slender, 0.5-1 m. long. Leaves 2-5 dm. long, 7 mm. wide or less; corymbs usually several, distant, or the upper ones approximate, dense, the lower slender-stalked, nodding; spikelets numerous, clustered, narrowly ellipsoid, acute, 5-7 mm. long; scales brown, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, from 1 to 3 of them subtending achenes; bristles G or 7, longer than tlie achene, scabrous above, i)ilose at the base; style 2-cleft; achene short-stipitate, nan-owly obovate, transversely undulate, 1.5-2 mm. long; tubercle flat-conic, acute, about one-half as long as the achene. Moist ground, back of C'atano (Heller 6JflO) —Bahamas; (''u!)a; Hlspaniola; Jamaica; continental tropical Americ-a. 12. MARISCUS (Hall.) Zinn, Tat. Hort. Goett. 79. 1757. Perennial leafj' .sedges, similar to some Ri/nchosporas, the spikelets oblong or fusiform, few-flowereil, variously clustered. Scales imbricated all around, the lower empty, the middle ones mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the upper usually fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2 or sometimes 3. Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the achene, its branches sometimes 2-3-parted. Achene ovoitl to globose, smooth or longitudinally striate. Tubercle none. [Latin, referring to the marsh habitat of some of the species.] About 40 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Schoenus Mariscns L. 1. Mariscus jamaicensis (Crantz) Britton. in Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2, 1: 348. 1913. Cladium jamaicense Crantz, Tnst. 1: 302. 1760. Cladium occidenlale Schi'ad. Kl. Germ 1: 70. 180G. Culm stout, 1.5-3 m. high, obtusely 3-angled. Leaves very long, glabrous, 6-20 mm. wide, the margins spinulose-serrulate; umbels several or numerous, decompound, forming a large panicle; spikelets mostly 2-5 together at the ends of the raylets, narrowly ovoid, acute, 4-5 mm. long; uppermost scale subtending a perfect flower; stamens 2; achene ovoid, abruptly sharp-pointed, wrinkled, nar- rowed to the base, 2 mm. long, brown, shining. [Inchuled by Urban in Cladiiun Mariscus (L.) K. Br. of Europe.] Coastal marshes, Porto Rico:—southeastern and southern United States; Bermuda; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Grenada; continental tropical America. S.\w-GRass. 106 CYPERACEAE 13. MACHAERINA Vahl, Enum. 2: 238. 1805. Tall, perennial, smooth and glabrous sedges with xiphioid or subterete leaves, and numerous small spikelets in elongated panicles. Lower scales of the spikelet empty, the upper 1-4 subtending perfect flowers. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft, its branches elongated, its base pilose. Bristles mostly 6, very slender, smooth. Achene stipitate or subscssilo, tipped by the persistent style base. [Greek, referring to the sabre-like leaves of the type species.] Two species, natives of the West Indies, the following typical. 1. Machaerina restioides (Sw.) Vahl. Enum. 2: 238. isofi. Schoenus restioides Sw. Prodr. 19. 1788. Cladium restioides Benth.; Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 13,5. 1900. Culm compressed, rather stout, 1 m. high or less. Leaves xiphioid, equitant, flat, numerous, .5-12 mm. wide, the l^asal ones often exceeding the culm; panicle narrow, 3 dm. long, sometimes much branched, its branches somewhat flexuous, subtended by short leaves; spikelets clustered, 4-5 mm. long, ovoid, bearing 2-4 achenes; scales dark red-brown, ovate; bristles as long as the achene or longer; achene oblong, 1 mm. long, stipitate, brown, narrowed at both entls. Wet rocky places at high elevations in the Luquillo Mountains:—Cuba; Hispaniola; —Saba and St. Kitts to St. Vincent. 14. REMIREA Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 44. 1775. A perennial, densely leafy sedge, the leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, spinulose- tipped, their sheaths imbricated, the 1-flowered spikelets in short dense terminal spikes, their lower scales empty. Flower perfect; bristles none; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, linear, continuous with the ovary. Achene smooth, sessile. [Guiana name]. A monotypic genus of tropical and subtropical sand-dunes and beaches. 1. Remirea maritima Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 45. 1775. Rootstocks slender, elongated; culms solitary or clustered, erect, ascending or nearly prostrate, 2-30 cm. long, leafy to the top. Leaves flat, 2-8 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide; spikes solitary or digitate, 1-2 cm. long, subtended by bracts similar to the upper leaves; spikelets many, brownish, 3-5 mm. long; achene somewhat shorter than the upper scale. Coastal sands, Arecibo, Loiza:—Florida; Hispaniola; Trinidad; continental tropical South America and Old World tropics. Beach Sedge. 15. LAGENOCARPUS Nees, Linnaea 9: 304. 1834. Large, perennial sedges, with long terminal panicles of imperfect flowers, the upper part of the panicles with pistillate, the lower with staminate. Pistillate spikelets 1-flowered, the staminate .several-flowered. Bristles none. Pistillate flower with 3 linear style-branches, subtended by 3 scales. Achene terete, smooth, fused with its conic beak. [Greek, flask-fruit, from the shape of the achene.] About 15 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Lageno- carpus guianensis Nees. 1. Lagenocarpus portoricensis Britton, Bull. Torrey Chili 50: .55. 1923. Culm stout, erect, trigonous, glabrous, about 8 dm. high. Leaves 8-12 mm. wide, nearly as long as the culm, smooth, long-attenuate, with numerous trans- verse veinlets; panicle narrow, puberulent, about 3 dm. long and 5 cm. thick, the CYPERACEAE 107 lower half of staminate spikelets, on nearly erect branches, the upper half of pistillate; bractlets arista te; staminate spikelets about 4 mm. long, short-stalked; scales subtending the achene obovate, subtriincate, ciliolate, mucronate; achene, with its beak, ovoid, 3 mm. long, brown with three darker blotches, the beak about as long as the body. [Recorded by C. B. Clarke and by Urban as L. tremidus Nees.] Wet sandy situations between JNIanati and Vega Baja (Underwood & Griggs 9.'i6, type) ; collected also by Sintensis near Dorado. Endemic. IG. SCLERIA Berg.. Vet. Acad. Handl. 26: 142. 1765. Leafy sedges, mostly perennial, the spikelets small, clustered in terminal, or terminal and axillary fascicles, or sometimes interruptedly spicate. Flowers monoecious. Fertile spikelets 1 -flowered. Staminate spikelets many-flowered. Scales imbricated, the 1-3 lower and sometimes also the upper ones of the fertile spikelets empty. Perianth none. Style 3-cleft, slender or sometimes swollen at the base, deciduous. Ovary supported on a disk (hypogynium), or this want- ing. Stamens 1-3. Achene globose or ovoid, obtuse, crustaceous or bony, white in most species. [Greek, in allusion to the hard fruit.] About 100 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions, known as Nut-rush. Type species: Scleria Flagellum-nigrorum Berg. A. Hypogynium present a. Margin of (he hypogyniinn neither ciliale nor flinbriate. *Roots fibrous or root stocks .short; culms slender. Achene ridged-reticulated, pilose 1. S. setacea. Achene faintly reticulated, ;i-banded. 2. S. Stevensiana. **Perennials, with long or stout rootstocks. Culms spreading or climbing, branched. .3. S. secans. Culms erect, simple. Plants relatively slender, not very rough. 4. S. plerota. Plants stout, very rough. Panicle elongated. 5. S. cancsccns. Panicle short, dense. 6. S. scindens. b. Margin of the hypogynium ciliate or ciliolate. Achene 1-1.5 mm. long. 7. S. microcarpa. Achene 2-3 ram. long. Style-base black, i)ersistent. 8. S. mitis. Style-base pale, at length deciduous. Hypogynium margin pul)erulent or finely ciliolate. 9. S. cubcnsis. Hypogynium margin densely long-ciliate. 10. S. Grisebachii. B. Hypogynium none a. Achene smooth. Annual, with fibrous roots. 11. S. dislans. Perennials, with rootstocks. Inflorescence interruptedly spicate, ciliate. 12. S. hirtella. Inflorescence of several loose panicles, glabrous. 13. S. lithosprnna- b. Achene verrucose; inflorescence glomerate-spicate. 14. S. doradocnsis. 1. Scleria setacea Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 7: 4. 1806. Scleria micrantha Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 5: 108. 1817. Scleria hemilaphra Steud. Syn. PI. Cyp. 169. 1855. Scleria Torreyana Walp. Ann. 3: 696. 1852. Scleria reticularis pubescens Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 3: 232. 1885. Fibrous rooted, or with short rootstock, annual or perennial; culms tufted, slender, smooth, 8 dm. long or less. Leaves 1..5-5 mm. wide; panicles axillary, stalked, 3-6 cm. long; spikelets several to numerous; achene irregularly ridged- reticulated, white, subglobose to ellipsoid, l..')^2 mm. long, its ridges minutely pilo.se; hypogynium-lobes triangular-ovate, smooth. Grassy places near Hato Grande and Lares:—southeastern United States; Cuba; continental tropical America. Porto Rico is the type locality of the species. 108 CYPERACEAE 2. Scleria Stevensiana Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 50: 55. 1923. Perennial? rootstocks short or none; culms very slender, tufted, slightly scabrous above, weak, 4-5 dm. long. Leaves soft, scabrous-margined, 4 mm. wide or less; panicles 2 or 3, axillary, the lower stalked, the upper one nearly sessile, about 3 cm. long; bracts narrowly Unear-subulate, 2.5 cm. long or less; spikelets several or numerous; achene depressed-globose, about 1.5 mm. in di- ameter, apiculate, glabrous, shining, faintly reticulated, nearly white, with 3 vertical brown bands; hypogynium lobes lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous. Lares (Stevens & Hess, ^OJ/Jf). Endemic. 3. Scleria secans (L.) Urban, Sumb. Ant. 2: 169. 1900. Schoenus secans L. Syst. ed. 10, 865. 1759. Scleria reflexa H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 232. 1816. Perennial by rootstocks; culms roughish-puberulent, spreading or high- climbing, 3-6 m. long. Leaves roughish, 2 dm. long or less, 3-5 mm. wide, the ligule scarious-appendaged; panicles 2-3, axillary to the upper leaves, slender- stalked, loosely branched, 3-8 cm. long, the rachis villous; achene smooth, white, shining', ellipsoid, 3-4 mm. long; hypogynium flat, orbicular. Wet or moist mountain woodlands, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispamola; MoDtserrat to Trinidad; continental tropical America. This is, perhaps, the species re- corded by Krebs as found in St. Thomas prior to 1851, under the name Selena fiagellum. 4. Scleria pterota Presl, in Oken Isis 21: 268. 1828. Scleria commttnis Kunth, Enum. 2: 340. 1837. Scleria pratensis Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2*: 179. 1842. Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms slightly rough, rather slender, 1 m. high or less. Leaves 6-12 mm. wide, 1.5-3 dm. long, the sheath somewhat 3-winged, the ligule about 4 mm. long; panicles 2-4, narrow, 5-15 cm. long, greenish-brown or purplish; achene globose, white, smooth, about 2 mm. in diam- eter; hypogynium 3-lobed. [S. initis of Bello, not of Berg.] Moist shaded situations at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico: St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola:—Jamaica; Cuba to Barliados; continental tropical America. 5. Scleria canescens Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 1: 37. 1888. Perennial by rootstocks; culms stout, erect or ascending, 1 m. long or less, roughish. Leaves 6-10 mm. wide, elongated, very rough-margined, the sheaths wingless, pilose above, the hgule short-triangular; panicles 2-4, stalked, dense, 5-18 cm. long, brown-purple; achene ellipsoid to subglobose, 3-4 mm. long, smooth, white; hypogynium 3-lobed, the lobes reflexed. In wet woodlands at middle and higher elevations, Porto Rico. Endemic. 6. Scleria scindens Nees, Linnaea 9: 303. 1834. Scleria scaberrima Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 2: 41. 1890. Perennial, elongated and vine-like, the culms trigonous, scabrous, 1-3.5 m. long, often forming large colonies. Leaves 8 dm. long or less, flat, 6-1 1 mm. wide, their margins scabrous-ciliolate, their sheaths margined or narrowly winged, the ligule short, rounded; pani.de dense, short, terminal, 5-\0 cm. long, its branches and branchlets puberulent. occasionally accompanied by 1 or 2 much smaller ones in the upper axils ; spikelets short-stalked or ses.sile; achene globose, white, smooth. 2-2.5 mm. in diameter; hypogynium 3-Iobed, the lobes rounded, reflexed. Mountain forests, St. Thomas; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—Cuba; St. Kitts; Guade- loupe; Uominica; Martinique; St. Lucia; St. Vincent. CYPERACEAE 109 7. Scleria microcarpa Nees, Linnaea 9: 302. 1834. Scleria foliosa C. Wright; Sauvalle, Anales Acad. Habana 8: 1.54. 1871. Not A. Rich. 18.51. Scleria microcarpa foliosa Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 149. 1900. Perennial by rather stout rootstoclcs: culms slender, smooth, erect, 1 m. high or less. Leaves 6-12 mm. Avide, 1-3 dm. long, smooth, the ligule 4-S mm. long, the sheaths narrowly 3-winged; panicles usually several, very narrow, erect, stalked or the upper sessile, loosely flowered, 4-12 cm. long; spikelets sessile, often 2 or 3 together; achene ellipsoid, white, smooth, 1-1.5 mm. long; hypogynium-margin ciliate or ciliolate. In wet grounds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico, ascending into the Luquillo Mountains:—Jamaica; Cuba; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 8. Scleria mitis Berg. Vet. Akad. Handl. 26: 145. 1765. Perennial by rootstocks, sometimes forming colonies; culms stout smooth, 1-2.5 m. long, trigonous. Leaves flat, 6 dm. lone or less, 1-2.5 cm. wide, the sheaths 3-winged; panicle 2-6 dm. long, its branches glabrous or pilose, ascending or nearly erect; spikelets many, 2-3 mm. long, the pistillate sessile, some of the staminate stalked; achene ellipsoid, about 3 mm. long, smooth, white and lustrou.s when mature, the small conic black tubercle persistent; hypogynium truncate, fringed with brown or red-brown hairs. Wet groiuids, Porto Rico, near Bayamon and in the- eastern mountains:—Cuba; Guadeloupe; RIartiuique; St. Vincent; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 9. Scleria cubensis Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 2: 42. 1890. Scleria microcarpa snbciliala Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 149. 1900. Perennial by rootstocks; culms rather stout, erect, 1 m. high or le.ss, smooth. Leaves 1-2 cm. wide, nearly or quite smooth, often 3 dm. long or more; panicles 3 or 4, with erect branches, the terminal one 1-3 dm. long; spilcelets sessile, some- what clustered; achene ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, white, or yellowish, about 3 mm. long; hypogynium-margin entire, puberulent, not ciliate. Marshes, wooded banks and tliickets, Porto Rico, ascending to the liigher elevations: —Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola. 10. Scleria Grisebachii Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 150. 1900. Scleria microcarpa latifolia Boeckl. Linnaea 38: 517. 1874. Perennial by rootstocks; culms stout, erect, nearly smooth, 8-12 dm. high. Leaves elongated, smooth, 8-20 mm. wide, their sheaths narrowly winged, the ligule 6-10 mm. long; panicles 3-5, narrow, the terminal one 2-3 dm. long, the branches ascending; spikelets ses.sile, clustered; achene subgloi>ose, smooth, white, about 2.5 mm. in diameter; margin of the hypogynium densely brown-ciliate. Forests at liiglier elevations, Porto Rico, collected by Sintenis:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigxia; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique. 11. Scleriadistans Poir. in Lam. Eiicycl. 7: 4. 1806. Annual, with fibrous roots; culms very slender, smooth, erect, 4 dm. high or less. Leaves smooth, grass-like, 1..5-3 mm. wide; inflorescence interruptedly spicate, of 4-7 sessile, nearly erect fascicles; bracts long-ciliate, not exceeding the spikelets; achene globose with a trigonous stipe-like base, white, smooth, shining, about 1 mm. in diameter, 9-porose beneath just above the base; hypogynium none. Moist soil at lower and middle altitudes, Porto Rico; St. Thomas (according to Clarke):—Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe. 110 CYPERACEAE 12. Scleria hirtella Sw. Prodr. 19: 1788. Perennial by rather stout horizontal rootstocks; culms slender, glabrous, 2-7 dm. long. Leaves gras.s-like, often pubescent, at least on the sheaths, 1.5-4 mm. wide; inflorescence interruptedly spicate, of 5-9 sessile, long-ciliate and hispid, nodding fascicles; achene globose, white, shining, smooth, about 1 mm. in diameter, 9-12 porose underneath above the trigonous base ; hypogynium none. Sandy soil and grassy places at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—south- eastern ITnited States; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Trinidad; continental tropical Amer- ica; tropical Africa. The record of tliis from St. Thomas by Krebs may apply to the pre- ceding species. 13. Scleria lithosperma (L.) Sw. Prodr. 18. 1788. Scirpus lithospermus L. Sp. PI. 51. 1753. Scleria filiformis Sw. Prodr. 19. 1788. Scleria Kru(jiana Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. l: 35. 1888. Perennial by rather short rootstocks, the culms often clustered, slender, weak, glabrous, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves 0.5-3 mm. wide, the upper elongated, the lowest reduced to pubescent or puberulent sheaths; panicles 1-3, distant, gla- brous, small, stalked or the upper sessile; bracts filiform, glabrous; achene obo- void-ellipsoid, white, smooth, shiniTig, about 2 mm. long, its base trigonous. Woods and shaded hillsides, Porto Rico, especially on limestones, at lower elevations; Mnertos; Mona; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; Virgin Gorda:—Florida; West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. 14. Scleria doradoensis Brittoii, Bull. Torrey CUub50: .55. 1923. Perennial? Culms slender, rather stiff, glabrous, erect, tufted, 3-4 dm. high. Leaves glabrous, scabrate, shorter than the culm, about 2 mm. wide, the apex attenuate; inflore.scence terminal, glomerate-spicate, 5-7 cm. long; glom- erules 6-8, few-flowered, not nodding; bracts about 3 mm. long, brown-ciliate; achene white, subglol)ose-obovoid, very obtu.sely trigonous, verrucose-tubercu- late, 1.5 mm. long, 12-porose underneath just above the trigonous base; hypo- gynium none. White sand near Dorado {Britlon, Britton and Brown 706lf). Endemic. Scleria latifolia Sw. recorded by Krebs as formerly found in St. Thomas, is not known to occur nortii of St. Kitt's. 17. CAREX [Dill.] L. Sp. PI. 972. 17.53. Grass-like sedges, perennial by rootstocks. Culms mostly 3-angled. Leaves 3-ranked, the upper elongated or very short (bracts) and subtending the spikes of flowers, or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary in the axils of bracts (scales). Spikes either wholly pistillate, wholly staminate, or bearing both gtaminate and pistillate flowers (androgynous). Perianth none. Staminate flowers of 3 stamens, the filaments filiform. Pistillate flowers of a single pistil with a style and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short axis in the axil of a sac-like bractlet or second bract called tiie perigynium (utricle), which completely en- closes the achene. Achene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-convex. A vast genus, of more than 1000 species, widely distributed, most abundant in the temperate zones, known as Sedge. Type species; Carex. puHcaris L. 1. Carex polystachya Sw.; Wahlenb. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. 24: 149. 1803 Carex cladostachya Wahlenb. Vet.-Akad. Nya Ilandl. 24: 149. 1803. Rootstocks short; culms clustered, slender, glabrous, 3-8 dm. long; leaves glabrous, equalling the culm or shorter, roughish-margined, 3-6 mm. wide; panicle narrow, elongated, the lower clusters of spikes filiform-stalked; spikes ARECACEAE 111 usually numerous, 7-11 mm. long, greenish-brown, oblong, mostly staminate at apex and pistillate below; scales ovate, the lower awned ; perlgynium ellipsoid, 3-4 mm. long, glabrous, striate-beaked ; style 3-cleft. Mountain woodlands at high altitudes, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Kitts; Martinique; Mexico to Colombia and Bolivia. Isolepis pallidifiora DC , recorded by Krebs from St. Thomas, is an un- published species, not otherwise known. Order 6. ARECALES. Mostly trees with unbranched, erect trunks and a terminal bud, the large leaves pinnately or palmately divided, forming a crovi^n, the small perfect or imperfect flowers usually panicled, sessile or pedicelled, the panicle sub- tended by spathf s and usually bracted. Sepals and petals each 'S, distinct or connate. Stamens commonly 6, sometimes 9-12; filaments distinct or connate below; anthers inirorse; pistillate flowers sometimes with staminodia. Ovary various, 1-celled, 3-celled, or of 3 distinct carpels; style usually short or wanting: ovules 1 in each carpel, anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded. Seed with horny or cartilaginous endosperm, the embryo near the surface. Family 1. ARECACEAE Rchb. Palm Family Characters of the order. About 150 genera and 1200 species, mostly tropical. A. Leaves pinnate. 1. Endocaro membranous, fibrous or woody, without pores. Petals or corolla-lobes of the pistillate flowers valvate. Flowers in 3's, the middle one pistillate, at least on the lower branchlets of the inflorescence. 1. Roystonea. Flowers superimposed in 2's-5's, the lowest usually pistillate. 2. Gaussia. Petals of the pistillate flowers imbricated. Filaments of the staminate flowers distinct. 3. Euterpe. FUaments of the staminate flowers united below, radiating above. 4. Calyptrogyne. 2. Endocarp bony, with 3 pores. Pores at about the middle of the fruit; spiny palms. Flowers in 3's, the middle one pistillate, at least on the lower branchlets of the inflorescence, its corolla gamo- petalous. 5. Baclris. Pistillate flowers on the lower parts of the branchlets of the inflorescence, their petals imbricate. 6. Acrocomia. Pores near the apex of the large fruit; unarmed palms. 7. Cocos. B. Leaves palmate or flabellate. Ovary 3-carpellary ; leaves flabellate. 8. Sabal. Ovary monocarpellary ; leaves palmate. Seed not grooved. 9- Thrinax. Seed grooved and fissured. 10. Coccothrinax. 1. ROYSTONEA Cook, Science II 12: 479, 1900. Tall, unarmed palms, with large, regularly pinnate leaves, stout, solitary, nearly cylindric trunks, and monoecious flowers in drooping panicles subtended by two spathes, the lower spathe very large. Flowers in 3's, the middle one pistillate, at least on the lower branches of the panicle. Staminate flowers with small ovate sepals, ovate valvate petals, usually 6 stamens andj a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with broad imbricated entire sepals, an urceolate corolla with valvate segments, 6 staminodes united into a cup and a globose, 1-3-celled ovary. Fruit subglobose or oblong, the pericarp thin, somewhat fleshy, the endocarp woody without pores. [In honor of General Roy Stone, 112 ARECACEAE United States engineer, beloved by Porto Ricans.J Four known species of the West Indies. Type species: Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Fruit veUowish brown, about 13 mm. long, nearly 10 mm. thick; trunk relatively low. .i,. , . , w „, ^- "" "onnquena. Fruit purpUsh, about 10 mm. long. 8-9 mm. thick; trunk relatively taU. ^- ^- '^^fl'"- 1. Roystonea borinquena Cook, Bull. Torr. Club. 28: 552. 1901. Oreodoxa caribaea Dammer & Urban in Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 129. 1903. Roystonea caribaea P. Wilson, Bull. N. Y, Bot. Gard. 8: 385. 1917. Trunk stout, fusiform-cylindric, up to 18 m. high, 5-6 dm. in diameter, annulate by the leaf-scars, becoming smooth. Leaves 2-3 m. long, the petiole stout and short, the segments numerous, linear, acuminate, 5-8 dm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, the base narrowed; panicle twice branched, much shorter than the leaves; lower spathe nearly as long as the panicle; flowers about 5 mm. long; fruit oval. veUowish brown, about 13 mm. long and 10 mm. thick. [Oreodoxa regia of Bello, not H.B.K. ; the name Euterpe caribaea Spreng. is based on Areca oleracea Jacq. This is the plant recorded as of undetermined genus in Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 131. Areca oleracea of West.] HiUsidesand forests, Porto Rico, in moist or wet districts and in valleys of the south- ern districts; Vieques; St. Croix. Endemic. Royal Palm. Palma real. Palma DE YAGU \s The leaves are userl for thatching houses and barns nearly throughout Porto Rico and their broad bases for the sides of huts and other structures. It is much planted for ornament. The fruit is eaten by pigs. Sometimes called Cabbage Falm. 2. Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) Cook, Science II. 12: 479. 1900. Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 305. 1816. Trunk up to 25 m. tall, 5-6 dm. in diameter, nearly cylindric or slightly fusiform. Leaves and inflorescence similar to those of the preceding species; fruit short-oblong, purplish, about 10 mm. long and 9 mm. thick. [lOreodoxa oleracea of Kuntze.] Valleys, St. Thomas; St. Jan (ex Eggers); St. Croix (ex Beccari) ; probably planted or spontaneous after planting on all tliree islands; occasionally planted for ornament in Porto Rico; a fine group about 20 years old was seen at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Mayaguez, in 1923. Florida; Cuba; Hispanlola. Cuban Royal Palm. 2. GAUSSIA Wendl. Goett. Nachr. 1865: 327. 1865. Unarmed palms, with tall, flexible, tapering, slender trunks enlarged at the base, coarse woody rock-clasping roots, few, pinnate leaves with narrow segments, and small, monoecious panicled flowers, the panicles stalked, drooping. Flowers superimposed in 2's-5's, the lowest usually pistillate. Staminate flowers obovoid. the sepals distinct, imbricated; petals much longer than the sepals, concave, spreading ; stamens 6 with distinct filaments ; rudimentary ovary conic. Pistillate flowers rather smaller than the staminate ; sepals small, broad ; petals longer than the sepals, valvate, staminodes minute; ovary trigonous. Fruit obovoid-oblong, the epicai'p fleshy, the endocarp membranous, the seed rounded above, narrowed to the base. [In honor of Gauss, a German scientist.] Two known species, the following and G. princeps Wendl, the generic type, of western Cuba. 1. Gaussia attenuata (Cook) Beccari, Pomona Coll. Journ. Econ. Bot. 2: 275. 1912. Aeria attenuata Cook, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 548. 1901. Gaussia portoricensis Wendl. in Kerch. Palm, 245, hyponym. 1878. Trunk up to 25 m. high, or perhaps higher, the basal enlargement up to 2.5 dm. in diameter, tapering upward and 7-10 cm. in diameter at the summit. Leaves usually 4-6, about 1 m. Ipng. the petiole 2-3 dm. long; rachis angled; ARECACEAE 113 segments many, close together, the longer ones 3-4 dm. long, about 3 cm. wide, the upper ones much smaller and narrower, all acute or acuminate; panicles shorter than the leaves, the numerous slender simple or forked branches 2.5 dm. long or less; flowei's ses.sile; corolla orange-yellow, about 3 mm. long; fruit broadly obovoid, orange-red, nearly 1 cm. in diameter. The large roots bear long dis- tant spinulate projections. Rocky limestone hills and ridges in moist and dry districts, Porto Rico, abimdant on crags of the Arecibo limestone and in limestone crags near Ponce, Juana Diaz, and ViUalba and observed near Cabo Rojo and San German. Endemic. Llumb. 3. EUTERPE Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 1: 24. 1788. Unarmed palms, with tall, nearly cylindric trunks, pinnate leaves with narrow segments, the inflorescence with elongated slender, mostly simple branches the spathes 2, the outer one short, the inner elongated, the small white flowers sessile, monoecious, solitary or 2 or 3 together, when 3, the middle one pistillate. Staminate flowers with broad imbricated sepals, oblong valvate petals, 6 distinct stamens and a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with imbricated obtuse sepals, imbricated suborbicular petals and an oblong ovary; staminodes none. Fruit globo.se, small, the epicarp thin, smooth, slightly fleshy, the endocarp fibrous-reticulated. Seed globose, the endosperm ruminated. [Greek, pleasing.] Perhaps 10 species of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Euterpe globosa Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 1: 24. 1788. Acrisla monlicola Cook, Bull. Torr. Club 28: .557. 1901. Trunk nearly cylindric, up to 15 m. high, al)out 1.5 dm. in diameter, ridged by the leaf-scars. Leaves several, about 2 m. long or longer, the segments numerous, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, the longer ones 5-9 dm. long, 3-5 cm. wide; inflorescence up to 1 m. long; flowers numerous on the elongated branches, the sepals striate, the white petals about 5 mm. long; fruit about 12 mm. in diameter, black, shining; pericarp 1 mm. thick, the fibres of the endo- carp few; perianth more or less persistent after the friuts have fallen, cupulate; seed brown and hard. [Oreodoxa oleracea of Bello, not of Martins.] Momitain forests at middle and lugher elevations, Porto Rico, descending to about 600 m. :—Cuba; Hispaniola; Saba to Grenada. Palma de Sierra. Mountain Palm. Its leaves are used for thatciiing in the mountains, its fruits are eaten by wild doves. 4. CALYPTROGYNE Wendl. Bot. Zeit. 17: 72. 1859. Unarmed tall erect palms, with large, pinnate leaves; the monoecious small flowers in drooping, peduncled panicles subtended by 2 narrow spathes, borne in depressions of the panicle-branches, solitary or 3-together. Staminate flowers with 3, distinct, narrow, scarious sepals, a deeply 3-lobed corolla with valvate segments, 6 stamens with partially united filaments and a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with 3 lanceolate, scarious, imbricated sepals, 3 petals imbri- cated at least at the base and a 3-angled ovary. Fruit oval or obovoid, the epicarp fleshy fibrous, the endocarp thin, fibrous. [Greek, hooded pistil (?).] A few species of tropical America. Type species: Calyptrogyne spicigera (Koch) Wendl. 1. Calyptrogyne occidentalis (Sw.) Maza, Noc. Bot. Sist. 50. 1893. Elais (?) occidentalis Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 619. 1797. Geonoma Swartzii Griseb. Cal. PI. Cub. 222. 1866. Cocops rivalis Cook, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 568. 1901. Trunk rather stout, 5-10 m. high, bearing annular leaf-scars. Leaves 3-6 m. long, the sheaths short, broad, the short petioles stout, the rachis stout, gla- 114 ARECACEAE brous. 2-edged, the very numerous segments linear, long-acuminate, 5-8-costate, glabrous, the larger middle ones up to 8 dm. long and 6 cm. wide, those of young leaves much smaller; inflorescence pendulous, 3-5 dm. long, glabrous, twice branched, the flower-bearing branches cylindric, 1..5-2.5 cm. long, about 5 mm. thick, alveolate; flowers ternate at the alveoles, 4-6 mm. long; fruit oval, 8-12 mm. long, smooth, rounded at both ends, the epicarp thin; seed nearly orbicular. Banks of streams, vicinity of San Sebastian, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; His- paniola. 5. BACTRIS Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Am. 279. 1763. Erect prickly palms, with regularly or irregularly pinnatisect leaves, the small monoecious flowers in dropping panicles subtended by 2 prickly spathes. Staminate flowers with an annular or 3-parted calyx, 3 ovate or lanceolate valvate petals and 6-12 stamens, the ovary none or rudimentary. Pistillate flowers borne on the lower parts of the panicle-branches, the calyx various, the gamo- petalous corolla urceolate or cylindric, 3-toothed, the ovary 3-celled. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled, the endocarp bony, 3-porose at or above the middle. [Greek, a staff.] A large genus, the species, perhaps, as many as 100, natives of tropical America. Type species: Bactris minor Jacq. 1. Bactris acanthophylla Mart. Palm. Orl^ig. 70. 1847. Curima calophyLla Cook, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 561. 1901. Trunk slender, up to 18 m high and 2 dm. in diameter, armed with stiff, nearly black prickles 4-7 cm. long or becoming spineless. Leaves up to 2.5 m. long, pinnatisect into many, thin, nearly linear segments below, the terminal segment large, pinnately veined, deeply notched, irregularly short-lacerate, the linear lower segments 3-6 cm. wide, olMiquely subtruncate-lacerate; petiole, rachis and segments armed with nearly black prickles or mature leaves spineless; inner spathe up to 1 m. long, densely prickly; peduncle densely prickly; inflores- cence 6 dm. long or longer; flowers greenish-white, about 3 mm. long; fruit globose, red, about 1.5 cm. in diameter. Forests, and woodlands in wet or moist districts at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico. Endemic. Pauma de coyor. Coyuhe. Bactris Pavoniana Mart, is credited to Porto Rico by Martius (Palm. Orbig. 70). We have been unable to find more than one species on the island. Both it and B. acanthophylla were described from leaf-specimens only, collected in Porto Rico and, presumably, represent only one species. 6. ACROCOMIA ]\Iart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 66. 1823. Erect tall prickly palms, with stout, cylindric or fusiform trunks, regularly pinnatisect leaves with numerous, narrow segments, and monoecious flowers in drooping panicles subtended by 2 hairy or prickly spathes. Staminate flowers luimerous, densely spicate on the panicle-branches, with 3 small ovate sepals, a 3-lobed corolla with valvate segments, 6 stamens with filiform filaments, a rudi- mentary ovary present or wanting. Pistillate flowers few, large, borne on the lower part of the panicle-branches, the 3 small sepals imbricated, the 3 petals nuich larger, imbricated, the ovary 3-celled. Fruit subglobose, the exocarp thin, mucilaginous, the bony endocarp with 3 pores near the middle. Seed with white, oily endosperm. [Greek, referring to the armament.] About 15 species, natives of tropical Ameiica, the following typical- ARECACEAE 115 1. Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd.; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, 3: 286. 1845. Cocos aculeatus Jacq. Sel. Amer. 278. 1763. Acrocomia media Cook, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 566. 1901. Trunk cylindric or somewhat fusiform, up to about 15 m. high, 2-3 dm. thick, armed, often to the base, with rings of long black acicular prickles, or these at length deciduous. Leaves 3-4 m. long, the segments linear, shining above, acuminate, the larger ones 6-7 dm. long, 6-20 nun. wide; the rachis prickly; inner spathe densely pubescent and somewhat prickly, up to 6 dm. long: panicles 1.5 m. long or less, the peduncle prickly, the parts bearing staminate flowers 1-2 dm. long, the pistillate flowers only 2-5, distant; .staminate flowers about 8 mm. long, the stamens borne at the top of the coroila-tube ; pistillate flowers subglobose, about 10 mm. long, their petals suborbicular; fruit depressed-globose, about 4.5 cm. in diameter, smooth, yellowish, the seed edible. [Acrocumia sclerocarpa of Bello, not of Martins; A. fuslformis of Krebs.] Plains and hillsides at lower -and middle elevations, Porto Rico, in moist and dry districts, rare or absent in the wet eastern parts of the island; St. Thomas:—Jamaica; His- paniola; St. Kitts; Antigua: (iuadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; Grenada; Trinidad. Its wood is cut into walking-sticks. COROZO. Grugru. 7. COCOS L. Sp. PI. 118S. 1753. Unarmed palms, with pinnate leaves, their numerous segments narrow, their petioles concave above, the monoecious, bracted flowers mostly densely clustered among the petioles, the staminate uppermost in the clusters, smaller than the pistillate. Staminate flowers with 3 small valvate sepals, 3 oblong valvate petals, and 6 stamens with subulate filaments, the anthers linear. Pistillate flowers ovoid, the 3 thick sepals imbricated, the 3 coriaceous petals valvate, the ovary 3-celled, with 2 of the cells usually empty, the ovule ascending. Fruit l-seeded- often large, the pericarp fibrous, the bony endocarp 3-porose near the base. Seed with a hollow or solid endo.sperm, the embryo opposite one of the pores of the endocarp. [The coco-mit.] Perhaps 30 species, of tropical America and subtropical South America, the following typical one widely distributed also in the Old World tropics, its original home unknown. 1. Cocos nucifera L. Sp. PI. 1188. 1753. Trunk up to .30 m. high, usually 10-20 m. lieaves 3-6 m. long, somewhat drooping, short-petioled, the numerous linear-lanceolate, acuniinate segments shining above, 5-7 dm. long, about 5 cm. wide; staminate flowers 10-12 mm. long; pistillate flowers about 2.5 cm. long; fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, bluntly 3-angled, 2-3 dm. long, the fibrous husk 2-4 cm. thick, the bony endocarp 3-5 mm. thick, the hollow endosperm about 1 cm. thick, filled with a clear saccharine liquid, which ultimately disappears. Locally spontaneous after cultivation, Porto Rico; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—All tropical insular and coastal regions. The tree is luiknown anywhere in a wild state, but presumably is of American origin. Its fruits are one of the most important products of Porto Rico; the wood is used for posts and piles and cut into walking sticks. Besides planting for its fruit the tree is highly ornamental and the suburbs of Hau Juan in i)articular have many houses surrounded by the Coco-nut. A striking example of its use may be seen at P^nsedada, \n a very dry climate, where on an unproiiusing rocky point on Guanica Harbor many young trees were planted a few years ago, and by irrigation soon formed a beautiful grove, the shade ofwhich has made the charming garden of Mrs. F. T. Maxwell possible. Coco-NUT. Palma de Coco. Cocos plumosa Hook,. Brazilian, occasionally planted for ornament in Porto Rico, has rather flaccid leaves up to 5 m. in length, somewhat recurved, the narrowly linear, numerous segments 2-4 together along the rachis. 116 ARECACEAE 8. SABAL Adans.; Guersent. Bull. Soc. Philom. 3: 206. 1803. Unarmed palms, the stems erect, creeping or subterranean, the leaves pal- mately cleft, with a long petiole and a short rachis, the narrow segments bearing marginal fibres, 1-cleft or 2-cleft, the petiole concave above. Panicles spreading or drooping. Flowers small, perfect, white or greenish. Sepals 3, unequal. Petals 3, imbricated. Stamens 6; filaments subulate or lanceolate, united at the base. Ovary 3-celIed; style 3-angled; stigma truncate. Drupes solitary, with a thin epicarp and a fleshy pericarp. Seed depressed-globose, hard, the endosperm bony. [Name not explained.] About 18 species, of the southern United States' Bermuda, West Indies, Mexico, and northern South America. Type species: Sabal Adansonii Guersent. ]. Sabal causiarum (Cook) Beccari, Webbia 2: 71. 1907. Inodes causiarum Cook, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 531. 1901. Inodes glauca Dammer in Urban, Symb. 4: 127. 1903. Trunk up to about 16 m. high, usually lower, gray, up to 4 dm. in diameter. Petiole stout, 3-4 cm. wide, about as long as the blade; blade 2-3 m. in diameter, deeply cleft into long-attenuate segments 4-6 cm. wide, rather rigid, pale and glaucous beneath, Ught green above, the marginal fibres few, filiform; panicle much branched, as long as the petioles or longer, the numerous spathes 2-4 cm. long, the branchlets slender, spreading; flowers white, sessile, 3-4 mm. long; calyx 3-4-dentate; fruit globose, brown, smooth, about 1 cm. in diameter; seed brown. [Sabal umhraculifera of BeUo, not of Martins.] Valleys, liillsides and coastal plains, Porto Rico, most abundant in the southwestern districts. Endemic. Paijua de Sombrbro. Yaray. The leaves furnish the material for the very important hat industry and for making, basltets, mats and hammocks, and the palm has been planted locally. Sabal Blackburnianum Glazebrook, Bermuda Palmetto, Bull Teyer, endemic in Bermuda, has been quite commonly planted on St. Croix and St. Thomas where its leaves are used for making hats and in basketry and where it may, perhaps, sometimes be spontaneous from seed. It has a stout trunk often sheathed nearly or quite to the base by the persistent petiole-bases; its green leaves are about 2 m. broad, not at all glaucous; its panicles of flowers are as long as the petioles or shorter; the globose-obovoid fruit becomes about 1.5 cm. in diameter when mature and nearly black. This is perhaps, the palm recorded by Krebs as Corypha umhraculifera. A species of Sahal inhabits the sandy plain, West End, Anegada; neither flowers nor fruit have been obtained and the species remains undetermined. It has the appearance there of being indigenous. 9. THRINAX Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788. Unarmed, mostly tall and slender palms with nearly orbicular, palmately cleft, long-petioled leaves, the narrow segments mostly 2-cleft at the apex, the petioles flat, the inflorescence sheathed, paniculately branched, the small, perfect flowers white. Calyx and corolla more or less united into a lobed or truncate cup. Stamens mostly 6, the filaments connate at the base. Ovary 10-celled; style terminal, slender; stigma flat or concave. Drupes small, globose. Seed erect; endosperm horny, not grooved; embryo lateral. [Greek, fan.] About 8 species of Florida, the West Indies and Central America. Type species: Thrinax parvi- ftora Sw. Matm-e leaves silvery beneath. I: %: ^j'^'^*'??!!-^"' Leaves green on both sides, or faintly glaucescent beneath. 2. l. Mornsii. ARECACEAE 117 1. Thrinax microcarpa Sargent, Gard. & For. 9: 162, 1896. Thrinax keyenais Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 86. 1899. Thrinax praeceps Cook, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 536. 1901. Thrinax ponceana Cook, BuU. Torr. Club 28: 536. 1901. Thringis laxa Cook. Bull. Torr. Club. 28: .'545. 1901. Coccothrinax laxa Beccari, Webbia 2: 333. 1907. A tree up to 12 m. high, with a trunk 1.5 dm. in diameter, usually much smaller. Leaves 1.5 m. in diameter or less, deeply cleft into many narrow seg- ments, green and shining above, bluish or silvery-white beneath, the Ugule blunt or acute, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide; inflorescence 2 m. long or less, as long as the leaves or shorter; pedicels very short, disk-like; perianth about 3 mm. long; filaments nearly triangular; drupes 4-6 mm. in diameter, white, very nearly sessile. Limestone hillsides and cliffs, Porto Rico, and most abundant in the dry south western districts, wliere it forms extensive colonies; locally abundant on cliffs of the Arecibo limestone; Mona:—Florida; Bahamas; Cuba. Occasionally planted for or- nament in Porto Rico. The leaves are used in making brooms. 2. Thrinax Morrisii Wendl. Gard. Chron. 11: 104. 1892. A low palm, often flowering when the trunk is 1 m. high or less (said by natives of Anegada to become 6 m. high). Leaves 1 m. in diameter or less, green on both .sides or faintly glaucescent beneath, deeply cleft into many narrow segments; ligule ovate, obtuse, 1-2 cm. wide; inflorescence less than 1 m. long, about as long as the leaves; flowers sessile; perianth about 3 mm. long; fruit about 5 mm. in diameter, white. Sandy plain. West End, Anegada:—Angullla. A solitary tree of a species of this genus or the next was observed, with foliage only on Icacos Island, Porto Rico, in 1923. 10. COCCOTHRINAX Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 87. 1899. Unarmed, tall or low palms, with nearly orbicular, palmately cleft, petioled leaves, the petioles flat, the segments usually 2-cleft at the apex, the sheathed inflorescence paiuculately branched, the small perfect pedicelled flowers white. Calyx and corolla united into a 6-lobed perianth. Stamens 9-12; filaments subulate. Ovary 1-celled; style terminal; stigma funnelform. Drupes small, globose. Seed erect; endosperm grooved; embryo lateral. [Greek, berry- Thrinax.] About 10 species, of Florida and the West Indies. Type species: Coccothrinax jucunda Sargent. 1. Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd.) Sargent, Silva N. A. 14: 85. 1902. Thrinax argentea Lodd. ; R. & S. Syst. 7: 1300. 1830. Coccotrhinax jucunda Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 89. 1899. Thrincoma alta Cook, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 540. 1901. Thringis latifrons Cook, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 545. 1901. Coccothrinax alta Beccari, Webbia 2: 331. 1907. Coccothrinax latifrons Beccari, Webbia 2: 326. 1907. Coccothrinax Eggersiana Beccari, Webbia 2: 321. 1907. Coccothrinax Eggersiana sanctae-crucis Beccari, Webbia 2: 323. 1907. Coccothrinax sancti-thomae Beccari, Webbia 2: 303. 1907. Trunk sometimes 10 m. high, usually not more than 6 m., sometimes very short, 1.5-2 dm. in diameter. Leaves nearly orbicular, 7 dm. broad or less, cleft to beyond the middle into narrowly lanceolate, acuminate segments, bright green and shining above, silvery-white beneath, at least when yoiuig, the slender 118 ARECACEAE petioles about as long as the blades, their bases expanded into persistent fibrous sheaths; panicles short-stalked, mostly shorter than the petioles; pedicels 1-3 mm. long, thickened in fruit; flowers about 3 mm. broad; stamens usually 9; fruit globose, black, 8-12 mm. in diameter. [?Thrinax parviflora Krebs and of Eggers.] Hillsides, at lower elevations, Porto Rico, local in dry and moist districts; Vieques; Culebra; St. Thomas; St. Jan; St. Croix:—Florida; Baiiamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; Tobago; Trinidad. Only one tree was known on St. Croix by Eggers in 1876, and we could And only one in 1923. Silver Palm. Teyer Tree. Broom Teyer. Fan Palm. Phoenix dactylifera L., Datil, Date Palm, African, planted in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, forms a stout, rough trunk up to 10 m. high, with many stiff pinnate leaves 2-4 m. long, the very numerous linear pale green glaucous segments 2-4 dm. long, the lower ones spine-like; the inflorescence is a drooping panicle much shorter than the leaves, the plum-like fruit yellow to black, the linear-oblong seed grooved. Date cultivation has not been successful in our area. In Porto Rico and on Vieques trees have been observed apparently spontaneous from seed of planted ones. Phoenix canariensis Chabaud, of the Canary Islands, was seen as seedlings at the St. C'roi.x Agricultural Experiment Station in 1923, as also those of a hybrid between this species and the date palm. Phoenix reclinata Jacq., with a very stout, erect trunk up to 5 m. high or higher, the stitt" bright green leaves 3-4 m. long, with many linear segments, the lower segments very rigid and spinelike, the yellowish flowers in large panicles, is occasional in Porto Rico and Virgin Island gardens; it is native of Africa. Phoenix rupicola T. Anders., East Indian, occasionally planted for or- nament in Porto Rico, and St. Thomas, is a low species with bright green leaves, the segments not very rigid, the oblong, small fruit yellow, shining. Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc, Brazihan, grown at the Mayaguez Agricultural Experiment Station, has recurving pinnate pi'ickly-petioled leaves 1 m. long, witli many narrowly linear, dull green segments; the inflorescence is shorter than the leaves, the yellow globose fruit about 1.5 cm. in diameter. [Cocos capitata Mart.] Actinophloeus Macarthurii (Wendl.) Beccari, Australian, luxuriant in Porto Rico gai'dens, is a very slender, unarmed, pinnate-leaved palm .5 m. high or higher, the linear leaf-segments 2-5 cm. broad, subtruncateand lacerate at the apex, the rather large greenish flowers sessile on long branches of the panicle, the fruiting panicles drooping, dense, the ovoid pointed, slightly fleshy fruit about 1 cm. long. [Ptychosperma Macarthurii Wendl.] Corypha elata Roxb., native of India, or a related species, was represented in the collection at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Mayaguez, in 1923, by a splendid specimen, with a trunk about 6 m. high and 1 m. in diameter, its palmate leaves about 2 m. in diameter, the many segments narrow, the long petioles prickly. The tree was then about 20 years old, and had not yet flowered its actual botanical determination is therefore uncertain. Livistona chinensis R. Br., BouRBO^f Palm, Chinese, planted for orna- ment in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, becomes 6 m. high or higher, with reniform-orbicular, palmately divided leaves 1-1.5 m. broad, their stout petioles spiny, about as long as the blade, the narrowly lanceolate segments with drooping ends and with marginal fibers; the inflorescence is a large stalked drooping panicle, the small smooth globose fruits nearly black. ARECACEAE 119 Pritchardia pacifica Seem. & Wendl., Fijian, planted for ornament in Porto Rico gardens, is a low palm with bright green, petioled, nearly orbicular, incised leaves 1-1.5 m. broad. Licuola grandis Wendl., native of New Britain Island, occasionally grown for ornament in Porto Rico gardens, is a low erect palm with nearly orljicular, slender-petioled, rather thin leaves 4 (J dm. in diameter, their margins with many short lobes. Neowashingtonia robusta (Wendl.) Britton, Desert Palm, native of Southern California, occasicmally planted in I\)rto Rico, is unarmed, the palmate leaves up to 1.3 m. broad, slender-petioled, their numerous linear segments with marginal fibers; its inflorescence is paniculately branched, the small flowers white. Fine specimens, about 10 meters high, bearing the characteristic drooping with- ered leaves were seen in Mrs. Maxwell's garden, Ensenada, in 192.3. [Washing- lonia rohiista Wendl.] Neowashingtonia filifera (Linden) Sudworth, Weeping Palm, of Lower California, was seen as seedlings at the St. Croix Agricultural Experiment Station in 1923. Borassus fiabellifer L., an East Indian palm, was recorded by West as found on St. Croix iJi'ior to 1793 and by Krebs on St. Thomas prior to 1851; it is not known there at the present time. Caryota urens L., Toddy Palm, Wine Palm, Asiatic, occasionally planted for ornament and interest in Porto Rico, is an unarmed palm, reaching at least 16 m. in height but usually lower, with pinnate leaves 2-4 m. long, their segments obliquely wedge-shaped and toothed; its flowers are borne in large pendulous clusters in the axils and at the nodes; the tree dies after flowering. Caryota mitis Lour., Malayan, was seen as seedlings at the St. Croix Agricultural HLxperiment Station in 1923. Arenga saccharifera Labill., Sugar Palm, East Indian, occasionally planted for ornament in Porto Rico, is unarmed, has a stout trunk about 6 m. high, im- mense pinnate leaves up to 7 m. long, with many, dark green, linear-lanceolate alternate segments, the petiole-bases with black matted fibre-masses 6-7 dm. long; the pendulous inflorescence is 1-1.5 m. long, the depressed-globose fruit about 4 cm. thick. Rhopadostylis Baueri (Hook.) Wendl. & Drude, of the Norfolk and Chatham Islands, seetljiiigs of which were seen at the St. Croix Agricultural Experiment Station in 1923, is a pinnate-leaved palm with a slender trunk, the very numerous segments linear, the flowers in short panicles, the fruit in long drooping clusters, subglol)ose, red, about S mm. in diameter. [Areca Baueri Hook.] Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Wendl., Golden-fruited Palm, Madagas- can, planted for ornament in Porto Rico, forms smooth clustered slender yel- lowish trunks up to about 7 m. high; its light green, unarmed, pinnately divided leaves are 2-3 m. long with very numerous linear narrow segments, its fruits small, yellow* Howea Belmoreana (F. Muell.) Becc, Curly Palm, nativeof Lord Howe's Island in the Pacific Ocean, occasionally planted in Porto Rico, is unarmed and 120 ARECAGEAE becomes 6 m. high or higher, with pinnate leaves up to 4 m. long; the flowers are borne in elongated panicles, the fruit partly enclosed in notches. [Kentia Bel- moreana P. Muell.J Dictyosperma rubrum Wendl. & Drude, East Indian, also in the IVIayaguez coUectioji, has a crown of pinnate leaves about 2 ni. long and a rather slender cylindric trunk; the plant had not flowered up to 1923. Hyophorbe Verschaflfeltii Wendl., of the Mascarene Islands, occasionally planted for oi'nameiU in the Virgin Islands and luxuriant there, is an unarmed, pinnate-leaved palm 2-3 meters high, the numerous linear acute leaf-segments rather stiff, with recurved ends; the minute flowers are sessile on long slender panicle-branches; the oblong fleshy fruit is black, about 1 cm. long. Areca Catechu L., Betel-ndt, Asiatic, planted in Porto Rico, and St. Thom- as is an unarmed palm with a slender trunk up to about 15 m. in height ; the pinnate leaves are about 2 m. long or less with many, narrowly lanceolate, plicate seg- ments; the drooping, much branched inflorescence is siiorter than the leaves, the flowers small, white, the orange or scarlet ovoid fruit about 5 cm. long. Areca madagascariensis Mart., native of Madagascar, of which a flne specimen some 10 m. high, was seen at the Mayaguez Agricultural Station in 1923, is unarmed and has the basal part of the trunk enlarged; the leaves are pinnate, nearly 2 m. long, with many narrow segments diverging in several planes; the inflorescence is much shorter than the leaves. Elaeis guineensis .lacq.. Oil Palm, African, seen at the Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Mayaguez, in 1923, has pinnate, prickly petloled leaves about 3 m. long, with many linear-alternate segments, the petiole- bases flbrous-matted. The plant had not yet flowered. Young plants were .seen at the St. Croix Agricultiu'al Station. Martinezia caryotaefolia H.B.K., Gri-gri, South American, seen in 1923, at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Mayaguez, is a slender palm, the trunk armed with acicular spines, the spiny pinnate leaves 1-2 m. long, with oblanceo- late segments, the flowers in short clusters, the fruit edible. Rhapis flabelliformis L'Her., native of western Asia, frequently grown for ornament in Porto Rico gardens, is a very slender palm up to 3 m. high, forming colonies; its slender-petioled, palmately divided leaves are 2-3 dm. broad, the 3-10, linear segments incLsed at the apex, with spinulo.se margins; its flowers are in panicled spikes. The fruits of the South American palm Manicaria saccifera Gaertn, are occasionaly washed up on sea beaches of Porto Rico. Carludovica palmata R. «& P., Panama-h.\t Plant, Peruvian, occasion- ally planted for ornament in Porto Rico, is acaulescent, with flabellate, long- petioled, glabrous leaves, about 1 m. broad, cleft into many linearspreading and drooping segments; the monoecious, apetalous flowers are in dense pedimcled spikes, the staminate ones with many stamens, the pistillate maturing into a fleshy syncarp. This genus belongs to the Order Cydanthales, Avhich differs from the Arecales in being herbaceous plants with no perianth, or the perianth nearly rudimentary. ARACEAE 121 Order 7. ARALES. Perennial herbs, vines or rarely trees. Inflorescence in the Araceae a fleshy spadix, subtended t)y a spathe, or naked. The Lemnaceae are minute floating thalloid plants with few or solitary flowers on the margin or back of the thallus. Large plants, the inflorescence a spadix. Fam. 1. Araceae. Minute floating thalloid plants witli solitary or few flowers. Fam. 2. Lemnaceae. Family 1 ARACEAE Neck. Arum Family Terrestrial, epiphytic, oi- aquatic herbs, sometimes with an acrid or pungent juice, with thick fleshy tuberous rootstocks, conns, or erect creeping or climbing stems. Leaves alternate, radical or cauline, often with sheathing petioles, the blade simple or compound. Spathe green or colored, open to the base or the lower part convolute or tubular, wholly deciduous or per- sistent, or only the tubular part persistent. Spadix densely flowered, the staminate flowers al)ove, the jMstillate l)elow, or the plants wholly dioecious, or with perfect flcjwers in some species. Perianth, when present, of 4-6, sometimes more, free or connate segments. Stamens 4-6, rarely more; filaments none, or broad and flat, rarely filiform; anthers opening bj^ ter- minal pores, or by short or long loiigitutlinal slits. Ovary 1-several-celled; ovules 1-several in each cell, orthotropous, campylotropous or anatropous; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a l-many-seeded berry. Seeds with fleshy endosperm, or iKjne. About 105 genera and 900 species, mostl}' of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zone. Flowers monoecious; perianth none. Floating stoloniferous stemless herbs. 1. Pistia. Terrestrial, sometimes hygrophytic or epiphytic. Pistillate portion of the spadi.x adnate to the spathe, the staminate portion free. 2. Dieffenbachia. Spadix free. Vines, often high climbing, frequently rooting at the nodes. 3. Philodendron. Stems erect, or inclining, or acaulescent. Spadix covered wholly by flowers, the staminate above, the pistillate below, devoid of sterile organs. 4. Montrichardia. Spadix with sterile organs between the staminate and pistillate parts. Ovary with parietal placenta; leaves peltate. 5. Caladium. Ovary with central placenta. Leaves peltate; style none. 6. Cyrlospadix. Leaves not peltate; style annular. 7. Xanthosoma. Flowers perfect, all fertile; perianth segments 4-8. Leaf-blades entire; flowers borne on leafy plants; spathe flat or concave. 8. Anthurium. Leaf-blades and segments parted; flowers and fully developed leaves appearing at different times; spathe hooded. 9. Dracontium. 1. PISTIA L. Sp. Pi. 963. 1753. Floating stoloniferous stemless herbs with fibrous roots and monoecious flowers. Leaves in a rosette, with parallel veins raised beneath. Spathe small, tubular below, s])readinK above. Spadix adnate to the back of the tube of the .spathe, free above. Pistillate flowers solitary on the lower part of the spadix. Ovary 1-celled. Style obliquely erect. Stigma capitate. Ovules numerous, orthotropous. Staminate flowers above the pistillate, in whorls, each 122 ARACEAE flower composed of 2 connate, 2-cellecl anthers, opening by short slits. Fruit with a thin pericarp, many-seeded. Seeds rugulose; testa thiclc; embryo minute. [Greek, watery, refennng to the aquatic habitat.] A single variable species found throughout the tropical and su1)tropical regions of the globe. 1. Pistia Stratiotes L. Sp. PI. 90.3. 17.53. Pistia uccidenialis Blume, Rumphia l: 79. ISS.'i. An aquatic herb with numerous hair-like rootlets. Leaves sessile, occasion- ally narrowed into a i>etiole-like base, cuneate-obovate to oval, 3-12 cm. long. l.r>-5..5 cm. broad, arranged in a lettuce-like rosette, notched or entire at the broadly rounded or subtruncate apex, more or less scurfy pubescent on both surfaces, tomentose with long matted hairs at the base; veins prominent beneath, converging within the margin; spathes pale green or whitish, 1.2-1.4 cm. long, more or less vilk)us on the outside; ovary pubescent; fruit ellipsoid; seeds numerous, oblong. In fresh water ponds and streams, Porto Rico; .St. Thomas (cultivated and natural- ized in gardens) :—West Indies (except Bahamas) ; subtropical and tropical continental America; Asia; Africa; East Indies. Le<huguill.\ del rig. Watkk-letttice. 2. DIEFFENBACHIA Schott, Melet. 1: 20. 1832. Perennial herbs with rather thick cylindric, erect or inclined stems and pois- onous acrid juice. Leaves borne mostly at or near the top of the stem, the long, half-cylindric petioles sheathed to above the middle. Leaf-blades often varie- gated, lanceolate to oblong, ovate or obovate-oblong. Spathe narrow with an elongate fleshy persistent tuJje, the blade a little longer; spadix erect, the pistillate portion adnate to the spathe. Flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers with 4 or 5 stamens; anther-sacs shorter than the connective. Pistillate flowers with 4 or 5 staminodes; ovary 2- or 3-lobed, 1-3-celled; stigma sessile, depressed- globose, 2- or 3-lobed; ovules solitary in each cell, erect, anatropous. Berries included in the tube of the spathe which at length ruptures. Seeds globose or ovoid; testa smooth; endosperm none. [Named in honor of J. F. Diefi"enbach, a German botanist, 1794-1847.] About 27 species, natives of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott. Melet. 1: 20. 1832. Arum seguine .Jacq. Enum. 31. 1760. Arum seguinum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1371. 1763. Caladium seguinum Vent. Hort. Cels. 30. 1800. Stems 9 dm. or more long, the lower portion often inclined. Leaf-blade elliptic-oblong to ovate-oljlong, 22 40 cm. long, 12-19 cm. broad, rounded, slightly cordate or subacute at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, green or with white, more or less confluent stripes and spots; petiples up to 30 cm. or more long; spathe 18-30 cm. long; spadix white, as long as or shorter than the spathe; berries orange-red. Wet places Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; Tortola:—Jamica; Hispaniola to Grenada; continental tropical America. R.\baNO. Rabano cimarron. Dumb Cane. Ornamental races of tins or related species are commonly cultivated in Porto Rico and Virgin Island gardens. The sap is irritating to the skin and highly inflammatory to the tongue whence the name Dumb Cane. 3. PHILODENDRON Schott, Wiener Zeitschr. 3: 780. 1829. Stout or slender, often high climbing vines, rarely arborescent or subac- aulescent. Leaf-blades entire, lobed, tripartite, pinnatifid or 1-2-pinnatisect, ARACEAE 123 coriaceous or herbaceous. Spathe thick, fleshy, its tul)e convoUite, cylindric or swollen, its blade ovate, oblong or lanceolate, usually erect. Spadix erect, sessile or short-stipitate. Flowers monoecious. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2-6, united into a sessile obpyramidal body. Ovary 2-many-ceIled ; ovules few or numerous, orthotropous; stigma sessile, entire or lobed. Berry enclosed in the spathe, 1-10-celled, 1-10-seeded. Seeds ovoid, oblong or ellipsoid; testa thick, smooth or striate. Endosperm copious. Embryo axile. [Greek, tree-lover.] About 220 species, natives of tropical America, known as Bejuco de Calabaza. Type species: Caladium grandifolium Willd. Leaf-blades 0..3-3.6 dm. long, 1.5-20 cm. broad, usually not con- spicuously ribbed beneath, the lowest pair of ribs not exposed along the edge next to the sinu.s. Leaf-blades 3-12 cm. long, 1..5-7 cm. broad. Leaves variegated copper and green above, greenish-red changing to brownish-red beneath. 1. P. rnicans. Leaves green on both sides. Petioles with a dilated sheath extending to the apex; leaf-blades 3-7 cm. long, 1..5-3 cm. broad. 2. P. marginatum. Petioles nearlv terete; leaf-blades 8-12 cm. long, 4.5-7 cm. broad. 3. P. scandens. Leaf-blades 1.4-3.6 dm. long, 0.8-2 dm. broad. Petiole,s with a dilated .sheath extending to the apex or just below; leaf-blade rounded or shallowly cordate. 4. P. lingulatum. Petioles not sheatlied, or .sheathed to the middle or below; leaf-blades usually deeply cordate. Leaf-blades ol)Iong-ovate. 5. P. Krebsii. Leaf-blades broadly cordate-ovate. 6. P. oxycardium.. Leaf-blade 5-10 dm. long. 4-8 dm. broad, occasionally larger, con.5picuouslv ribbed beneath, the lowest pair of ribs exposed near the base along the edge next to the sinus. 7. P. giganleum. 1. Philodendron micans (Klotzsch) C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1854: App. 7. l.S.'}4. Solenosterigma micans Klotzsch; Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 134, as synonym. 1903. Philodendron micans hrevipes Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 26: 528. 1899. Stems very slender, greenish, the internodes 0.4 1..5 dm. long. Petioles 2-8 cm. long, slender, fleshy; leaf-blades herbaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long, 3.5-5 cm. broad, gradually tapering toward the apex, the base slightly cordate, above shining, variegated copper and green, beneath greenish-red changing to brownish-red. the margin red; midrib slendeir, white-punctulate toward the base; flowers and fruit unknown. In forests, Porto Rico:— Dominica; Tobago; Central America. 2. Philodendron marginatum Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 135. 1903. Stem slender, terete, i:5-2.5 mm. thick, rooting at the nodes, the internodes 1..5-5 cm. long. Petioles 1.5-5 cm. long, with a dilated sheath extending to the apex; leaf-blade ovate-oblong, .3-7 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. broad, more or less acu- minate at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, herbaceous, above with minute, rounded, whitish points; nerves more conspicuous beneath than above; inflore.scence unknown. Movnitain forests, Porto Rico. Endemic. 3. Philodendron scandens C. Koch & If. Sello, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1853: App. 4. 1.S53 A vine with slender terete or nearly terete stems. Petioles slender, 4 era. or more long; leaf-blades ovate, 8-12 cm. long, 4.5-7 cm. broad, occasionally longer and broader, long-acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base; veinlets slender, ascending; inflorescence unknown. On cliUs and rocky liillsides, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Trinidad? 124 ARACEAE 4. Philodendron lingulatum (L.) C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 2. 1855. Arum lingulatum h. Sp. PI. ed 2, 1371. 1763. Philodendron dispar Schott, Syn. Aroid. 79. 18.56. Philodendron Karstenianum dispar Engl, in DC. Mon. Phan. 2: 362. 1879. A high-climbing vine. Petioles 1..5-3.5 dm. long, conspicuously winged- vaginate nearly to the base of the blade; leaf-blades oblong-ovate to ovate, 1.8-3.5 dm. long, 1-2 dm. broad, often rather abruptly-acuminate at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base; peduncles 2-5 cm. long; spathe green without, whitish within, 1.5-1.8 dm. long, long-acuminate; spadix cylindric. short-stipitate. Mountain woodlands and shaded ravines, Porto Rico:—Saba; St. Eustatius; 8t. Kitts; fluadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent. Recorded by Krebs as formerly found in St. Tliomas. 5. Philodendron Krebsii Schott, Bonplandia 7: 164. 18.59. Philodendron Wrighlii Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 219. 1866. A high-cUmbing vine, sometimes 16 m. long, with rather slender stems. Petioles 0.8-2 dm. long, terete or nearly so, vaginate to the middle or slightly beyond on the upper leaves; leaf-blades oblong-ovate to ovate, 1.4-3.6 dm. long, 0.8-2 dm. broad, acute to acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, the ribs rather inconspicuous, the veinlets slender, numerous; peduncle 1-1.5 dm. long, often rather slender; spathe convolute, cylindric, 9-13 cm. long, 2 cm. or more in diameter; spadix sessile. [Arum hederaceum of Krelis, P. hederaceum, of Eggers, not of Schott.] Tliickets, wooded hillsides: mountain forests and limestone cliffs, at lower and higher elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas :-Cuba; Hispaniola. 6. Philodendron oxycardium Schott, Syn. Aroid. 82. 1856. A high-climbing vine. Petioles 1-2 dm. long; leaf-blade broadly cordate- ovate, 1..5-3 dm. long, 1.2-2 dm. broad, rather abruptly acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base; veinlets numerous, slender, peduncles 2-3 cm. long; spathe thick, 10-12 cm. long; spadix cylindric. [? P. hederaceum of Bello, not of Schott.] Hillside forests, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; Tortola:—Jamaica, Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Vincent; Guatemala; ? Venezuela. 7. Philodendron giganteum Schott, Syn. Aroid. 89. 1856. A robust, more or less sprawling or ascending vine, the thick caudex pro- vided with numerous long coarse aerial roots. Petioles stout, 6-10 dm. or more long, nearly terete, often flattened on the anterior side above the base; leaf- blades cordate-ovate, .5-10 dm. long, 4-8 dm. broad, sometimes larger, dark green and histrous above, the midrib and lateral ribs impressed, paler beneath, the ribs prominent, the veinlets slender, inconspicuous; peduncle short, stout; tube of the spathe oblong-ellipsoid, 6-8 cm. or more long, purphsh without when in flower, in fruit yellowish, dark red within, the blade sublanceolate, 1-1.4 dm. long, 4-5 cm. broad, convolute, acuminate at the apex, pale-green or yellowish; spadix sessile; flowers fragrant. Wooded limestone hills and forests, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas (according to Eggers); Tortola:—St. Kitts: Mont.serrat; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent; Trinidad. Occasionally planted for ornament in Porto Rico. Yautia cimarrona. 4. MONTRICHARDIA Crueger, Bot. Zeit. 12: 25. 1854. Arborescent plants of swamps or coastal marshes, with unarmed or prickly stems. Leaves rosulate at the summit of the stem, the petioles vaginate to the ARACEAE 125 middle or beyond, clasping at the base, the blades sagittate. Spathe thick, sheathing, at length deciduous. Spadix free, covered wholly by flowers, the staminate above, the pistillate below, devoid of sterile organs. Stamens 3-6. Anthers subsessile. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 1 or 2, anatropous. Style wanting. Stigma 4-lobed. Seeds without endosperm. [Commemorates Gabriel de Montrichard, of Trinidad.] About 2 or 3 species of tropical America. Type species: Caladium aculeaturn Meyer. 1. Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott, Araceen Betreff. l: 4. 1854. Arum arborescens L. Sp. PI. 967. 1753. Stem erect, 1-2.5 m. high, unarmed, or armed with short, often somewhat flattened prickles. Petioles 1.8-3 dm. long; leaf-blades sagittate-ovate, the basal lobes often equalling or longer than the terminal one; lateral ribs rather prominent beneath, the veinlets slender; spathe 10-12 cm. long, or sometimes longer, ex- ternally green, whitish within, the base purplish. Porto Rico (according to Bello):—Guadeloupe to Trinidad; South America; not found in Porto Rico by recent collectors. Yautia madera. 5. CALADIUM Vent. Mag. Encyc. 6^: 463. 1801. [CoLOCAsiA Schott. Melet. 1: 18. 1832. Not Link, 1795.] Coarse perennial herbs, tuberous or with a short erect caudex. Leaf-blades ovate-cordate or sagittate-cordate, peltately petioled. Spathe stout-peduncled, persistent. Spadix shorter than the spathe. Flowers monoecious. Perianth wanting. Staminate and pistillate flowers distant, the staminate above the pistillate with interpo.sed flat neutral ones. Stamens 3-5. Ovaries 1-celled, stigma .sessile or subsessile, depres.sed-capitate; ovules numerous, orthotropous. Berries obconic or oblong. Seeds oblong, sulcate; endosperm copious; embryo axile. [From Kelady, an East Indian name.] About 7 species, natives of tropical Asia. Type species: Arum esculentum L. 1. Caladium Colocasia (L.) AV. F. AVight, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9: 206. 1905. Aru7n Colocasia L. Sp. PI. 965. 1753. Arum esculentum L. Sp. PI. 965. 1753. Caladium esculentum Vent., Jard. Cels 30. 1800. Colocasia Antiquorum Schott, Melet. l: IS. 1832. Colocasia esculenta Schott, Melet. 1: 18. 1832. Colocasia Colocasia Lyons, Plant Names 111. 1900. A succulent plant with an edil)le, starchy, tuberous rootstock, the stout petioles often 1 m. long or more. Leaf-blades ovate-cordate with a triangular basal sinus, 3-4 dm. long, 2-3 dm. broad, sometimes longer and broader, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base; spathe pale yellow, 1.5-3.5 dm. long, stout-peduncled, the tube greenish; .spadix shorter than spathe, stipitate. Naturalized after cultivation in Porto Rico. Native of India. Cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Mamnga. Yautia Malanga. Caladium arborescens Vent., an East Indian species was recorded by Krebs as formerly grown on St. Thomas. 6. CYRTOSPADIX C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1853: App. 3, 1853. Acaulescent herbaceous perennials often with beautifully variegated foliage. Leaf-blades usually peltately-petioled. Flowers monoecious, the staminate ones 126 ARACEAE separated from the pistillate by numerous abortive ones. Perianth none. Stamens 3-5; anther cells dehiscent by apical slits. Ovary 2-3-celled; stigma sessile, entire or 2-4-lobed; ovules numerous, anatropous. Berries pyriform or clavate, included in the persistent tube of the spathe. Seeds ovoid or subglobose testa thick, grooved; endosperm copious; embryo axile. [Greek, curved spadix.] About 16 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Philodendron striatipes Kunth. 1. Cyrtospadix bicolor (Ait.) Britton & Wilson. Arum bicolor Ait. Hort. Kew 3: 316. 1789. Caladium bicolor Vent. Mag. Enc. 6^: 464. 1801. Xanthosoma sylvestre Bello, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 114. 1883. Rhizome depressed-globose. Petioles slender, 2 dm. or more long. Leaf- blades peltate, ovate or triangular-ovate, 1.2-4 dm. long, 0.7-3 dm. broad, acu- minate at the apex, cordate at the base, often beautifully colored above, glaucous beneath; spathe 7-14 cm. long. [?Caladium smaragdinum of Eggers, not of C. Koch & Bouche.] Peristent after cultivation for ornament, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix:—Dom- inica- Martinique; Guadeloupe; St. Vincent; Barbados; Trinidad; South America. Many ornamental varieties are under cultivation. Paleta del Pintor. 7. XANTHOSOMA Schott, Melet. l: 19. 1832. Herbs with thick erect stems, or acaulescent. Leaf-blades sagittate, hastate or pedately parted. Flowers monoecious, the staminate ones separated from the pistillate by numerous abortive ones. Stamens 4-6. Ovary ovoid, 2-4- celled; ovules anatropous, numerous in each cell of the ovary; style annular; stigma discoid. Berry 3- or 4-cellod, the cells many-seeded. Seeds ovoid; testa sulcate; endosperm copious; embryo axile. [Greek, yellow-body, referring to the stigma.] About 37 species, natives of tropical America, known as Yautia. Tanier and Malanga, much cultivated for their edible corms. Type species: Xanthosoma Jacquinii Schott. Leaf-blades simple. . , . ., Leaf-blades sagittate; margnial venis almost equally distant from the margin at all points. Stem of mature plants erect, up to 1 m. tall. Lowest pair of ribs exposed near the base along the edge next to sinus. 1. A. Jacquinn. Lowest pair of ribs separated from the smus by . , ^ ,. leaf-tissue nearly to the base. 2. X. sagittaefolium. Stem tuber-like, not developed above ground. Basal lobes of the leaf subtriangular; blade of the spathe yellowish white. 3. X. vwlaceum. Basal lobes of the leaf subrhomboid or semiovate, obtuse; blade of the spathe dull green. 4. A. atrovirens. Leaf-blades hastate, marginal veins varying from the . margin at different points. 5. A. brasutense Leaf-blades pedately-divided into 5-12 segments. 6. A. licHebonjoltum. 1. Xanthosoma Jacquinii Schott, Melet. 1: 19. 1832. An ill-smelling herb, with an acrid juice, and tall thick stem sometimes 1 m. long. Petiole 4..'>-8 dm. long; leaf-blade broadly cordate-sagittate, 3.8 dm. or more long, 3 dm. or more inroad; peduncles 1-3 dm. or more long; tube of the spathe ovoid, green on the outside, purplish within, 5.5-7 cm. long. 2. .5-3. 5 cm. in diameter, the blade 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-8 cm. broad, pale yellowish-green on the back, whitish within. Spontaneous after cultivation, Porto Rico:—Lesser Antilles; South America. ARACEAE 127 2. Xanthosoma sagittaefolium (I..) Schott, Melet. 1: 19. 1832. Arum saoittaefolium L. Sp. PI. 966. 1753. Mature plants with thick erectstems 1 m. long or more. Petioles up to 1 m. long. Leaf-blades sagittate-ovate. 4-7 dm. long, 4-6 dm. broad, short acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base ; peduncles 2 dm. long or more; tube of the spathe oblong-ovoid, 6-7 cm. long, 3..'>-4 cm. in diameter, the blade greenish white, 1..5 dm. long, .5-6 cm. broad, acuminate; spadix Shorter than the spathe; ovary ovoid. Cultivatod on Porto Rico; naturalized after cultivation on St. Thomas; St. Croix (according to Eggers):—Cuba to Barbados; South America. « 3. Xanthosoma violaceum Schott, Oe.sterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 3: 370. 18.53. Rhizome short. Petioles 3-7 dm. long, brownish violet ; leaf-blade sagittate- ovate, 2-5 dm. long. 1..5-4 dm. broad, pruinose, becoming green, paler beneath; peduncle 1..5-2 dm. long, 1..5-2 cm. thick; tube of tlie spathe 1 dm. long, 3. .5-4 cm. in diameter, purplish on the outside, the oblong-lanceolate blade yellowish white, 1.5 2 dm. long, 6-7 cm. broad. [Aconlia cubcnsis of Bello, not of Schott.] Naturalized after cultivation in Porto Rico. Cultivatad in the West Indies and South America, its native home unknown. 4. Xanthosoma atrovirens C. Koch & Bouche, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1854: App. 3. 18.54. Xanthosoma atrovirens Kochii Engl. Pflanzejireich 4=^ E: 50. 1920. Rhizome and tuber cylindric, yellow within. Petiole 3-6 dm. long, thick, blackish-green ; leaf-blades sagittate-ovate, 7-8 dm. long, 6 dm. broad, i)lackish- green above, grayish-green and pruinose beneath, the margin green; peduncle 1-1.5 dm. long, 1..5-2.5 cm. thick; tulje of the .spatlie oblong-ovoid, 8 cm. long, 4 cm. in diameter, green, the ovate-lanceolate blade 2 dm. long, 1 dm. broad, green, the apex purplish. Cultivated on Porto Rico (according to Engler); cultivated and naturalized on St. Thomas and St. Croix (according to Eggers): —cultivated in Cuba and Jamaica; native of nortliern South America. 5. Xanthosoma brasiliense (Desf.) Engl. Pfianzenreich 4^^ E:5S. 1920. Caladiam hrasiliensc Desf. Cat. PI. Hort. Paris ed. 3. 386. 1829. Xanthosoma hastifolium C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1854: App. 2. 18.54. Acontias hastifolius Schott. Prodr. 194. 1860. Petioles 2-4 dm. long. Leaf-blades ovate-sagittate or ovate-hastate. 2. .5-4 dm. long, with spreading oblong basal lobes; peduncles 1.5 dm. long or more; tube of the spathe oblong-ovoid, 5 cm. long, the blade oblong-lanceolate, 1-1.2 dm. long, 3-4 cm. broad, yellowish-green; ovary short-cylindric. Ravines, Porto Rico; Vieques:—Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent; Panama; Southern Brazil. 6. Xanthosoma helleborifolium (Jacq.) Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 15: 33. 1865. Arum helleborifolium Jacq. Ic. 3: 18. 1793. Caladium helleborifolium Vent. Mag. Encyc. 6^: 471. 1801. Acontias helleborifulius Schott. Melet. 1: 19. 1832. Xanthosoma helleborifolium angustisectum Engl. Pflanzenriech 4'^^ E : 61. 1920. Leaves one or more, the petioles 3-5 dm. long, mottled; leaf-blades 1-2.9 dm. long, 1.5-3.5 dm. broad, pedately divided into 5-12 .segments, the segments oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, 5-28 cm. long, 2-7 cm. broad, acuminate at 128 ARACEAE the apex, narrowed to a sessile base; peduncle 1 dm. long or more; tube of the spathe elliptic-ovold, 3-4 cm. long, green, the oblong-ovate blade yellowish- green, 6-7 cm. long, ovoid. Naturalized after cultivation in a ravine at IMayaguez:— Dominica; Martinique; St. Vincent; Trinidad; Central and Soutii America. Xanthosoma Caracu C. Koch & Bouche, has been cultivated on Porto Rico, according to Engler; it has cordate-sagittate leaves, green and shining above, pale beneath, 3-5 dm. long. Xanthosoma hastatum Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 99. 1879. This is an incompletely described plant, known only from its hastate leaves, recorded by Eggers as cultivated and spontaneous in forests in the Virgin Islands, used as spinach. It may not be a Xanthosoma. 8. ANTHURIUM Schott, Wiener Zeitschr. 3: 828. 1829. Terrestrial or epiphytic perennials, with creeping, climbing or arborescent stems. Leaves various, entire, lobed or parted. Flowers perfect. Spathe ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, thick-coriaceous. Spadix sessile or stipitate, cylindric or conic. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 4, the filaments compressed, the longi- tudinally dehiscent anthers extrose. Ovary eUipsoid, ovoid or obovoid, 2-celled. Ovules 1 or 2, anatropous or campylotropous; style short or wanting; stigma disc- like or oblong, somewhat 2-lobed. Berry fleshy, red, greenish, orange or purple, 2-celled, the cells 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. Seeds oblong; testa striate, granular or minutely punctate; endosperm fleshy; embryo axile. [Greek, tail-flower.) About 480 species natives of tropical America. Type species : Pothos acaulis Jacq Scandent sliriib, with slender stems and alternate leaves. Caudex slaort; leaves rosulate. Leaves palmately-ribbed at the base. Leaves broadly cordate-ovate or broadly triangular-ovate. Leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, rounded or subcordate at tlie base. Leaves coarsely reticulate-veined; spadix 1.5-3 dm. long, usually long-acuminate. Leaves not coarsely reticulate-veined; spadix 4-10 cm. long; spathe often abruptly acuminate. Leaves pinnately ribbed throughout. 1. Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3-: 78. 1878, Dracontium scandens Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 836. 1775. Pothos violacea Sw. Prodr. 32. 1788. Anth^irnim violaceum Schott, Melet. 1: 22. 1832. Anthurium leucocarpum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 53. 1857. Anthurium scandens violaceum Engl, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3-: 78. 1878. Anthurium scandens leucocarpum Engl, in DC. Monog. Phan. 2: 107. 1879. A rather slender scandent vine, with alternate leaves and conspicuous fibrous sheaths surrounding the internodes. Petioles 1.5-9 cm. long, slender; leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate or somewhat oval, 5-14 cm. long, 2-7 cm. broad, acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse at the apex, narrowed or occasionally somewhat rounded at the base; spathe oblong-lanceolate or lanceo- late, 1-2 cm. long, 2.5-5 mm. broad, green, pointed; berry globose or subglobose, white or violet; seeds about 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. in diameter. Commonly epiphytic on trees in mountain forests, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; His- paniola; Antigua; Trinidad; Margarita; continental tropical America. Guinda. 1. ARACEAE 129 2. Anthurium cordatum (Willd.) G. Don in Sweet, Hoi-t. Brit. ed. 3. 633. 1839. Pothos cordata Willd. Enum. PI. 168. 1809. Anthurium cordifolium Kunth, Enum. PI. 3: 76. 1841. Caudex erect, stout, 1-3 dm. high ; petioles 2-6 dm. long, channelled on the face, rounded on the liack ; leaf-blades broadly triangular-ovate, 3-4 dm. long, 2-3 dm. broad at the deeply cordate base, the sinus open; upper surface bright dark green, the lower paler; peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves; spathe linear-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, long-acuminate, green; spadix short-stipitate, 2-2.5 dm. long, brownish-green. On rocks in forests, St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola: — St. Kitts; Martin- ique. Sometimes confused with Anthurium grandifolium (Jacq.) Kimth, apparently recorded by Krebs as Pothos macrophyllus Sw. Occasionally grown for ornament in the Vii-gin Islands. Abmidant in the forest on Mt. Eagle, St. Croix, in 1923. 3. Anthurium Selloum C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 8. 1855. Anthurium macro phijlluni Schott, Prodr. 516. 1860. Caudex short. Petioles somewhat angled, channelled, 3 dm. or more long; leaf-blade broadly oijlong-lanceolate, 5-7 dm. long, 1.8-3 dm. broad, subcoria- ceous, acuminate at the apex, with a broad open sinus at the base, coarsely retic- ulate-vei!ied, light green; peduncle chaimelled and more or less grooved, 6-7 dm. long; spathe linear-lanceolate, pale-green, about 13 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad, acuminate; spadix 1.5-3 dm. long, short-stipitate. On trees and rocks in forests, St. Jan. Endemic. Erroneously cited by Engler as from San Juan, Porto Rico. 4. Anthurium dominicense Schott, Oesterr. Hot. Zeitschr. 8: 350. 1858. Anthurium dominicense Sintenisii Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 25: 418. 1898. Terrestrial or epiphytic. Petioles 1.5-3.5 dm. or more long, chanelled; leaf-blades, oblong-lanceolate to ol)long-ovate, 2-4 dm. long, 6-16 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, subcordate or rounded at the base; peduncle 1.5-4 dm. long; .spathe oblong or lanceolate, 2. .5-5.5 cm. long, 0.8-1.2 cm. broad, acuminate; spadix 4-10 cm. long; berry subglobose, apiculate, reddish. Mountain forests, Porto Rico:—Dominica; Martinique. Lengua de vaca. 5. Anthurium acaule (Jacq.) Schott, Melet. 1: 22. 1832. Pothos acaulis Jacq. Enum. 31. 1760. Anthurium acaule portoricense Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 739. 1891. Anthurium acaule brevipes Engl. Bot. Johrb. 25: 362. 1898. Caudex short; petioles 5-25 cm. long, 1 cm. or more thick, grooved; leaf- blades oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 4-8 dm. long, 6-27 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, sometimes abruptly narrowed below the middle and rounded or cuneate at the base, coriaceous, coarsely reticulate-veined; peduncle 2.5-8 dm. long; spathe linear-lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, long-acuminate at the apex, rufescent on the inside; spadix slender, 10-30 cm. long; " Ijerry bright red " ; seeds ellipsoid to somewhat ellipsoid-ovoid, aljout 4 mm. long, 2 mm. broad te.sta verrucose. [Recorded lay Bello as Anthurium Hucgelii Schott and A. lanceo- latuni Kunth.] Epiphytic or terrestrial on shaded hillsides, cliffs or ravines, Porto Rico, ascending to at least O.'JO m.; Cidebra; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; St. Crobc:—Hispaniola; Martinique; Tobago; Trinidad. Flor de culebra, Moca de pavo, Hoj.\ de costado. Anthurium crassinervium (Jacq.) Schott, Panamanian, recorded by Krebs as formerly found in St. Thomas, was iVresumably an error in determina- tion. [Pothos crassinervia Jacq.] 130 LEMNACEAE 9. DRACONTIUM L. Sp. PI. 967. 17.53. Tuberous herbs with long-petioled leaves, 3-parted leaf-blades, and perfect ill-scented flowers. Perianth segments 4-8. Stamens 4-6, in 2 series, rarely 9-12 and in 3 or 4 series. Filiments dilated. Anther-sacs narrowly elliptic, dehiscent at the apex. Ovary incompletely 2-.5-celled; ovules solitary in the cells, anatropous or campylotropous; stigma 2-5-parted. Fruit baccate, indis- tinctly 2-5-lobed, 2-5-celled, the cells 1-seeded. Seeds round-reniform, some- what compressed ; embryo curved. [Derived from the Greek for dragon.) About 10 species, natives of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Dracontium polyphyllum L. Sp. PI. 967. 1753. Acaulescent. Petioles 1 m. or more long, the base 2-3 cm. thick, more or less mottled ; blade 7-8 dm. long and about as wide, 3-parted, the middle segment usually 3-parted from the middle, the two lateral often 2-parted below the middle, the secondary division irregularly pinnately-parted ; peduncle of the flower-bearing spathe very short, about 1..5 cm. long, smooth below, verrucose toward the apex; spathe oblong, deep violet, 1.5 dm. long, 7 dm. broad, cuspidate- acuminate; spadix short-stipitate, purpUsh; berry subglobose, 8-10 mm. long, crowned with a short stigma. In fields, Porto Rico:—Hispaniola; Guiana. Gu.\PA. Monstera deliciosa Liebm., a native of Mexico and Central America, is occasionally planted iTi Porto Rican gardens. It is a high climbing vine, some- times 7 m. or more long, the thick cylindric stems provided with long rope-like aerial roots, the broad pinnatifid and perforated coriaceous evergreen leaves 3-6 dm. or more long, the broad boat-Uke spathes 2-2.5 dm. long, the mature cylindric spadix edible. Aglaeonema pictum Kunth, of Sumatra, grown for ornament in Porto Rico gardens has slender stems about 6 dm. long, ovate blotched leaves 10-15 cm. long, the spathe about 5 cm. long. Spathiphyllum lanceifolium (.Jacq) Schott, Venezuelan, recorded by Krobs as growing in St. Thomas prior to 1851, has elliptic lanceolate leaves 3-5 dm. long and a white spathe about 1.5 dm. long. [Dracontium lanceifolium Jacq.] Arum pictum L., of Corsica and Sardinia, also recorded by Krebs as grown on St. Thomas prior to 1851, is a tuberous plant, with long-petioled ovate cordate leaves about 1.5 dm. long, the short-peduncled spathe 7-9 cm. long. Alocasia metallica Schott, Malayan, grown in Virgin Island and Porto Rican gardens, is an ornamental aroid, acaulescent, with i)urple petioled ovate sagittate leaves up to 1.5 meters long, the scapes 2-3 dm. long, the white spathe 1-1.5 dm. long. Family 2. LEMNACEAE Duniort. Duck-weed Family. Small or minute floating herbaceous perennial stemless plants, consisting of disc-like, elongated or irregular fronds, with sometimes one or more rootlets Inflorescence consisting of 1 pistillate and 1 or 2 staminate flowers, born on the edge on the upper surface of the frond. Staminate flower of a single stamen, with 2-4 pollen-sacs. Pistillate flowers of a single flask-like pistil with 1-several ovules. Fruit a 1-7-seeded utricle. The family comprises the smallest of the flowering plants and contains 4 genera and about 26 species of wide distribution. Rootlet soUtary. , . , . 1- ^^^tZela Rootlets several, fascicled. 2. bptroaeia. XYRIDACEAE 131 1. LEMNA L. Sp. PI. 970. 1753. Fronds 1-5-nerved. Rootlets solitary, without fibro-vascular bundles. Anthers bilocollate, dehiscing transversely. Ovary 1-celled; style and truncate or funnel-shaped stigma simple. Fruit more or less ribbed. Endosperm of the seed in one or three layers. (An old Greek name, probably referring to the swampy habitat.] About 10 species of temperate and tropical regions. Known as Dock-Weed. Types pecies: Lemna trisiilca Li. 1. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 24.'). 1S43. Lemna paucicoslata Hegelm.; Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. ed. 5, G81. 1868. Fronds oblong to obovate, 2-3.5 mm. long. 1.2-2.5 mm. broad, obscurely 3-nerved, solitary or coherent; rootcap pointed; fruit ovoid to oblong-ellipsoid, ending in a rather prominent eccentric style; .seed ellipsoid or ovoid, somewhat compressed; seed-coat thick, ribs prominent. In still fresh water, Porto Rico; St. Croix; St. Jan (according to Eggers) :—West Indies; continental America; also reported from the Old World. 2. SPIRODELA Schleid. Linnaea 13: 391. 1839. Fronds .5-15-nerved. Rootlets several, fascicled, provided with a single bundle of vascular tissue. Anthers bilocellate, dehiscing longitudinally. Fruit rounded, lenticular, with winged margins. [Greek, in allusion to the cluster of rootlets.] Two or three species, the following typical. 1. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Linnaea 13: 392. 1839. Lemna polyrhiza L, Sp. Pi. 970. 1753. Fronds eUiptic-obovate to orbicular-obovate, .3-8 mm. long, 1.8-G mm. l)road, dark green above, slightly convex and purple beneath, thick, palmately .5-15- nerved. Ditches, rivers and lakes, Porto Rico:—Almost cosmopolitan. Orders. XYRIDALES. Terrestrial, bog-inhalMting, or epipliytic i)lants. Flowers usually com- plete, their parts mostly in 3's or 6 s. Corolla regular or nearly so (except ill some Commelinaceae) . Ovary superior or inferior. Fruit a capsule or utricle, or baccate. Seed with mealy endosperm. Ovary 1-celled. l^am. 1. Xyridaceae. Ovary 2-3-celled. Sepals 3; petals 3. Epiphytic or terrestrial plants; leaves scurfy; inflorescence usually spicate or paniculate, often with conspicuous bracts. Fam. 2. Bromeuaceae. Terrestrial herbs; leaves not scurfy; inflorescence cymose or umbellate, commonly subtended by a' spathe-like or leaf-like involucre. Fam. 3. Commelinaceae. Perianth 0-lobed. Fam. 4. Pontederiaceae. Family 1. XYRIDACEAE Lindl. Yellow-eyeu (jiiASS Family. Annual or perennial herbs, with narrow leaves sheathing the base of a naked scape. Flowers perfect, single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, whi(;li are densely imbricated in a head. Sepals 3, the two lateral ones small, boat-shaped," persistent, the third one larger, membranous (or 132 BROMELIACEAE wanting). Petals 3, yellow or sometimes white, with claws, which cohere more or less. Fertile stamens 3, inserted on the claws of the petals, usually alternating with 3 ])lumose or bearded staminodia. Ovary 1-celled or in- completely 3-celled, with 3 parietal jjlacentae. Ovules numerous, ortho- tropous. Stigmas 3, terminal. Fruit an oblong 3-valved capsule. Em- bryo apical. Endosperm fleshy. The family comprises 2 genera and about 50 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions of both the Old World and the New. 1. XYRIS [Gronov.l L. Sp. PI. 42. 1753. Characters of the family. [Greek name for some plant with 2-edged leaves. About 40 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions, known as Yellow-eyed Grass. Type species: Xyris indica L. Lateral sepals included; leaf-blades 2.5-5.5 mm. broad. 1. X. Jupicai. Lateral sepal.s exserted; leaf-blades 1.5-2.5 mm. broad. 2. X. Elliottii. 1. Xyris Jupicai L. C. Rich, in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris l: 106. 1792. Xyris communis Kunth, Enum. 4: 12. 1843. Leaves linear, 2. .5-5.5 mm. broad. Scapes solitary or clustered, 2-6 dm. tall, often somewhat flattened, the edges minutely roughened; sheath shorter than the leaves; mature spikes ellipsoid or ovoid, 10-20 mm. long, 6-8 mm. broad lateral sepals 4-5 mm. long, included; wing narrower than the sepal-body, fimbriate to below the middle. [Xyris americana of Bello, not of Aublet.] Moist sandy soil, northern coastal plain, Porto Rico:—southeastern United States; Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Trinidad; Central and South America. 2. Xyris Elliottii Chapm. Fl. S. States 500. 1860. Xyris brevifolia Ell; Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 52. 1816. Not Michx. 1803. Leaves narrowly linear, grass-like, 1-2.5 mm. broad, often somewhat twisted. Scapes 2-5 dm. tall, twisted, flattened, 2-edged throughout or only 1-edged below, roughish on the edges; sheath shorter than the leaves; spikes ellipsoid, or somewhat ovoid, 8-18 mm. long, 5-7 mm. broad; bracts with thin eroded edges; lateral sepals 4.5-5 mm. long, exserted; wing incised-lacerate above the middle. In moist sandy places, Porto Rico:—southeastern United States; Cuba. Family 2. BROMELIACEAE J. St. Hil. Pine-Apple Family. Mostly epiphytic herbs, some species terrestrial, mostly scurfy or lepi- dote, with elongated, entire or spinulose-serrate leaves. Flowers spiked, panicled, or solitary, regular and perfect, usually conspicuously bracted. Perianth of 3 thin distinct or somewhat united sepals, and 3 clawed distinct or united petals. Stamens 6, usually inserted on the base of the corolla. Ovary inferior or superior, 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity, ana- tropous; style short or elongated; stigmas 3. Fruit capsular or baccate, sometimes fleshy. Seeds numerous, naked, winged or plumose, the testa luembranous. Embryo small, situated at the base of the copious endosperm. About 45 genera and 900 species, all natives of tropical and subtropical America. 1. 134 • BROMELIACEAE mucronate or spinulose-tipped. Petals distinct or nearly so, flat, acute, eligulate. Filaments flliform or somewhat dilated; anthers nearly linear; pollen-grains with 4 pores. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; style rather stout; ovules numerous, caudate or naked. Fruit indehiscent, not fleshy, crowned by the persistent sepals. Seeds curved, unappendagod. [Commemorates Hohenberg, an obscure botanist.] About 30 species, natives of the West Indies, northern South America and Brazil. Type species: Hohenhergia slellala Schultes f. Bracteoles 1-1.5 cm. long; spikes 2-3 cm. long. Leaves abruptly acute; inflorescence floccose; lower spikes stalked. 1- H. porioricensis. Leaves gradually attenuate: inflorescence glabrous; spikes sessile or the lower ones short-stalked. 2. H. atlenuala. Bracteoles about 2.5 cm. long; spikes 4-0 cm. long, short-stalked or sessile. 3. H. anhllana. 1. Hohenbergia portoricensis Mez, in DC. Mon. Phan. 9: 136. 189G. Leaves subchartaceous, little dilated at the base, minutely lepidote at least beneath, 4-6 dm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, the spinulose tip abruptly acute, the margins armed with spinules about 1 mm. long. Scape slender, glabrous, more or less shorter than the leaves, its sheaths lanceolate, long-acuminate, sometimes spinulose-margined ; inflorescence 2-3 dm. long, loosely floccose; bracts similar to the sheaths of the scape; spikes several, rather distant, ellipsoid, 2-3 cm. long, the lower ones on stalks about 2 cm. long, the stalks of the upper ones shorter; bracteoles broadly ovate, strongly veined, 1-1.5 cm. long, tipped with a rather stout spine; sepals &-7 mm. long, sjnne-tipped ; fruit shorter than the bractlets. On trees and rocks in the eastern mountains of Porto Rico. Endemic. 2 Hohenbergia attenuata Britton, sp. nov. Leaves subcoriaceous, little dilated at the base, minutely lepidote beneath, 2-4 cm. wide, the apex gradually attenuate into a spine 1-1..5 cm. long, the margins armed with curved spinules 1-1.5 mm. long. Scape rather slender, glabrous, much shorter than the leaves, its narrowly lanceolate sheaths spinulose- margined; inflorescence 1-3 dm. long, glabrous; bracts similar to the sheaths of the scape; spikes several, approximate, 2-3 cm. long, all short-stalked or sessile; bracteoles ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-1.3 cm. long, attenuate into a rather weak spine. On rocks. Sierra de Naguabo. Endemic. Type from hillsides near Rio Icaco (Shafer 3567); a\so on homa. lca.co (Shafer SJ/Ol.) „ ^ „ ,„„„. A leaf of a barren plant at Hato Arriba near Arecibo {Britton & Cornell 7 98/) may be referable to this species. 3. Hohenbergia antillana Mez, in DC. Mon. Phan. 9: 137. 1896. Leaves coriaceous, stiff, slightly dilated at the base, den.sely minutely lepi- dote beneath, 5-12 cm. wide, often 1.5 m. long, the apex gradually or rather abruptly acute, and spine-tipped, the marginal spinules of the upper part minute, those of the lower part curved, 1-2.5 mm. long, or some leaves nearly unarmed marginally. Scape stout, white-farinose, much shorter than the leaves, its chartaceous sheaths lanceolate, spine-tipped and usually spinulose-margined, appressed; inflorescence dense, 1-3 dm. long, floccose, tlie spikes 4-6 cm. long, approximate, sometimes as many as 24, the lower ones on stalks 1.5-2.5 cm. long; bracts .similar to the sheaths of the scape; bracteoles 2-2.5 cm. long, broadly ovate, striate-veined, acute, tipped with short stout .spines; sepals about 1 cm. long; petals about 1.5 cm. long; fruit 2-winged, about 8 mm. in diameter. On shaded limestone rocks and also on trees, northern districts of Porto Rico and near Guanica. Endemic. BROMELIACEAE 135 3. WITTMACKIA Mez, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3': 274. 1891. Large epiphytic or terrestrial herbs, with nearly linear spinulose-margined leaves, the scapose inflorescence paniculate. Flowers perfect. Sepals distinct or nearly so, laterally membranous, winged, the apex spinulose. Petals linear, acute, distinct, eligulate, recurved at ant-hesis. Stamens 0, not as long as the petals; filaments slender, dilated at the base; anthers ellipsoid; pollen-grains 2- porose. Ovary inferior, compressed, 3-celled; style filiform; stigma lobes elon- gated; ovules numerous. Fruit indehiscent, not fleshy: seeds curved, unappend- aged. [In honor of Marx Carl Ludwig Wittmack, German botanist, born 1839.] Four known species, of the West Indies and Brazil, the following typical. 1. Wittmackia lingulata (L.) Mez, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3^: 275. 1891. Bromelia lingulata L. Sp. PI. 285. 1753. Chevalliera HnauhUa Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 591. 1864. Leaves rosulate, rigid, .5-10 dm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, the base concave some- what broader, the apex rather abruptly acutely tipped, the margins closely armed with slightly curved prickles 1-2 mm. long, the under surface somewhat lepidote. Scape elongated, floccose when young, bearing lanceolate, acuminate bracts; branches of the inflorescence several, suberect, somewhat curved, 1-2 dm. long, flowers .sessile; bractlets linear-lanceolate, long-attenuate; sepals 5-6 mm. long; petals acute, 10 mm. long, much larger than the stamens; fruit 8-10 mm. long. Rocky thickets, 6 kilometers from Rio Piedras towards Caguas, Porto Rico; Vieques; Culebra; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:— Martinique to Trinidad. 4. ANANAS Mill. Ciard. Dist. Abr. cd. 4. 17.54. A terrestrial herb, with many, rosulate, linear, stifl" leaves, their margins densely armed with hooked prickles, the perfect flowers densely spicate at the summit of a short or elongated scape. Sepals distinct, erect, obtuse. Petals distinct, convolute. ligulate. Stamens shorter than the petals; filaments filiform anthers linear, acute, sagittate; pollen-grains 2-porose. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; style filiform. Fruit aggregate, syncarpous, fleshy and watery, the connate berries tipped by the withering-persistent perianth; seeds (usually wanting in cultivated races) unappendaged. [Name Brazilian. 1 A monotypic genus. 1. Ananas Ananas (L.) Cockerel!, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 19; 776. 1897. Bromelia Ananas L. Sp. PI. 285. 1753. Aiianas satmis Schultes f.; R. & S. Syst. 7: 1283. 1830. Leaves 1 m. long or less, 1-1.5 cm. wide, lepidote on both sides at sheathing base, the apex spiny, the marginal prickles horny, about 2 mm. long. Scape erect, mostly shorter than the leaves, its sheaths with si)inulose margins; spikes 4-10 cm. long; flowers erect-ascending; sepals 5-7 mm. long; petals violet, about 15 mm. long, clawed, dilated at the apex; syncarpous fruit in the wild plant usually not over 10 cm. long, in culture much longer. Sparingly established after cultivation in Porto Rico. Native of Brazil. Widely cultivated for its fruit in troiiical and warm-temperate regions. PiNA. Pine-apple. Pine-apples are one of the most important products of Porto Rico, especially on the northern coastal plain and among the haystack hills of the Arecilio limestone. 5. AECHMEA R. & P. Fl. Per. 3: 37. 1802. Acaulescent, mostly epiphytic herbs, with narrow, rosulate, usually spinulose- margined leaves and perfect flowers in simple or panicled spikes, or rarely race- 136 BROMELIACEAE mose: Sepals distinct or more or less connate, convolute. Petals convolute, connivent above, ligulate. Stamens shorter than the petals ; pollen-grains porose. Ovary inferior, 3 celled; style shorter than the stamens; stigma-lobes linear. Fruit baccate or coriaceous, indehiscent, crowned by the persistent sepals. Seeds roughened, unappendaged. [Greek, pointed, referring to the armament.] About 120 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Aechmea panicu- lata R. & P. 1. Aechmea nudicaulis (L.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 593. 1864. Bromelia nudicaulis L. Sp. PI. 286. 1753. Leaves linear, 3-5 dm. long 2-7 cm. wide, densely lepidote beneath, the apex more or less abruptly spinulose-mucronate, the margins armed with brown spinules 1.5-3 mm. long. Scape slender, nodding, often as long as the leaves, its sheaths narrow, unarmed; flowers in a simple dense spike 5-10 cm. long; bracteoles minute or none; sepals unsymmetric, distinct, the apex spinulose; petals yellow, acute, about 12 mm. long ; pollen-grains 2-porose; berry subglobose; seeds 2 mm. long, brown. On trees at lower elevations, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola; Trinidad; conti- nental tropical America. Aechmea paniculata R. «& P., recorded by Krebs as found on St. Thomas, is an error in record or in determination. 6. PITCAIRNIA ITRer. Sert. Angl. 7. 1788. Herbs, mostly terrestrial or saxicolous, the tufted linear leaves often di- morphous, spinulose-margined or entire, the flowers perfect, showy, the in- flore.scence usually scapose. Sepals distinct, convolute, acute or mucronate- Petals distinct, mostly red or yellow, ligulate or eligulate, narrow. Stamens as long as the petals or shorter; filaments slender, linear; anthers narrowly linear pollen-grains ellipsoid. Ovary partly superior; style filiform; stigma obliquely capitate; ovules numerous. Fruit capsular, septicidally 3-valved; seeds nu- merous, variously winged. [Commemorates Dr. William Pitcairn, 1711-1791.) About 140 species, natives of tropical America. Type species; Pitcairnia bromeliifolia T/Her. Bractlets short, mostly shorter than the pedicels. 1. P anqustifolin. Bractlets equalling the pedicels or longer. 2. P. latifolia. 1. Pitcairnia angustifolia (Sw.) Redoute, Lil. 2: pi. 76. 1805. Hepetis angustifolia Sw. Prodr. 56. 1788. Pitcairnia alta Hassk. in Verh. Naturk. Ver. Ned. Ind. l: 5. 1856. Leaves linear, sometimes 1 m. or more long, 1..5-2.4 cm. broad at the middle, glabrous above, white-furfuraceous beneath or glabrous, the margin distantly serrate throughout with small spine-like teeth ; peduncle slender, sometimes 6 dm. or more long; inflorescence many-flowered, branched, rarely simple; bractlet lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-8 mm. long, acuminate; pedicels ascending, 4-10 mm. long; .sepals oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-23 mm. long; petals bright red, 4.5-5 cm. long, acute; stamens nearly as long as the petals; capsule angled, 13-15 mm. long. On rocks at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas, St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola:—Cuba; St. Kitts to Grenada. BROMELIACEAE 137 2. Pitcaimia latifolia Soland.; Ait. Hort. Kew. l: 401. 1789. Hepetis latifolia Raeusch. Nom. ed. 3, 91. 1797. Pitcairnia ramosa Jacq. Eclog. 1: 1.54. 1811-1816, Pitcaimia latifolia furfuracea Baker, Brom. 92. 1889. Hepetis ramosa Mez, in DC. Mon. Phan. 9: 974. 1896. Leaves linear, 6-10 dm. long, 2-2..5 cm. broad, glabrous above, more or less white-furfuraceoiis beneath, armed on the margin near the base with few, small, dark brown spine-like teeth, occasionally also armed toward the apex; peduncles 4-6 dm. long; inflorescence branched or simple; bractlets lanceolate, 12-17 mm. long, acuminate; pedicels arachnoid-pubescent, 5-11 mm. long; sepals oblong- lanceolate, 16-20 mm. long; petals bright red, 4.5-5 cm. long, the apex acutish; capsule shorter than the calyx, 14 mm. long, 9 mm. broad. On rocks in forests, Porto Rico; St. Croix:—Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Eustatius to St. Vincent. Recorded by Krebs as formerly found in St. Thomas; it is not known to occur there at present. Pitcaimia bromeliaefolia Ait., Jamaican, Avas recorded by Krebs as found in St. Thomas prior to 1S51, the record presumably erroneous. 7. CATOPSIS Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 599. 1864. Epiphytic herbs, the basal leaves tufted, lepidote, entire, the flowering stem scapose, usually longer than the leaves, the inflorescence spicate or paniculate, the white or yellow flowers sessile. Flowers perfect or nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens shorter than the petals, those of pistillate flowers very short, with sterile anthers, tho.se of staminate or perfect flowers with slender filaments and ovate or elliptic anthers. Ovary of pistillate or perfect flowers ovoid or ellipsoid; style shorter than the ovary or none. Capsule septicidally dehiscent above the middle. Seeds thick, comose. [Greek, a view, the significance not evident.] About 16 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species; C. nutans (Sw.) Griseb. Leaves long-attenuate from a broad base; inflorescence paniculate. 1. C. nutans. Leaves lingulate, blunt or mucronate. Inflorescence paniculate; style very siiort. 2. C. nitida. Inflorescence simply spicate or of 2 or 3 branches; style about 2 mm. long. 3. C. sessiliflora. 1. Catopsis nutans (Sw.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 599. 1864. Tillandsia nutans Sw. Prodr. 56. 1788. Scape slender, 6 dm. long or less. Leaves light green, 1-3 dm. long, tapering from a base 2. .5-5 cm. broad to a long-attenuate tip; sheaths of the scape erect, ascending or nodding; inflorescence large, paniculate, sometimes 2 dm. long, or sometimes reduced to a few branches, its branches naked below, densely several- many-flowered above; bracts of the inflorescence attenuate, 2-5 cm. long;brac- teoles broadly ovate, rounded, brownish, about 6 mm. wide, shorter than the sepals; flowers 6-7 mm. long; sepals elliptic, obtuse; petals white, elliptic, rounded, a Uttle longer than the .sepals; style very short; capsule pointed, about 8 mm. long. On trees in forests, Porto Rico; St. Thomas, St. Jan, Tortola:—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua to Trinidad; Central America. 2. Catopsis nitida (Hook.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 599. 1864. Tillandsia nitida Hook. Exotic Fl. 3: pi. 218. 1826. Scape slender, about as long as the leaves or shorter. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long or the outer ones shorter, 2-4 cm. wide, lingulate, narrowed upward to the 138 BROMELIACEAE rounded, mucronulate apex; sheaths of the scape and bracts of the inflorescence short; inflorescence paniculate, sometimes with but few branches, the branches naked below, densely several-flowered above; bracteoles broadly ovate, rounded, shorter than the sepals, about 5 mm. long; sepals unsynunetric, elliptic, shorter than the yellowish white elliptic petals; style scarcely any; capsule pointed, aliout 8 mm. long. On trees in mountain forests, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Mar- tinique; Guadeloujje; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 3. Catopsis sessiliflora (R. & P.) Mez, in DC. Mon. Phan. 9: 625. 1896. TiUandsia sessiliflora R. & P. Fl. I'er. 3: 42. 1802. Scape slender, l..'>-3 dm. long, its sheaths short. Leaves Ungulate, 2 dm. long or less. 1.5-2.2 cm. wide, the apex rounded or obtuse and mucronate. In- florescence a simple spike 5-10 cm. long or with two or three nearly erect branches; rachis straight; bracteoles about one-half as long as the Ijroad sepals; petals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, white, about as long as the .sepals ; style manifest; capsule 10-12 mm. long. On trees. Sierra de Naguabo:—Cuba; Guadeloupe, Martinique; Tobago; con- tinental tropical America. S. DENDROPOGON Raf. Neog. 3. 1825. Pendulous, nuich-branched plants, with thread-like stems and branches, very narrow entire leaves and yellow or greenish flowers. Sepals distinct or very nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens long, the 3 inner ones borne on the bases of the petals; filaments filiform; anthers linear. Ovary superior; style coliminai-; stigmas short. c:'apsule septicidally 3-valved. Seeds erect, narrow, supported on a long funiculus which splits into fine threads. [Greek, tree- beard.] About 3 species, the following typical. 1. Dendropogon usneoides (L.) Raf. Neog. 3. 1825. Renealmia usneoides L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. Tillandsia usneoides Ij. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 411. 1702. Stems flexuous, hanging clustered in festoons from the branches of trees, 1-8 m. long, gray and, like the filiform leaves, densely silvery-scurfy all over. Leaves scattered, 2 8 cm. long, scarcely 1 mm. thick, their bases somewhat di- lated; flowers sessile and solitary or rarely 2 together in the axils of the leaves; sepals about 6 mm. long, pale green; petals yellow; stamens about as long as the calyx; capsule linear, 2 3 cm. long, at length .splitting into 3 linear valves. At lower elevations in dry districts, Porto Rico; St. Thomas, St. Jan, St. Croix: Florida; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Martin; Antigua to Trmidad; continental tropical America, south to Argentina. Barb.\sde Uc.\R. Sp.\nish Moss. Old Man's Beard. 9. TILLANDSIA L. Sp. PI. 286. 1753. Epiphytic plants with narrow entire leaves and white, yellow or purple flowers. Sepals distinct and separate or very nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens hypogynous or the thi-ee iiuier ones inserted on the bases of the petals; filaments filiform; anthers linear or linear-oblong. Ovary superior; style subu- late; stigmas short. Capsule septicidally 3-valved. Seeds erect, narrow, sup- ported on a long funiculus which splits ui) into fine threads. [Dedicated to Ellas Tillands. 1640-1693, Swedish botanist.] About 350 species, natives of warm and tropical America, known as Wild Pines or Pinon. Type species : Tillandsia utriculata L. BROMELIACEAE 139 1. Flowering stems leafy, their leaves smaller than the basal ones; stamens longer than the petals. a. Branches of the inflorescence loosely flowered. Flowers appressed. Flowers widely spreading. b. Branches of the inflorescence densely flowered. Leaves filiform. Inflorescence mostly not longer than the leaves; bractlets silvery-lepidote; spikes few. Inflorescence usually longer tlian tlie leaves; bractlets nearly glabrous; spikes several. Leaves flat or subterete, elongated, not Hliform. Bractlet.5 stiff, rigid. Inflorescence-branches subdigitate. Inflorescence-branclies pinnate. Sepals shorter tlian the lineate bractlet.s. Sepals as long as the bractlets or longer. Bractlets membranous or coriaceous. Plant.s without bulb-like bases; leaves gradually tapering from the base. Plants with distinct bulb-like bases; leaves abruptly enlarged at the base. 2. Flowering stems scajje-like; basal leaves setaceous-filiform; stamens shorter than the petals. 1. T. utriculnla. 2. T. aloifolia. 3. T. tenuifolia. 4. T. festiicoides. .5. T. fasciculata. 6. T. lincutispica. 7. T. poiystacliya. 8. T sublaia. 9. T. bulbosa. 10. T. recurvata. 1. Tillandsia utriculata \j. Sp. PI. 2S(>. 1753. Tillaii.ilsia ramuaa Swoot, Hort, Brit. 42ri. 1S27. Tillandsia Sintenisii Baker, Journ. Bot. 26: 12. 1888. I'laiits solitai-y or clustered on trees or .shrub.s, large, .soraetime.s 4 m. high. Basal leaves numerous, densely appressed-sealy, 3-7 dm. long, lanceolate-at- tentuate with bases gradually expanded, and .'V-10 cm. wide, the lower ones of the flowering stem similar, but smaller, the ui)per reduced to acute sheathing scales 2-4 cm. long; inflorescence usually much branched, the branches long, ascending or nearly erect; spikes lew-flowered; bractlets oblong, appressed, l..'>-3 cm. long; sepals oblong. 2-2..''> cm. long; petals white or nearly white, shorter than the sta- mens; capsules subcylindric, 4-5 cm. long. On trees, Porto Kico, in dry and moist liistricts; St. Tlionias, St. Croix;—Florida: West Indies; continental tropical America. 2. Tillandsia aloifolia Hook. Exotic Fl. 3: id. 205. 1S26. TillaiKhla Jlr.xuosa Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 7J,9. 1823. Not Sw. 1788. Plants usually solitary on trees or shrubs, 3-10 dm. long, the flow^ering stem much longer than the densely appressed-scurfy leaves. Lowest leaves ovate, acute, 8 cm. long or less, the next lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, 10-20 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide near the ba.se, those of the stem sheathing, acute, 2-5 cm. long; inflorescence panicidate; bractlets linear-lanceolate, concave, spreading, 2-3 cm. long; sepals ol>long, 2-2.5 cm. long; petals white to purple, about 2 cm. long; stamens longer than the petals; capsule cylindric, pointed, al)out twice as long as the bractlets. On l)uslies, Santurcc, Porto Kico:— Florida, Bahamas; Culja; Jamaica; Hispaniola to Trinidad and (Hn-acao; continental tropical America. 3. Tillandsia tenuifolia L. Sp. PI. ed 2, 410. 1762. Tillandsia setacca Svv. Fl. Ind. Occ. l: 593. 1797. Plants usually tufted on trees; leaves numerous, filiform-setaceous with a broader base, ratherstiff, 1-2 dm. long, grayish green andglabrate above, brownish lepidote toward the base; scape slender, ere(-t, usuaUy not longer than the lower leaves, its sheaths bearing filiform-setaceous blades; inflorescence stout, usually of 3-6, few-flowered spikes; bractlets coriaceous, concave, acute, silvery-lepidote on the back, somewhat longer than the sepals ; sepals coriaceous, 10-12 mm. long; petals nearly 3 cm. long; capsule cylindric, acute, about 2 cm. long; coma of the seeds white, about 15 mm. long. On trees in forests and plantations, Porto Kico: paniola; continental tropical America. -Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; His- 140 BKOMELIACEAE 4. Tillandsia festucoides Brongn.; Mez, in DC. Mon. Phan. 9: 678. 1896. Similar to T. tenuifolia, but larger, the numerous leaves up to 5 dm. long, filiform-setaceous with a broad base, brownish-lepidote below. Scape slender, often drooping, usually as long as the lower leaves or longer, its sheaths with filiform-setaceous blades; inflorescence of several or many, several-flowered spikes 3-4 cm. long; bractlets coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, concave, acute, longer than the sepals, glabrous or sparingly lepidote on the back; sepals about 17 mm. long; petals about 4 cm. long; capsule 2-3.5 cm. long, fusiform-cylindric, pointed; coma of the seeds white, about 17 mm. long. On trees especially in mountain forests, Porto Rico:— Florida; Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica. 5. Tillandsia fasciculata Sw. Prodr. 56. 1788. Vriesia glaiicophylla Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 4415. 1848. T. fasciculata venosispica Mez, in DC. Mon. Phan. 9: 683. 1896. Plants usually clustered on trees, the flowering stems stout, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves densely appressed-scurfy, lanceolate-attenuate, their bases 5 cm. wide or less, the lower ones often as long as the flowering stems, the upper smaller; spikes subdigitate, compressed, 5-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acute, many-flowered; bractlets oblong, acute, appressed, rigid, 2-3 cm. long, red or reddish; sepals lanceolate, about as long as the bractlets; petals blue, nearly twice as long as the sepals; capsules as long as the bractlets or somewhat longer, long-pointed; coma of the seeds white, about 17 mm. long. On trees in woodlands and forests, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan: Florida; West Indies; continental tropical America. A Porto Rico specimen was er- roneously referred by Baker to T. anceps Lodd. 6. Tillandsia lineatispica Mez, in DC. Mon. Phan. 9: 699. 1896. Leaves linear above a dilated base, densely lepidote below, about 6 dm. long, 2.5 cm. wide with long, rather stiff, thick, filiform incurved tips. Scape 1.3 in. high, stout, erect, glabrous, its sheaths with l)lades smaller; inflore.scence compact, about 3 dm. long, surpassing the leaves, paniculate; spikes erect, about 1.5 dm. long, 10 mm. wide, linear, the lower sometimes digitately branched bracts red, lepidote, erect, long-acuminate; bractlets marginally and apically violet-purple, coriaceous, carinate, ovate-elliptic, acute, about 2.7 cm. long, prominently lineate; sepals glabrous, lineate, about 2 cm. long; petals longer than the sepals. On rocks, St. Jan (Eggers SlOlf. according to Mez). Endemic. Tliis is pre- sumably the undetermined species recorded by Eggers as growing at Adrian, St. Jan. 7. Tillandsia polystachya L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 410. 1762. Renealmia polystachya L. Sp. PI. 286. 1753. Tillandsia angustifolia Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788. Plants solitary or clustered on trees or shrubs, the flowering stem 2. .5-4 dm. or more tall. Leaves linear or linear filiform, and often recurving above the dilated bases, the lower ones shorter than the flowering stem; spikes erect, 5-25 cm. or more long, many-flowered; bractlets ovate-oblong, erect or appres.sed, rigid; sepals leathery, elliptic or linear-elliptic, 14-15 mm. long; petals blue, nearly twice as long as the sepals; capsules cylindric-prismatic, 2.5-3.4 cm. long, acute. On trees In woodlands and forests. Porto Rico:—Florida: Jamaica; Cuba; Hia- paniola; Guadeloupe to St. Vincent; continental tropical America. BROMELIACEAE 141 8. Tillandsia sublaxa Baker, Journ. Bot. 25: 280. 1887. Plants solitary or clustered; leaves lanceolate, lepidote, 12-25 cm. long gradually tapering from the broadened base. Flowering stem as long as or longer than the leaves; spilve unbranched, compressed, 4-14 cm. long; bracteoles subcoriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, 1..5-2 cm. long; sepals oblong, obtuse; petals lilac, much longer than the sepals; capsule 2-2.5 cm. long; seeds 2.5 mm. long, their coma white, 1.5 cm. long. On trees or shrubs in forests, Porto Rico; Vieques:—Florida; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola. 9. Tillandsia bulbosa Hook. Exot. Fl. 3: pi. 173. 1826. Bases of the lower leaves bulbous-imbricated, suborbicular, 4-5 cm. broad, abruptly narrowed into a narrowly linear, subterete-involute blade 7-25 cm. long, appressed lepidote, spreading, the upper leaves with similar erect blades, but with narrow clasping bases. Scape shorter than the leaves or about equalling them; spikes 1-6, often 2, digitate, compressed, rather densely flowered, 4-7 cm. long, subtended by leaf-like bracts; bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, conduplicate, 1-1.5 cm. long, usually red; sepals oval, about 12 mm. long; petals about 2.5 cm. long; capsule cylindric, 3-4 cm. long; seeds 3 mm. long, their coma white, 2-2.5 cm. long. On a tree, Mayaguez, 1913 (IV. E. Hess, 58S):—Jamaica, Cuba; Martinique; Tobago; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 10. Tillandsia recurvata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 410. 1762. Renealmia recurvata L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. Stems clustered on the branches of trees or shrubs, sometimes on other objects, even on telegraph wires, often forming large masses, the leaf-bearing part 3-8 cm. long, terminated by a scajie-Uke, l-.5-flowered (mostly 2-flowered) very slender peduncle 5-12 cm. long. Leaves filiform-setaceous, al)out as long as the peduncle or shorter, densely covered with soft, spreading scales, their bases a little dilated; l^racts lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute, shorter than the bracts; petals blue, narrow, about as long as the bracts; capsule linear, prismatic, 2-2.5 cm. long. On trees, shrubs and telegraph wires at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas, St. Jan, St. Croix:—West Indies, south to Martinique; Florida and Texas; tropical continental America. NiDOS de gungulen. Tillandsia canescens Sw., recorded by Krebs from St. Thomas, is an error in determination. 10. NEOVRIESIA Britton. [Vriesia Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1843: pi. 10. 1843. Not Hassk. 1842.] Large, epiphytic Bromeliads, the leaves mostly tufted, lepidote at least beneath, the scapose inflorescence subspicate or paniculate, the perfect flowers often distichous. Sepals distinct, convolute, mostly obtuse. Petals distinct, convolute, ligulate, the ligules mostly emarginate. Stamens in 2 series; anthers elongated, dorsi-flxed. Ovary superior or partly inferior; style elongated. Cap- sule septicidally dehiscent. Seeds many, fusiform, comose. [Commemorates VV. H. de Vries, Professor of Botany in Amsterdam.] About 90 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Tillandsia psitlacina Hook. 142 BROMELIACEAE 1. Neovriesia macrostachya (Bello) Britton Caraguafa inacroslachya Bello, Ann. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 122. 1883. Vriesea macrostachya Mez, in DC. Mon. Than. 9: 601. 1896. Leaves thin, flexil>le, linear above a somewhat broader base, 5..'>-7..5 dm. loiif?, 5-8 cm. broad, often soiiKnvhat roinided and acute at the apex, Klabrous above, minutely lepidote beneath; flowering stem 4.5-S dm. or more tall; pe- duncle stout, stiffly erect; bract-leaves appressed, imbricat(;d; spike simple, 7..S-9 cm. broad; flower-bracts ovate-triangular, 3-5 cm. long; sepals elliptic, 2.6-3 cm. long, obtuse; petals broadly Ungulate; capsule-valves 4-5 cm. long, 1..5-1.6 cm. broad. On trees in niouutaiu forests, Porto Kico:—Cuba; Jamaica; South America. PiRIGALLO. 10. GUZMANIA R. & P. Fl. Tor. 3: 37. 1802. Epiphytic herbs with the basal leaves usually less attenuate than in species of Tillandsia, the sides above the dilated bases nearly parallel up to the abruptly narrowed apex. Inflorescence simple; flowers .solitary in the axils of bracts; sepals oblong, shortly connate at the base; corolla gamopetalous, the segments shorter than the cylindrical tube ; stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla- tube; anthers linear-oblong, united in a ring around the style by their edges; ovary 3-celled; style elongated; stigma short; capsule and seeds similar to Til- landsia. [Named in honor of Anastasio tJuzman, a Spanish naturalist.] About 20 species or more, natives of tropical America. Type species: Guzmania tricolor R. & P. Inflorescence short, rorymbiform. 1. (1. lingulata. Inflorescence elongateri, spicatc. Upper bracts of the inflorescence subtending barren flowers or without flowers. Bracts much sliorter tlaan the flowers; coroUa yellow, 5-6 cm. long. 2. G. Berteroniana. Bracts about as long as tlie flowers; corolla wliite, about 3 cm. long. 3. G. monostachi/a. All bracts subtending fertile flowers. 4. G. erylhrolepis. 1. Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez, in DC. Mon. Phan. 9: 899. 1896. Tillandsia lingulata L. Sp. PI. 286. 1753. Caraynata lingulata Lindl. Bot. Reg. under pi. 1068. 1827. Lower leaves nearly linear above a liroader, lepidote l)ase, 3-5 dm. long, the apex acuminate, the upper ones much shorter, forming a cup-shaped involucre. Scape stout, usually not longer than the involucre-leaves; inflorescence dense, several-many-flowered, corymbiform; bracts linear, usually red, longer than the sepals; sepals linear, 15 18 mm. long; petals white, linear, connate, rounded and hooded at the apex; capsule oljlong, short-beaked, about 3 cm. long; coma of the seeds red-brown. On trees in moxnitain forests. Porto Rico; Tortola:—.Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 2. Guzmania Berteroniana (R. & S.) Mez, in DC. Mon. Phan. 9: 904. 1896. Caraguata Berteroniana R. & S. Syst. 7: 1229. 1830. Tillandsia Caraguata Dietr. Syn. 2: 1059. 1840. Caraguata grandiflora Baker, Brom. 145. 1889. Leaves linear above a slightly broader base, rosulate, 3-4 dm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, densely and minutely Icpidote-punctate toward the base, otherwise gla- brous, the apex acute or acuminate. Scape much shorter than the leaves, stout BROMELIACEAE 143 inflorescence a simple dense spike 2-3 dm. long; bracts scarlet, cuspidate, the lower acuminate or acute, subtending flowers, the uppermost lanceolate, acute, barren; sepals 2 cm. long, broadly elliptic, rounded; petals yellow, 5-6 cm. long, coherent above into a tube; capsule pointed, about 3 cm. long; coma of the seeds white. On trees and banks in mountain forests, Porto Rico. Endemic. 3. Guzmania monostachya (L.) Rusby; Mez in DC. Mon. Phan. 9: 905. 1895. Rencalmia monostachya L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. Tillandsia monostachya L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 410. 1762. Guzmania tricolor R. & P. Fl. Per. 3: 38. 1802. Leaves linear above a somewhat broadened base, densely rosulate, 2-4 dm. long, 1..5-2.5 cm. wide, minutely lepidote-punctate, or becoming lepidote in age. the apex acuminate. Scape rather stout, much shorter than the leaves; inflores- cence a simple rather dense spike about as long as the scax)e, shorter than the leaves; bracts pale green, sometimes brownish-veined, broadly ovate, acuminate or acute, the lower subtending perfect flowers, the upper barren; sepals obovate, nearly 2 cm. long, connate below; petals about 3 cm. long, white, partly coherent into a tube, their apices rounded; capsule 2-2.5 cm. long; coma of seeds white. On trees in coffee plantations and in forests, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; His- paniola; Tobago; Trinidad; Florida and continental tropical America. 4. Guzmania erythrolepis Brongn. ; Planch. Fl. Serres II. 1: 25, pi. 1089. 1856. Leaves nearly or quite lepidote when mature, linear above an oval base, 4 dm. long or less, 3-4 cm. wide, the apex acute or acuminate. Scape short and stout; inflorescence a dense many-flowered spike 1-3 dm. long; bracts scarlet, membranous, broadly ovate, the lower acuminate or acute, the upper acute, obtuse or rounded, all subtending perfect flowers; sepals about 2 cm. long, elliptic rounded; petals 3. .5-4 cm. long, connate, white. Forest on Monte Alegrillo:—Jamaica; Cuba. 11. THECOPHYLLUM E. Andre, Bromel. Andreanae 107. 1889. Acaulescent epiphytic herbs resembling species of Guzmania. Inflorescence mostly paniculate, with 2 or more flowers in the axils of tlie bracts; sepals erect, imbricated, shortly connate at the base; corolla gamopetalous; stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla-tube; filaments short; anthers free; ovary 3-celled; style long; stigmas linear; capsule oblong-trigonous, septicidally dehiscent; seeds numerous. [Greek, pouch-leaf.] About 12 species, natives of tropical America. Type species, Thccophyllum Witlmackii E. Andre. 1. Thecophyllum Sintenisii (Baker) Mez, Bull. Herb. Bolss. II. 3: 131. 1903. Caraguata Sintenisii Baker, Brom. 145. 1889. Guzmania Sintenisii Mez, in DC. Mon. Phan. 9: 920. 1896. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 dm. long, 3-4 cm. broad, lepidote-punctate; flowering stem 4-6 dm. long; bract-leaves large, lanceolate; inflorescence lax; bracts ovate, bright red, 4-9 cm. long; flowers sessile, usually 2 in the axils of each bract; sepals oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long, obtuse; corolla-tube cylindric, the lobes oblong; capsule valves 2.5-3 cm. long. On trees in mountain woodlands, Porto Kico:—Jamaica; Cuba, 144 COMMELINACEAE Dyckia sulphurea K. Koch, Argentinian, establislied by Mr. Arthur S. Fair- chilrl at Louisenhoj, St. Thomas, has stiff lanceolate spine-tipped leaves 10-12 cm. long in a dense rosette, the racemose inflorescence 4-6 dm. tall, the sulphur- yellow flowers about 1.5 cm. long. Family 3. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. Spiderwort Family. Perennial or annual succulent herbs, with regular or irregular perfect and often showy flowers in cymes or umbels, commonly subtended by spathe- like or leafy bracts. Perianth of 2 series; a calyx of mostly 3 persistent sepals and a corolla of mostly 3 membranous and deciduous or fugacious petals. Stamens mostly 6, usually hypogynous, rarely fewer, all similar and perfect or 2 or 3 of them different from the others and sterile; filaments filiform or somewhat flattened; anthers 2-celled, mostly longitudinally de- hiscent. Ovarv superior, 2- or 3-celled; ovules solitary or several in each cell, orthotropous; style simple; stigmas terminal, entire or obscurely 2- or 3-lobed. Seeds solitary or several in each cell of the capsule. Capsule 2- or 3-celled, loculicidally 2- or 3-valved, or the fruit indehiscent. Embryo small. Endosperm copious. About 25 genera and 350 species, mostly natives of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. Fruit indehiscent. 1- Athyrocarpus. Capsule loculicidally 2- or 3-valved. r^„^^„,j^„ Fertile stamens 2 or .3, with 1-4 sterile ones. 2. Commelina. Stamens 1-6, all fertile. Stamens .5 or 6. Petals distinct or nearly so. Ovary-cavities 2-ovuIed. Peduncles exserted from the mouths of the leaf- sheaths; sepals herbaceous. 3. Tradescanlia. Pedimcles perforating the bases of the leaf- sheaths; sepals fleshy in friut. 4. Campeha. Ovarv-cavities 1-ovided. 5. Rhoeo. Petals partly united into a tube. 6. Zcbnna. Stamens 1-3. 7. Calhsia. 1. ATHYROCARPUS Schlecht. Linnaea 26: 454. 1853. Branching herbs with creeping stems, the few-flowered inflorescence sub- tended by spathe-Iike bracts. Sepals 3, persistent, the exterior one boat-like, the two interior ones flat or somewhat concave. Petals 3, the exterior one equi- lateral, the two interior ones inequilateral. Fertile stamens 3, the filaments filiform, the anthers oblong; sterile stamens 2 or 3, the anthers hastate-triangular. Ovary 3-celled, the anterior cells 2-ovuled, the posterior cell 1-ovuled. Fruit indehiscent, 5-seeded. [Greek, referring to the valveless fruit.] About 4 species, natives of tropical America. Type species : Commelina pallida Willd. 1. Athyrocarpus persicariaefolius (DC.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot. 3: 386. 1885. Commelina persicariacfolia DC. in Redoute Lil. 8: pi. 472. 1816. Phaeospherion persicariaefolium C. B. Clarke in DC. Mon. Phan. 3: 137. 1881. Tradescanlia portoricensis Bello, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 122. 1883. Stems branching, prostrate or ascending, rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, 1..5-3.9 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, inequilateral at the base, glabrous, the sheaths closed, often more or less rusty-cihate ; peduncles short; spathes conduplicate, the valves semi-orbicular, 2-2.5 cm. long; interior COMMELINACEAE 145 sepals 5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad; interior petals clawed; fruit ellipsoid or sub- globose, 5.5-6 mm. long, 4.5-5 mm. broad, crustaceous, grayish-wtiite, shining; anterior cells of the capsule 2-seeded, the seeds superposed, truncate, the posterior cell with 1 large seed. Woods, in wet or moist districts, Porto Rico, ascending to middle or liigher elevations:—Cuba (according to Clarke), Grenada; Trinidad; Central America; nortiiern South America. Cojite blanco. 2. COMMELINA [riumierj L. Sp. PI. 40. 1753. Somewhat succulent, perennial or annual, branching herbs, Avith sessile or short-petioled leaves, and irregular mostly blue flowers in cymes subtended by spathe-like bracts. Sepals 3, unequal, the larger ones sometimes slightly united. Petals unequal, 2 of them larger than the third. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2, one of them incurved and its anther commonly larger. Sterile stamens usually 3, smaller than the fertile. Filaments glabrous. Capsule 3-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cavity, the testa roughened, smooth or reticulated. [Dedicated to Kaspar Commelin, 1667-1731, Dutch botanist.] About 90 species of wide dis- tribution in warm and temperate regions known as Cojite, P^rench-weed and Day-flower. Type species; Comvielina communis L. Spathes not united at the base. 1. C. longicaulis. Spatbes united at the base. 2. C. elegans. 1. Commelina longicaulis Jacq. Coll. 3: 234. 1789. Commelina gracilis R. & P. Fl. Per. 1: 44. 1798. Commelina caycnncnsis L. C. Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 106. 1792. Glabrous or very nearly so; stems procumbent or creeping, 3-8 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2. .5^8 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, the sheaths usually ciliate on the margin; spathes acute to acuminate, 1-2.5 cm. long, not united at the base; petals blue, the anterior slightly smaller; ventral cavities of the ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal 1-ovnled; capsule commonly 5-seeded (2 seeds in each of the ventral cells, 1 in the dorsal) ; seeds oblong, 2-3 mm. long, I'eticulated. [Coniniclina nudijlora of authors, not of Linnaeus; C. communis of Krebs. not of Linnaeus. Fields, banks, woods and cxdtivatod and waste grounds, Porto Rico, ascending to higher elevations; Culebra; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. .Fan; St. Croix:—Florida; Bermuda; West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. ?. Commelina elegans H. B. K. Nov. Gen. 1: 2.59. 1816. Stems branching at the base, the branches decimibent, rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or acutish at the base, the sheaths often spar- ingly ciliate on the margin; s])athes acute, 1..5^2 cm. long, united at the base, pubescent, or sometimes glabrous; petals blue or pale bluisli-white ; capsule 4-5 mm. long; seeds 3, ellipsoid, sUghtly flattened, 3-3.5 mm. long, smooth. [C. virginica of authors, not of Linnaeus.] Banks, fields and woods at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Desecheo; Mona; Vieques; St. Thomas; Tortola; Anegada; St. Croix:—Southeastern United States; Bermuda, West Indies; continental tropical America. 3. TRADESCANTIA L. Sp. PI. 288. 1753. Perennial herbs, with simple or branched stems and showy or sometimes in- conspicuous regular flowers in terminal or terminal and axillary umbel-like cymes 146 COMMELINACEAE subtended by leaf-like or scarlous bracts. Sepals 3, herbaceous. Petals 3, sessile. Stamens 6, all alike and fertile, or those opposite the petals shorter; filaments bearded or glabrous. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, 3-12-seeded. [In honor of John Tradescant, gardener of Charles I, died 1(538.] About 3.5 species, natives of tropical and temperate America. Type species: Tradescantia virginiana L, Pedicels 0.7-2 cm. long; filaments equal or nearly so. 1. T. (jcniculata. Pedicels 0-3 mm. long; filaments unequal. 2. T. elongata. 1. Tradescantia geniculata Jacq. Enum. 18. 1760. Stems more or loss diffusely branched, the branches spreading. Loaves lanceolate to ovate, 3-14 cm. long, 1..5-4.2 cm. broad, acute to long-acimiinate at the apex, rounded and occasionally somewhat cordate at the base, glabrous or sparingly villous on both surfaces, the sheaths ciliate; umbels few-flowered, cymose or paniculate; pedicels slender, 0.7-2 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, 2. .5-3. mm. long, 1-1.3 mm. broad, acute, glabrous or slightly pilose; petals white; filaments equal or nearly so, villous, the anthers all alike; capsule 2-3 mm. long; seeds obscurely rugose, 1 mm. long, gray. Woods, ravines and tliiclvets in wet or moist districts, Porto Rico, ascending to higher elevations in tlie mountains; Vieques:— Hispaniola; Antigua and Dominica to Trinidad; continental tropical America; recorded from the Sandwich Islands. 2. Tradescantia elongata G. F. W. Meyer, Fl. Esseq. 146. 1S18. Tradescantia Ballnsii Kunth., Enum. 4: 97. 1843. Stems slender, creeping, 3-6 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate to lanceolate- ovate, 3-8 cm. long, 1..5-2.3 cm. broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, usually glabrous beneath, the sheaths ciliate; umbels contracted; flowers subsessile or with pedicels up to 3 mm. long; sepals elliptic, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad, obtuse; petals pink; filaments unequal, villous, the anthers of the two sets dissimilar; capsule 3 mm. long; seeds 1.2-1.4 mm. broad, gray, the surface pitted. Stream-banks and sliaded limestone rocks in the northern and central districts of Porto Rico:—Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Vincent; RIexico to Argentina. 4. CAMPELIA L. C. Rich. Anal. Fruit. 46. 1808. Robust herbs with leafy stems, the small white flowers in contracted umbels, subtended by leafy bracts, the long axillary peduncles perforating the laases of the large tube-like leaf-sheaths. Sepals 3, fleshy in fruit. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Capsule 3-valved, included within the calyx. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cavity. [Greek, bending.] A mono- typic genus. 1. Campelia Zanonia (L.) H. B. K. Nov. Gen. 1: 264. 1816. Commelina Zanonia L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753. Tradescantia Zanonia Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788. Stems 5-12 dm. long, erect or ascending. Leaves oblong lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 12-25 cm. long, 3-7 cm. broad, long-acuminate at the apex, tapering at the base, glaljrous or somewhat sparingly pilose above, pilose or oc- casionally glabrous beneath, the sheaths hirsute; peduncles 7-18 cm. long; involucral bracts lanceolate to ovate, acuminate at the apex, subcordate at the base; pedicels 0-6 mm. long; sepals elliptic to oval, 4.5-5 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. broad, obtuse or acutish at the apex; petals white; capsule 3-5 mm. long; seeds ellipsoid or orbicular, somewhat compressed, 2 mm. long, grayish-brown. Woods and sliaded banks in wet or moist parts of the central districts of Porto Rico, ascending to higher elevations :^-Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; continental tropical America, Cojite bianco, COMMELINACEAE 147 5. RHOEO Hance; Walp, Ann. 3: 659. 1852. A somewhat fleshy, short-stemmed, low herb, glabrous throughout or the mouth of the leaf-sheaths pilose, the leaves much longer than the large-bracted inflorescence, the axillary peduncles simple or forked, the umbellod flowers almost concealed within the bracts. Sepals 3, petal-Uke, distinct. Petals 3. Stamens 6. nearly equal; filaments pilose. Ovary 3-celled, sessile; ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit a loculicidially 3-valved capsule. Seeds rugose, eUipsoid. [Name unexplained.] A monotypic genus. 1. Rhoeo discolor (L'Her.) Hance; Walp. Ann. 3: 600. 1852. Tradescantia discolor L'Her. Sert. Angl. 8. 1788. Stems stout, 0.7-2 dm. high, about l.r> cm. thick, often clustered and some- times forming large colonies. Leaves few, nearly erect, oblong-lanceolate, 2-3.5 dm. long, 3.5 cm. wide, acuminate, dark-green above, purple beneath, rather fleshy ; peduncles 2-4 cm. long ; bracts compressed-condupUcate, broader than high, 2-3 cm. high, acute; umbel many-flowered; pedicels about 1 cm. long; petals white, .5-8 mm. long; capsule ovoid, obtuse, 3-angled, 4-4.5 mm. long; seeds 3-4 mm. long. [Tradescantia bicolor of Bello, not of Kunth.] Walls and rocky woods at lower elevations, Porto Rico, much planted in gardens; St Thomas- St. Jan; St. Croix:—Florida; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispamola; Guadeloupe to Barbados: recorded from Mexico. Recorded by Bello as Tradescantta bicolor "ti-w." Sangria. Sanguinaria. Oyster Plant. G. ZEBRINA Schnizl, Bot. Zeit. 7: 870. 1849. Trailing perennial herbs, with showy variegated leaves, the small pinkish flowers scarcely exserted from the unequal bracts. Calyx 3-parted. Corolla tubular, 3-lobed. Stamens G, all perfect, the filaments adnate to the corolla-tube. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. [From -Zebra, a word of African origin.] A monotypic genus of warm temperate and tropical America. I. Zebrina pendula Schnizl, Bot. Zeit. 7: 870. 1849. Cyanolis vitlala Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. 5: 139. 1850. Leaves ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 1.5-3.2 cm. broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, inequilaterally rounded at the base, the upper surface silvery-green or silvery-white, the central part and margins purple-striped, the lower surface red-purple; sheaths villous; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad; corolla-tube 6 mm. long, the lobes ovate, 4.5-5 mm. long, 2.7-3 mm. broad; ovary glabrous. Mountain woods, slopes and banks, Porto Rico, at middle and higher elevations in wet or moist districts: St. Thomas; St. Croix:—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispamola; Saba; Moutserrat; Barbados; Mexico; Central America. Natiuahzed m Bermuda. Wandering Jew. 7. CALLISIA Loefl. ; L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 62. 1762. Creeping or ascending, often delicate, herbs, the small axillary flowers glomerate, scarcely exserted from the leaf-sheath, or uniljellate on filiform ex- serted peduncles. Sepals 3 or 2, persistent. Petals 3 or 2. Stamens 3 or 2, occasionally 1 ; filaments glabrous. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, compressed or some- what angled; stigma penicillate or 3-lobed; ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule mem- branous, 2- or 3-valved. [Greek, beauty.] About 4 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Calliaia repens L. Flowers glomerate, scarcely exserted from the leaf-sheaths. 1. C. repens. Flowers umbellate on flliform exserted peduncles. 2. C. rnonanara. 148 PONTEDERIACEAE 1. Callisia repens L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 62. 1762. Stems slender, glabrous. Leaves cordate-ovate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 0.6-J.3 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, clasping at the base, the margin ciUate, some- times purplish; flowers glomerate, scarcely exserted from the leaf-sheaths; sepals oblong-linear to linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, 0.7-0.9 mm. broad, pilose on the back; petals 3, oblong, shorter than the sepals; ovary oblong-ellip- soid, pilose at the apex; style filiform, glabrous ; stigma penicillate ; capsule oblong, 1.5 mm. long, compressed; .seeds 1 mm. long, 0.8-0.9 mm. broad, dark-brown, wrinkled. On rocks and in gravelly soil, Porto Rico, at lower and middle elevations in dry parts of the southern districts; Mona; Culebra; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; St. Croi.x:—Jamaica; Cuba to Trinidad; continental tropical Ameiica. 2. Callisia monandra (Sw.) Schultes in R. & S. Syst. 7: 1179. 1830. Tradescantia monandra Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788. Callisia umbellidata Lam. 111. l: 130. 1791. Stems weak, usually glandular-pilose above. Leaves ovate, 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, sessile or nearly so, the margin ciliate; flowers umbellate, the filiform peduncles 1-3 cm. long, long- exserted from the leaf-sheaths; sepals elliptic-oblong, 1.6-2 mm. long, 0.9-1 mm. broad, concave, glandular-pilose or glabrous on the back; petals lanceolate; ovary oblong-ellipsoid, compressed or somewhat angled, glabrous or slightly pilose at the apex; style shorter than the capsule; stigma 3-lol)ed; capsule 1-1.3 mm. long; .seeds 0.6-0.8 mm. broad, brownish white, finely striate. [C. repens of Bello, not of Linnaeus.] Woods, banks, rocks and in cultivated grounds in moist or wet districts, Porto Rico, ascending to higher elevations; St. Thomas (according to Eggers) :—Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Martiniqjie; continental tropical America. Cojite morado. Family 4. PONTEDERIACEAE Dum. Pickerel-weed Family. Perennial, aquatic or bog plants. Leaves often clustered, sometimes mainly basal, the blades broad or grass-like. Flowers perfect, more or less irregular, solitary or in sjiikes subtended by leaf-like spathes. Perianth free from the ovary, corolla-like, 6-parted. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube or the base of the perianth; filaments filiform, or dilated at the base, or thickened about the middle; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 3-celled with axile placentae, or 1 -celled by suppression; style filiform or columnar; stigma ter- minal, entire or minutely toothed; ovules anatropous, numerous, sometimes only 1 of them perfecting. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, or a 1-celled, 1- seeded utricle. Endosperm mealy, copious; embryo central, cylindric. About .5 genera and 25 species, in temperate and tropical regions. 1. PIAROPUS Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 81. 1837. Herbs, often with floating rootstocks. Leaves with stout or slender some- times inflated petioles and broad blades, or of two kinds, the submerged ones narrow and grass-like. Flowers solitary, or in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. Perianth showy, its 6 parts in 2 series, united into a tube below, the limb obhque. Stamens 6, irregularly adnate to the perianth, 3 included, 3 ex- serted; filaments sometimes flattened at the base. Ovary 3-celled; stigma ter- minal ; ovules numerous. Capsule included in the withering-persistent perianth. PONTEDERIACEAE 149 loculicidal. [Greek, referring to the swollen petiole of P. crassipes.] About 5 species, natives of tropical America. Type species : Pontederia azurea Sw. Leaves in a basal tuft, the petioles often inflated; spathe 2-valved. 1. P. crassipes. Leaves alternate, of two kinds, the submei-ged grass-like, the emersed ovate; spathe 1-valved. 2. P. diversijolhts. 1. Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 241. 1893. Pontederia crassipes Mart. Nov. Gen. 1: 9. 1824. Piaropus mesomelas Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 81. 1837. Eichhornia speciosa Kunth, Enum. 4: 131. 1843. Eichhornia crassipes Solms; DC. IMonogr. Phan. 4: 527. 1883. Plant floating, or rooting in mud. Leaves in a basal tuft, erect or ascending, glabrous, the stout petioles fusiform-inflated below or sometimes gradually taper- ing from the base, 0.5-4 dm. long, the leathery blades ovate to orbicular or somewhat reniform, 3.5-16 cm. long, 4-14 cm. broad, faintly many-nerved; scape 1-3.5 dm. long, simple; flowers showy, in a loose spike, the perianth-tube curved, 1.5-2 cm. long, glandular-pubescent, the segments pale violet, obovate to oval, 3.5^4 cm. long, 1.5-2.7 cm. broad, the upper lobe longer than the others and having a patch of blue with an oblong or pear-shaped spot of bright yellow in the middle. [Eichhornia azurea of Bello and of Millspaugh, not of Kunth.] In ponds and streams. Porto Rico; St. Croix:—Bermuda; Cuba; Jamaica; His- paniola; Lesser Antilles; Barbados; Florida and continental tropical America; Old World tropics. Occasionally grown for ornament in Porto Rico garden pools. Some- times forms large masses, impeding navigation. Flor de .\<iUA. Water Hyacinth. 2. Piaropus diversifolius (Vahl) P. Wilson. Heteranlhera diversifolia Vahl, Enum. 2: 44. 1806. Eichhornia pauciflora Seub. ; Mart. Fl. Bras. 3: 91. 1847. Eichhornia natans pauciflora Solms, in DC. Monogr. 4: 526. 1883. Eichhornia diversifolia Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 147. 1903. Stem elongate, slender, floating. Leaves alternate, of two kinds, the emersed leaves with ovate to ovate-oval blades, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 0.7-3 cm. broad, acute or rounded at the apex, usually cordate at the base, the slender petioles 2-7 cm. long, the submerged leaves with narrow grass-like blades 3-7 cm. long, 2-4 mm. broad; spathes few-flowered; perianth small; ovary ellipsoid, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, the filiform style 1.5 cm. long; seeds cylindric, brown, 0.8- 0.9 mm. long, 0.4 mm. broad, faintly ribbed. In streams, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola; South America. Order 9. LILIALES. More or less fleshy herbs, sometimes grass-like or sedge-hke, occasionally vines or trees, mostly with well-developed perianth, the flowers usually regular and complete, and their parts in 3's or 6's. Ovary superior or in- ferior, compound. Fruit various, commonly a capsule or a beny. Endo- sperm fleshy or horny. Ovary superior. Fruit a capsule; our species fleshy herbs. Fam. 1. Liliaceae. Fruit a fleshy berry ; dioecious vines. Fam. 2. Smilacaceae. Ovary inferior. Stamens 6. Fleshy herbs; flowers perfect. Fam ;?. Amaryllidaceae. Twining vines; flowers dioecious. Fam. 4. Dioscoreaceae. Stamens opposite the inner corolla-segments. Fam. 5. Haemodoraceae. Stamens opposite the outer corolla-segments. Fam. 6. Iridaceae. 150 LiLIACEAE Family 1. LILIACEAE Adans. Lily Family Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulbs or corms, or with rootstocks or a woody caudex, the leaves various. Perianth parted into 6 distinct or nearly distinct segments, or these more or less united into a tube inferior or partly superior. Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on the perianth or at the bases of its segments; anthers 2-ceIled. Ovary 3-celled; ovules few or numerous in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; styles united; stigma 3-lobed or capitate. J'ruit a usually loculicidal capsule, occasionally fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds various, winged or wingless. Embryo in copious endosperm. About 125 gejiera and 1300 species, widely distributed. Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary; leaves arising from a creep- ing rootstocli. 1- Cordyline. Ovules numerous in each cavity of the ovary; leaves borne on a short caudex. 2. Aloe. 1. CORDYLINE Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 54, 543. 17G3. [Sansevieria Thunb. Prodr. Fl. Cap. 65. 1794.] Perennial' herbs, with flat or terete coriaceous fibrous leaves in clusters from a creeping rootstock, the greenish-white flowers in a raceme or panicle on a simple scape. Perianth-tube slender, its lobes narrow, spreading. Stamens 6, the filiform filaments inserted at the base of the lobes, the anthers oblong or linear. Ovary 3-colled; ovules solitary in each cavity, erect; style long, filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit with a thin pericarp. Seeds 1-3, subglobose. fieshy. [Greek, a club.] About 50 species, natives of Asia and Africa. Type species: Aloe hyacinthuides L. The plants yield valuaJjle fibers. 1. Cordyline guineensis (L.) Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 35. 1918. Aletris hyacintholdes guineensis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 456. 1762. Aletris yuineensis Jacq. Hort. Viiid. l: 36. 1771. Sansevieria guineensis Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 159. 1799. Acyntha guianensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 699. 1891. Leaves lanceolate, nearly flat above the base, 7-14 dm. long, 5-9 cm. wide, narrowed at both ends, dark green and more or less distinctly mottled with white, sometimes bordered with a thin line of red within the white edge. Scape about as long as the leaves; panicle uuiny-flowered; pedicels .5-8 mm. long; perianth greenish-white, its lobes linear or linear-spatulate, about 1.5 cm. long, recurved, about as long as the tube. Waste grounds and ravines, Porto Rico, spontaneous after cultivation; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix :^—Florida; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica. Native of tropical Africa. CocuisA. African Bowstring-Hemp. Guana-tail. Cordyline cylindrica (Bojer) Britton, African, successfully grown by Mr. Fail-child at Louisenhoj, St. Thomas, has cylindric longitudinally grooved leaves about 8 dm. long. [.Sansevieria cylindrica Bojes.] 2. ALOE h. Sp. PI. 319. 17.'>3. Succulent plants with a short or elongated caudex, the thick tufted leaves with spiny-toothed margins, the racemose flowers nodding. Periant subcyhndric, the segments connivent or coherent, their tips somewhat spreading. Stamens 6, with slender filaments and oblong anthers. Ovary sessile, 3-angled and 3-celled LILIACEAE ' 151 style subulate, tipped by the small stigma; ovules many in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule leathery, loculiciclally dehiscent. Seeds numerous, black. [Name ancient.] Over SO species, mostly African. Type species: Aloe per- foliata L. ]. Aloe vulgaris Lam. Encycl. 1: 86. 1783. Aloe perfoliala vera L. Sp. PI. 320. 1753. Aloe vera L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 458, hyponym. 1702; Webb. & Berth. Phyt. Canar. 3: 348. 1836-50. Not A. vera Mill. 1768. Acaulescent, or usually so, stoloniferous. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 3-6 dm. long, long-acuminate, turgid, pale glaucous-green, watery within, the marginal spiny teeth 2 cm. apart or less; scape stout, 6-12 dm. high, bearing dis- tant broad acute scales; raceme dense, 1-3 dm. long; bracts lanceolate to ovate, acute, longer than the short pedicels; flowers yellow, about 2.5 cm. long; stamens about as long as the perianth, the style longer. [A. perfoliala of West, not of Linnaeus.] Coastal rooks and dry hillsides, Porto Rico, spontaneous after cultivation; Vi«5ques; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Virgin Gorda; St. Croix:—Bermuda; West Indies; Central America; Florida. Native of the Mediterranean Kegion. Zabila. Aloes. Semper Vive. The following species of Aloe mostly from southern Africa, among others sent from the New York Botanical Garden to Loui.serdioj, St. Thomas, in 1921, were doing well there in 1923 Aloe arborescens Mill. Aloe ciliaris Haw. Aloe ferox Mill. Aloe grandidentata Salm-Dyck Aloe Greenii Baker. Aloe obscura Mill. Asparagus officinalis L., Aspagarus, European, is occasionally planted for food in Porto Rico, and in the V^ii-gin Islands, but the climate is too warm for its succe.ssful development and continuance. Asparagus Sprengeri Kegel, African, is grown for ornament in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The slender branches are 2 m. long or less, the flat linear leaf-like phyllodes 2-4 cm. long, the pinkish-white flowers fragrant, the coral- red berries often slightly 3-lobed. An excellent plant for hanging baskets. Asparagus plumosus Bakei-, native of South Africa, also grown for or- nament in Virgin Island and Porto Rico gardens, and on porches, is an herbaceous climber, with very small leaves and white blossoms. Allium Cepa L., Onion, Cebolla, Persian, is sometimes grown for food in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. It is a rather tall herb with terete hollow leaves; the long glaucous scapes are swollen near the middle, the white or bluish flowers borne in a large globular umbel, the bulbs large, with few off'sets. Allium fistulosum L., Welsh Onion, Siberian, is very similar to the preceding and sometimes cultivated in the Virgin Islands. It difl'ers, however, in having no distinct bulb, but only an enlarged base Allium scorodoprasum L., Rocambole, European, is recorded by Krebs as grown in St. Thomas prior to 1851. 162 LILIACEAE Allium Porrum L., Leek, European, is planted for food in Porto Rico and Virgin Islands gardens. It is a rather stout herb, sometimes 2 feet or more in height; the leaves are broad and not hollow, the bulb simple and little larger than the stalk. Allium sativum L., Garlic, European, is also cultivated for food. It is a fleshy herb a foot or less in height; the narrow leaves keeled, and not hollow, the bulbs are small, separating into many bulblets cov^ered with dry scales. Allium ascalonium Shallot, of Syrian origin, occasionally gi'own in the Virgin Islands, has lilac flowers and elongated pointed ])ul))s, the leaves hollow. Aspidistra lurida Ker., Chinese, occasionally grown for ornament in Porto Rico gardens has many oblong-lanceolate basal leaves 3-6 dm. long, and purplish flowers on short scapes, the perianth-segments and stamens 8. Gloriosa superba L. Climbing Lily, of the Old World tropics, seen in Miss Quin's garden at Christiansted, St. Croix, forms an herbaceous vine 1 m. long or longer, with lanceolate thin leaves 7-10 cm. long, their tips tapering into a coiled tendril; the long-peduncled solitary flowers are reddish-yellow, about 10 cm. broad, with G wavy crisped segments. Dracaena terminalis L., of tropical Asia, is commonly grown for ornament in Porto Ricaii gardens. The slender stems are 1-2 m. or more high, the green or rarely colored, oblong, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate leaves 3-5 dm. long, the slender chamieled petioles i^-lG cm. long, the pedicels very short or none, the white or colored perianth 10-13 mm. long, the segments short, the ripe berries red., [Asparagus terminalis L. ; Cordyline terminalis Kunth.] Dracaena Draco L., Dragon's-blood Tree, of the Canary Islands seen as seedlings at the St. Croix Agricultural Experiment Station, becomes in its native home a large branching tree up to about 18 meters high and attains great age. Dracaena fragrans Ker., African, planted for ornament in Porto Rico and Virgin Island gardens, Ijecomes 4-6 m. high, usually simple, with oblanceolate leaves 6-9 dm. long, and a large panicle of yellow flowers. [D. Massangeana of gardeners.] IVlany horticultural varieties and hybrids of Dracaenas are grown for orna- ment in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The Porto Rico Nursery Company exports them as canes to northern florists. Yucca aloifolia L., Spanish B.wonet of the southeastern United States, grown in Porto Rico gardens and occasionally seen on roadsides, has slender stems occasionally up to 4 m. tall, the dagger-like scabrous-margined leaves 3-9 dm. long, the white flowers 4-0 cul long, sometimes tinged with purple, the nodding indehiscent pulpy capsule 7-9 cm. long. Some people have the curious taste of sticking empty egg-shells on the tips of the leaves and accumu- lating these until every leaf is thus appendaged. Yucca gloriosa L., Spanish Bayonet, native of the southeastern United States, is occasionally planted in gardens and near dwellings on St. Croix and St. Thomas. The tall stems are usually simple, tlie linear-lanceolate leaves 3-5 dm. long, the showy white flowers sometimes tinged with red, the dry oblong- ellipsoid indehiscent leathery capsule 5-6 cm. long. [Yucca acuminata Sweet.] Several species of the South African genus Gasteria, sent from the New York Botanical Garden to Louisenhoj, St. Thomas, in 1921, were Ijecoming established there in 1923. These curious plants have thick, often mottled, and roughened SMILACEAE 153 short basal leaves arranged In a flattened spiral, and appearing as if 2-ranked, the small tubular ventricose flowers in a raceme. Haworthia tessellata Haw., African, sent to Louisenhoj from the New York Botanical Garden in 1921, apparently established there in 1923, has basal stiff', spirally arranged, toothed thick fleshy leaves 3-4 cm. long, and a simple raceme of small t uljular, greenish white flowers. Dasylirion glaucophyllum Hook., Mexican, successfully established at LouLsenhoj, St. Thomas, has a sliort trunk bearing very many densely crowded, stiff linear prickly-margined glaucous leaves about 1 cm. wide; the small whitish dioecious flowers are borne in a panicle on a terminal peduncle 4 m. high or higher. Family 2. SMILACACEAE Vent. Smilax Family. Vines, sometimes shrubs or lierbaceous perennials, with smooth or prickl}' stems. Leaves alternate, the blades netted-veined, usually punctate or lineolate, articulated to the peti(jles. Petioles sheathing, commonly bearing a pair of slender tendril-like appendages. Flowers dioecious, in axillary peduncled umbels. Perianth-segments 6. Stamens mostly 6. Filaments distinct, inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments. Anthers 2-celled, introrse, attached at the base. Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1-celled, the ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, pendulous, orthotropous. Style very short or none. Stigmas 3, rarely only one. Fruit a small l>erry. Seeds 1-6. Endosperm bony. Em!)ryo small, remote from the hilum. About 3 genera and over 225 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. 1. SMILAX [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1028. 1753. Mostly vines with unarmed or prickle-armed stems, woody or fleshy tubers, or long creeping rootstocks, and annual or perennial stems. Leaf-blades often leathery, entire or lobed. Petioles furnished with coiling appendages. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments distinct. Pedicels born on a globose or conic receptacle, In.serted in small pits, usually among minute bractlets. Staminate flowers without or with an abortive ovary. Pistillate flowers usually smaller than the staminate, with an ovary and usually with several abortive stamens. Berry red, blue or black. Embryo lying under a tubercle at the upper end of the seed. [An ancient Greek name of obscure meaning.] Over 200 species of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Smilax aspera L. Prickly armed or sometimes unarmed vine: leaf-blades usually rigid-coriaceous, often rounded and cordate at the base; perianth-segments 2-3 mm. long. 1. S. coriacea. Unarmed vines; leaf-blades tliin, often pointed at both ends; perianth-segments ;i.2-4 mm. long. 2. S. domingensis. 1. Smilax coriacea Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2: 103. 1825. Smilax ilicifolia Desv. in Hamilt. Prodr. 58. 1825. Smilax havanenssis portoricensis A. DC. Monog. Phan. 1: 124. 1878. Smilax guianensis suharmata O. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 149. 1903. Smilax coriacea ilicifolia O. B>. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 1.50. 1903. Smilax suharmata O. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 28. 1904. A glabrous woody vine, 3-6 m. long, the stems and branches unarmed or armed with rather stout brownish prickles, 1-7 mm. long. Petioles 5-12 mm. or 154 AMARYLLIDACEAE more long ; leaf-blades coriaceous, oblong-ovate to oval-ovate, or linear-lanceolate, 5-17 cm. long, 1-12 cm. broad, 5-7-nerved, acute or sometimes rounded at the apex, cordate at the base, more or less reticulate-veined, entire or spiny-toothed on the margins; peduncles 2-5 mm. long; pedicels slender; perianth segments oblong, 2-3 mm. long; anthers oblong; ovary subglobose; berries dark red or black, subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter; seeds reddish brown, 4-4.5 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm. broad, the surface more or less pitted. [S. havanensis of Cook & Collins, not of Jacquin.] Coastal hillsides, sandy plains, wooded valleys and mountain woodlands, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan; St. Croi.\; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:— Hi.spaniola. Smilax lappacea Willd., a Venezuelan species, is recorded from Porto Rico by O. E. Schulz, but we have been unaiile to verify this record; the leaves of >S'. coriacea are very varialjle in shape and size; his records of S. ilicifolia sub- lappacea from Porto Rico and St. Croix, presumably refer also to specimens of S. coriacea. 2. Smilax domingensis AVilld. Sp. PI. 4: 7.S3. isofi. A glabrous unarmed high-climbing vine, often m. long or longer, the slender liranches more or less zigzag, terete or somewhat angled, striate. Petioles slender, 10-15 mm. long; leaf-blades subcoriaceous, lanceolate to ovate, 5..5-13 cm. long, 3-7 cm. broad, 3-5-nerved, with an additional marginal pair of nerves, long-acumi7iate at the apex, acute or sometimes rounded at the base, entire, rather indistinctly reticulate-veined; peduncles usually nuich .shorter than the petioles; pedicels slender, 5-9 mm. long; periantli-segments lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 3.2-4 mm. long; anthers linear; ovary ovoid; berries black, 1-3-seeded, O.S-1 cm. in diameter; seed brown, 6 mm. long, 5-5.5 mm. broad, rugulose. Hillsides and mountain woodlands, Porto Rico:—Cuba; .Tamaica; Hispaniola; Me.xico. Bejuco de MEMBRILLO. Dunuuez blanco. Erroneously recorded from Carolina and I.iOuisiana, and apparently, also from St. Thomas. Smilax rotundifolia L., a plant of eastern and southern United States, has been recorded by Bello from Porto Rico, and is cited by O. E. Schulz from St. Croix. Neither of the.se records have been verified by the writers, but they are apparently either errors in locality, or detei'mination, as the species is other- wise unknown from the West Indies. Family 3. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. Amaryllis F'amily. Mostly perennial herbs (some tropical species woody or even arboreous), mostly with bulbs or corms, scapose or sometimes leafy stems and usualh' narrow and entire leaves. Flowers, perfect, regular or nearly so. Perianth 6-parted or fi-lobed, the segments or lobes distinct, or united below into a tube which is adnate to the surface of the ovary. Stamens 6, one oppo- .site each segment of the perianth, rarely numerous or only 3; tilanients filiform, free or united in a cup; anthers long or short, basifixed or versatile, dehiscing usually by introrse longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; style entire; stigmas 3; ovules usually numerous and superposetl. Fruit usually a three valved capsule with loculicidal dehiscence, sometimes in- dehiscent. Seeds usually numerous; endosperm fleshy, rarely horny; embryo small. About 70 genera and over 800 species, principally natives of tropical and warm regions, some in the temperate zones. AMARYLLIDACEAE 155 Plants with rootstocks or corms. . . Small herbs with thin, grass-like leaves; capsule cirumscissile, or fruit indehiscent. Perianth with a tube; fruit indehiscent. 1- Curcutigo. Perianth without a tube; fruit a capsule with circumscissile deliiscence. , , -• HVPOiis. Large mostly fleshv-loavcd herbs, the leaf margins often armed with straight or cm-ved teeth; capsule .S valved. Perianth funnel-shaped; flowers greenish-yellow or yellow; filaments filiform. , . ,., „ 3. Agave. Perianth whitisli, rotate; filaments. with cushion-like swell- ings at the base. 4. h urcraea. Bulbous plants. Filaments distinct. , ,, „ ,., ^ a. Hpathe tubular-sheathing in the lower half; flowers solitary. 5. Aiamosco. Spathe 2-4-valved; flowers usually 2 or more in an umbel. Perianth-tube provided with scales or a corona at the throat; seeds black. 6. Htppcastrut7i. Perianth-tube without scales or a corona at the throat; seeds green. '• Crinum. Filaments connate below into a cup-like or funnelform crown; ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. 8. Hymenucauis. 1. CURCULIGO Gaertn. Vv. & Sem. l: 03. 1788. Annual or perennial stemless herbs with sessile, narrow basal leaves. Flowers yellow, solitary, subtended l:)y a sheathliiK bract. Perianth 6-parted, persistent or at length withering away, the tulje much elongated above the ovary. Stamens 6, inserted at the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments short; anthers lan- ceolate or linear. Ovary 3-celled, with numerous ovules in two rows hi each cell; style columnar, short, stigmas 3, erect; ovules anatropous; funicle elongate. Fruit somewhat fleshy, indehiscent, inore or less beaked. Seeds black, crusta- ceous, shortly beaked. [Latin, weevil, referring to the beak on the seed.] A few species, natives of tropical regions. Type species: Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. 1. Curculigo scorzoneraefolia (Lam.) Benth. ; Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. 17: 124. 1878. Hypoxis scorzoneraefolia Lam. Encycl. 3: 183. 1789. Corm oblong-cylindric, 2-4.5 cm. long. Leaves linear or lanceolate, 1-3.4 dm. long, L.'i-ll mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, tapering to the base, pilose or glabrous; scape short, 1 flowered, pilose; bract lanceolate, membranous; perianth-tube 2-4 cm. long, the segments oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 9-12 mm. long, 1.(5-3.5 mm. ))road, yellow, often loosely pilose on the back; ovary oblong-ellipsoid; style filiform; stigma small; capsule ellipsoid, indehiscent; seeds ellipsoid, 2.5 mm. long, black, shining. i In red clay, Monte Mesa, Mayague/, and ui cultivateil groiuid, Kio Piedras, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jainica, Dominica to Trinidad; Central and South America. 2. HYPOXIS L. Syst. ed. 10, 986. 1759. Low, often pubescent herbs, with a corm or short rootstock, linear grass-Uke leaves and .slender few-flowered scapes. Perianth 6-parted, the segments equal or nearly so, separate to the summit of the ovary, withering-persistent. Stamens inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments short; anthers erect, sagittate or entire. Ovary 3-celled ; style short ; stigmas 3, erect ; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule thin-walled, usually opening with circum- scissile dehiscence below the apex. Seeds globular, black. [Greek, originally given to some plant with sour leaves.] About 50 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Hypoxis decumbens L. 156 AMARYLLIDACEAE 1. Hypoxis decumbens L. Syst. ed. 10, 986. 1759. A more or less pilose herb, 1-6 dm. tall. Corm siibglobose or broadly ellipsoid, 8-13 cm. in diameter; leaves linear, 8-50 cm. long, 2-9 mm. wide, loosely pilose; scapes filiform, shorter than the leaves, usually more than 1- flowered; bracts small, linear-subulate; pedicels pilose; perianth-segments narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, 1.2-1.5 mm. wide; greenish and pilose outside, yellow within; filaments filiform; anthers sagittate; style subulate; capsule clavate, 7-12 mm. long. Moist hillsides, ravines, roadsides and grassy places, Porto Rico; St. Jan, Tortola; Virgin Gorda;—Cuba to Trinidad; Jamaica; continental tropical America. 3. AGAVE L. Sp. PI. 323. 1753. Large herbs, often fleshy, the stem short or wanting. Leaves mostly in a close rosette, usually stiff, persistent, the margins mostly armed with straight or curved teeth and the apex tipped with a usually pungent spine. Flowers in spikes or panicles on tall scapes. Perianth 6-parted, more or less funnel-shaped. Stamens 6, usually long-exserted. Ovary 3-celled; style 1; stigma capitately 3-lobed ; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule thick- walled, many-seeded. Seeds numerous, flat, thin, black. [Greek, signifying noble.] Over 250 species, natives mostly of the tablelands of Mexico, known as Century-plants, Karata, and Corita. Type species: Agave americana L. Leaves fleshy, usually cvn-ved; plants not suckoring. Leaves 10-15 cm. broad; prickles 1 mm. long or less, nearly straight. 1- A. Eggersiana. Leaves 1.5-23 cm. broad; prickles 2-6 mm. long, straight or retrorsely tinned. 2. A. missionum. Leaves hard and straight; plants freely suckering. 3. A. sisalana. 1. Agave Eggersiana Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 28. 1913. Acaulescent, not cespitose. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 12-20 dm. long, 10-15 cm. broad, dull green and somewhat glaucous when young; spine conic awl-shaped, brown, smooth, rather glossy, 10-15 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, de- current for its length or more and dorsally intruded into the green tissue; prickles brown, usually 1 mm. long, nearly straight, narrowly triangular from lenticular bases; inflorescence 5 m. high or more; pedicels 20-25 mm. long; perianth yellow, 5-6 cm. long, the segments 2-2.5 cm. long; filaments 4.5-5 cm. long; capsule un- known; bulbils produced abundantly. [Recorded by West, Grisebach, Eggers (in part) and Millspaugh as Agave americana L.] Hillsides and plains, eastern dry districts of St. Croix. Endemic. Cultivated on St. Croix and St. Thomas for ornament. The leaves are nearly straight. 2. Agave missionum Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 37. 1913. Agave portoricensis Trel. loc. cit. 38. 1913. Acaulescent, not cespitose. Leaves lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 15-25 dm. long, 1.5-23 cm. broad, dark green and glossy, slightly glaucous when young; spine awl-shaped, l>rown or gray in age, smooth, somewhat glossy, 10-20 mm. long, 3.5-5 mm. broad, decurrent and dorsally produced into the green tissue; prickles brown or blackish, 2-6 mm. long, straightly or retrorsely turned, heavily triangu- lar from lenticular bases; inflorescence 5-7 m. high; pedicels 1-2 cm. long; peri- anth greenish-yellow, 4. .5-5.2 cm. long, the segments 15^20 mm. long; filaments 3-3.5 cm. long; capsule broadly elliptic or subglobo.se, 2. .5-3. 8 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter; seeds 6-8.5 mm. long, 5-6 mm. broad. [Recorded by Eggers as A. americana, A. sobolifcra and A. Morrisii, by Bello and by Urban as A. ameri- cana.] Coastal rocks, limestone cliffs, and rocky hillsides; southern and southwestern dry districts of Porto Rico; Culebra; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda: Anegada. Endemic. AMARYLLIDACEAE 157 3. Agave sisalana rerrine, House Rep. Document 564: 8. 1838. Agave rigida sisalana Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 3: 316. 1876. Subacaulescent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 10 dm. or more long, 7-10 cm. broad, green and somewhat glossy; spine dark brown, 18-30 cm. long, 4 or 5 mm. wide, somewhat pitted and glossy, shallow-round-grooved near the base, not decurrent; prickles often nearly black, 2-4 mm. long, mostly upcurved, very slender- cuspid from deltoid bases or usually entirely suppressed; inflorescence .5-6 m. high; pedicels .5-10 mm. long; perianth yellowish green, 4..'>-6 cm. long; filaments 4-8 mm. long; capsule elliptic-oblong, 5. .5-6 cm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, stipitate and beaked ; seeds 9-10 mm. long, 6-7 mm. wide. Established from abandoned trial fields, St. Croix; cultivated for fiber in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands:—Naturalized in Florida and the West Indies and widely cultivated. Native of Yucatan. Sisal. Agave fourcroydes Lemaire, Hennequen, of Yucatan, also planted for fiber in I'orto Rico and the Virgin Islands differs from A. sisalana in having bluish-gray prickly leaves and a definite trunk up to 2 m. high. Agave americana L., Century Plant, probably of Mexican origin, planted in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, has large grey leaves, commonly white- margined, or white-banded, with large prickles on the teeth, the flowers 6-7 cm. long in a very large dense panicle. Agave evadens Trelease, native of Trinidad sent from the New York Botan- ical Garden to LouiseTdioj, St. Thomas, in 1921 and reported by Mr. Fairchild to have done very well there, is a green-leaved species, the large leaves with a stout terminal spine, the yellow flowers about 4.5 cm. long, in an open panicle. Agave Jacquiniana Schultes, sent to Louisenhoj from the New York Bo- tanical Carden in 1921 was also well established in 1923. It has a short trunk, gray-green prickly leaves about 6 dm. long, the greenish flowers about 5 cm. long. Agave neglecta Small, Floridian, also sent to Louisenhoj from the New York « Botanical (iarden in 1921, ajid reported as doing well, has glaucous leaves over 2 meters long, their margins armed with many minute teeth ; the yellowish green flowers are about 5.5 cm. long. Agave mexicana Haw. and Agave vivipara L. are recorded by Krebs as formerly grown on St. Thomas, but it is not known to which species the plants he observed would l)e referred at the present time. Other species, not certainly determined for want of flowers, have been seen in cultivation. 4. FURCRAEA Vent. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1: 65. 1793. Succulent herbs, often large and Agave-like, with tall scapes, the inflorescence terminal, paniculate. Leaves with spiny or minutely toothed margins. Peri- anth wheel-shaped, of 6 spreading segments. Stamens borne on the bases of the perianth-segments, the fllaments with a cushion-like swelling at the base; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 3-celled, with many ovules in two rows in each cavity; style rather stout, 3-angled and thickened below, tipped by a small stigma, Capsule oblong. 3-sided, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, flat. [Dedicated to An- toine Francois' de Fourcray.] About 20 species, natives of tropical America, many of them yielding fiber. Type species; Furcraca cubcnsis Vent. 158 AISIARYLLIDACEAE 1. Furcraea tuberosa Ait. f. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2. 2: 303. 1811. Agave campanulata Sesse & Moc. Fl. Mex. ed. 2, S7. 1894. Trunkless, or with a short caudex. Leaves broadly lanceolate, 12 dm. or more long, 13-18 cm. broad at the middle ; teeth 2-4 mm. long, straight or curved sometimes absent near the apex; inflorescence, 6-7 m. high; perianth greenish- white, outer perianth segments oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2.4-2.7 (;m. long, 7-10 mm. wide, the inner segments broader; capsule unknown ; freely bulbiferous, the bulbs elongated. [Recorded by Eggers and by Millspaugh as F. cubensis, by Cook and Collins as F. gigantea, and by Urban as F. hcxaiyctala.] Coastal cliflfs, rocky plains, dry thickets and hillsides, Porto Rico; Mona; Culebra, Vieques- St. Thomas: Tortola; Anegada; St. Croix:—Hispamola to Grenada. MA- GUEY. CucuiSA. Female Karata. The leaves are straight, somewhat plicate. Furcraea elegans Todaro, native of Ctuiana, sent to LouLsenhoj, St. Thomas from the United States Department of Agriculture in 1921, had made slow growth up to March, 1923, but appeared to be established. Furcraea andina Trelease, Peruvian, grown at the Agricultural Experiment Station, ISIayaguez, Porto Rico, has narrowly lanceolate leaves, with small approximate marginal prickles; its bulbils are ovoid-conic. Furcraea macrophylla Baker, Bahamian, also grown at Mayaguez, resembles F. tuberosa, but has much shorter bulbils. 5. ATAMOSCO Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 57. 522. 1763. [Zephyranthes Herb. App. 36. 1S21.] Acaulescent herbs, with coated bulbs and glabrous foliage. Leaves basal, the blades narrowly linear, flat, channeled. Scape 1-flowered. I'erianth funnel- shaped, white, red, pink, purplish or yellow, erect or slightly inclined, the lobes 6, subequal. Stamens 6, equal or nearly so; filaments adnate to the throat of the perianth-tube; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform, 3-lobed at the top. or the stigma nearly capitate; ovules numerous, in two rows in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, more or less 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds blacldsh, usually flattened. (Aboriginal name.] About 35 species, natives of the warmer regions of America. Type species: Amaryllis Atamasco L. Perianth white. i- -'^- H'bi'^patha. Pprititit'li rc(i Perianth Z-.i.b cm. long; pedicels longer than the spathe. 2. A. rosea. Perianth 6-7.5 cm. long: pedicels shorter than the spathe. 3. A. carinala. 1. Atamosco tubispatha (L'Herit.) Maza. Rev. Fac. Let. Ci. Univ. Habana 19: 227. 1914. Amaryllis tubispatha L'Herit. Sert. Aug. 9. 1788. Zephyranthes tubispatha Herb. App. 36. 1821. Bulb subglobose, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter, its neck short. Leaves narrowly linear, 1.6-3 dm. long; scape slender, 1 dm. long or more; spathe 2. .5-3. 5 cm. long; pedicels longer than the spathe; perianth white, .slightly tinged with green, 4-5 cm. long, the tube short, the segments obovate, 8-10 mm. broad; stamens about as long as the perianth; style deeply trifid, overtopping the anthers; capsule about 11 mm. in diameter. Grassy places, Porto Rico; St. Thomas. St. Croix: St. Jan: Tortola :—Cuba and .Tamaica to Tobago; northern South America. Grown for ornament in Porto Kico and Virgin Island gaidens. AMARYLLIDACEAE 159 2. Atamosco rosea (Lindl.) Greene, Pittonia 3: 188. 1897. Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. Bot. Reg. pi. 821. 1824. Amaryllis rosea Spreng. Syst. 4: Cur. Post. 133. 1827. Bulb subglobose, 2-2.2 cm. in diameter, short-necked. Leaves linear, 2- 5.5 mm. wide; scape 10-25 cm. long, often longer than the leaves; pedicels longer than the spathe; perianth bright red, 3-3.5 cm. long, the tube short, greenish, the segments obovate; stamens much shorter than the perianth; style nearly as long as the perianth. Escaped from cultivation, for orDament Porto Rico:—Cuba. Naturalized in Bermuda and the Bahamas. 3, Atamosco carinata (Herb.) P. Wilson. Zephyranthes carinata Herb. Bot. Mag. 52: pi. 259 ^. 1825. Amaryllis carinata Spreng. Syst. 4: Cur. Post. 132. 1827. Bulbs ovoid, about 2.5 cm. in diameter, short-necked. Leaves linear, 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-9 mm. wide; scape slender, 1.7-2.5 dm. high; spathe 3.5-4.5 cm. long, the valves lanceolate; pedicels shorter than the spathe; perianth bright rose- red, 6-7.5 cm. long, the tube 1.4-2 cm. long, the segments obovate, 1.3 cm. or more broad ; stamens about half as long as the perianth ; ovary stalked ; style over- topping the stamens, deeply trifid. [Ainaryllis Atamasco of West, and of Krebs, not of Linnaeus.] Porto Rico and St. Croix, according to Urban-—Guadeloupe, Martinique; Mexico; Central America. Duende rosado. 6. HIPPEASTRUM Herb. App. 31. 1821. Bulbous plants with linear or strap-shaped leaves. Flowers large, showy, usually two or more, borne on a stout, hollow, leafless scape. Perianth funnel- shaped, often more or less nodding, the tube short or long, provided with scales or a corona at the throat, the segments nearly equal. Stamens inserted at the throat of the tube; filaments filiform; anthers linear or linear-oblong, versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules many, superposed; style long; stigma capitate or trifid. Capsule globose, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds usually flattened, with a thick black testa. [Greek, knight's-star.] About 60 species, natives of tropical Amer- ica. Type species: Hippeastrum crocatum, Herh. 1. Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 151. 1903. Amaryllis punicea Lam. Encycl. 1: 122. 1783. Amaryllis equestris Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 417. 1789. Tl- j_ ..j_. XT„«U \ ^-^ Ol 1001 Jimaryuis equesiris n.ii. nuiu. r^.ew. x. tii. x<c Hippeastrum equestre Herb. App. 31. 1821. Hippeastrum purpureum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 703. 1891. Amaryllis biflora Sess6 & Moc. Fl. Mex. ed. 2. 87. 1894. Bulb globose or globose-ovoid, stoloniferous, 4-5 cm. long, with brown coats. Leaves strap-shaped or oblong-lanceolate, 2.8-6.5 dm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, gradually narrowed to the apex; scape terete, glaucous, 4-6 dm. high; umbel 2-4-flowered; spathe-Valves lanceolate; pedicels 3.5-7 cm. long; perianth 9-12 cm. wide when expanded, the segments elliptic-obovate or obovate, bright red with green at the iSase ; stamens shorter than the segments. Fields, hillsides, and roadsides, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix: St. Jan; Tortola:—Cuba and Jamaica to Trinidad; continental tropica! America. Consists of several races, some of these planted for ornament. Am.\pola. Barbados Lily. 160 AMARYLLIDACEAE 7. CRINUM L. Sp. PI. 291. 1753. Bulbous acaulescent herbs, with showy flowers. Leaves linear or somewhat broadened upward, spreading or arching. Scape solid, erect. Flowers large, umbelled. Spathe 2-valved. Perianth funnel- or salver-shaped, the tube straight or curved, the lobes linear or oblong. Stamens 6, the filaments filiform, the anthers linear, versatUe. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules few ; style slender, elongated stigma entire. Fruit subglobose, membranous or coriaceous, bursting irregularly. Seeds few, large, round, testa thick; albumen copious. [Greek name for a lily.} Over 80 species, natives of warm and tropical Asia, Africa, Australia and America. Type species: Crinum americanum L. 1. Crinum zeylanicum L. Syst. ed. 12, 236. 1767. Amaryllis zeylanica L. Sp. PI. 293. 1753. Bulb subglobose, 10-15 cm. in diameter, the neck short. Leaves sword- shaped 6-9 cm. long, 6-10 cm. wide; peduncles stout, often tinged with red; flowers' 10 or more in an umbel, short-pedicelled, the perianth-tube curved, 7-15 cm long, green or tinged with red, the lobes oblong-lanceolate, 7.5-10 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, white with a broad red keel; stamens shorter than the perianth-lobes. Escaped from cultivation near Utuado, Porto Rico; St. Croix: St. Thomas:—Native of tropical Asia and Africa. Recorded by MiUspaugh as C. longiflorum Herb, and C. erubescens Ait., and by Krebs and by Eggers as C. erubescens Ait. Crinum amabile Donn., of Sumatra, is planted in Porto Rico and St. Thomas. It is a large fleshy herb with green strap-shaped leaves 9-12 dm. long and 7-ia cm wide the fragrant flowers are 20 or more in an umbel, the erect perianth- tulJe is sometimes 10 cm. long, bright red, the linear perianth-segments are 9-13 cm. long, red on the outside. Crinum giganteum Andr., African, recorded by Eggsrs as cultivated in the Vir-in Islands, has large globose bulbs 10-15 cm. in diameter, the lanceolate leaves are 6^9 dm. long, with distinct cross veinlets, the flowers are usually about 8 on a stout compressed peduncle, the slender perianth-tube is 11-17 cm. long, the perianth-segments pure white. 8. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 338. 1812. Mostly tall acaulescent herbs, with coated bulbs, sessile or petioled linear or lanceolate basal leaves, and large white sessile or pedicelled, umbelled flowers on solid scapes, each flower subtended by 2 membranous bracts. Perianth of 6 spreading or recurved lobes, united below into a long cyUndric tube. Stamens 6. the filaments free above but webbed and united into a membranous cup below;, anthers linear, versatile. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style filiform, long-exserted; stigma small, entire or nearly so. Capsule rather fieshy. Seeds, usually 1 or 2, large, green, fleshy. [Greek, beautiful membrane, referring to the st^minal-cup.i About 30 species, natives of America. Type species: Hymeno- callis littoralis SaUsb. 1. Hymenocallis declinata (Jacq.) M. Roem. Fam. Nat. 4: 171. 1847. Pancratium declinatum Jacq. Sel. Am. 99. 1763. Pancratium expansum Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 1941. 1817. Hymenocallis expansa Herb. App. 44. 1821. Bulb subglobose, often 8 cm. in diameter. Leaves fleshy, sessile, linear- oblong, 4-7 dm. long, 3.5-6.5 cm. wide, acute or rounded at the apex, gradually AMARYLLIDACEAE 161 narrowed to the base, dark green; scape stout, as long as the leaves or shorter; flowers 5 or more, sessile, fragrant; bracts ovate to lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, acute or acuminate; ovary oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long; perianth-tube slender, 5-10 cm. long; perianth-segments linear, 8-12 cm. long, longer than the tube; staminal-cup 3-4 cm. long, about one third as long as the stamens. [Eecorded by Eggers as Pancratium carihaeum and by Millspaugh and by Urban as Hymenocallis caribaea. Bello recorded Pancratium carihaeum and also P. carolinianum as Porto Rican, but we have been able to identify only one species of Hymenocallis within our area.] Coastal sands, hillsides, and along streams, Porto Rico; Culebra, St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan :—Bermuda; Bahamas to St. Kitts and Montserrat. LiRiO. Spider Lily. Hymenocallis undulata Herb. [Pancratium undulatuvi Kunth], Vene- zuelan, is recorded by Krebs as observed in St. Thomas, prior to 1851, perhaps In cultivation, perhaps an erroneous record. Molineria hortensis Britton, sp. nov. Similar to M. recurvata (Dryand) Herb., [Curculigo recurvata Dryand.] Leaves about 1 m. long, 12-15 cm. wide, long-acuminate, the petiole about one-half as long as the blade ; peduncles stout, tomentose, about 1.5 cm. long; heads nodding, densely many-flowered, 5-6 cm. in diameter; Isracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, villous, the lower ones 4-5 cm. long, the others shorter; perianth yellow, much shorter than the bracts. Cultivated in Porto Rico gardens, its origin unknown, presumably from tropical India, or Malaya. Tji^e from a garden near La Muda (Britton 7892); in flower ]March, 1923. Polianthes tuberosa L., Tuberose, ]\Iexican, grown in Porto Rico and Vir- gin Island gardens, has a tuberous rootstock, erect stems 6-9 dm. high bearing several narrowly linear leaves and a terminal spike of pure white fragrant waxy flowers, the perianth-segments about 2-2.5 cm. long, the tube bent near the base. Eucharis grandiflora Planch. [E. amazonica Lindl.], Amazon Lily, South American, grown in Porto Rican and Virgin Island gardens, is bulbous, with elliptic or elliptic-oblong leaves 2-3 dm. long, and 11-15 cm. wide on petioles 15 cm. or more long, the umbelled white flowers with a cylindric, often curved, tube, an expanded throat and 6 spreading starlike segments about 3 or 4 cm. long, the staminal cup of six connate segments. Also known as Annunciation Lily. Sprekelia formosissima (L.) Herb., Mexican, occasionally grown for ornament in Virgin Island gardens, is bulbous, with linear leaves and a hollow scape bearing one large red declined flower with nearly equal segments, the lower ones concave and partly enclosing the stamens and pistil. [Amaryllis formosissim,a L.] Amaryllis Belladonna L., Belladonna Lily, South African, planted for ornament in Virgin Island gardens, has scapes 6-12 dm. high, bearing an umbel of large, short-pedicelled, rose-red, fragrant flowers which bloom before the narrow strap-shaped leaves appear. Cyrtanthus uniflorus Ker., South African, recorded by Krebs as formerly grown in St. Thomas, has a small globose bulb, narrow linear leaves, the scape bearing one to three nearly erect and nearly white flowers about 5 cm. long [Amaryllis pumilio Ait.] 162 DIOSCOREACEAE Family 4. DIOSCOREACEAE lindl. Yam Family Perennial herbaceous or somewhat woody vines, with ribbed and netted- veined petioled leaves and small inconspicuous dioecious or monoecious (in some exotic genera perfect) regular flowers. Perianth 6-parted, adherent in the pistillate flowers to the ovary. Staminate flowers with 6 or 3 stamens, sometimes with a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, 3 styles and 3 terminal stigmas, sometimes also with 3 or 6 staminodia; ovules 2 or rarely one in each cavity of the ovary, pendulous, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 3-valved, 3-angled capsule or sama- roid. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or cartilaginous, enclosing the small embryo. About 9 genera and 175 species, mostly natives of America, a few in the Old World. Fruit a 3-celled, 3-winged or 3-angled capsule. 1- Dioscorea. Fruit a 1-seeded samara. 2. Rajama. 1. DIOSCOREA [Plum.] L. Sp. PI. 1032. 1753. Twining \ines, mostly with large edible tuberous rootstocks, the stems occasionally armed ^vith prickles near the base. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, often bearing bulbs in their a.xils. Flowers in axillary spikes, racemes or panicles. Fruit locuUcidaUy 3-valved by spUtting through the winged angles. Seeds flat, with a membranous wing. [Name in honor of the Greek NaturaUst Dioscorides.] About 160 species, natives of tropical regions, a few in the tem- perate zones. Known as Yam and Name. Type species: Dioscorea saliva L. T f*fi,f—V)l3jd6s GJitirc Leaf-blades long-pilose on the veins beneath; leaves alternate; . stems slender, terete, unarmed. 1- D. pilosiuscula. Leaf-blades glabrous. Perfect stamens 3; leaves alternate; stems terete or nearly ^ , so, unarmed. 2. D. polygonmdes. Perfect stamens 6. Leaves mostly opposite. Stems acutely 4-angled or 4-winged; racms of the staminate inflorescence flexuous. 3. D. alata. Stems terete or nearly so. sometimes armed with small sharp prickles; rachis of the staminate in- florescence straight. 4. D. cayennensis. Leaves mostlv alternate; stems sharply angled, armed with large flat prickles; staminate spikes simple. 5. D. altissjma. Leaf-blades 3-6-lobed; leaves alternate; stem 4-angled or 4-winged; perfect stamens 6. 6. JJ. tnhda. 1. Dioscorea pilosiuscula Bertero; Spreng. Syst. 2: 152. 1825. • Helmia pilosiuscula Kunth, Enum. 5: 434. 1850. Dioscorea bulbifera Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 587. 1864. Not. L. 1753. A rather slender \ine, sometimes 15 m. long, the subcylhidric stems glabrous or sparingly pilose, striate. Leaves alternate, often bearing bulbils in their axils, the blades "ovate, 8-14 cm. long, 4-7.5 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, 7-11-nerved, the sinus broad; petioles 2.5-3.5 cm. long, pilose or glabrous; pistillate flowers in long smaple spikes, the perianth-segments oblong or elliptic, 1.5 nmi. long; capsule oblong-elliptic, 2 cm. long, 1 cm. broad; seeds about 8 mm. long, winged at the base. Thickets and hillsides, Porto Eico; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—Jamaica (ac- cording to Grisebach), Hispaniola; Antigua to Tobago; GuiEina. DrNGUEY. DIOSCOREACEAE 163 2. Dioscorea polygonoides H. & B.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 795. 1808. Dioscorea polygonoides scorpioidea UUne; R. Knuth, Notizblatt 7: 208. 1917. A glabrous vine with slender subterete stems. Leaves alternate, ovate to ovate-oval, 6-15 cm. long, 5-12 cm. broad, long-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, 7-11-nerved, punctate with pellucid lines; staminate flowers interruptedly spicate, single or glomerate, the spike simple or sparingly branched bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long; perianth-segments ovate or elliptic, about 1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, obtuse or acutish; perfect stamens .3; sterile stamens 3; pistillate flowers in sunple or slightly compound racemes; capsule oblong-oval or oval, 2. .5-3 cm. long, 2-2.7 cm. broad chartaceous; seeds surrounded by a wing. [D. alata of Bello, not of Linnaeus; D. multiflora of Cook and ColUns.] Thickets and hillsides, Porto Rico:—Hispaniola: Antigua to Trinidad; continental tropical America. Gunda. Hicamo. Mata gallina. 3. Dioscorea alata L. Sp. PI. 1033. 1753, Rajania flexuosa Bello, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 124. 1883. A glabrous vine, the stems 4-angled or 4-winged. Leaves usually opposite, the blades hastate-ovate to broadly ovate or suborbicular, 7-20 cm. long, 4-12 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, often deeply cordate at the base, 5-7-nerved, membranous; petioles rather slender, 5-14 cm. long, often winged; staminate flowers in whorled, often panicled spikes, the rachis flexuous; perianth-segments about 1 mm. long, the outer oval to orbicular, the inner somewhat obovate; fertile stamens 6; pistillate flowers distant in sunple spikes, hypanthium glabrous; capsule coriaceous, glabrous, broader than long, with 3 large wings, 2.2-3 cm. in diameter; seeds orbicular, broadly winged all around. Spontaneous after cultivation; Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; St. Croix: —Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Saba to Trinidad; northern South America. Generally cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries. Probably native of southern Asia. White Yam. Water Yam. 4. Dioscorea cayennensis Lam. Encyc. 3: 233. 1789. A glabrous vine, the stems terete or nearly so, often armed below with small sharp prickles. Leaves mostly opposite, the blades usually cordate-hastate, 6-14 cm. long, 5-10 cm. broad, rather abruptly long-acimiinate at the apex, 7-9 nerved, punctate with pellucid lines; petioles 4.5-9 cm. long; staminate flowers spicate; bracts triangular-ovate, acuminate, about 1 mm. long; outer perianth-segments oval, 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.2-1.5 mm. broad, the inner slightly smaller; perfect stamens 6; pistillate flowers in simple spikes; capsule elliptic- oblong, coriaceous; seeds winged at the base. Spontaneous after cultivation in Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Guadeloupe; St. Lucia; Grenada; Tobago; Trinidad. Name de Guinea. Guinea Yam. Yellow Yam. Dioscorea rotundata Poir. [D. cayennensis rotundata Griseb.], White Guinea Yam, originally described from (probably cultivated) Porto Rican specimens, is very similar to the preceedmg. It differs, however, in the cordate leaf-blades which have rounded lobes, and in a usually more sunple inflorescence. 5. Dioscorea altissima Lam. Encyc. 3: 231. 1789. Dioscorea chondrocarpa Griseb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3*: 34. 1842. A large vine, the brownish stems sharply angled below and often more or less winged, armed with large flat prickles. Leaves usually alternate, rarely subopposite, the blades ovate to orbicular, 8-15 cm. long, 7-16 cm. broad, acu- minate at the apex, cordate at the base, 7-9-nerved, punctate beneath with pel- lucid lines and dots; petioles 5-7.5 cm. long, occasionally armed with small 164 DIOSCOREACEAE scattered prickles; staminate spikes "simple, the perianth-segments oblong, obtuse"; pistillate flowers in long simple spikes, the perianth-segments oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long. Spontaneous after cultivation; Porto Rico:—Cuba; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent; Tobago; BrazU. Dunguey. 6. Dioscorea trifida L. f. Suppl. 427. 1781. A pubescent vine, the stems 4-angled or 4-winged. Leaves alternate, 9-20 cm. long, 8-19 cm. broad, 3-.5-lobed, often short-pilose on the veins beneath, punctate with pellucid lines, 9-11-nerved, the lobes ovate-lanceolate to elliptic or oval, acuminate; petioles 5-12 cm. long; staminate flowers in long slender, sometimes whorled, panicled spikes, the branches pilose, the lanceolate bracts about 2 mm. long, acuminate; perianth-segments oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long; stamens 6, all perfect, the filaments longer than the anthers; pistillate flowers in long slender simple racemes, the rachis often pilose; hypanthium pilose, the perianth- segments oblong to oblong-lanceolate; capsule oblong-elliptic, 2.5-3.4 cm. long, 1.4-1.6 cm. broad, coriaceous. Spontaneous after cultivation in Porto Rico:—.Jamaica; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent. Tobago and Trinidad. Native of Southi America. Mapuey. CusH-ctrSH Yam. Indian Yam. Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Prain, Potato Yam, is cultivated in Porto Rico for food. It is a rather large vine, the broadly ovate, glabrous alternate, 9-13-nerved leaves are cordate at the liase, acuminate at the apex, the stems terete, the staminate spikes fasciculate-paniculate, the pistillate simple. [Oncua esculentus Lour; D. sativa of Kunth, not of Linnaeus.] Dioscorea latifolia Benth., Akam, of west tropical Africa, is sometimes planted in Porto Rico and has been confused with D. sativa L. The alternate, long-petioled, glabrous, 7-9-nerved leaves are cordate at the base, the staminate spikes about as long as the leaves, the stamens shorter than the narrow perianth- lobes, the rudimentary ovary small, the pistillate spikes sometimes 20 cm. long or more. Dioscorea sagittata Poir, native of Guiana, is recorded as formerly ob- served on St. Thomas l:)y Krebs. 2. RAJANIA L. Sp. PI. 1032. 1753. Twining vines, with alternate petioled leaves, and small greenish dioecious racemose flowers, the staminate ones commonly clustered in the racemes, the pistillate solitary. Staminate flowers with a 6-cleft perianth and 6 stamens with short filaments, the pistil rudimentary or none. Pistillate flowers witli 6 distinct perianth-segments, the styles 2-cleft; staminodia minute ox' wanting. Fruit sam- aroid, 1-seeded, indehiscent, the wing terminal. Commemorates John Ray, 1628-1705, famous English botanist.] Twenty species or more, natives of the West Indies, Central and South America. Type species: Rajania hastata L. 1. Rajania cordata L. Sp. PI. 1032. 1753. Rajania pleioneura Griseb. Fl. Br. "W. I. 588. 1864. Rajania Sinienisii Uline; Urban. Symb. Ant. 3: 281. 1902. Rajania venosa R. Knuth, Notizblatt 7: 219. 1917. Rajania cordata microcarpa LHine; R. Knuth, Notizljlatt 7: 219. 1917. Rajania cordata cymulifera UUne; R. Knuth, Notizblatt 7: 220. 1917. A vine, 3-9 m. long or longer, with slender glabrous branches. Leaves alternate, chartaceous, oblong-ovate, triangular-ovate or broadly ovate, 4-19 HAEMODORACEAE 165 cm. long, 2-11.5 cm. broad, acute to long-acuminate at the apex, cordate or sub- cordate at the ba.se, glabrous on both sides, 7-9 nerved, the petioles 1-5 cm. long; staminate inflorescence 6-30 cm. long, its branches slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent; perianth-segments oblong, 1 mm. long or less; pistillate inflorescence 7-30 cm. long, usually glabrous; samara narrowly to broadly semiobovate-oblong, 1-2.6 cm. long, its wing thin and lustrous. Thickets, woodlands and mountain forests ascending to higher elevations in moist districts Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas:—Cuba; Jamaica; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; Trinidad. Guayaro. Bejuco de Gu.\bagxjao. Name GULUMBO. GtTN'DA. Family 5. HAEMODORACEAE R. Br. Bloodwort Family Perennial herbs with erect stems, narrowly or broadly linear leaves, and regular or somewhat irregular perfect flowers. Perianth 6-parted or 6-lobed, persistent. Stamens 3. Ovary inferior or superior, 3-ceUed; ovules few or numerous in each cavitv; styles mostly slender; stigma small, entire or 3- grooved. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Seeds few or numerous; embryo small in fleshy endosperm. About 9 genera and 35 species, mostly natives of South Africa and Australia, a few in tropical America and the north temperate zone. 1. XIPHIDIUM Aubl. PI. Guian. l: 33. 1775. Rather stout stoloniferous herbs, with creeping rootstocks and broadly linear equitant leaves. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens opposite the 3 inner per- ianth-segments; filaments short; anthers erect. Ovary superior; ovules numer- ous in each cavity. Capsule globose; seeds numerous. (Greek, a little sword.) Two or three species, natives of the We.5t Indies and tropical America. Type species: Xiphidium coeruleum Aubl. 1. Xiphidium coeruleum. Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 33. 1775. Xiphidium florihundum Sw. Prodr. 17. 1788. Stems 2-6 dm. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3.5-4 dm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, long-acuminate at the apex, glabrous, the margins often muricate ; panicle 1-3 dm. high, the branches more or less villous; pedicels 2-5 nmi. long; perianth- segments oblong-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, obtuse or acutish, glabrescent; capsule 5-6 mm. in diameter. Moist shadv places, Rosario, Porto Rico:—Cuba; .Jamaica; St. Kitts to Trinidad; continental tropical America. Occasionally planted in Virgin Island flower gardens. Family 6. IRIDACEAE Lindl. Iris Family Perennial herbs, with elongated or bulb-like rootstocks and equitant 2-ranked leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or irregular, solitary or in clusters from spathe-like bracts. Perianth of 6 segments or 6-lobed, the tube adnate to the ovary, the segments or lobes in 2 series, convolute in the bud, withering- persistent. Stamens 3, inserted on the perianth opposite the outer series of segments or lobes. Filaments distinct or partially united. Anthers 2- celled, extrorse. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. 0\ailes numerous, anatropous. Styles distinct, entire or parted, sometimes petal-like. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Seeds numerous in 1 or 2 rows in each cavity of the 166 HAEMODORACEAE capsule; embryo straight in fleshy or horny endosperm. About 57 genera and 800 or more species of wide distribution, in temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Caulescent herbs, with short, stout rootstocks; style subulate, its branches flattened and emarginate. 1. Belamcanda. Acaulescent herbs, with coated bulbs; style very short, with three sub- ulate branches. 2. Galatea. 1. BELAMCANDA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 60. 1763. [Gemmingia Heister; Fabr. Enum. PI. Hort. Helm. ed. 2. 27. 1763.] Perennial caulescent herbs, with short stout rootstocks and alternate Iris- like leaves. Flowers in terminal small bracted clusters. Perianth mottled. Stamens 3; filaments distinct, adnate to the base of the perianth-segments; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 3-celled. Style slender, the branches flattened. Capsule fig-shaped, loculicidally 3-valved to the base, the valves recurving, finally falling away, leaving the central column covered with the globose black and fleshy-coated seeds, resembling a blackberry. [The East Indian name.] A monotyplc genus of eastern Asia. 1. Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. in Red. Lil. 3: pi. 121. 1807. Ixia chinensis L. Sp. PI. 36. 1753. Pardanthus chinensis Ker in Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. l: 247. 1805. Gemmingia chinensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 701. 1891. Stems rather stout, 4.5-12 dm. tall or more. Leaves nearly erect, bright green, often more or less glaucescent, equitant, folded, 1 .5-5 dm. long, the two sides united above the middle; bracts similar to the leaves but much shorter; flowers several or numerous; perianth 3-5 cm. broad, the segments nearly alike, oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, orange-yellow mottled with crimson-purple spots; capsule 2-2.5 cm. long; seeds shining. Roadsides and open hillsides, naturalized in Porto Rico; following cultivation for ornament;—eastern United States; Cuba; Jamaica; Martinique. M.\hiposa. Black- berry Lily. 2. GALATEA Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. l: 310. 1812. [Eleutherine Herb. Bot. Reg. 29: pi. 67. 1843.] Acaulescent herbs, with tunicated bulbs and lanceolate acuminate leaves. Inflorescence of several peduncled clusters, subtended at the base by a large leaf-Uke bract. Spathes several-flowered, about 1.5 cm. long. Perianth-tube none, the segments subequal, spreading. Filaments short, free. Anthers Unear. Ovary 3-celled. Ovules many, superposed. Style very short, with 3 subulate branches stigmatic at the tip. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds small, angled by pressure. [Greek, a sea-nymph.] Two known species, natives of tropical America. Type species : Galatea vespertina Salisb. 1. Galatea bulbosa (Mill.) Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. l: 37. 1918. Sisyrinchium bidbosum Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. No. 3. 1768. Sisyrinchium palmifolium Cav. Diss 6: 348. 1788. Not. L. 1767. Eleutherine plicata Herb.; Klatt, in Mart. Fl. Bras. S^: 514. 1871. Cipura plicata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 589. 1864. Eleutherine bulbosa Urban, Repert. 15: 305. 1918. Bulb ovoid, 3 cm. or more in diameter, with rather hard red-brown coats. Leaves 1 or 2, basal, linear-lanceolate, 1.4-4.5 dm. long, the slender scape up to MUSACEAE 1«7 3.5 dm. tall; spathes oblong, 1.5 cm. long, or less; flowers slender-pedicelled perianth white, 2-2.5 cm. broad; the segments obovate, spreading; style-branches as long as the anthers ; filaments short ; anthers linear ; capsule about 2 cm. long. Roadsides and fields, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Jan; St. Croi.x:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola to Grenada; South America. Order 10. SCITAMINALES. Herbs, often large and perennial, or sometimes arborescent. Flowers very irregular. Ovary inferior, composed of several united carpels. Fruit a capsule or utricle. Seeds with endosperm. Pollen-bearing stamens 5. Fam. 1. Musaceae. Pollen-bearing stamen 1. Ovules many in each cavity of the ovary. /-. . ,.ttvt . rt » t^ Anthers 1-celled. Fam. 2. Cannaceae Anthers 2-celled Fam. 3. Alpiniaceae. Ov\de soUtary in each cavity of the ovary. Fam. 4. Marantac eae Family 1. MUSACEAE J. St. Hill. Banana Family. Caulescent or occasionally acaulescent, often stoloniferous perennial herbs, with subarborescent stems composed of convolute leaf-sheaths, or sometimes arborescent. Leaves distichous or spiral, the blades large, pinnately parallel-veined. Inflorescence simple, bracteate, forming a dense spiral spike, or compound and forming a loose distichous panicle. Flowers perfect or unisexual. Corolla a convex membranous petal placed opposite the slit in the calyx, or the 3 petals united into a tube 3-toothed at the apex, or free. Calyx-tube slit down one side to the base, 3-5-toothed at the apex, or of 3 equal sepals, all free, or one free and the other two more or less adnate to the base of the corolla. Ovary 3-celled, the ovules solitary or often several in each cell, anatropous, erect or horizontal; style simple stigma simple or lobed. Fruit indehiscent, pulpy or dry, or capsular and dehiscent. Seeds with or without an arill. Embryo short. The family contains 6 genera and about 80 species of wide geographic distribution. Flowers perfect; ovule solitary in each ceU of the ovary. . 1- Bihai. Flowers unisexual, the loWer female, the upper male; ovules many m eacn cell of the »vary. , ^- J*^"sa. 1. BIHAI Adans. Fam. PI. 525. 1753. [Heliconia L. Mant. 2: 147. 1771.] Herbs, the inflorescence terminal, erect or recurved-pendulous. Flowers perfect, glomerate or fascicled in the axils of distichous bracts. Sepals 3, lan- ceolate, equal, one free, the two others more or less adnate at the base to the cor- olla. Petals united into a tube, 3-toothed at the apex. Perfect stamens 5; filaments short ; anthers linear, the sixth stamen represented by a small petaloid staminodium. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; ovules solitary, erect; style fihform; stigma capitate. Capsule drupaceous, often blue. [An aboriginal name.] Thirty or more species, native of tropical America. Type species : Musa Bihai L. 1. Bihai Bihai (L.) Griggs. Bull. Torr. Club 31: 445. 1904. Musa Bihai L. Sp. PI. 1043. 17.53. Heliconia Bihai L. Mant. 2: 211. 1771. Heliconia horinquena Griggs, Bull. Torr. Club 30: G5S. 1903. Bihai horinquena Griggs, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 445. 1904. Plant 3-6 m. tall. Leaves long-petioled, the oblong or elliptic blade often 1 m. or more long, 2-3.5 dm. broad, abruptly short-acuminate at the apex, acute 168 MUSACEAE or rounded at the base, glabrous, green, or glaucous beneath: inflorescence 4-6 dm. long; bracts deeply boat-shaped, acute to long-acuminate, 6-12 cm. long, overlapping each other at their bases, crimson with a yellow edge, yellow or scar- let ; flowers greenish or greenish-yellow. Moist liillside forests and damp ravines, Porto Rico; Tortola:—West Indies (except Bahamas) ; continental tropical America. Races differ in sliape, size and color of ttie bracts. P.VMPANO. Platano de Indio. Wild Plantain. 2. MUSA L. Sp. PI. 1043. 1753. Herbs, often large and tree-lilve. Leaves usually very large. Flowers unisexual, in half whorl-like clusters in a termhial, erect or recurved-pendulous spike, the lower flowers female, the upper male ; bracts large, spathaceous, colored. Calyx-tube slit down one side to the base, 3-5-toothed at the apex. Corolla a convex membranous petal placed opposite the slit in the calyx. Perfect stamens 5, the sixth rudimentary or none; filaments erect, free; anthers linear, erect, 2- celled. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; ovules many, superposed; style erect, filiform; stigma subglobose, 6-lobed. Fruit oblong or fusiform, indehiscent, usually fleshy, many-seeded when seed is produced; testa crustaceous; endosperm mealy ; embryo small. [Named in honor of Antonio Musa, physician to Octavius Augustus, first Emperor of Eome.] Forty or more species, natives of tropical Asia, Africa, Australia and adjacent islands. Type species; Musa paradisiaca L. 1. Musa paradisiaca L. Sp. PI. 1043. 1753. Plant 6-10 m. tall, stoloniferous. Leaves petioled, the blade oblong, 12-20 dm. long, 3.5-6 dm. wide, usually rounded at the l^ase, light green above, paler beneath; inflorescence recurved-pendulous, 10-15 dm. long; bracts mostly persistent, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, duU violet, more or less glaucous outside, the lower longer than the upper: flowers yellowish-white, 3-3.8 cm. long; calyx 5-toothed; free petal oval, half as long as the calyx; fruit cylindric 1.5- 3 dm. long, usually yellow or greenish-yellow when ripe, the pulp Arm, eaten when cooked. Persistent after cultivation in Porto Rico. Cultivated in all tropical countries, and the most important food-fruit in Porto Rico. Native of India, Platano. PL.\.NTArN. Musa sapientum L. Guineos, Edible Banana, Yellow Banana, is sometimes regarded as a subspecies, or variety of the preceeding, or as a species and M. paradisiaca L. a variety of it. There are many races of this in cultivation in tropical regions. Cook and Collins recorded over 40 named varieties of plantains and bananas under cultivation in Porto Eico. Musa Cavendishii Lamb., Dwarf Banana, Fig Banana, Asiatic, locally grown in Porto Rico, is usually not more than 2.5 m. high, with spreading leaves about 1 m. long, the numerous yeUow fruits 1-1.5 dm. long. Ravenela madagascariensis J. P. Gmelin, Travelers' Tree, native of Madagascar, is occasionally planted for ornament in moist parts of Porto Rico. The unbranched trunk is rather stout up to 7 m. high ; the large, long-petioled, distichous leaves arranged in a fan-like crown, the large flowers white, the fruit a loculicidally dehiscent capsule. The densely imbricated petiole-bases contain a watery sap which is drinkable. CANNACEAE 169 Family 2. CANNACEAE Link. Canna Family. Erect caulescent herbs, with leafy stems. Flowers irregular, often showy, usually in a terminal raceme or panicle, occasionally spicate. Calyx of 3 erect, more or less imbricate, persistent sepals. Corolla of 3 partially united petals. Staminal tube connate below with the corolla tube, the segments petaloid, unequal, the exterior staminodes 2 or 3, rarely wanting, the interior staminodes 2, one of which bears a one-celled anther on its margin. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, the cells many-ovuled. Style flattened, adnate to the base of the staminal tube, free above. Fruit capsular, loculicidal, with a papillose or bristly coat. Seeds large, globose. Endosperm horny. Embryo straight. Only the following genus. 1. CANNA L. Sp. PL 1. 1753. Characters of the family. [Latin, a cane or reed.] About 50 species, natives mostly of tropical and subtropical regions, known as Maraca and Indian Shot. Type species : Canna indica L. Flowers yellow. 1- C. glauca. Flowers red. Leaves not perforated. Staminodia unequal; lip yellow spotted with red. 2. C. coccinea. Staminodia subequal; entire corolla red. .3. C. sylvestris. Leaves with foramina between the mid-vein and the margin. 4. C. pertusa. 1. Canna glauca L. Sp. PI. i. 1753. Stem glaucous, 1-2 m. tall. Leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, the lower 3.5-5 dm. long, 8-13 cm. wide at the middle, acuminate at the apex, gradually tapering to the base, glaucous; racemes lax, simple or forlced; sepals lanceolate, L.5-1.7 cm. long, glaucous; corolla-tube 1.5-2 cm. long, the linear-lanceolate segments erect, 4-4.5 cm. long, greenish-yellow; upper staminodia 3, pale yellow, unspotted, 6-7 cm. long, 1.4-2 cm. broad; lip narrowly obovate-oblong, pale yellow, emar- ginate; style linear; capsule ellipsoid or oval, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. in diameter. Marshy places and ditches. Porto Rico:—Bermuda; Cuba; Jamaica; Guadeloupe to Trinidad, South America; recorded from the Philippine Islands. A glaucous Canna, perhaps a hybrid of C. glauca with some other species, was well established and abundant in the old moat at Fort Geronimo, near San Juan in 1922, but the moat had been filled up and the colony of plants destroyed in 1923. 2. Canna coccinea Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. 1768. Canna coccinea bicolor Kranzl., Pflanzenreich 4^^: 61. 1912. Stem slender, green, 1.5-2 m. tall. Leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate to oblong- ovate, 2.5-5 dm. long, 8-16 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, acute at the base; racemes mostly simple; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 1.2-1.5 cm. long, tinged with red; corolla-tube short, the segments lanceolate, 3.2-3.8 cm. long, tinged with red ; upper staminodia unequal, two of them oblong-spatulate, emarginate at the apex, rarely entire, the third one much smaller, linear-lanceolate ; lip red-yellow, distinctly emarginate; capsule 2-3 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. Fields, banks and borders of woods, Porto Rico, ascending to 800 m.; St. Thomas: West Indies (except Bahamas) ; Central and South America. 170 ALPINIACEAE 3. Canna sylvestris Rose. Monandr. PI. 10. 1828. Canna coccinea silvestris Kegel, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 8.5. 1866. Canna portoricensis P.C. Bouche, Linnaea 12: 147. 1838. Stems erect, green, about 2 m. tall. Leaf-blade- oblong-lanceolate or el- liptic, up to 7 dm. long and 2.5 dm. broad; racemes slender, usually branched; sepals lanceolate, 0.9-1 cm. long, tinged with red ; perianth-segments lanceolate, 4 cm. long, acuminate at the apex; staminodia 3, equal or nearly so; lip revolute; capsule ellipsoid, 3.5-4 cm. long, 1.8 cm. in diameter. Banks of stream, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Panama. 4. Canna pertusa Urban, Repert. 15: 101. 1917. Plant 3 m. tall, with glabrous stems. Leaf-blades oval, about 3.5 dm. long, 2 dm. broad, short-acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, pale green, gla- brous above, cobwebby-pubescent on the midvein beneath, at least some of them with oblong perforations between the margin and midrib; inflorescence paniculate, about 2.5 dm. long; bracts cobwebby-pubescent; ovary oblong-ellip- soid or obovoid-oblong, densely papillose; sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm long, obtuse at the apex; corolla-tube short, the segments 3.5 cm. long, 7-8 mm. broad, erect; staminodia 3, united to above the middle; lip lanceolate, punctate above; capsule oval-elUpsoid or ellipsoid, 4.5-5.5 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. in diameter, echinate. Banks and along streams, in the central and western mountains of Porto Rico. Endemic. Canna lutea Mill., of continental tropical America, has escaped in gardens on St. Croix, according to Millspaugh. It is a medium-sized herb, the slender green stems sometunes a meter or more high, the broad lanceolate or oblong leaves acute, the oblong sepals white-margined, the lanceolate petals yellow- ish white, 2.5 cm. long, the pale yellow staminodia often emarginate, 3.5-5 cm. long, the linear lip pale yellow. Canna edulis Ker., West Indian and South American, is recorded by Eggers as naturalized and cultivated along rivulets in the Virgin Islands. It is a tall herb, the stout purplish stems sometunes 3 m. high, the oblong or ovate-oblong green or bronze leaves 6 dm. or more long, the oblong-lanceolate sepals, 2 cm. long, the narrowly lanceolate petals up to 4 cm. long, the bright red or orange staminodia entire or emarginate, 5 cm. or more long, the lip bright red or yellowish red, the rootstock edible, thick. Canna Lambertii Lindl., native of the West Indies and South America, is recorded by Eggers as cultivated in the Virgin Islands, and by Millspaugh as naturahzed on St. Croix. It is a tall herb, the rather stout stems green, the oblong-lanceolate or elliptic leaves acute, the lanceolate, pale purple or lilac sepals about 1 or 1.2 cm. long, the lanceolate purple petals 3.5 cm. long, the ob- ovate, bright crimson staminodia connate at the base, the lip crimson-purple. Canna indica L., of the West Indies and continental tropical America, is recorded bv Krebs as found in St. Thomas and by Eggers as found in moist places and near dwelUngs in the Virgin Islands ; the records probably apply to C. coccinea Mill. ,, , ^ Selected cannas are grown in Porto Rican gardens with moderate success. Family 3. ALPINIACEAE Link. Ginger Family. Mostly perennial aromatic herbs, often large, with cauline or basal leaves, the blades pinnately veined. Inflorescence terminating a leafy stem, or on a leafless scape arising from the base of the sterile shoot. Flowers ALPINIACEAE 171 bracteate and often bracteolate, solitary, spicate, racemose or panicled, irregular, perfect. Calyx superior, tubular or spathaceous, often 3-lobed. Corolla funnelform, 3-lobed. Lateral staminodia petaloid, tooth-like or none. Lip often large, 2- or 3-lobed. Stamen 1; filament short or long; anther 2-celled, the cells longitudinally dehiscent. Style filiform; stigma funnelform, the apex often ciliate. Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1- or 2-celled; ovules anatropous. Fruit capsular, more or less fleshy, tardily dehiscent. Style filiform; stigma funnelform, the apex often ciliate. Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1- or 2-celled; ovules anatropous. Fruit capsular, more or less fleshy. Seeds eUipsoid; embryo straight, cylindric or clavate. About 38 genera and over 800 species, of wide tropical distribution. Inflorescence lax-flowered, racemose, raceme-like or paniculate; lateral staminodia rudimentary. Lip horizontal or declined, sessile or short-clawed. 1. Languas. Lip erect, long-clawed. 2. Alpinia. Inflorescence dense, spike-like, often cone-like. Lateral staminodia rudimentary. Spikes terminating leafless scapes; filament short; connective usually produced into a long appendage. 3. Zingiber. Spikes terminating leafy stems; filament petaloid, the anther adnate to its middle. 4. Costus. Lateral staminodia large and petal-like. Staminodia united below with the petal-like filament. 5. Curcuma. Staminodia distinct or nearly so; filament slender, not petal-like. 6. Hedychium. 1. LANGUAS Koenig in Retz, Obs. 3: 64. 1783. Herbs with stout rootstocks, and often tall leafy stems. Flowers mostly in terminal panicles or racemes. Calyx loosely tubular or subcampanulate, 3- toothed. Corolla-tube cylindric, about as long as the calyx, the lobes spreading. Lateral staminodia small ; lip large, spreading ; filament broad ; anther-cells linear » separated by a broad or narrow connective. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules few or many in each cell; style filiform; stigma subglobose. Fruit subglobose, many-seeded. Seeds globose or angled, with a fleshy or spongy aril. [Malayan name.] About 135 species, natives of southeastern Asia, the East Indian Islands, New Guinea and Polynesia. Type species : Languas vulgare Koenig. 1. Languas speciosa (Wendl.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 307, 1375. 1913. Zerumhet speciosum Wendl. Sert. Hann. 4: 3. 1798. Globba nutans Redoute, Liliac. 1: pi. 60. 1802. Not. L. 1771. Renealmia nutans Andr. Bot. Rep. 5: pi. 360. 1802-3. Alpinia nutans Rose; Smith. Exot. Fl. 2: 93. 1805. Alpinia speciosa K. Schum. Fl. Kaiser-Wilhehnsl. 29. 1887. A robust herb with leafy stems 2-3 m. or more high and showy orchid-like flowers. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-7 dm. long, 6-14 cm. broad, petioled or subsessile, the margin usually conspicuously ciliate ; ligule coriaceous, about 1 cm. long, obtuse, often densely pubescent with appressed brownish hairs; panicle raceme-like, nodding; rachis stout, often densely pubescent; bracts 2-2.8 cm. long, enveloping the buds, deciduous; calyx subcampanulate, 1.8-2.5 cm. long, lobed; corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, the oblong-elliptic segments 2.5-3 cm. long, white, tipped with pink ; lip ovate, 3. .5-4 cm. long, the margins pale, incurved, the center variegated with red and yellow ; filament linear ; lateral staminodia subulate, 2 mm. long; capsule subglobose, 2 cm. in diameter. Persistent after cultivation in Porto Rico;—southern Florida; Bermuda; Cuba; Hispaniola; Mont.serrat; Guadeloupe. Commonly planted for ornament in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Native of the islands of eastern Asia. Dragon. Boca de DRAGON. Shell-plant. Shell-flower. 172 ALPINIACEAE 2. ALPINIA L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. [Renealmia L.f. Suppl. 7. 1781. Not L., 1753.] Perennial aromatic herbs with fleshy rootstocks. Inflorescence paniculate or racemose, terminating a leafy stem, or borne on a lateral scape arismg from the base of the sterile shoot. Calyx coriaceous, narrowly or broadly funnel- shaped, 3-toothed at the apex. Corolla-tube often shorter than the calyx, the lobes subequal or longer, rarely shorter. Lip more or less 3-lobed. Lateral staminodia rudimentary. Anther 2-celled, sessile or with a short filament. Capsule globose or ellipsoid, rather fleshy, finally dehiscing irregularly. Seeds few, arillate. [Commemorates Prosper Alpino, 1553-1617, an ItaUan botanist] About 50 species, of tropical distribution. Type species : Alpinia racemosa L. • Inflorescence terminating a leafy stem; corolla white. 1. A. antillarum. Inflorescence terminating a leafless scape ajising from the base of the sterile shoot; corolla yellow. Stems rather slender; calyx 5-6 mm. long; capsule 8-9 mm. m diameter. ^ ^ 2. ^. aromatica. Stems robust; calyx 1.5-1.8 cm. long; capside 1.4-1.8 cm. broad. 3. A. exaltala. 1. Alpinia antillarum R. & S. Syst. 1: 20. 1817. Alpinia racemosa Sw. Obs. 5. 1791. Not. L., 17.53. Renealmia racemosa Rose. ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 601. 1864. Not A. Rich. 1850. Renealmia antillarum Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France IV. 3: 200. 1903. Renealmia antillarum puberula Gagnepain, loc. cit. 203. 1903. Stems 1.5-2 m. high, occasionally taller. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, 3.5-7.5 cm. broad, acimiinate at the apex, acute at the base, glabrous^ short-petioled or sessile; inflorescence 6.5 cm. long, erect, terminatmg a leafy stem, with one or more sterile bracts at the base, usually exceeded by the upper- most' leaves; rachis, bracts and pedicels crimson; flowermg bracts lanceolate^ 3.5-4 cm. long; bracteoles broadly fumielform; pedicels slender, 5-12 mm. long; ovary globose, glabrous ; calyx crimson, 7 rmn. long, 3-toothed, the teeth obtuse corolla white, the tube 11-12 mim. long, the lip 3-lobed; capsule subglobose, 7-8 mm. or more in diameter; seeds angled, 2-2.5 nun. in diameter, brown, shining. [Renealmia bracteosa of Bello, not of Grisebach.] Shaded hillsides, moist mountain woodlands and river valleys, ascending to the higher elevations, Porto Rico;—Jamaica; Hispaniola. 2. Alpinia aromatica Aubl. PI. Guian. i: 3. 1775. Alpinia occidentalis Sw. Prodr. 11. 1788. Renealmia occidentalis Sweet, Hort. Brit. Ed. 2, 493. 1830. Renealmia aromatica Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 601. 1864. Ethanium aromatica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 689. 1891. Ethanium jamaicense Kuntze, loc. cit. 1891. Stems 2-2.5 m. tall. Leaves sessile or subsessile, narrowly oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 2-5 dm. long, 4-12 cm. broad, acumhiate at the apex, acute at the base, glabrous, sessile or nearly so; inflorescence 1-3 dm. long, terminating a leafless scape about 6 dm. long, arismg from the base of the stem ; rachis more or less hirsute ; scape 4-12 dm. long, the membranous sheaths 9-15 cm. long ; lower bracts 3-6 cm. long, occasionaUy longer, the upper ones smaller; bracteoles funnelform ; pedicels 4 mm. or more long ; ovary subglobose, pilose or subglabrous calyx 5-6 mm. long, scarlet ; corolla yeUow ; capsule subglobose or ellipsoid, deep red, 8-9 mm. in diameter; seeds angled, 3 mm. m diameter, hght gray, shming. [Amomum sylvestre of West, and of Krebs, not of Swartz, Renealmia sylvestri^ of Eggers.] Damp shaded hillsides, woods and ravines, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; Tortola:—Cuba and Jamaica to St. Vincent; continental tropical America. BUAO. Narciso. ALPINIACEAE 173 3. Alpinia exaltata (L.f.) R. & S. Syst. l: 21. 1817. Renealmia exaltata L.f. Suppl. 79. 1781. Ethanium exaltatum Kiintze, Rev. Gen. 2: 689. 1891. Renealmia exaltata gracilis K. Schum. in Urban, SjTiib. Ant. 4: 158. 1903. Stem robust, up to 4 m. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3.5-9 dm. long, 8-18 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, acute at the base, sessile or short- petioled, glabrous ; inflorescence terminating a leafless scape arising from the base of the stem ; rachis, peduncles, pedicels, bracts and bracteoles more or less hirsute bracts linear-lanceolate 4-8 cm. long, membranous; bracteoles 1.5 cm. long; calyx red, 1.5-1.8 cm. long, appressed-pubescent ; corolla yellow, the lobes oblong, 8-10 mm. long, the lip somewhat lobed ; capsule ellipsoid, 2.3-3 cm. long, purpUsh- black ; seeds 3-4 mm. in diameter, angled. In damp ra\'lnes, moi.st shaded forests and banks of streams Porto Rico:—Lesser An- tilles; northern South America. Urban records Renealmia hracteosa Griseb. (of the Ijcsser Antilles) from Porto Rico, but Stahl's number 685, on which this record is based has been referred by Schumann in his monograph of Zingiberaceae (Pflanzenreich 4^^: 296. 1904) to Renealmia exaltata L.f. The species are very doul)tfully distinct. 3. ZINGIBER Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 66. 1763. Leafy-stemmed herbs with horizontal aromatic branchmg rootstocks. Leaves distichous; petioles sheathing. Spikes usuaUy radical. Bracts persistent, usuafly 1-flowered. Calyx-tube cylindric, shortly 3-lobed. Corolla-tube cylin- dric, slender, the segments lanceolate, the upper concave. Lateral stamhiodia none, or adnate to the lip; lip cuneiform or oblong, entire or 3-lobed; filament short; anther-sacs contiguous, parallel, the cormective ending in a long erect slender incurved beak as long as the sacs. Ovary 3-celled, the cells many-ovuled style filiform; stigma small, ciliate. Capsule subglobose or ellipsoid, at length dehiscing. Seeds globose, arillate. [The Latin or Greek name.] About 55 species, natives mostly of the Old World tropics. Type species: Amomum Zingiber L. Bracts of the inflorescence green. Leaves mostly 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; lip purple with yellow dots. 1. Z. Zingiber. Leaves mostly 4-6 cm. broad; lip yellow. 2. Z. Zermnbel. Bracts of the inflorescence bright red "or reddish-green. 3. Z. cassumunar. 1. Zingiber Zingiber (L.) Karst. Deutsche Fl. 471. 1881. Amomum Zingiber L. Sp. PI. 1. 17.5.3. Zingiber officinale Rose. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 348. 1807. Stems 6-9 dm. high. Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 18-28 cm. long, 1.2-2.5 cm. broad, sessile, gradually tapering to an acurmnate apex, narrow- ing to the base; peduncles 1.5-25 cm. long; spikes ellipsoid, 4-6 cm. long; bracts suborbicular or somewhat obovate, 2-2.5 cm. long, greenish, the margin often yellow; calyx 0.8-1 cm. long; corolla yellowish green, the tube about 2 cm. long, the lobes lanceolate, subequal, acute ; lip oblong-ovate, shorter than the corolla- lobes, purple with yellow spots; lateral lobes ovate, about 6 mm. long; filament dark purple, as long as the Up. Spontaneous after cultivation, St. Thomas; St. Croix:—widely cultivated and more or less spontaneous in the West Indies, tropical continental America and Old World tropics. Native of the Old World. Jengibre dulce. Ginger. 174 ALPINIACEAE 2. Zingiber Zerumbet (L.) Rose; Smith. Exot. Bot. 2: 105. 1806. Amomum Zerumbet L. Sp. PI. 1. 1753. Stem 4-10 dm. high or higher. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1.3-2.8 dm. long, 4.5-7 cm. broad, sessile, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base; peduncle 20-45 cm. long; spike ellipsoid, 6-10 cm. long, 4-5 cm. broad, obtuse; bracts broadly ovate to orbicular, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, closely imbricate, obtuse, green with a pale edge, the margin pubescent ; corolla-tube slender, 2-2.5 cm. long, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, white ; lip 3-fld, shorter than the corolla-segments; anther glabrous; style glabrous; stigma funnel-shaped, the mouth ciliate; fruit ellipsoid, about 2.5 cm. long. [Costus glabratus of Bello, not of Swartz.] Spontaneous after cultivation in Porto Rico:—cultivated in all tropical regions Native of tlie Old World. Jengibre am.\rgo. Bitter ginger. 3. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Asiat. Res. 11: 348. 1810. Stems 1-2 m. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-4 dm. long, 4-6.5 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, somewhat rounded at the base, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; peduncle 12-20 cm. long; spike 8-15 cm. long, 4-5 cm. in diameter; bracts ovate, bright red or reddish-green, 3-3.5 cm. long; calyx-tube about 2 cm. long; corolla-tube slender, about as long as the bracts, the lobes lanceolate, about 2.2 cm. long, whitish ; lip suborbicular, 2.5 cm. broad, retuse or 2-lobed, the margins erose and wrinkled; anther large, yellow; style glabrous; stigma obconic, ciliate; capsule subglobose, about 2 cm. long, membranous. [Costus spicatus of Bello, not of Swartz.] Naturalized after cultivation in Porto Rico:—^Cuba; Hispaniola. Native of eastern India and Malaysia. 4. COSTUS L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. Perennial tropical herbs with leafy stems, rarely acaulescent. Inflorescence dense, often cone-hke. Calyx-tube short. Corolla-tube equalling or longer than the calyx, the segments subequal. Lateral staminodia wanting or minute. Lip large. Filament petaloid, the anther adnate to its middle. Ovary 3-celled ovules many, superposed; style filiform; stigma more or less cihate. Capsule globose, ovoid or obovoid, finally dehiscing between the ribs. Seeds angled. [The ancient Greek name.] About 100 species of wide tropical distribution. Tj^e species : Costus arabicus L. Bracts red, unappendaged, 2.5-3.8 cm. long ; lip 4-5 cm long, entire. 1 . C. cylindricus Bracts green, appendaged, 7 cm. long; Up 8 cm. long, 3-lobed. 2. C. macrostrolnlus 1. Costus cylindricus Jacq. Fragm. Bot. 54. 1809. Stems 1-4 m. high. Leaf-blades narrowly to broadly oblanceolate, 15-27 cm. long, 4-11 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, acutish or rounded at the base, glabrous or somewhat pilose beneath, subsessile or short-petioled ; spikes cylindric, 7-20 cm. long, 4-6 cm. in diameter, the broadly ovate, oval or suborbicular, rigid-coriaceous bracts red, striate, 2.5-3.8 cm. long, 2.3-3.2 cm. broad, obtuse or somewhat acutish, glabrous, or the lower ones appressed-pubescent ; bracteoles lanceolate, 1.8-3 cm. long, compUcate; ovary glabrous, 5-7 mm. long; calyx 9-12 mm. long, glabrous or short-pilose, red; corolla yellow, the tube 1 cm. or more long; lobes lanceolate, acute, membraneous; hp yellow, 4-5 cm. long, entire; filament lanceolate, 3-4 cm. long; capsule triangular, 1.5 cm. long; seeds angled. ;i-3.5 mm. long. In damp shaded valleys, Porto Rico:—Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; also in South America. ALPINIACEAE 175 2. Costus macrostrobilus K. Schum. ; Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 159. 190.3. Stem robust, 4 m. high. Leaf-blades oblanceolate or somewhat lanceolate, 30-40 cm. long, 10-14 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, puberulent and scabrous on both surfaces; spikes dense, 1.5 cm. long; bracts green, oblong, 7 cm. long, acute, glabrous; ovary pubescent ; caly.x glabrous, 1 cm. long; corolla white, the tube 2 cm. long, the oblong lobes 5.5 cm. long, membranaceous, obtuse; lip 8 cm. long, 3-lobed, the middle lobe short, lacerate, the lateral ones obtuse. Mountain woodlands, Porto Rico:—Trinidad. Cana de India. 5. CURCUMA L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. Erect, often acaulescent herbs, with petioled leaves, the rootstock bearing sessile and long-stipitate tubers. Leaves appearing with or after the flowers. Inflorescence spicate, usually born on a scape. Spike large, of concave or saccate, persistent bracts, the upper of which are often elongated, empty and colored, forming a crown to the spike. Flowers bracteolate. Calyx short, cylindric, minutely toothed. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, the segments ovate or oblong. Lateral staminodia petal- like; lip broad; filament short, adnate to the lateral staminodia; anther-cells spurred at the base. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled; style fiUform ; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule globose ; pericarp membranous, at length 3-valved. Seeds ovoid or oblong, usually arillate. [From Kerkum, an Indian name for a yellow coloring matter.] About 40 species, natives of southeastern Asia. Type species: Curcuma longa L. 1. Curcuma longa L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. An acaulescent herb 6-9 dm. or more tall, the thick sessile tubers cyUndric or ellipsoid, bright yellow inside. Leaves long-petioled, the blade oblong or elliptic, 3-5 dm. long, 8-18 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the base, green and glabrous on both surfaces; flower-bracts pale green, the upper ones tinged with pink; scape 12 cm. or more high; spikes cylindric, 10-20 cm. long; bracts ovate, 3.5-4 cm. long; flowers pale yellow. Persistent after cultivation in Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Santo Domingo. Native of the East Indies, Its rootstocks yield the yellow dye turmeric. 6. HEDYCHIUM Koenig in Retz. Obs. 3: 73. 1783. Leafy-stemmed herbs with stout horizontal rootstocks. Flowers showy, in terminal bracteate spikes or paniculate. Calyx tubular, 3-toothed. Corolla- tube slender, equalling or longer than the calyx, often half concealed by the bracts; lobes linear. Exterior staminodia 2, petal-Hke, often beautifully colored; lip often marked with a spot. Stamen 1; filament slender; anther oblong or linear. Ovary 3-celled; ovules many, superposed; style filiform; stigma sub- globose. Capsule subglobose or oblong-ellipsoid, 3-valved. Seeds many; aril lacerate. [Greek, sweet snow.] About 38 species, natives of southern Asia and the East Indies. Type species: Hedychium coronarium Koenig. 1. Hedychium coronarium Koenig in Retz. Obs. 3: 73. 1783. An ornamental herb with stout erect leafy stems 1-2 m. tall, and fragrant pure white fiowers. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, mostly sessile, 2.5-5 dm. long, 4-9 cm. broad, tapering to a long-acuminate tip, acute at the 176 MARANTACEAE base, glabrous, or pubescent beneath; ligule membranous, 1.7-3 cm. long; spike 7-15 cm. long, 4-7 cm. in diameter, the bracts 3.5-5.5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. broad, coriaceous, turning brown in age; bracteoles 3, membranous; calyx cylindric, 2.5-4 cm. long; corolla-tube slender, 7.5-9 cm. long, the segments linear, 3-3.5 cm. long, reflexed; lateral staminodia oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3.5-5 cm. long; lip 3.6-4.8 cm. broad, constricted into a short claw, entire or 2-fld, lobes rounded; filament about as long as the lip, the anther 1.1-1.4 cm. long; fruit oblong, glabrous, valves orange-yellow within ; seeds many, with a crimson aril. River bottoms and moist places, spontaneous after cultivation in Porto Rico: Cuba; Jamaica; Lesser Antilles. Commonly planted for ornament. Native of southern Asia. Jasmin cimarron. Jasmin del rig. Narciso. Family 4. MARANTACEAE Lindl. Arrowroot Family Perennial herbs, with rootstocks and coriaceous oi- membranous pinnately veined leaf-blades. Petioles sheathing. Flowers irregular, in sessile or peduncled large-bracted spikes, racemes or panicles, two commonly arising from a 2-valved spathe-like organ of 2 bracts. Sepi^ks 3, mostly free, equal. Petals 3, more or less united at the base. Lobes of the androecium petaloid, irregular, one fertile. Ovary 1-3-celled, inferior. Ovule solitary in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a 1-3-celled utricle or utricle-like capsule. Seed solitary in each cavity. About 26 genera and over 150 species, mostly of tropical distribution. Ovary 1-celled. Exterior staminodium one; flowers purplish, panicled, sessile in 2- valved spathes. 1. Thalia. Exterior staminodia two; flowers wliite, the terminal one long- pedicelled, the lower one often sessile. 2. ATaranta. Ovary 3-celled; flowers borne in large bracted spikes. 3. Calalhea. 1. THALIA L. Sp. PI. 1193. 1753. Marsh or aquatic herbs, with long-petioled leaves. Panicles terminal. Flowers in pairs, sessile in 2-valved bract-like spathes, borne along the straight or zigzag branches of the inflorescence Sepals 3, small, free, equal, membranous. Petals 3, free or very shortly connate. Lobes of the androecium petaloid, very irregular; lip crested within; anther 1-celled. Ovary globose or oblong-oval, with only one perfect cell; ovule solitary; style adnate to the base of the staminal tube; stigma 2-lipped, appendaged on the back. Capsule globose or oblong obovoid. Seed sohtary, erect. Embryo hooked. [Named in honor of Johann Thalius, a German naturalist who died in 1588.] About 7 species, natives of tropical and warm temperate America and Africa. Type species: Thalia genic- ulata L. 1. Thalia geniculata L. Sp. PI. 1193. 1753. Maranta (jeniculata Lam. Tabl. Encyc. 1: 9. 1791. Thalia angustifolia C. Wright; Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 256. 1866. Thalia divaricata Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. ed. 1, 465. 1860. A glabrous or somewhat pubescent perennial herb, 1-2 m. or more tall. Leaves 2-ranked; petioles sheathing at the base, at the apex with a glabrous cylindric callus 1.5-2.4 cm. long, the blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-6 dm. long, 1-2.5 dm. broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base; panicle very large and lax, the lower branches sometimes subtended by reduced leaves; rachis flexuous, often bearded at the nodes; flower- bracts lanceolate or MARANTACEAE 177 oblong-ovate, scarious, glabrous, or pubescent with long scattered hairs, the outer 2-2.5 cm. long, the inner smaller; sepals elliptic or oblong, ovate, 2 mm. long; petals oblong, obtuse, 7 mm. long, 5 mm. broad; staminodia much larger than the petals, capsule oblong-oval or somewhat obovate, 7-10 mm. long. Marshes and ditches, Porto Rico:—Florida; Hispaniola; Trinidad; contiaental tropical America; tropical Africa. (Recorded by Sesse & Mociiio as Maranta Galanga. Pampano. 2. MARANTA L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. Perennial herbs, with basal and cauline leaves and sheathing petioles. In- florescence racemose or paniculate. Bracts of the inflorescence clasping at the base, caducous. Flowers in pairs, long-peduncled from the bracts, the terminal one long-pedicelled, the lower one sessile or short-pedicelled. Sepals 3, equal. Corolla tubular, usually enlarged or gibbous at the base, the three lobes subequal and somewhat hooded at the apex; two exterior staminodia petal-like, usually obovate, showy; anther free from the petaloid filament, 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled by abortion; ovule solitary; style incurved; stigma lobed. Seed 3-angled, trans- versely or longitudinally ridged. Embryo curved. [Named in honor of B. Mar- anta, a Venetian physician and botanist who died in 1754.] About 23 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Maranta arundinacea L. 1. Maranta arundinacea L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753. Maranta indica Tuss. Fl. Ant. 1: 183. 1808. A glabrous or somewhat pubescent herb, 1-2 m. tall, with scaly tuberous rootstocks and branched stems. Leaf-blades ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 6-28 cm. long, 3-10 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded or truncate at the base; bracts of the inflorescence linear or linear-lanceolate, the outer 3. .5-5 cm. long; ovary glabrous or pilose; sepals lanceolate, 10-13 mm. long; corolla white, about 2 cm. long; outer staminodia obovate, emarginate, the interior shorter; fruit about 1 cm. long; seed transversely ridged, 8-9 mm. long. Spontaneous after cultivation in Porto Rico:—Florida; West Indies; widely cultivated in tropical America and in the Old World tropics. Native of South America. Maranta. Arrowroot. . 3. CALATHEA G. F. W. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 6. 1818. Perennial herbs with creeping or tuberous rootstocks and often long-petioled, Canno-like leaves. Flowers in bracted spikes, the bracts distichous or spirally arranged. Sepals 3, free. Corolla-lobes 3, more or less spreading. Androecium of 3 petal-like stamens, 2 sterile and 1 bearing a 1-celled anther on its side. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Style adnate to the base of the staminal tube. Capsule 3-celled. Seed 3-angled. [Name derived from the Greek for basket.] About 100 species, natives of the West Indies and continental tropical America. Type species: Maranta Casupo Jacq. Bracts distichous, coriaceous. 1- C. l^tea. Bracts spirally arranged, membranous. 2. C. Alluma. 1. Calathea lutea (Aubl.) G. F. W. Meyer; Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 35: 114. 1862 . Maranta lutea Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 4. 1775. Maranta Casupo Jacq. Fragm. 51. 1809. Calathea discolor G. F. W. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 7. 1818. Phyllodes luteum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 695. 1891. A rather stout herb, 2-3 m. high. Leaf-blades eUiptic to broadly oval, 3.5- 10 dm. long, 2.4-4.5 dm. broad, obtuse or apiculate at the apex, rounded and 178 BURMANNIACEAE often acute at the base, coriaceous, pruinose beneath; spikes 8-16 cm. long, borne on rather stout peduncles; bracts 8-12, distichous, broadly obovate or orbicular-obovate, 3.5-4 cm. broad, dark-red or purple, imbricated, coriaceous, glabrous or minutely appressed-pilose ; rachis sericeous; flowers in pairs; sepals linear, 1 cm. long, obtuse, corolla-lobes eUiptic; capsule 1-seeded. Moist mountain woocUancls and swampy places, Porto Rico:—Guadeloupe to Triui- dad; Central and South America. Pampano. 2. Calathea Allouia (Aubl.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 14: under pi. 1210. 1829. Maranta Allouia Aubl. PL Guian. 1: 3. 1775, Curcuma americana Lam. Enc. 2: 228. 1786. Phyllodes Allouia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 696. 1891. A more or less pubescent herb, 8-12 dm. high. Leaf-blades oblong, lanceo- late or oblanceolate, 3-5 dm. long, 8-15 cm. broad, short-acuminate at the apex, acutish or somewhat rounded at the base, dark green and glabrous or with few scattered hairs above, paler beneath, membranous; spikes solitary, ellipsoid or oval, 6-9 cm. long, the peduncle 5-8 cm. long, usually pilose; bracts ovate, 1.5- 3.5 cm. long, obtuse, membranous, glabrous or minutely pubescent; sepals lan- ceolate, obtuse, 8 mm. long, pubescent; corolla white, the tube 2.5 cm. long, hir- sute. River valleys, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe (cult.); Dominica; Martinique; St. Vincent; Trinidad; South America. Llerenes. Calathea ornata (Linden) Koern., of northern South America, grown for ornament in Porto Rico gardens, has nearly erect, long-petioled, oblong-elliptic leaves purplish beneath, pinnately banded with pink or white stripes. [Maranta ornata Linden.] Order 11. ORCHIDALES. Terrestrial, epiphytic or aquatic herbs. Flowers mostly perfect and complete, very irregular, except in Burmanniaceae. Caljof of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 petals. Ovary inferior, compound. Seeds very numerous and minute; endosperm wanting. Flowers regular; stamens and pistil distinct. Fam. 1. Burmanniaceae. Flowers irregular; stamens and pistil united into a column. Fam. 2. Orchidaceae. Family 1. BURMANNIACEAE Blume. BuRMANNiA Family. Small often delicate herbs, with slender stems. Leaves mostly basal or reduced to cauline scales. Flowers regular, perfect, the perianth per- sistent or the upper part deciduous, 6-lobed or with the inner segments sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens 3-6, included, inserted on the tube of the perianth; filaments with or without appendages; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae; style often short; stigmas various; ovules many. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute, sometimes suspended on a long slender fun- iculus; testa thin, endosperm none. About 12 or 13 genera and over 70 species, widely distributed mostly in tropical regions. Ovary 1-celled. Upper part of the perianth deciduous ; filaments without appendages flowers in loose cymes. 1. Ptychomeria, Perianth wholly persistent on the fruit; filaments with prominent wing-like appendages; flowers racemose. 2. Apteria. Ovary 3-celled; flowers in a dense head-Uke cyme. 3. Burmannia. BURMANNIACEAE 179 1. PTYCHOMERIA Benth. Jour. Hot. Kew. Misc. 7: 14. 1855. Small herbs, with simple or occasionally branched stems and scale-like leaves. Inflorescence cymose. Upper part of perianth deciduous. Filaments very short, without appendages, inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary 1-celled, with three parietal placentae. Capsule dehiscent by three lateral valves. Seeds subglobose, ovoid, or obovoid, without a funiculus. [Greek, folded part.] About 20 species, natives of the West Indies and South America, two in tropical Africa. Type species: Plychomeria fimbriata Benth. 1. Ptychomeria portoricensis (Urban) Schltr. Repert. 17: 257. 1921. Gymnosiphon portoricensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 445. 1902. Plant 7-15 cm. tall, the slender pale straw-colored stems usually simple. Stem leaves ovate to broadly ovate, about 1 mm. long, obtuse at the apex; in- florescence about 2-2.5 cm. long, usually few-flowered: perianth-tube cylindric, 3 mm. long, the three outer perianth segments narrowly ovate or oblong, entire, as long or shorter than the tube, the interior segments minute; filaments very short, inserted on the upper part of the perianth-tube; ovary turbinate, somewhat angled, about 2 mm. long; capsule obovoid, 3 mm. long; seeds oval or ovate, 0.2-0.3 mm. long, pale yellow. Mountaia forests, Porto Rico, Endemic. 2. APTERIA Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phila. 7: 64. 1834. Small erect herbs with subulate scale-like leaves and long-pedicelled, racemose* or sometimes solitary nodding flowers. Perianth 6-cleft, wholly persistent on the fruit, the 3 inner segments smaller. Filaments with prominent wing-like- appendages, inserted in sacks in the corolla-tube. Ovary 1-celled, with three' parietal placentae, free at the apex; ovules numerous. Capsule many-seeded, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds minute; testa reticulate. [Greek, not winged.] About 5 species of subtropical and tropical America. Type species: Apteria setacea Nutt. 1. Apteria hymenanthera Miq. Stirp. Sur. 216. 1850. Apteria setacea Hook. Ic. II. 3: pi. 660. 1844. Not Nutt., 1834. Voyria tenella Griseb. Kar. 94. 1857. Not Guild., 1830. Plant 3-16 cm. tall, the slender purple stems erect or ascending, mostly simple. Leaves scale-like, 2-3 mm. long, acuminate; flowers few, distant on slender nodding pedicels 2-9 mm. long; corolla purplish to violet-blue, together with the ovary 8-10 mm. long; capsule oval-obovoid or obovoid; seeds brown, obovoid-oblong, striate. In leaf-mould, mountain forests of Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Trinidad; Central and South America. 3. BURMANNIA L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. Erect herbs, with simple or forked stems and scale-like or linear, subulate leaves. Tube of the perianth 3-angled or 3-winged, the 3 outer lobes longer than the inner. Filaments very short ; connective of the anthers prolonged be- yond the sacs. Ovary 3-celled; style short, stigmas often lobed. Capsule crowned by the perianth, opening by irregular lateral ruptures. Seeds very minute; testa thin, striate or reticulate. [In honor of Johann Burmann, Dutch 180 ORCHIDACEAE botanist of the eighteenth century] . Over thirty species, natives mostly of warm regions. Type species: Burmannia disticha'L. 1. Burmannia capitata (Walt.) Mart. Nov. Gen. l: 12. 1824. Anonymos capitatus Walt. Fl. Car. 69. 1788. Vogelia capitata J. F. Gmel. Syst. 107. 1791 Plant 5-27 cm. tall, the Aliform stems usually simple. Leaves linear- subulate, scattered, 2-6 mm. long; flowers several or many, in a dense terminal head-like cyme; perianth together with the ovary 3-5 mm. long, whitish or bluish, the tube angled ; seeds linear-oblong, spirally striate. On a clay-wall along the road to Las Marias, tliree miles from Mayaguez:—south- eastern United States; Jamaica; Trinidad; South America. Family 2. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. Orchid Family Perennial herbs, with sheathing entire leaves, sometimes reduced to scales flowers perfect, irregular, bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) dissimilar, often markedly so, usually larger, often spurred, sometimes inferior by torsion of the ovary or pedicel. Stamens variously united with the style into an unsymmetrical column; anther 1 or in Cypripedium 2, 2-celled; pollen in 2-8, pear-shaped, usually stalked masses (pollinia), united by elastic threads, the masses waxy or powdery, attached at the base to a viscid disk (gland). Style often terminating in a beak (rostellum) at the base of the anther or between its sacs. Stigma a viscid surface, facing the lip beneath the rostellum, or m a cavity between the anther-sacs (clinandrium). Ovary mferior, usually long and twisted, 3-angled, 1-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous, on 3 parietal placentae. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, mostly spindle-shaped, the loose coat hyaline, reticulated; endosperm none; embryo fleshy. About 410 genera and 5000 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in the tropics, called Orchids, many of those of warm regions epiphytes. A Antherpersistent on a short, broad filament; pollinia caudate; terrestrial orchids. 1- Habenana. B. Anther deciduous ; pollinia mostly ecaudate. 1. Inflorescence terminal. a. Leaves convolute in the bud; terrestrial orchids. *Anther much exceeding the rostellum. Low herbs. , , „ ^ • i. Flowers a.xillary; anther not articulated. 2. 2 nphora. Flowers racemose; anther articulated with the „.,,., column. 3. Pplochilus. Long, climbing vines. 4. Vanilla. **Anther about as lopg as the rostellum. t Leaves fleshv, not plica,te-nerved. JLip turned outward, usually pendulous. §Poninia powdery or waxy, not in masses. 7Rostellum prolonged, 2-lobed. Inflorescence spiral ; lateral sepals free. 5. Ibidtum. Inflorescence not spiral; lateral sepals , , . more Or less connate. 6. Hapalorchis. 77Rostellum not 2-lobed. Rostellum scarcely produced, the ,, , gland in a cavity at its tip. 7. Mesadenus. Rostelhmi distinctly produced. Gland suspended by a membrane from the apex of the ros- rostellum. Lateral sepals distinct. 8. Beaalea. ORCHIDACEAE 181 Lateral sepals connate. Gland sessile on the rostellum apex; sepals spurred. Lip not clawed. Lip clawed, sectile, in several masses; lip adnate to the than the §§Pollinia spurred. JJLip turned inward. §Lip free. Sepals distinct. Sepals united at the base. §§Lip and petals with claws column. ttLeaves hard, firm, plicate-nerved. Leaves duplicate in the bud. *Inner perianth-parts more conspicuous outer. tLeaves not plicate. tLeaves not articulated: polhnia not appen- aged; terrestrial l^ulbous orcliids. Column short; anther erect. Column long; anther incumbent. ttLeaves articulated; pollinia mostly caudiculate or stipitate; mostly epiphytic orcliids. §Pollinia stipitate. 55Pollinia caudiculate or unappendaged. 7Colunin with a foot (See Tctragmnestes). Lip flexuoiis, elongated; plants many- leaved, simple. Lip 3-lobed or entire; plants branched, few-leaved. Pollinia 4. PoUiaia 8. 77Colunui without a foot. rfPoUinia 4. 7 {Pollinia ovoid, scarcely com- pressed. 77Poninia compressed. Column free from the lip; small-leaved plants without pseudobulbs. Column partly or wholly adnate to the lip. Column partly adnate to the lip; plants w'ith pseudobulbs. Lip 3-lobed, longitudin- ally crested or ap- pendaged. Lip entire, neither crest- ed nor append- aged. Lip concave, shell- like. Lip nearly linear. Column wholly adnate to the lip; plants mostly without pseudobulbs. Flowers in a terminal panicle or raceme or solitary. Plants with psetido- bulbs. Plants without pseudobulbs. Flowers axillary to bracts borne along a rachis. fliSPollinia 8. Lip flat, sessile, 3-lobed. Lip narrow below, abruptly ex- panded into a broad lamina. ttLeaves plicate. . **Outer perianth parts more conspicuous than tne inner, epiphytic orcliids; pollinia 2. Sepals all connate, free at apex. At least the dorsal sepal free. Petals narrow, free. , . , j .t <-„ Petals transversely oblong, their claws adnate to the column. 9. Pelexia. 10. Stenorhynchus. 11. Eltroplectis. 12. Physurus. 13. Cranichis. 14. Prescotlia. 15. Ponihieva. 16. Corymborchis. 17. Malaxis. 18. Liparis. 19. Polystachya. 20. Isochilus. 21. Telragamesies. 22. Octadesmia. 23. Hormidium. 24. Jacquiniella. 25. Encyclia. 26. Anacheilium. 27. Nidema. 28. Auliza. 29. Amphiglottis. 30. Spathiger. 31. Tetramicra. 32. Epidendrum. 33. Elleanthus. 34. Stelis. 35. Pleurothallis. 36. Lepanthes. 182 ORCHIDACEAE Inflorescence lateral (See Govenia). a. Leaves convolute in the bud. *Internodes of the stem not tuberous-thickened. Pollinia caudiculate, not stipitate; terrestrial orcliids. Pollinia ecaudiculate, stipitate. Lip 3-lobed. Lip not saccate; epiphytic orchids with fusi- form pseudobulbs. Lip saccate: terrestrial orchids with tuber- like pseudobulbs. Lip entire; terrestrial orchids; raceme terminal. **Stem with tuberous-thickened internodes. Flowers on a scape from the base of a pseudobulb. Raceme terniinating a leafy shoot, b. Leaves duplicate in the bud. *Steras sympodial. Inflorescence normally several-many-flowered. Lip jointed with the foot of the column. Flowers many, in a long spike. Flowers few among the leaves. Lip not jointed with the foot of the column. Flowers spurred or saccate. Lateral sepals connate, saccate: Up not spurred. Lateral sepals and lip spurred. Flowers neither spurred nor saccate. Anthers not appendaged. Anthers with a membranous appendage. . .Inflorescence 1 -flowered. **Stems monopodia!. .Leaf-blades persistent: flowers solitary. ..Leaf-blades, when present, separating from the sheaths: flowers spicate or racemose. Capsiile dehiscent by 3 apical valves. Capsule dehiscent by 6 apical valves. 37. Bletia. 38. Cyrtopodium. 39. Platypus. 40. Govenia. 41. Xylobium. 42. Koellensleinia. 43. Bolbophyllaria. 44. Ornithidium. 4.5. lonopsis. 46. Comparettia. 47. Oncidium. 48. Leochilus. 49. Warszewiczella. 50. Dichaea. 51. Campylncentrum. 52. Harrisiella. 1. HABENARIA WUld. Sp. PI. 4: 44. 1806. Terrestrial orchids, with tuberous or coarsely fibrous roots, erect stems, broad or narrow flat, alternate or basal leaves, and large or small flowers in a terminal spike or spike-like raceme. Sepals distinct, or cohering at the base. Petals 2-parted or entire. Lip drooping or spreading, 3-parted or entire, spurred at the base, the spur mostly elongated. Column short, without a foot. Anther per- sistent, 2-celled ; pollinia granular, caudate or caudiculate. Capsule oblong. [Latin, thong-like, referring to the spur.] Fifty species or more, of warm-temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Orchis Habenaria L. Petals 2-parted: lip 3-parted. Stigmatic processes elongated ; leaves mostly basal. Stigmatic processes short: stem leafy. Sheaths of the leaves mottled. Sheaths not mottled. Petals simple; lip imdivided. Leaves acute; ovary wingless. Leaves acuminate; ovary 6-winged. 1. H. distans. 2. H. monorrhiza. 3. H. repens. 4. H. eustachya. 5. H. alata. 1. Habenaria distans Griseb. Cat. PL Cub. 270. 1866. Roots bearing small subglobose tubers; stem scapose, slender, 2-4 dm. high, bearing 2-4 narrow scales 1-3 cm. long. Leaves 4-6, basal, or 1 or 2 of them on the lower part of the stem, thin, oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, 4-16 cm. long, the apex acute, the base narrowed and sheathing; raceme spike-like, few-flowered, 6-12 cm. long, the flowers greenish; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2 cm. long; sepals oblong to. ovate, 5-6 mm. long; petals 2-parted, the segments unequal; lip deeply 3-parted, 6-8 mm long, the spur narrowly clavate, about 1.5 cm. long, about as long as the ovary; stigmatic processes elongated. Woodlands, Monte Mesa, Mayaguez :—Florida ; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola. ORCHIDACEAE 183 2. Habenaria monorrhiza (Sw.) Rchb. f. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 3: 274. 1885. Orchis monorrhiza Sw. Proclr. 118. 1788. Habenaria maculosa Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 309. 1835. Tuber obovoid; stems leafy, 3-12 dm. high, rather stout. Leaf-sheaths brown-mottled, the blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, or the upper smaller, the apex acute or acuminate, the base cordate-clasping; raceme densely many-flowered, 18 cm. long or less; flowers white or greeni.sh-white; bracts lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long; dorsal sepal ovate-orbicular, obtuse, hooded, 6-8 mm. long, the lateral ones about as long, oblong, acute; petals 2-parted, the segments unequal; lip deeply 3-parted, 7-10 mm. long, the segments narrow; spur slender, about 2 cm. long; stigmatic processes short; capsule oblong, about 13 mm. long. Hillsides, banks and cliffs at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Croix; St. Thomas; Tortola:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola to Trinidad; northern South America. 3. Habenaria repens Nutt. Gen. 2: 190. 1818. Roots coarsely fibrous; stems slender or rather stout, leafy, 2-6 dm. high. Leaf-sheaths green, the blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 6-20 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, or the upper much smaller; raceme several-many- flowered 5-18 cm. long; flowers greenish; bracts lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long; sepals membranous, the dorsal one broadly ovate, about 5 mm. long, the lateral ones oblong; petals 2-parted, the segments unequal; lip 3-parted nearly to the base; spur filiform, about 1 cm. long; stigmatic processes short; capsule about 1 cm. long. In wet sand between Manati and Vega Baja, Porto Rico;—southeastern United States; Cuba; Jamaica. 4. Habenaria eustachya Rchb. f. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 3: 274. 1885. Tubers small, ellipsoid; stems rather stout, leafy, pale, 5-10 dm. high. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, up to 15 cm. long, 1..5-5 cm. wide, the apex acute, the narrowed base sheathing, the upper ones reduced to scales 1..5-2 cm. long; raceme densely many-flowered, 6-30 cm. long; flowers greenish; bracts narrow, acuminate, 1-2 cm. long; sepals about 5 mm. long, the dorsal one broad, obtuse, the lateral ones elliptic, apiculate; petals oblong-quadrangular, simple, subtruncate, 3-denticulate, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal; lip linear, angled below, about 8 mm. long; spur about 9 mm. long. Woodlands and grassy slopes in the western hiUs and mountains of Porto Rico: Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola. 5. Habenaria alata Hook. Exot. Fl. vl- 169. 1826. Tuber obovoid ; stems rather stout, leafy, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, close together, 12 cm. long or less, 8-18 mm. wide, the apex acuminate, the base rather broad, sheathing, the uppermost much smaller; raceme several-many- flowered, 8-18 cm. long; bracts narrow, acuminate, about as long as the greenish flowers; ovary 6-winged; sepals 6-7 mm. long, the dorsal one ovate, acute, the lateral ones ovate-oblong, short-acuminate; petals linear-lanceolate, entire, acuminate; lip linear, undivided, about as long as the lateral sepals; spur linear, 10-12 mm. long; stigmatic processes short. [H. monorrhiza of Cogniaux, not of Relchenbach.] Hillsides near Maricao, Porto Rico; St. Thomas :^Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua to Tobago; Central America. 184 OKCHIDACEAE 2. TRIPHORA Nutt. Gen. 2: 192. 1818. Low terrestrial orchids with fleshy tubers and axillary flowers. Sepals and petals separate, ascending, subequal. Lip erect, slightly clawed, and more or less 3-lobed, not crested, spurless. Column elongated, club-shaped at the entire or lobed summit. Anther terminal, longer than the rostellum, stalked, rigidly attached to the back of the column, it.s sacs parallel; pollinia 2, 1 in each sac, powdery-granular, without caudicles, the pollen-grains compound, the extine pitted or reticulated. Stigma a flattened disk below the anther. Capsule oblong or oval. [Greek, bearing three, in allusion to the usual 3 flowers of the type species.] About 10 species, natives of America. Type species: Triphora pendula Nutt. 1. Triphora surinamensis (Lindl.) Britton. Pogonia surinamensis Lindl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2: 674. 1843. Stem erect from an obliquely horizontal base, slender, 1-2.5 dm. high, bearing a few leaves above and 2 or 3 sheathing scales below. Leaf-blades ovate, 5-nerved, 1.5-3 cm. long, the apex acute or short-acuminate, the base rounded or subcordate; flowers few, rose-colored, solitary in the upper axils; the nearly erect peduncles 2 cm. long or less; sepals linear, 10-12 mm. long; petals narrowly spatulate, a little shorter than the sepals; lip obovate, about as long as-the petals, 3-lobed at the apex; capsule oblong, 10-20 mm. long. Woodlands, Liiqiiillo Mountains, and on Monte Helechal, Porto Rico:—Guade- loupe; Dominica; Trinidad and Guiana. 3. PSILOCHILUS Rodrig. Orch. Nov. 2: 272. 1882. Terrestrial orchids, with fleshy roots and leafy stems, the flowers racemose in the Porto Rico species. Sepals and petals nearly alike. Lip clawed, 3-lobed, without a spur. Column elongated, the apex entire or lobed. Anther terminal, erect, articulated. with the top of the column, its sacs facing outward; pollen- grains compound, the extine pitted or reticulated. Capsule oblong. [Greek, naked lip.] A few species of tropical America. Type species : Psilochilus modestus Rodrig. 1. Psilochilus macrophyllus (Lindl.) Ames, Orchidaceae 7: 45. 1922. Pogonia macrophylla Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. III. 1: 335. 1858. Pogonia physurifolia Rchb. f. Nederl. Kruidk. Arch. 4: 324. 1859. Stem erect, rather stout and fleshy, often forked, 2-3 dm. high, the roots long, thick and fleshy. Leaves few, the sheaths 1-2.5 cm. long, the blades rather fleshy, ovate, 5-7-nerved, 5-7 cm. long, the apex acute or obtuse, the base rounded or cordate; raceme several-many-flowered, .5-10 cm. long; bracts broadly ovate, spreading, sessile, subcordate, 8-12 mm. long; flowers short-pedicelled, greenish or greenish-yellow; sepals linear-oblong, about 15 mm. long; petals ligulate, a little shorter than the sepals ; lip narrowly obovate, as long as the petals, clawed, 3-lobed. Woodlands and forests in wet or moist districts, Porto Rico, ascending to 900 meters in the western mountains, not observed in tlie eastern mountains:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 4. VANILLA Juss. Gen. 66. 1789. Fleshy climbing orchids, the leaves broad or reduced to mere scales, the stems giving off aerial roots, the mostly large flowers in axillary spikes or racemes. Sepals nearly alike, distinct, spreading. Petals resembling the sepals. Lip ORCHIDACEAE 185 clawed, the claw adnate to and embracing the long column. Stigma borne under the rostellum. Anther convex, its sacs separate; pollinia powdery. Capsule elongated, fleshy, indehiscent or tardily partly dehiscent. [From the Spanish name for the fruit.] About 20 species, of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Epidendrum Vanilla L. Leaves broad, ample, 10-20 cm. long. 1- Y- ^J}°<^°^(^-, Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 8 cm. long or less. 2. V. Kggersn. 1. Vanilla inodora Schiede, Linnaea 4: 474. 1829. Vanilla anaromatica Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 638. 1864. Stem terete, elongated, often 10 m. long or longer, climbing on trees or clam- bering on banks or in thickets; aerial roots few. Leaves firm, becoming thin in drying, broadly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, the ape.x acuminate, the l)ase obtuse or rounded, the petiole very short; racemes few-flowered, short-peduncled; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1.5-3 cm. long; sepals and petals similar, lanceolate, 5-6 cm. long, green, bluntly acuminate; lip broad, white, somewhat 3-lobed, a little shorter than the sepals; capsule cylindric, pendulous, slender, 10-25 cm. long, indehiscent. [V. aromatica of Urban's Symbolae, not of Swartz.] On trees and banks in forests of the eastern moimtains of Porto Rico:—.Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; Mexico; Gtiiana. 2. Vanilla Eggersii Rolfe, Journ. Linn. Soc. 32: 472. 1896. Elongated, described as sometimes 30 m. in length and often 10 m. long or longer, the stems terete, 1-grooved, 1-1.5 cm. thick, the aerial roots 5-8 cm. long. tendril-Uke. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2-8 cm. long. 8-15 mm. wide; peduncle stout, geniculate, 5-10 cm. long, bearing an ovate or oblong, acute bract at each node; spike several-flowered, 6-14 cm. long; bracts triangular-ovate, about 5 mm. long; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 4r-6 cm. long; lip about as long as the sepals, rounded, crenate or undulate, not lobed; capsule indehiscent, cylindric or subclavate, 5-12 cm. long. 8-10 mm. thick. [V. aphylla of Eggers, not of Blume.] Tliickets and rocky woodlands at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico, mostly in dry districts: Vieques; St. Thomas; Virgin Gorda:—Florida; Bahamas; Cuba; His- paniola. Included by Fawcett and Rendle in V. claviculata Sw. Gungule. Vanilla Vanilla (L.) Britton [£'pirfe?idrum Vanilla L. ; Vanilla planifolia Andr.] Vanilla Bean, occasionally cultivated in Porto Rico for its fragrant fruit, has large lanceolate leaves, large yellowish flowers, the fleshy capsules up to 2 dm. long. It is native of South America. 5. IBIDIUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. l: 291. 1812. Erect terrestrial orchids, with fleshy-flbfous or tuberous roots and slender stems or scapes, leaf-bearing below or at the base. Flowers smaU, spurless, spiked. 1-3-rowed, the spikes more or less twisted. Sepals distinct. Petals Ungulate, oblique. Lip concave, erect, embracing the column and often adherent to it. spreading and crisped at the apex, bearing minute callosities at the base. Column arched below, obliquely attached to the top of the ovary. Rostellum 2-lobed. Anther without a Ud, borne on the back of the column, erect. Stigma ovate, prolonged into an acuminate beak, at length bifid. Pollinia 2, 1 in each sac. powdery. Capsule ovoid or oblong, erect. [Latin, like the beak of an Ibis.] About 35 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Type 186 ORCHIDACEAE species: Ophrys spiralis J. E. Smith. This genus has formerly been regarded as containing many species now referred to other genera. 1. Ibidium tortile (Sw.) House, Muhlenbergia 1: 129. 1906. Neottia iortilis Sw. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1800: 226. 1800. Spiranthes tortilis L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Par. 4: 59. 1818. Stem slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous below, pubescent above, bearing 2-4 bladeless acute sheaths above, and sometimes a narrowly linear leaf 2-7 cm. long, below the middle. Basal leaves 2 or 3, present at flowering time, linear, 8-30 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; spike erect, 6-13 cm. long, pubescent, the approximate flowers in a single spiral; flowers white; bracts ovate or ovate- lanceolate, pubescent, acute or acuminate, 6-7 mm. long, about as long as the ovary; sepals 5-6 mm. long, the median one elliptic, obtuse, the lateral ones oblong, oblique ; petals oblong, about as long as the sepals ; lip 4-6 mm. long, ovate- elUptic, emarginate, the callosities short; capsule about 5 mm. long. [Gyro- stachys peruviana of Kuntze.] Grassy slopes and fields, at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico, ascending to 900 meters; St. Thomas;—Florida; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Martinique. 6. HAPALORCHIS Schlechter, Beihefte Hot. Centr. 37: 362. 1920. Terrestrial orchids with thick fascicled roots and broad flat petioled basal and lower leaves, those of the scape reduced to sheathing scales. Flowers rather large, few in a terminal bracted raceme. Sepals narrowly oblong, obtuse. Petals narrow, oblique. Lip oblong, se.ssile. Column slender, without a foot; rostellum 2-lobed. Anther ovate-lanceolate, hooded; pollinia viscid. [Greek, tender orchid.] Four known species of the West Indies and South America. Type species: Sauroglossum candidum Kraentzlein. 1. Hapalorchis tenuis (Lindl.) Schlechter, Beihefte Bot. Centr. 37: 363. 1920. Sauroglossum tenue Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. III. 1: 334. 1838. ^ Spiranthes Fawcetiii Cogn. Repert. 7: 123. 1909. Leaves about 5, thin, the slender petioles 2-3.5 cm. long, the blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, about as long as the petioles, the apex acute, the base rounded or subtruncate. Scape slender, rather weak, 8-20 cm. long, bearing several nearly linear, acuminate scales ; raceme 2-7-flowered ; flowers white : bracts linear- lanceolate, acuminate, 1-1.5 cm. long; sepals 7-8 mm. long; petals linear, a little shorter than the lateral sepals ; lip 3-lobed. Primaeval forests of the central and western mountains, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba. 7. MEASDENUS Schlechter, Beihefte Bot. Centr. 37: 368. 1920. Terrestrial orchids, with fascicled fleshy roots, mostly basal lanceolate leaves and small, green or yellowish flowers in a terminal raceme. Sepals narrow, dis- tinct. Petals ligulate, a little shorter than the sepals. Lip subsessile, oblong to lanceolate, about as long as the petals, spurless. Column slender, with a very short foot. Rostellum not produced, emarginate. Anther short, obtuse; pollinia oblong, viscid. [Greek, middle gland.] Five known species, of Mexico, the West Indies and Brazil. Type species: Spiranthes Galeottiana A. Rich. ORCHIDACEAE 187 I. Mesadenus lucayanus (Britton) Schlechter, Beihefte Bot. Centr. 37: 368. 1920. Ibidium litcayanum Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 312 1907. Spiranthes lucayana Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 338. 1909. Spiranthes Stahlii Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 341. 1909. Root of cylindric fleshy tubers 2-6 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick. Basal leaves present at flowering time, oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate to elhptic, thin but somewhat fleshy, spreading, 5-nerved, reticulate-veined, at least when dry, 5-17 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base into a rather slender petiole; scape slender, 2-4 dm. high, its several leaves linear or linear- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, appressed, 1-3 cm. long; spike 5-25 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick, usually many-flowered; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, erect, as long as the ovary or longer; flowers green, or bro^vnish green, spreading; sepals linear-lanceolate, acutish, 3-4.5 mm. long; petals linear; lip ovate-oblong, obtus- ish, concave, 3-5 mm. long, about one third as wide as long, with two minute callosities at the base; capsule oblong, blunt, about 5 mm. long. Rocky liillsides, near Ponce and Guanica and sandy soil near Cangrejos, Porto Rico; Mona; coastal plain of Aiiegada:—Florida; Bahamas; Trinidad (?). 8. BEADLEA Small, Fl. S.E. U. S. 319, 1329. 1903. [? Cyclopogon Presl, Rel. Haenk. 93. 1827.] Terrestrial orchids, with thick fleshy-flbrous roots, the leaves broad, mostly basal and petioled, the flowers medium-sized or small, spicate or subracemose on a slender sheathed scape. Sepals distinct, the middle one adnate to the lateral petals. Lip folded around the column and more or less adnate to it, entire or 3-lobed. Column terete. Anther ovoid, erect; pollinia granulose, caudiculate. Capsule oblong. In honor of C. D. Beadle, Curator of the Biltmore Herbarium. Numerous species of tropical and subtropical America. Type species : Spiranthes Storeri Chapm. Lip entire, narrowly oblong. L ^- ^Ma. Lip 3-lobed; leaves ovate. . 2. B. cramchotdes. 1. Beadlea elata (Sw.) SmaU; Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 38. 1918. Satyrium elatum Sw. Prodr. 119. 1788. Spiranthes elata L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 59. 1818. Sauroglossum Richardi Ames, Orch. 1: 44. 1905. Cyclopogon elatum Schlechter, Beihefte Bot. Centr. 37: 387. 1920. Roots fleshy, fascicled, 8 cm. long or less; scape slender, 6 dm. high or less, glandular-pubescent above. Leaves 3-5, the blade oblong to elliptic, 7-12 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, the apex acute, the base narrowed or rounded, the flat petiole 4-7 cm. long; scales of the scape several, 2-4 cm. long, narrow; raceme spike-like, several-flowered, 7-12 cm. long; flowers greenish; sepals about 4 mm. long, obtuse, the dorsal one broader than the lateral ones; petals linear-spatulate, obtuse; lip narrowly oblong, about as long as the lateral sepals, white, dilated above. Forests in wet or moist districts, Porto Rico, mostly at higher elevations: St. Thomas! St. Croix; St. Jan:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Martin to Trinidad; tropical South America. Spiranthes bico'or Lindl., recorded by Cogniaux as found by Sintenis near Utuado, described as differing fiom the preceding species by narrower leaves, does not appear to be specifically distinct. Its type locality is Trinidad. 188 ORCHIDACEAE 2. Beadlea cranichoides (Griseb.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. ed. 2, 320, 1375. 1913. Pelexia cranichoides Gri.seb. Cat. PI. Cub. 269. 1866. Sauroolossum cranichoides Ames, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 17: 117. 1904. Spiranthes cranichoides Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 338. 1909. Beadlea Storeri Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 319, 1329. 1903. Roots few, about 6 mm. thick; scape slender, weak, 1.5-3.5 dm. high, bearing several sheathing narrow acuminate scales 1-2 cm. long, glabrous below, puber- ulent above. Leaves several, basal, 3-7 cm. long, the blade ovate, acute or acuminate, the base rounded, the petiole 1-2 cm. long; spike 3-8 cm. long, loosely several-flowered; bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 7-10 mm. long; sepals oblong obtuse or acutish, about 4 mm. long; petals narrowly spatulate, about as long as the sepals; lip about 4 mm. long, 3-lobed, white, nearly truncate. Mountain forest near Las Marias, Poi-to Rico:—Florida; Cuba. 9. PELEXIA Poit.; L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 59. 1818. • Terrestrial orchids, with thick clustered roots, petioled basal leaves, the flowers spicate at the summit of a sheathed scape. Sepals narrow, the median one adnate to the petals, the lateral ones united below and prolonged into a sac- Lip concave, elongated, embracing. the short column. Column without a foot. Rostellum subulate. Anther narrowly oblong; poUinia powdery. Capsule ellipsoid. [Greek, from the fancied resemblance of the lip to a hatchet.] About 50 species, of tropical and subtropical America, the following typical. 1. Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng. Syst. 3: 704. 1826. Neotiia adnata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1409. 1806. Pelexia spiranthoides Lindl. Bot. Reg. 12: pi. 985. 1826. Scape pubescent above, 2.5-4 dm. high. Basal leaves 2-5, glabrous, the blades elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, 3-nerved, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, the slender, nearly erect petioles 7-14 cm. long, reddish; sheaths of the scape acuminate, 2-5 cm. long; spike pubescent, many-flowered, 6-12 cm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate, about as long as the whitish flowers; sepals about 6 mm. long, the median one elliptic, obtuse, concave, the lateral ones linear, acut?; petals linear, nearly as long as the sepals: lip tubular below, 5-6 mm. long; capsule about 1.5 cm. long, 6-ribbed. Mountain forests of Porto Rico:—Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Guadeloupe; St. Vincent; Grenada; Margarita; Venezuela. Recorded by Krebs as formerly found in St. Thomas. 10. STENORRHYNCHUS L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 59. 1818. Erect terrestrial orchids, with clustered fleshy roots, lanceolate to elliptic basal leaves often wanting at flowering time, the sheathed scape terminated by a spike of rather large, often showy, mostly red or yellow flowers. Sepals nearly equal, the median one adnate to the petals, the lateral ones united below and produced into a sac or spur. Petals mostly shorter than the sepals. Lip entire or nearly so, concave, without callosities. Column with a foot; stigma under the beaked rostellum. Anther oblong or lanceolate; poUinia powdery. [Greek, narrow beak.] About 40 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species; Neottia speciosa Jacq. , Leaves present at flowering time: lip 3-lobed; scape glabrous. 1. S. speciosus. Leaves absent at flowering time; lip entire; scape scurfy or glandular. 2. S. lanceolatus. OECHIDACEAE 189 1. Stenorrhynchus speciosus (Jacq.) L. C. Eich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 59. 1818. Neottia speciosa Jacq. Icon. Rar. 3: pi. 600. 1786-93. Scape stout, glabrous, 3-6 dm. high, bearing a few short scales; leaves several, present at flowering time, oblong or narrowly elliptic, firm in texture, 10-30 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, the apex acute, the base gradually narrowed into a short, broad petiole. Flowers many, scarlet, in a dense spike 10 cm. long or less; bracts scarlet, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, as long as the flowers or the lower longer; sepals about 1.5 mm. long; sac small and rounded; petals nearly linear, acute; lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe lanceolate, acute. Primeval forest near Lares, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; continental tropical America. 2. Stenorrhynchus lanceolatus (Aubl.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 642. 1864. Limodorum lanceolatnm Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 821. 1775. Satyrium orchioides Sw. Prodr. 118. 1788. Stenorrhynchus orchioides L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 5: 59. 1818. Leaves 1-3, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, bright green, glabrous, 1-3 dm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base mto margined petioles, wanting at flowering time. Scape rather stout, 3-6 dm. high, erect, scurfy or somewhat glandular-pubescent, bearmg several acuminate sheathing scales 2-4 cm. long; spike several-many-flowered, 5-10 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers; flowers red or yellow, 2-3 cm. long; ovary oblong, oblique at the apex; sepals glandular, lanceolate, acute, 5-7-nerved; petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-7-nerved; lip lanceolate, acute or acuminate, saccate at about the middle ; capsule about 1 cm. long. Grassy slopes in wet or moist districts, Porto Rico, ascending into the Luquillo Mountains; St. Thomas:—Florida; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua to Trinidad; continental tropical America. Races differ in pubescence and m color or flowers. 11. ELTROPLECTRIS Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 51. 1837. [Centrogonium Schlechter, Beihefte Hot. Centr. 37: 451. 1920.] Terrestrial orchids, with thick fleshy clustered roots, basal broad leaves, and rather large flowers, racemose at the summit of a slender scape. Sepals oblong to lanceolate, unequal, prolonged and connate at the base and adnate to the base of the lip. Petals narrow, obh que. Lip long-clawed. Rostellum subulate. Anther hooded. [Greek, referring to the spur.] Seven known species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Neottia calcarata Hook. f. 1. Eltroplectris acuminata Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 51. 1837. Neottia calcarata Hook. f. Bot. Mag. pi. 3403. 1835. Not Sw., 1806. Pelexia setacea Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 482. 1840. Centrogonium setaceum Schlechter, Beihefte Bot. Centr. 37: 453. 1920. Scape 3-6 dm. high, puberulent above, bearing several acmninate sheaths 2-4 cm. long. Basal leaves 1-3, the blades elliptic or oval, 8-15 cm. long, acute at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, several-nerved, the slender petioles 10-18 cm. long; spike few-several-flow^ered, pubescent, 15 cm. long or less; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm. long, long-acuminate into a fiUform tip; ovary fusiform, about 2 cm. long; perianth purplish-green or greenish-white; sepals narrowly lanceolate, 2.5-3 cm. long, the spur 8-10 mm. long; petals nar- rowly lanceolate, about 2 cm. long; lip white; capsule about 2 cm. long, 6-ribbed. Primeval forest. Sierra de Lares and at Indiera Fria near Maricao, Porto Rico:— Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Trinidad; northern South America. 190 ORCHIDACEAE 12. PHYSURUS L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 55. 1818. [Erythrodes Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 410. 1825.] Leafy-stemmed, terrestrial orchids, with thick clustered roots, the leaves broad, petioled, parallel-nerved and reticulate-veined, convolute in the bud, the small flowers in a terminal spike. Sepals distinct, nearly equal, the small petals cohering with the median one. Lip erect, 3-lobed, embracing the short column, produced below into a blunt pouch-like spur. Anther about as long as the ros- tellum. Pollinia granular, pendent. Capsule ellipsoid to oblong. [Greek, referring to the pouch-like spur.] About 60 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Orchis plantaginea Willd. Sepals about 6 mm. long; spur narrowly obovoid. 1. P. planlagineus. Sepals about 3 mm. long; spui- linear-cyiindric. 2. P. hirtellus. 1. Physurus plantagineus (L.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 503. 1840. Satyrium plantagineum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1244. 1759. Stem stout, fleshy, decumbent, erect or ascending, 1 m. long or less, or, exceptionally up to 2 m. long, often rooting at the lower nodes, glabrous and leafy below, hirsute and bearing a few scales above. Leaves elliptic to oblong- lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, the apex acute or short-acuminate, the base narrowed into a flat sheathing petiole 2-5 cm. long; spike 6-15 cm. long, densely many- flowered; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, pilose, mostly shorter than the white flowers; sepals oblong, obtuse, 6 mm. long; petals spatulate, obtuse; lip linear- spatulate, its middle lobe recurved, the spur obovoid, rounded, about 4 mm. long; capsule about 8 mm. long. Forests, in wet or moist districts, Porto Rico, ascending high into the Luquillo Mountains:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Saba and Guadeloupe to Trinidad. 2. Physurus hirtellus (Sw.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 501. 1840. Satyrium hirtellum Sw. Prodr. 118. 1788. Stem slender, rooting at the lower nodes, 2.5-4 dm. high, glabrous and leafy below, pilose and bearing a few acute scales above. Leaves 3-8, ovate or the upper' lanceolate, the blade 3-6 cm. long, the apex acute, the base narrowed, the slender sheathing petiole 1-2 cm. long; spike densely many-flowered, 3-10 cm. long; bracts small, lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the white flowers; sepals and petals similar, linear, obtuse, about 3 mm. long; Up oblong, a httle longer than the sepals, its middle lobe short, recurved; spur linear, obtuse, about 2 mm. long; capsule about 6 mm. long. In forests at middle and higher elevations in wet or moist districts, Porto Rico: Tortola:—Jamaica; Cuba; Guadeloupe to Trinidad. A specknen collected by Mrs. Britton and Miss Marble near Mayaguez in March, 1906, may represent another species of Physurus, related to P. hirtellus, but glabrous throughout and with smaller leaves and flowers. 13. CRANICHIS Sw. Prodr. 8. 1788. Terrestrial orchids, with coarsely fibrous roots, broad basal leaves, slender scapes bearing small or fohaceous scales and small flowers in a terminal spike or spike-like raceme. Sepals distinct, nearly equal. Petals narrow. Lip un- divided, free, turned inward. Column short ; rostellum often as long as the column. Anther erect; pollinia granular. Capsule ovoid or oblong. [Greek, helmet.] About 20 species, natives of tropical America, the following typical. ORCHIDACEAE 191 1. Cranichis muscosa Sw. Prodr. 120. 1788. Glabrous; basal leaves 3-6, tufted, the blades elliptic to ovate, 2.5-6 cm. long, the apex acute or obtuse, the base narrowed or rounded; petioles flat, margined, somewhat shorter than the blades. Scape 1..5-4 dm. high, erect, bearing below 1 or 2 sessile, suborbicular foliaceous scales 1 cm. broad or less, and several small narrow scales above; spike densely many-flowered, 8 cm. long or less; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the white flowers; sepals about 2 mm. long, acute; petals narrowly spatulate; lip a little shorter than the sepals, broadly ovate, obtuse, hooded; capsule 7-8 mm. long. Forests and shaded banks, Porto Rico, in wet or moist districts at lower and middle elevations; St. Thomas:—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Montserrat; Guadeloupe, Dominica; Martinique; St. Vincent; Grenada; Trinidad; Venezuela. 14. PRESCOTTIA Lindl. in Hook. Exot. Fl. pi. 115. 1825. Terrestrial orchids, with clustered roots, erect scape -like stems, broad tufted basal leaves convolute in the bud and small flowers in a terminal spike. Sepals broad, connate at the base. Petals narrow, thin, mostly shorter than the sepals. Lip broad, concave, 2-auricled at the base of the blade, free, erect. Column short; rostellum retuse, as long as the anther or longer. Pollinia powdery. Capsule small, oblong or ovoid. [Commemorates John D. Prescott, English botanist, died 1837.] About 30 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Prescottia plantaginifolia Lindl. Leaf-blades 6-25 cm. long; sepals about 4 mm. long. 1. P. stachyoides. Leaf-blades 6 cm. long or less; sepals 1-2 mm. long. 2. P. oUgantha. 1. Prescottia stachyoides (Sw.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub pi. 1915. 1834. Cranichis stachyoides Sw. Prodr. 120. 1788. Glabrous; scape rather stout, 3-8 dm. high, bearing several narrow sheathing scales. Basal leaves 2 or 3, erect, the blades elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 6-25 cm. long, acute, short-acuminate or obtuse at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base, about as long as the slender petioles; spike slender, densely many-flowered, 3 dm. long or less; flowers green; bracts ovate, acuminate, 5-9 mm. long; sepals about 4 mm. long, oblong; petals linear, obtuse; lip ovate, obtuse, hooded, about 6 mm. long; capsule nearly 10 mm. long. Primaeval mountain forests, Porto Rico, at liigher elevations; St. Jan:—Jamaica Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Grenada; continental tropical America. 2. Prescottia oligantha (Sw.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 454. 1840. Cranichis oligantha Sw. Prodr. 120. 1788. Scape slender, glabrous, 2-4 dm. high. Basal leaves few, ovate to elliptic, 2-7.5 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, about 13-nerved, the petioles 1.5-3 cm. long; scape with several narrow acute bladeless sheaths 1-3 cm. long; spike slender, densely flowered, 2-7 cm. long; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3 mm. long; sepals 1-nerved, pinkish, rounded, about 1 mm. long; petals narrowly obovate or oblong, obtuse, a little shorter than the sepals, white or pink; lip 3-nerved, 1-1.5 mm. long, the blade roundish, minutely auricled; capsule about 4 mm. long. Forests and shaded banks in wet or moist districts, ascending to 900 m., Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—Florida; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Montserrat; Guade- loupe; Dominica. 192 OKCHIDACEAE 15. PONTHIEVA R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5: 199. 1813. Terrestrial orchids witii fibrous roots, tufted basal leaves, and small, loosely racemose flowers, on sheathed erect scapes. Sepals spreading, the lateral ones slightly inequilateral. Petals clawed, spreading, nearly triangular, adnate to the short column, unsymmetrical. Lip adnate to the column, clawed, concave, ascending, spurless. Anther shorter than the rostellum; pollinia 4, in pairs, powdery, pendulous. Capsule ellipsoid. [Commemorates de Ponthieu, who sent American plants to Sir Joseph Banks.] About 20 species, of tropical and warm temperate America. TjT)e species : Neottia glandulosa Sims. Petals ciliate. 1. P. racemosa. Petals glabrous. 2. P. ventricosa. 1. Ponthieva racemosa (Walt.) Mohr, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 6: 460. 1901. Arethusa racemosa Walt. Fl. Car. 222. 1788. Neottia glandulosa Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 842. 1804. Ponthieva glandulosa R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5: 200. 1813. Scape rather slender, glabrous below, densely glandular-pubescent above, 1.5-6 dm. high, bearing several sheathing scales, the lower ones foUaceous, some- times 3-4 cm. long. Basal leaves 2-6, the blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long; the apex acute, the base narrowed into a petiole 7 cm. long or less; raceme loosely several-many-flowered, sometimes 2 dm. long, usually shorter; bracts linear-lanceolate, shorter than the green flowers; pedicels and ovary glandular-pubescent, together 1-2 cm. long; sepals glandular-pubescent, about 7 mm. long; petals cUiate, obUque, obtuse; lip long-clawed, white, rounded, apiculate; capsule about 1.5 cm. long. Forests and thickets in wet or moist districts, Porto Rico, at lower and middle elevations; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—Southeastern United States; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaaiola; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Grenada. 2. Ponthieva ventricosa (Griseb.) Fawcett & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 1: 39. 1910. Cranichis ventricosa Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 639. 1864. Scape slender, 2-4.5 dm. high, glabrous below, glandular-pubescent above, bearing a few small acute scales. Leaves 3-6, all basal, elliptic, sessile or very nearly so, obtuse or acutish, 2-8 cm. long; raceme 4-8 cm. long, few-several- flowered; flowers white; bracts ovate, acute, much shorter than the flowers; sepals about 6 mm. long; petals obovate-oblong, clawed, 2-lobed; lip sessile, 3- denticulate; capsule about 7 mm. long. [Cranichis panciflora of Bello, not of Swartz.] Shaded banks and cliffs at lower and middle elevations in wet parts of the central and western districts, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola. 16. CORYMBORCHIS Thou. Orch. lies Afr. Tabl. pi. 37. 1822. Terrestrial orchids with fibrous roots, leafy stems, and large fiowers in axillary or terminal corymbs or panicles, the leaves phcate-nerved, convolute m the bud. Sepals and petals similar, narrow, more or less connivent or coherent. Lip free, erect, linear, undivided. Column erect, terete, clavate, 2-lobed. Anther narrow, erect, acuminate, about as long as the rosteUum; pollinia granular. Capsule linear or oblong. [Greek, corj-mbed-orchid.] About a dozen species, natives of tropical regions. Type species: Corymborchis corymbosa Thou. ORCHIDACEAE 193 1. Corymborchis flava (Sw.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 658. 1891. Serapius flava Sw. Prodr. 119. 1788. Chloidia flava Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 644. 1863. Corymbis flava Hems!. Biol. Cent. Amer. 3: 297. 1884. Glabrous; stem stout, stiff, erect, 2 m. high or less, densely leafy, at least above. Leaves oblong, strongly 7-9-nerved, subsessile, 1..S-4 dm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, the apex long-acuminate, the base narrowed; panicles axillary, nearly sessile, 4-10 cm. long; bracts ovate, 4-10 mm. long; flowers nearly sessile, yellow; sepals linear, 2-2.5 cm. long; petals narrowly spatulate, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal; lip about as long as the petals, linear below, dilated above, acute. Primaeval forests of the central mountains of Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hls- paniola; Guadeloupe; Central America. 17. MALAXIS Sw. Prodr. 119. 1788. Low terrestrial orchids with a solid bulb, 1-leaved or 2-leaved. Flowers small, white or green, in a terminal raceme. Sepals spreading, separate, the lateral ones equal at the base. Petals filiform or linear, spreading. Lip cordate or auricled at the base, embracing the column. Anther erect between the auricles, 2-celled; pollinia 4, smooth and waxy, 2 in each sac, the pairs cohering at the summit, without caudicles or glands. Capsule oval, sometimes nearly globular, bealdess. [Greek, in allusion to the soft tissues.] About 140 species, widely distributed, the following typical. 1. Malaxis spicata Sw. Prodr. 119. 1788. Microstylis spicata Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 19. 1830. Glabrous, 1-3 dm. high, 2-leaved near the base, and with 1 or 2 sheaths below the leaves. Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, .5-10 cm. long, acute, the lower one the larger, the sheathing petioles 1-5 cm. long; raceme narrow, 8 cm. long or less, many-flowered; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-4 mm. long; pedicels 5-9 mm. long; middle sepal about 3 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute or bluntish, the lateral ones about as long, obtuse; petals linear, 2 mm. long; lip about 4 mm. long, its terminal lobe linear-oblong; capsule about 8 mm. long. Wet woods and river banks at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Martinique. 18. LIPARIS L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 43, 60. 1817. Low terrestrial orchids with solid bulbs, the base of the stem sheathed by several scales, and one or more fleshy broad shining leaves. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, spreading, petals usually very narrow. Colunm elongated, incurved, thickened and margined above. Pollinia 2 in each sac of the anther, smooth and waxy, the pairs slightly united, without stalk, threads or glands. Lip nearly flat, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. [Greek, fat, referring to the texture of the leaves.] One hundred species or more, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Type species; Ophrys Loeselii L. Leaves 2 or several; lip emarginate. Sepals obtuse; leaves several. i- y- %1„ °v„-,- Sepals acute; leaves 2 or 3. 2. I., ^ogersu. Leaf only 1 ; lip obtuse. 3. L. vexitnjera. 194 ORCHIDACEAE 1. Liparis elata Lindl. Bot. Reg. 14: pi. 1173. 1828. Glabrous; bulb narrowly ovoid- conic, about 3 cm. long. Scape slender, rather stiff, erect, 2-5 dm. high, bearing a few small scales; leaves elliptic to oblong, 7-20 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, the apex acute, the base sheathing: raceme several-many-flowered, 15 cm. long or less; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the purplish flowers; pedicels 2-6 mm. long; sepals oblong, obtuse, 5-7 mm. long, the dorsal one a little longer and narrower than the lateral ones; petals narrowly linear, obtuse, as long as the dorsal sepal; lip obovate, emarginate, about 5 mm. long, 2-callous at the base; capsule oblong-obovoid, 10-15 mm. long. Woodlands, thickets and shaded hillsides, Porto Rico, at lower and middle elevations in moist districts; St. Thomas:—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 2. Liparis Eggersii Rchb. f. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 3: 278. 1885. Similar to L. elata, about as large, but with fewer and somewhat narrower leaves, the raceme with fewer flowers, their bracts longer; sepals acute, the dorsal one 6 mm. long. Woods on Monte Mesa, Mayaguez (according to Reichenbach) ; St. Thomas. Endemic. Perhaps not distinct from the preceding species. St. Thomas is the type locality. 3. Liparis vexillifera (LI. k. Lex.) Cogn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3^: 289. 1895. Cymbidium vexilliferum LI. & Lex. Nov. Yeg. Descr. 2: 11. 1825. Liparis elliptica Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 218. 1861. Glabrous; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm. long. Scape slender, angular, 2.5 dm. high or less. Leaf solitary, basal, erect, oblong-lanceolate, 7-13 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide or less, the base sheathing; raceme rather densely several-many-flowered, 2-8 cm. long, the rachis narrowly 3-winged; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the yellowish flowers; sepals acute, the dorsal one about 8 mm. long, the lateral ones about 6 mm. long; petals narrowly linear, obtuse, about 7 mm. long; lip ovate, obtuse, 7-10 mm. long. Grassy banks at higher elevations in the central and western mountains, of Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 19. POLYSTACHYA Hook. Exot. Fl. pi. 103. 1825. Epiphytic, leafy-stemmed orchids, the stems usually clustered, sheathed at the base, the roots thick-fibrous, the many-nerved leaves conduplicate in the bud, the upper reduced to long narrow scales, the small flowers in terminal panicles or spike-like racemes. Median sepal narrower than the lateral ones. Petals narrower than the lateral sepals. Lip jointed with the base of the column, spur- less, sessile, bent below, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes small. Column short, with a distinct foot. Anther terminal, lid-like, convex, usually 1-celled ; poUinla 4, waxy, broadly ovate or nearly hemispheric, not appendaged. [Greek, many spikes.] About 170 species, mostly of tropical regions. Type species; Cranichis luteola Sw. Flowers about 4 mm. long; capsule 10-12 ram. long. 1. P. minuta. Flowers about .3 mm. long; capsule 6-8 mm. long. 2. P. minor. 1. Polystachya minuta (Aubl.) Britton; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 328, 1329. 1903. Epidendrum minutnm Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 824. 1775. Dendrohium polystachyum Sw. Act. Holm. 21: 247. 1800. Cranichis luteola Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1433. 1806. Polystachya luteola Hook. Exot. Fl. pi. 103. 1825. Stems rather slender, 2-6 dm. long. Sheaths many-striate, 2-4 cm. long; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 6-30 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acute or obtuse, ORCHIDACEAE 195 shorter than the stem: panicle 3 dm. long or less, sometimes reduced to a single raceme; racemes rather densely several-many-flowered: bracts acute, about 2 mm. long; flowers greenish-yellow; buds obliquely 3-angled; median sepal ovate, 3-4 mm. long, the lateral ones oblique, a Uttle longer: petals narrowly spatulate, shorter than the sepals ; lip about 4 mm. long, glandular-hairy within, the median lobe emarginate, the lateral lobes incurved ; capsule 10-12 mm. long. On trees, in moist districts, Porto Kico, mostly at middle and higher elevations: St. Thomas:—Florida: Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Kitts and Mont- serrat to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 2. Polystachya minor Fawcett & Rendle, Journ. Bot. 48: 106. 1910. Similar to the preceding si)ecies, but usually smaller, and with smaller leaver. Flowers smaller, the median sepal rather less than 3 mm. long; lip with a conic callus at the base; capsule 6-8 mm. long. Base of a mango tree. Sierra de Xaguabo (Shafer SkZl):—Jamaica; Cuba; British Guiana. Perhaps better regarded as a race of P. minuta. 20. ISOCHILUS R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5: 209. 1813. Leafy epiphj-tic orchids, with creeping rootstocks and rather large flowers in terminal racemes, the leaves narrow, distichous. Sepals distinct, equal. Petals as long as the sepals. Lip flexuous, about as long as the petals. Column elongated, wingless, with a short foot. Anther incumbent, operculate, 2-celled; pollinia 4, waxy, ovoid-oblong, flattened, appendaged or caudiculate. Capsule ovoid or subglobose. [Greek, equal lip.] About 5 species, of tropical America, the following tji^ical. 1. Isochilus linearis (Jacq.) R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5: 209. 1813. Epidendrum lineare Jacq. Enum. 29, 1760. Glabrous; stems commonly clustered, straight, densely leafy, slender, simple, 2-4.5 dm. long. Leaves linear, nearly erect, 2-5 cm. long. 2-4 mm. wide, sessile, obtuse or emarginate; raceme sessile, densely few-flowered, 2-3 cm. long; bracts obovate, 6-10 mm. long, acute; flowers rose or purple, nearly sessile; sepals 7-10 mm. long, acute, the dorsal one free, the lateral ones connate, carinate; petals oblong-spatulate, acute; lip lanceolate-spatulate, narrowed to the base. On trees and rocks in forests of the central and western districts of Porto Rico, mostly at higher elevations;—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; iMontserrat to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 21. TETRAGAMESTUS Rchb. f. Bonplandia 2: 21. 1854. Epiphj-tic orchids, with jointed branched stems, the branches mostly 2-foliolate, the small fleshy bracted flowers glomerate or geminate at the bases of the narrow coriaceous leaves. Pseudobulbs slender. Sepals distinct. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip entire or 3-lobed. Column short. Anther terminal, operculate, 2-celled; poUinia 4, waxy, ovoid, flattened, appendiculate. Capsule fusiform. [Greek, referring to the four pollinia. ] A few species, natives of tropical America, the following tjTpical. 1. Tetragamestus modestus Rchb. f. Bonplandia 2: 21. 1854. Glabrous; stems stout, clustered, 5 dm. long or less, the joints 5-20 cm. long. Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acute, 6-15 cm. long, 2 cm. wide or 196 ORCHIDACEAE less: flowers 2-several in the fascicles, greenigh white; bracts thin, acute, 5-10 mm. long; sepals about 5 mm. long, the dorsal one obtuse, the lateral ones acute; petals oblong, obtuse; lip ovate, clawed, 3-lobed. On trees Luquillo Mountains and near Arecibo, Porto Eico :—Hispaniola; Martin- ique; Grenada. Recorded from Brazil. 22. OCTADESMIA Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 18: .311. 1881. Epiphytic orchids, with simple leafy stems, and rather large flowers in a terminal raceme; pseudobulbs none. Leaves articulated at the base of the blade. Sepals equal in length, the middle one free, the lateral ones coherent below. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip 3-lobed, free, crenulate, about as long as the sepals. Column wingless, with a short foot. Anther operculate, 2-celled; poUinia 8. Capsule oblong. [Greek, referring to the eight poUinia.] Two known species, natives of the West Indies. Type species: Octomeria serratifolia Hook .f. 1. Octadesmia montana (Sw.) Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 18: 311. 1881. Epidendrum montanum Sw. Prodr. 121. 1788. Octomeria serratifolia Hook. f. Bot. Mag. pZ. 2823. 1828. Stems solitary or few together, rather stout, stiff, somewhat flattened, 4 dm. high or less, leafy above. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire, or the upper ones denticulate, firm in texture, 4-8 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide; peduncle slender, elongated; raceme few-flowered, 10 cm. long or less; pedicels about 1 cm. long; bracts narrow, acuminate, 6-12 mm. long; sepals and petals narrowly lan- ceolate, yellowish, 12-1.5 mm. long; lip oblong-obovate, white, about 9 mm. long; capsule nearly 2 cm. long. On trees, shrubs and loss at liigh elevations in the eastern mountains of Porto Rico, ascending to the summit of El Yunque:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola. 23. HORMIDIUM Lindl. ; Heynh. Nom. 1: 880. 1840. Small epiphytic orchids, with creeping, freely rooting, scaly stems, and short terete or flattened pseudobulbs bearing 1 or 2 leaves and few or solitary, small terminal flowers. Sepals equal, the lateral ones adnate at the base, the middle one free. Petals similar to the middle sepal, or narrower. Lip undivided or 3-lobed. Column short, adnate to the lip. Anther terminal, operculate, 4-celled ; poUinia 4, waxy, unappendaged. Capsule ovoid or subglobose, strongly ribbed or narrowly winged. [Greek, necklace.! About 7 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Epidendrum uniflorum Lindl. 1. Hormidium tripterum (Brongn.) Cogn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3=: 29. 1898. Coelogyne triptera Brongn. Voy. Coquile 201. 1829. Glabrous; stems rather stout, creeping, up to 3 dm. long. Pseudobulbs 1-3 cm. apart, terete, subfusiform, 3-4 cm. long, 2-leaved at the summit; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, sessile, acute, entire, fleshy; flowers few or solitary, greenish, nearly sessile; sepals lanceolate, acute, about 5 mm. long; petals linear-lanceolate, acute, a httle shorter than the sepals; lip reniform, white, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes rounded. On rocks among mosses, Porto Rico, at middle and higher elevations in the central mountains:—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Trinidad; continental tropical America. ORCHIDACEAE 197 24. JACQUINIELLA Schlechter, Repert. Beihefte 7: 124. 1920. Leafy, relatively small, epiphytic orchids, the leaves linear or suVjterete; pseudobulbs none; flowers solitary, fascicled, racemose or spicate, terminal. Sepals linear to ovate, distinct or the lateral ones connate at the base, more or less fleshy. Petals filiform to ovate, about as long as the sepals. Lip entire or 3-lobed. Column free from the lip, without a foot. Pollinia 4, waxy, caudic- ulate. Fruit a small capsule. [Diminutive of Jacquinia.] A few species of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Jacquiniella globosa (Jacq.) Schlechter, Repert. Beihefte 7: 124. 1920. Epidendrum glohosum Jacq. Enum. 29. 1760. Isochilus globosum Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 112. 1831. Glabrous; stems clustered, often numerous, slender, several -leaved, 5-15 cm. long. Leaves distichous, hnear, fleshy, semiterete, channelled above, sessile, 1.5-2 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick; flowers solitary or few, terminal, deflexed, nearly sessile; bracts 1-1.5 mm. long; sepals elliptic, about 3 mm. long; petals subrliomboid, obtusely angled, a Uttle shorter than the sepals; Up rhomboid, entire, obtuse, about 2.5 mm. long; capsule globose-ellipsoid, about 6 mm. long. On trees in mountain forests, Porto Rico, at Wgher elevations:—Jamaica; Cuba; Saba and St. Kitts to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 25. ENCYCLIA Hook. Bot. Mag. vl- 2831. 1828. [Larnandra Raf. Neog. 4. Hyponym. 1825.] Epiphytic or rarely terrestrial orchids, with mostly terete, short or elongated pseudobulbs, flat, mostly stiff, elongated narrow leaves duplicate in the bud, and rather large, racemose or panicled bracted flowers on a long terminal scape. Lateral sepals broad or narrow, about as wide as the similar median one; petals spatulate to linear. Lip longitudinally crested or appendaged, 3-lobed, the middle lobe much wider than the lateral ones, often emarginate. Column usually adnate to the lip at its base and sometimes enclosed by it. Capsule ribbed. [Greek, wrapped around.] Perhaps 75 species, of tropical and subtropical Amer- ica. Type species: Encyclia viridiflora Hook. Middle lobe of the lip acute or tipped. Panicle several-many-flowered; ovary smootli. 1. E. fucata. Panicle few-flowered; ovary warty. 2. E. Smtemsii. Middle lobe of the lip 2-lobed. 3. E. papihonacea. 1. Encyclia fucata (Lindl.) Britton & Millspaugh, Bahama Fl. 91. 1920. Epidendrum fucatum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 15. 1838. Pseudobulbs slender, ovoid to oblong, 2-5 cm. long. Leaves 1 or 2, linear, 1-3 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide; scape slender, usually branched, 3-7 dm. long; pedicels slender or filiform, 1-2 cm. long; sepals yellow or brownish yellow, oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, 1.5-2 cm. long; petals oblanceolate, similar to the sepals but a little shorter; lip yellow, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes oblong, obtuse, about 1 cm. long, the middle lobe suborbicular, tipped; column wingless; capsule oblong, 1..5-2.5 cm. long. On trees in coffee plantations near Adjimtas and Lares, Porto Rico (accorduig to Cogniaux): Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola. 2. Encyclia Sintenisii (Rchb. f.) Britton. Epidendrum Sintenisii Rchb. f. Ber. Deutsche Bot. Gesell. 3: 277. 1885. Pseudobulbs ovoid, narrowed above, 3-4.5 cm. long. Leaves 2 or 3, linear. 2.5-3.5 dm. long, 10-13 mm. wide, obtuse or emarginate; scape slender, branched 198 ORCHIDACEAE above. 2-3 dm. long, bearing a few scarious sheaths; pedicels very slender, 1-1.5 cm. long; ovary verrucose; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, about 1 cm. long; middle lobe of the lip triangular, acuminate. On trees, near Maricao, collected only by Sintenis, flowering in December. En- demic. 3. Encyclia papilionacea (Vahl) Schlechter, Repert. Beihefte 6: 74. 1919. Epidendrum papilionaceum Vahl; West, St. Croix 303. 1793. Epidendrum bifidnm Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1489. 1806. Not Aubl., 1779. Epidendrum Kraenzlinii Bello, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 116. 1883. Epidendrum Krugii Bello, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 117. 1883. E. papilionaceum orandiflorum Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 505. 1910. Pseudobulbs narrowly oblong, solitary or clustered, 6-12 cm. long. Leaves 2 or 3, hnear or linear-lanceolate, stiff, 2.5 dm. long or less, 7-25 mm. wide; scape slender or rather stout, 0.5-2 m. long, simple, or forked above, bearing several scarious sheaths; racemes several-many-flowered, short or elongated; pedicels filiform, 1-3 cm. long; bracts triangular-lanceolate, 3-8 mm. long; flowers light purple; sepals narrow, 10-15 mm. long; petals a little narrower than the sepals; lip l.,5-3 cm. long, deeply 3-Iobed, the middle lobe deeply emarginate; capsule oval, about 2 cm. long. On shrubs and in sandy or rocky gi-ound at lower elevations, Porto Riro, mostly near the coasts; Mona; Culebra; Vieques; St. Croi.x: St. Thomas: St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda;—Hispaniola; St. Barts and St. Kitts. Recorded by Millspaugh as Laclia domingensis. 26. ANACHEILIUM Hoffmg. Linnaea 16: Litt. Ber. 229. 1842. Epiphytic orchids, with elongated, somewhat flattened pseudobulbs, long flat leaves duplicate in the bud, and nodding racemose bracted flowers on a simple terminal scape. Sepals all nearly alike, elongated, narrow, acuminate. Petals similar to the sepals, but somewhat shorter; lip concave, entire, much shorter than the sepals. Column partly adnate to the lip, footless. Capsules winged, drooping. [Greek, upturned lip.] The genus is probably monotypic. 1. Anacheilium cochleatum (L.) Hoffmg. Linnaea 16: Litt. Ber. 229. 1842. Epidendrum cochleatum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1351. 1763. Pseudobulbs lanceolate to ovate, compressed, 8-12 cm. long, clustered. Leaves 2 or 3, linear or linear-oblong, acute, 1-4 dm. long; scape simple, 1..5-6 dm. long, bearing several linear-lanceolate scarious scales 1-3 cm. long and sub- tended by a larger, scarious, spathelike scale 5-S cm. long; flowers few-several, racemose; bracts small; lateral sepals Unear-lanceolate, greenish yellow, 2-3 cm. long, similar to the petals; lip purple or variegated, about 2 cm. long, abruptly acute, entire; capsule 2-3 cm. long. On trees and rocks in moist districts, Porto Rico: Vieques; St. Croix:-—Florida; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Central America; northern South America. 27. NIDEMA Britton & Millspaugh, Bahama Fl. 94. 1920. Epiphytic orchids, with flattened 1-leaved pseudobulbs subtended by narrow scales, the leaves narrowly linear, the slender scapes bearing several, rather small, racemose flowers, or but one. Lateral sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, acute or acuminate; petals Hnear to lanceolate, somewhat shorter than the sepals; lip linear or ligulate, somewhat fleshy, entire or undulate; column free from the lip or but slightly adnate at the base, footless. Capsule oblong. [Anagram of Dinema, a related genus.] Two species or more, natives of the West Indies, the following typical. ORCHIDACEAE 199 1. Nidema Ottonis (Rchb. f.) Britton & Millspaugh, Bahama Fl. 94. 1920. Epidendrum Ottonis Rchb. f.; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. G13. 1864. Pseudobulbs narrowly oblong, clustered, compressed, 2-3.5 cm. long, 1- leaved. Leaf thin in texture, linear, 6-13 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, obtuse or acutish; scape very slender, little, if any, longer than the leaf, bearing several linear scales and 3-6 bracted whitish flowers; ovary shorter than the linear bract; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, about 8 mm. long; petals linear, acute, about 6 mm. long; lip linear, acute, undivided, about 5 mm. long; column free, claviform, 4 mm. long, 5-toothed ; capsule oblong, about 1 cm. long. On palm trunks near Utuado and Arecibo, Porto Rico :—Jamaica ; Cuba: Hispaniola; Trinidad and Venezuela. 28. AULIZA Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 294. 1812. Epiphytic or terrestrial orchids, with erect or ascending, often clustered stems, subcoriaceous sessile leaves and rather large pedicelled flowers on scapes; pseudobulbs elongated. Sepals often elongated. Petals linear to spatulate. Lip various. Column adnate to the lip. PoUinia 4, appendaged. [Greek, perching.] A few species of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Epidendrum ciliare L. i 1. Auliza ciliaris (L.) Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 294. 1812. Epidendrum ciliare L. Syst. ed. 10, 1246. 1759. Epidendrujn cuspidatum Lodd. Bot. Cab. 1818: pi. 10. E. ciliare cuspidatum Lindl. Fol. Orch. Epid. 30. 1853. Pseudobulbs 8-20 cm. long, slender, thickened upward, usually clustered, 1-2 cm. thick at the top. Leaves 1-3, usually 2, thick, narrowly oblong, obtuse, 1-2 dm. long, 2-5 cm. wide; scape rather stout, 3 dm. long or less, bearing large, linear-lanceolate, imbricated scales below, few-several-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm. long; pedicels 1-2 cm. long; ovary slender, 4-5 cm. long; sepals linear- lanceolate, yellowish-green, acuminate, 4-5 cm. long; petals similar to the sepals; lip deeply 3-cleft, white, 3-4 cm. long, the outer segments ciliate, the middle one subulate, entire. On shaded rocks and on trees in both dry and moist districts, Porto Rico, ascending to 750 meters in the western mountains; Culebra: Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:— St. Martin to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 29. AMPHIGLOTTIS Sahsb. Trans. Hort. Soc. l: 294. 1812. [Nyctosma Raf. Fl. Tell. 2: 9. 1837.] Epiphytic or rarely saxicolous orchids, without pseudobulbs, the stems leafy, the flowers umbellate, racemose or panicled. Sepals nearly alike, distinct. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip 3-lobed or entire. Column wholly adnate to the lip. Anther 2-celled, operculate; pollinia 4, waxy. Capsule oblong. [Greek, encircling a tongue.] Seventy-five species or more, natives of tropical and sub- tropical America. Type species: Epidendrum elongatum Jacq. Flowers umbellate, subumbellate or solitary. Flowers subumbellate. Lip 4-lobed. 1. ^4. difformis. Lip undulate, subtnmcate. 2. A. corymhnsa. Flowers only 1 or 2; lip ;5-lobed. 3. A. nocturna. Flowers racemose or paniculate. Flowers racemose; lip 3-lobed. Lobes of the lip entire. 4. A. anceps. Lobes of the lip lacerate or denticulate. Petals oblong; stem terete. .5. A. srcunda. Petals linear-ligulate; stem flattened. 6. A. lacera Flowers paniculate; lip 3-lobed. the lobes rounded. 7. A. pallidiflora 200 ORCHIDACEAE 1. Amphiglottis difformis (Jacq.) Britton. Epidendrum difforme Jacq. Enum. 29. 1760. Epidendrum umhellatum Sw. Prodr. 121. 1788. Stems commonly clustered, leafy nearly to the base, 4 dm. long or less, flattened and winged above. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or retuse, 3-7 cm. long: flowers greenish-white to yellow, fragrant, few or several in a sessUe terminal umbel; pedicels 1-2 cm. long, slender; ovary slender, about as long as its pedicel; sepals oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long; petals linear, acute, about as long as the sepals; lip reniform, 1.5-3 cm. broad, 4-lobed, the lobes entire- margined ; capsule about 2 cm. long and 1 cm. thick. Ou trees and rocks in mountain forests, Porto Rico, at middle and liigher elevations: —Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Eustatius to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 2. Amphiglottis corymbosa (Lindl.) Britton, Epidendrum corymbosum Lindl. Fol. Orch. Epid. 61. 1853. Stems clustered, sometimes branched, 1.5-3 dm. long, few-leaved above. Leaves thin, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 10 cm. long or less, 7-18 mm. wide; peduncle slender, terminal, 2-5 cm. long, subumbellately few-several- flowered; flowers greenish; bracts lanceolate, 3-6 mm. long; pedicels slender, about 1 cm. long; ovary rather longer than its pedicel; sepals lanceolate, acute, about 12 mm. long; petals linear, about as long as the sepals; lip reniform,- undulate, subtruncate, about 10 mm. broad; capsule oblong, nearly 2 cm. long. On trees in forests of the eastern moimtains at liigher elevations and near Adjimtas, Porto Rico:—Hisi^aniola; northern South America. 3. Amphiglottis nocturna (Jacq.) Britton. Epidendrum nociurnum Jacq. Enum. 29. 1760. Epidendrum tridens Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. 2: 2. 1838. E. nocturnum tridens Cogn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3*: 136. 1898. Auliza nocturna Small, Fl. Miami 56. 1913. Epiphytic or sa.xicolous; stems stiff, clustered, rather slender, usually erect, 3-11 dm. high. Leaves oblong to elliptic, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 7-16 cm. long, acute at the apex, partly clasping at the base, the sheaths cylindric, the lower ones bladeless; flowers solitary or two together, peduncled, the peduncle 2-10 cm. long; bracts ovate or lanceolate, 3-6 mm. long; lateral sepals green, linear-attenuate, 3-6 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; petals yellow, similar to the sepals, but a little narrower; lip white, 3-cleft, the 2 lateral lobes ovate or ovate-oblong, 10-15 mm. long, the middle lobe setaceous, 3-5 cm. long; capsule oblong, nar- rowed at both ends, 2.5-4 cm. long. On trees, rocks and on the ground in mountain forests, Porto Rico, at middle and higher elevations:—Florida; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; Margarita and continental tropical America. Races differ in shape and size of leaves and in size of the floral parts. 4 Amphiglottis anceps (Jacq.) Britton. Epidendrum anceps Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 224. 1763. Stems solitary or few together, compressed, 2-edged, 6 dm. long or less, sheathed below, leafy above. Leaves few or several, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-12 cm. long; peduncle slender, sheathed below, the several or many greenish brown flowers in a short, usually dense raceme; pedicels slender, 3-6 mm. long; ovary about as long as the pedicel; bracts ovate, acuminate, 2-5 mm. long; sepals oblong, about 8 mm. long; petals linear-spatulate, a little shorter than the sepals; lip cordate-reniform, about 5 mm. long, 3-lobed, the lobes entire. On trees and on shaded rocks, Porto Rico, mostly at higher elevations in wet or moist districts:—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Saba and St. Kitts to Barbados and Grenada; continental tropical America. OKCHIDACEAE 201 5. Amphiglottis secunda (Jacq.) Britton. Epidendrum secundum Jacq. Enum. 29. 1760. Epidendrum eloiiaatum Jacq. Icon. Rar. 3: 17. 1786-93. Stems few together or solitary, slender, naked below, leafy above, terete. 2-9 dm. long. Leaves firm in texture, oblong or lanceolate, acute, 4r-12 cm, long, 1-3 cm. wide; peduncle 3 dm. long or less, bearing several sheaths; racemes several-many-flowered; bracts acuminate, 3-8 mm. long; pedicels slender, about 1 cm. long; ovary about 1 cm. long; sepals acute, 7-10 mm. long; petals oblong, about as long as the sepals, rose or purple; lip whitish, broadly reniform, 6-7 mm. wide, deeply 3-loy3ed, the lobes denticulate, the middle one emarginate; capsule broadly oblong, 2 cm. long. On trees rocks and wet banks at higher elevations in moist or wet districts, Porto Rico; St. Thomas (according to Krebs) :—Antigua to Trinidad, Margarita and contmental South America. 6. Amphiglottis lacera (Lindl.) Britton. Epidendrum lacerum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. no. 18. 1838. Stem rather stout, flattened, leafy nearly to the base, 2-8 dm. long. Leaves thm, Unear to lanceolate, acutish, 5-8 cm. long, 4-15 mm. wide ; peduncle slender, bearing several sheaths 2-4 cm. long; raceme rather densely several-flowered; flowers pale rose; bracts linear-subulate, 3-10 mm. long; pedicels about 1 cm. long; ovary about as long as its pedicel; sepals oblong-lanceolate, about 7 mm. long; petals a little longer and narrower than the sepals; lip deeply 3-lobed, 4-5 mm. long, the lobes nearly equal, lacerate, obovate. Mountain thickets of Monte Cedro near Adjuntas:—Cuba. 7. Amphiglottis pallidiflora (Hook.) Britton. Epidendrum pallidiflorum Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 29S0. 1830. Stem terete and naked below, flattened and several-leaved above, 2-3 dm* long. Leaves thin, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 5-14 cm. long, 1-2.8 cm. wide; peduncle slender, bearing a few sheaths below, branched above, the inflorescence paniculate, several-flowered; pedicels and ovary together about 1.5 cm. long; bracts acuminate, 8 mm. long or less; flowers pale yellow; sepals lanceolate, 12-14 mm. long; petals lanceolate-spatulate, about as long as the sepals; lip deeply 3-lobed, 7-8 mm. wide, the lobes rounded, nearly equal. [? Epidendrum nutans of Bello, not of Swartz.] On Mount Jimenes, LuquiUo Mountains:—Guadeloupe; Dominica; St. Vincent. Epidendrum patens Sw., a species characterized by a nodding raceme of yellowish flowers, was recorded from Signal Hill, St. Thomas, by Eggers; it has not been found there by subsequent collectors ; in the West Indies it is otherwise known only from Jamaica and Trinidad. The record may be erroneous. 30. SPATHIGER Small, Fl. Miami 55. 1913. Epiphytic, usually branched, creeping or pendent glabrous orchids, with slender leafy stems, narrow sessile leaves and small flowers in the axils of spathe- like bracts, forming terminal spikes; pseudobulbs none. Leaves dupUcate in the bud, the blades not plaited, jointed at the base. Lateral sepals broader than the median one. Petals scarcely broader than the sepals. Lip reniform or nearly orbicular, concave. Column adnate to the hp. Pollinia 4, appendaged. [Greek, spathe-bearing.] About 10 species of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Epidendrum, rigidum Jacq. Leaves oblong; Up obtuse. 1- f • [i^lf^J- Leaves linear; Up acute. z. b. ramosus. 202 ORCHIDACEAE 1. Spathiger rigidus (Jacq.) Small, Fl. Miami 55. 1913. Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. Enum. 29. 1760. Often much branched, 5 dm. long or less. Leaves oblong or linear- oblong, subcoriaceous, 3-8 cm. long; flowers greeniah-white ; lateral sepals ovate, about 6 mm. long; petals narrowly spatulate or oblong; blade of the Up about 3 mm. long, suborbicular, obtuse, with callosities near the base; capsule about 1.5 cm. long. On trees and on rocks, Porto Rico, mostly at middle and higher elevations in wet or moist districts:—Florida; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad and Margarita: continental tropical America. 2. Spathiger ramosus (Jacq.) Britton. Epidendrum ramosum Jacq. Enum. 29. 1760. E. ramosum lanceolatum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 618. 1864. Branched, sometimes up to 1 m. in length. Leaves linear, coriaceous, those of the stem 6-11 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide or less, those of the branches usually much smaller; flowers greenish or yellowish; sepals .5-7 mm. long; petals linear, about as long as the sepals; Up cordate-ovate, acute, about 4 mm. long; capsule about 1 cm. long. On trees and rocks, in wet or moist districts, Porto Rico, mostly at higher elevations —Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Grenada; continental tropical America. 31. TETRAMICRA Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 119. 1831. Mostly terrestrial orchid.s, without pseudobulbs, the roots thick fibers, the few subterete fleshy leaves basal, the pink to purple flowers in a simple raceme at the end of a slender sheathed scape or peduncle. Bracts very small. Sepals about equal, distinct, spreading. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip 3-lobed, spreading, the lobes entire or nearly so. Column 2-winged. Anther convex. Imperfectly 4-celled; pollinia 4, waxy, appendaged. Capsule oblong, beakless. [Greek, small four.] About 8 species, of tropical America. Type species. Cymhidiurn rigidum, Willd. 1. Tetramicra elegans (Hamilt.) Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 549. 1910. Cyrtopodium elegans Hamilt. Prodr. .53. 1825. Epidendrum subaequale Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 113. 1870. Bletia subaequalis Rechb. f. Flora 69: 553. 1886. Stem short, scaly; peduncle stiff, erect or nearly so, straight or slightly flexuous, 6 dm. Ions or less, simple, bearing numerous striate sheaths; leaves 1-4, linear-subulate, coriaceous, half-cylindric, pointed. 7-18 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; raceme several-flowered, 3-10 cm. long; bracts ovate, striate, acute or acuminate, 3-6 mm. long, the lower ones often flowerless; pedicels filiform, about 1 cm. long; sepals lanceolate-acute, brownish, about 1 cm. long; petals about as long as the sepals but narrower; lip 12-15 mm. long, deeply 3-lobed, rose-colored, the middle lobe obovate, violet-veined. Indiera Fria near Maricao, Porto Rico (barren); St. Thomas; St. Jan; Anegada; St. Croix:—St. Eustatius; Antigua; Desirade; Guadeloupe. 32. EPIDENDRUM L. Sp. PI. 952. 1753. Epiphytic or saxicolous orchids, without pseudobulbs, the few leaves fleshy, linear or subterete, the large showy peduncled flowers solitary, geminate or race- mose. Sepals distinct, narrow, elongated, the petals similar, the lip very broad, narrowed below or clawed, entire or fimbriate. Column erect, 2-winged. Anther ORCHIDACEAE 203 operculate, 2-celled; poUinia 8, compressed. Capsule mostly oblong. [Greek, on trees.] A few species, of tropical America. Type species: Epidendrum nodosum L. Peduncle 2-3-flo\vered; lip long-clawed, not fimbriate. 1. E. nodosum. Peduncle l-flowered; lip short-clawed, fimbriate. 2. E. cucullalum. 1. Epidendrum nodosum L. Sp. PI. 953. 1753. Brassavola nodosa Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 114. 1831. Roots of thick fibers; stems usually clustered, rather stout, 3-8 cm. long, nearly terete. Leaf solitary, thick, linear, half-cylindric, acute, channeled, 6-15 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide; peduncle slender, as long as the leaves or shorter, 2-3-flowered ; pedicels about 2 cm. long; bracts lanceolate. 4-6 mm. long; ovary 2-3 cm. long; sepals and petals linear, acuminate, light green, 5-7 cm. long; lip white, long-clawed, the claw about 2 cm. long, the flat, broadly ovate, acute or acuminate limb entire or slightly undulate, 3-4 cm. long; column 4-6 mm. long. Porto Rico, collected by Otto Kuntze in 1874:—Jamaica; Curacao; continental tropical America. 2. Epidendrum cucullatum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 13.50. 1763. Brassavola cucullata R. Br. in Act. Hort. Kew ed. 2, 5: 216. 1813. Roots fibrous; stems clustered, slender, 8-12 cm. long. Leaf subcylindric, linear, channeled, 8-25 cm. long; peduncle slender, l-flowered, 2.5 cm. long or less, with a few scarious scales at the base; ovary prolonged into a slender beak 7-12 cm. long; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, yellowish, 5-8 cm. long; lip short-clawed, about 2 cm. broad, fimbriate, narrowed above into an entire slender tip 2-3 cm. long; column about 10 mm. long. On rocks and trees, St. Thomas:—St. Martin; Saba; St. Eustatius; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; Mexico; northern South America. Epidendrum carinatum Vahl, of St. Croi.x, has not been identified by modern botanists; it is evidently not the same as E. carinatum of Linnaeus. The orchid recorded from St. Thomas by Krebs as Epidendrum bicornutum Swartz, has not been identified; Swartz did not publish any species under that name. There is a published Epidendrum bicornutum Hooker {Diacrium bicor- nutum Benth.) of Tobago, Trinidad and northern South America. 33. ELLEANTHUS Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 97. 1827. Epiphytic orchids, the leaves various, plicate, the flowers in terminal spikes or heads, distichous in the following species. Sepals distinct. Petals about as long as the sepals but narrower. Lip as long as the sepals or longer, concave at the base. Column without a foot. Anther operculate, 2-celled; pollinia 8, ovoid, waxy. Capsule oblong. [Greek, clustered flowers.] About 50 species or more, natives of tropical America. Type species: Elleanthus lancifalius Presl. 1. Elleanthus linifolius Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 197. 1827. Stems simple, usually clustered, slender, smooth. 2-3.5 dm. long. Leaves narrowly Unear, thin, 1-nerved, 12 cm. long or less, 1.5-3 mm. wide, sessile, the sheaths "about 2 cm. long; spike densely several-flowered, 1-2 cm. long, the white flowers distichous; bracts ovate-oblong, obtuse, 6-10 mm. long; sepals about 3 mm. long, the middle one narrower than the oblique lateral ones; petals narrowly spatulate, the apex rounded; lip obovate, ciliate-denticulate, about 3 mm. broad; column about 2 mm. long. On trees in forests, Porto Rico, mostly at higher elevations in the central and western moimtains:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; South America. 204 ORCHIDACEAE 34. STELIS Sw. in Schrad. Journ. 2: 239. 1799, Small epiphytic orchids, with clustered or creeping, 1-leaved stems, and small or minute flowers in racemes, the leaf petioled; pseudobulbs none. Sepals nearly equal, spreading, broad, more or less connate. Petals much shorter than the sepals. Lip sessile, similar to the petals. Column as long as the lip or shorter, without a foot. Anther 2-celled, operculate; pollinia 2, waxy. Capsule ovoid or oblong. [Ancient Greek name for some plant parasite.] Over 150 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Epidendrum ophioglossoides Jacq. 1. Stelis perpusilliflora Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 386. 1909. Stems clustered, erect, jointed below the middle, 6-12 cm. long, with an appressed sheath 3-5 cm. long. Leaf oblong, obtuse, erect, firm in texture, flat, 6-11 cm. long; racemes 1-4, densely several-many-flowered, much shorter than the leaf; pedicels about 1 mm. long; bracts scarious, 1.5-2 mm. long; sepals about 1.5 mm. long; petals about half as long as the sepals; lip concave, as long as the petals. On trees in the forests of the eastern mountains of Porto Rico:—Guadeloupe; Dominica. 35. PLEUROTHALLIS R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, 5: 213. 1813. Epiphytic orchids, large, small or minute, with tufted or creeping 1-leaved stems, sheathed below, and small flowers in racemes borne at the base of the leaf and subt^ided by a spathe. Sepals nearly equal, the dorsal one free, the lateral ones usuaUy connate. Petals narrow, free, mostly shorter than the sepals. Lip mostly shorter than the petals, 3-lobed. Anther operculate, 1-2-celled ; pollinia 2, waxy. Capsule oblong to globose. [Greek, side frond; the inflorescence is borne by the side of the leaf.] Many species, perhaps 500, natives of tropical America. TjT)e species: Epidendrum ruscifolius Jacq. Raceme subtended by a large spathe. Lip entire. 1- P- Qelida. Lip 3-lobed. ^- -P- crassipes. Spathe inconspicuous, scarious. Sepals membranous. Secondary stems elongated. Flowers racemose. 3. P. prmnosa. Flowers fascicled. 4. P. rusctfoha. Flowers soUtary, rarely 2. 5. P. Wilsom. Stems very short ; plants caespitose. 6. P. Urbantana. Sepals fleshy. 7. P. coriacea. 1. Pleurothallis gelida Lindl. Bot. Reg. 27: Misc. 186. 1841. Pleurothallis univaginata Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. III. 1; 326. 1858. Stems several together, stout, subterete, 1-2.5 dm. long, jointed at or below the middle. Leaf oblong, coriaceous, 1-2 dm. long, 3-8 cm. wide, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into a petiole 1-3 cm. long; spathe coriaceous, 1-4 cm. long; racemes 2 or 3, slender, as long as the leaves or shorter, many-flowered; bracts obtuse, 2-3 mm. long; flowers yellowish; pedicels very short; sepals linear, about 7 mm. long; petals ligulate, subtruncate, about 3 mm. long; lip oblong, obtuse, entire, a Uttle shorter than the petals; capsule oblong, about 8 mm. long. On trees in forests at middle and higher elevations in the central and western moun- tains of Porto Rico:—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispamola. ORCHIDACEAE 205 2. Pleurothallis crassipes Lindl. Fol. Orch. Pleurothallis 29. 1859. Stems tufted, rather stout, jointed at or below the middle, 8-25 cm. long. Leaf oblong or oblong-obovate, coriaceous, 6-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, the apex obtuse, the base cuneate, the petiole 1..5-3 cm. long; spathe coriaceous, 7-12 mm. long; racemes 1-3, shorter than the leaves, many-flowered; bracts 2-3 mm. long; pedicels very short; flowers yellow; sepals ovate, acute, about 3 mm. long, the lateral ones connate to the middle; petals oblong, obtuse, 2 mm. long; lip obovate, 3-lobed, 1.5 mm. long, the lobes roimded; capsule oblong, about 8 mm. long. On trees and rocks in forests, Porto Rico, mostly at higher elevations:—Hispaniola; northern South America. 3. Pleurothallis pruinosa Lindl. Bot. Reg. 28: Misc. 75. 1842. Stems tufted, slender or nearly filiform, 1-2-jointed, 7 cm. long or less. Leaf oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long, sessile, the apex 2-denticulate, the base narrowed; racemes 1 or 2, very slender, about as long as the leaf, 2-4- flowered; spathe inconspicuous; bracts obtuse, about 2 mm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; flowers yellowish-green; sepals ovate, acute, pruinose, 2-3 mm. long; petals linear, acute, nearly as long as the sepals; lip ovate, entire, about 1.5 mm. long; capsule oblong, about 6 mm. long. On trees at higher elevations m the Luquillo Mountains and near Maricao, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Grenada; Trinidad; Guiana. 4. Pleurothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, 5: 211. 1813. Epidendrum ruscifolium Jacq. Enum. 29. 1760. Stems clustered, slender, terete, jointed near the middle, 1-3 dm. long. Leaf rather thin, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, the apex acuminate and 3-denticulate, the base narrowed into a petiole 1-2 cm. long; spathe ovate, short; flowers yellow or yellowish-green, fascicled at the base of the leaf; pedicels filiform, 5-10 mm. long; sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, about 7 mm. long; petals narrowly linear, about half as long as the sepals; lip ovate-oblong, entire, only 1-1.5 mm. long; capsule linear-oblong, 10-12 mm. long. On trees, rarely on rocks, in forests, mostly at higher elevations, Porto Rico: Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 5. Pleurothallis Wilsoni Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. III. 1: 326. 1858. Stems nearly filiform, scattered along a very slender, creeping rootstock, 1-jointed, 2-5 cm. long. Leaf rather thin, narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acute or acuminate at the apex and 3-denticulate, narrowed at the base; peduncle filiform, 1-flowered, 6-15 mm. long; flower greenish-yellow; sepals about 4 mm. long, the dorsal one obtuse, the lateral ones triangular-ovate, acute, connate; petals narrowly ovate, about 1.5 mm. long; Up ovate, obtuse and 2.5 mm. long; capsule oblong-obovoid, about 8 mm. long. On trees in forests, at middle and higher elevations in the central and western districts of Porto Rico;—Jamaica; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe. 6. Pleurothallis Urbaniana Rchb. f. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 3: 279. 1885. Diminutive; stems tufted, fihform, only 3 mm. long or less. Leaf oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, obtuse and minutely 3-denticulate at the apex, narrowed at the base into a slender petiole; peduncle capillary, much longer than the leaf, loosely several-flowered; pedicels 3-8 mm. long; bracts 1-2 mm. long, acuminate; flowers distichous, white with red veins; sepals caudate-acuminate, 206 ORCHIDACEAE ciliate, about 7 mm. Ions?; petals lanceolate, acuminate, fimbriate, about half as lonf? as the sepals; lip triangular, about 3 mm. long, 3-lobed, the middle lobe ligulate, muriculate. On trees or primaeval forests in the central and western mountains of Porto Rico. Endemic. 7. Pleurothallis coriacea Bello, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 116. 1883. Stems scattered or clustered on a rather stout rootstock, slender, terete, 2-jointed, .5-14 cm. long. Leaf oblong, thick, 4-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, sessile, obtuse and denticulate at the apex, obtuse at the base; .spathe small; raceme several-flowered, mostly shorter than the leaf; bracts scarious, acute, 2-3 mm. long: pedicels very short; flowers violet, distichous or secund: sepals fleshy, triangular, acute, about 4 mm. long, the lateral ones connate to about the middle; petals lanceolate, subspatulate, 3 mm. long; lips 3-lobed, about as long as the petals; capsule oblong, hirtellous, about 1 cm. long. On trees in woods and forests of the central mountains of Porto Kico. Endemic. A barren specimen of an orchid collected by Prof. F. L. Stevens, Nov. 11, 1913, on Monte Alegrillo near Maricao (4493), represents another species of Pleurothallis: Mr. Oakes Ames suggests relationship with P. prostrata Lindl. 36. LEPANTHES Sw. Nov. Act. Acad. Upsal. 6: 85. 1799. Small epiphytic orchids, with slender, several-sheathed and 1-leaved stems, the leaf inroad, flat, sessile or nearly so the minute flowers in one or more racemes at its ba.se; pseudobulbs none. Sepals broad, nearly equal, the lateral ones more or less connate. Petals transversely oblong, much shorter than the sepals, the short claw adnate to the base of the column. Lip 2-lobed, the lobes various. Anther operculate; polHnia 2, waxy. Capsule ovoid, obovoid or subglobose. [Greek, bark-flower.] Perhaps 50 .species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Lepanthes concinna Sw. 1. Lepanthes se enipetala Rchb. f. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 3: 279. 1885. Stems tufted, very slender, jointed at the nodes, .3-12 cm. long, the sheaths about 1 cm long, appressed, striate, muriculate, their mouths obliquely dilated, acute, ciliolate. Leaf thin, ovate or ovate-oblong, 2-3.5 cm. long, the apex acute and 3-denticulate, the base rounded, the petiole only 1 or 2 mm. long; peduncles several, capillary, 8-20 mm. long, several-flowered; pedicels about 1.5 mm. long; bracts acute, shorter than the pedicels; sepals ovate, about 3.5 mm long, yellow; petals half-lunate, 2 mm. broad, saffron, the lobes divaricate; lip acute, 1.5 mm. long; capsule subglobose, about 4 mm. thick. On trees in moontain forests at middle and higher elevations of Porto Rico. En- demic. 37. BLETIA R. & P. Syst. 229. 1798. Terrestrial orchids, with globose or ovoid corms, narrow, elongated linear or lanceolate leaves, the slender sheathed scape arising from the side of the corm, the large piu'ple or pink flowers in simple or branched racemes. Sepals nearly alike, ovate or oblong. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip broad, 5-7- crested, 3-lobed. Column elongated. Anther 2-celled; pollinia obovate, waxy. Cap- sules oblong, erect. [Commemorates L. Blet, a Spanish apothecary.] About 45 species mostly of tropical America. Type species: Bletia catenulata R. & P. ORCHIDACEAE 207 1. Bletia patula Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 3518. 1836. Corm (pseudobulb) globose, transversely annulate, 5 cm. in diameter or less, covered with membranous sheatlis. Leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 3-6 dm. long, 2-.5 cm. wide, long-acuminate, the base narrowed into a chaimeled petiole; scape slender, mostly longer than the leaves, simple or little-branched, bearing a few pointed sheaths, few-several-flowered ; bracts acute or acuminate, 5 mm. long or less; flowers spreading, s lender- pedicelled, purple; sepals lanceolate, acute, narrowed below, 3-3.5 cm. long; petals narrowly spatulate, about 1 cm. wide, obtuse; column without a foot; lip deeply 3-lobed, about as long as the petals. Oa cliffs, bxnks and rocks at lower and middle altitudes, Porto Rico, in moist or wet districts:—Cuba; Hi.spaniola. Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC, of the Bahamas, Florida, Jamaica, Cuba and Hispaniola was recorded by Krebs as found in St. Thomas prior to 1851 ; it resembles B. patula, but the column of the flower is produced into a foot. [Li- modorum purpureum Lam.; Bletia verecunda R. Br.] 38. CYRTOPODIUM R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, 5: 216. 1813. Epiphytic orchids (or some species terrestrial), with large fusiform pseudo- bulbs, long plicate leaves, and large flowers in racemes or panicles on lateral scapes. Sepals distinct, nearly equal. Petals similar to the median sepal. Lip 3-lobed, adnate to the foot of the column. Anther terminal, operculate, imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 2 or 4, ovoid or globose, waxy, not appendaged. Capsule oblong, reflexed. [Greek, arched foot.] Perhaps 20 species, natives of tropical regions. Type species: Cymhidium Andersonii Lambert. 1. Cyrtopodium punctatum (L.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 188. 1833. Epidendnnn punctatum L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1246. 1013. Pseudobulbs very large, 6-10 dm. long, 3-5 cm. thick. Leaves linear- oblong or linear-lanceolate, 3-6 dm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, long-acuminate, narrowed to the base; scape up to 1.5 m. long, rather stout, branched above the middle, bearing large, membranous, acute bracts sometimes 1 dm. long, the bracts sub- tending flowers 2-5 cm. long; sepals oblong, acute, vmdulate, at)out 2 cm. long, yellowish with transverse brown bands; petals obovate, yellow, al)out as long as the sepals; lip red, variegated with yellow, long-clawed, cordate, broader than long, the terminal lobe reniform, emarginate; capsule about 1 cm. long. On trees near Utuado and on calcareous rocks near Cayuco, Porto Rico:—Florida Cuba; Hispaniola; Trinidad; tropical continental America. Occasionally grown in Porto Rico gardens. Cow-horn. Pinuelas. 39. PLATYPUS Small & Nash; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 329, 1329. 1903. Terrestrial orchids with subgloljose corms, long narrow flat leaves, and a lateral sheathed scape terminated by a raceme of rather large flowers. Sepals distinct, the median one somewhat narrower than the lateral ones, which are adnate to the base of the column. Petals a little shorter and broader than the sepals. Lip papillose-crested, slightly 3-lobed, concave at the base, the middle lobe drooping. Column with a flat, dilated foot. Capsule oblong. [Greek, flat foot.] A monotypic genus. 208 ORCHIDACEAE 1. Platypus altus (L.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. ed. 2, 329. 1913. Limodorum altum L. Syst. ed. 12, 2: 594. 1767. Dendrobium longifolium H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 360. 1815. Cyrtopodium Woodfordii Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. I8I4. 1816. Cyrtopera longifolia Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 668. 1863. Eulophia alta Fawcett & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 1: 112. 1910. Platypus papilliferus Small & Nash; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 329, 1339. 1903. Corms 4-7 cm. in diameter, bearing several leaves 2-10 dm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, appearing before the scape and withering after it develops. Scape stout, glabrous, 1.5 m. long or less; raceme several-many-flowered; bracts linear-subu- late, 7-25 ram. long; flowers brownish purple; sepals 1.5-2 cm. long; oblong, acute; petals oblong, 1.4-1.7 cm. long; lip 14-18 mm. long. Hillsides and forests at high elevations, Porto Rico; Tortola:—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad; northern South America; West Africa. 40. GOVENIA Lindl. in Lodd. Bot. Cab. pi. 1709. 1831. Terrestrial orchids with rootstocks, the leaves few, plaited, the stem erect, the rather small flowers in a simple terminal spike-like raceme. Sepals connivent, nearly equal, the median one erect, incurved. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip concave, simple. Column winged, incurved, its foot short. Anther incumbent, convex, 1-celled; poUinia 4, waxy, not appendaged. Capsule oblong. [Com- memorates James Robert Gowen, an English botanist, who died in 1862.] About 17 species, natives of tropical America. Type species; Govenia superba Lindl. 1. Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 25: Misc. 47. 1839. Cymbidium utriculatum Sw. Nov. Act. Ups. 6: 75. 1799. Plant 3-7 dm. high, the stem rather stout, bearing large basal inflated blade- less sheaths and 1 or 2 broad leaves. Basal sheaths usually 2, membranous, 4-20 cm. long; leaves usually 2, elliptic, 1-2.7 dm. long, 5-9 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, finely many-nerved; cauline sheaths 1 or 2, obtuse, about 5 cm. long; raceme few-several- flowered, 1.5 dm. longer less; pedicels 3-5 mm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long; flowers whitish; sepals about 1.5 cm. long, the lateral lanceolate, the median oblong; petals about as long as the sepals; hp ovate, acute, about 9 mm. long; capsules deflexed, 2.5-3 cm. long. Woods and forests, Porto Rico, at lower and middle altitudes in moist districts: Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola. 41. XYLOBIUM Lindl. Bot. Reg. under pi. 897. 1825. Epiphytic orchids, with pseudobulbs, the leaves elongated, venose-pUcate. the rather large flowers racemose on a scape borne at the base of the pseudobulb, Sepals about equal, the lateral ones adnate to the base of the column. Petals similar to the median sepal. Lip articulated with the foot of the column, its lateral lobes erect, the middle lobe short, broad and spreading. Anther 1-celled; pollinia 4, ovoid, unappendaged. Capsule oblong. [Greek, growing on wood.] About 20 species, of tropical America. Type species : Dendrobium squalens Lindl. 1. Xylobium palmifolium (Sw.) Benth.; Fawcett, Flow. PI. Jam. 39. 1893. Epidendrum palmifolium Sw. Prodr. 123. 1788. Pseudobulbs narrowly ovoid, clustered, 5-7 cm. long. Leaf oblong-lance- olate, 3-4 dm. long, 8 cm. wide or less, the apex aciuninate, the base narrowed into ORCHIDACEAE 209 a petiole; scape few-several-flowered, much shorter than the leaves, the bracts linear, 2-3 cm. long; flowers odorous, yellowish-white; sepals about 2 cm. long; petals ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the petals; lip obovate, about as long as the petals. Maricao, (Stevens and Hess, Jf87^, barren) :—Jamaica. When flowers of the Porto Rico plant are obtaLaed it raiy be referable to some other species. 52. KOELLENSTEINIA Rchb. f. Bonplandia 2: 17. 1854. Epiphytic orchids, the internodes of the stems tuberous-thickened, the few and narrow leaves pUcate-venose, the flowers in a terminal raceme. Sepals distinct. Petals similar to the sepals but a little smaller. Lip short-clawed, narrow, adnate to the base of the column, 3-lobed. Column short. Anther 1-celled; pollinia 2, waxy, oblong, not appendaged. [Commemorates Kellner von Koellenstein, a plant collector.] A few species, natives of tropical America. Tyi>e species: Koellensteinia Kellneriana Rchb. f. 1. Koellensteinia graminea (Lindl.) Rchb. f. Bonplandia 4: 323. 1856. Maxillariq. graminea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: under pi. 1802. 1835. Leaves 2 or 3, linear, acuminate, 8-20 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide. Scape 2-4- flowered, slender, usually about as long as the leaves; pedicels short; flowers yellonish, sepals ovate-oblong, acute 6-7 mm. long; petals oblong, obtuse, a little shorter than the sepals; lip broadly deltoid, 5-6 mm. broad, cordate, its lobes obtuse or rounded. On trees, near Utuado:—Guiana, Brazil. 43. BOLBOPHYLLARIA G. Reichb. Bot. Zeit. 10: 934. 18.52. Epiphytic or saxicolous orchids, with creeping rootstocks and 1-leaved or 2-leaved pseudol^ulbs, the leaves duplicate in bud, the small flowers spicate or racemose on lateral sheathed scapes. Lower sepal distinct, the lateral ones oblique, adnate to the base of the column. Petals shorter than the sepals. Lip entire or 3-lobed, jointed with the foot of the column. Column short, produced into a foot. Anther 2-celled ; pollinia 4, waxy, not appendaged. Capsule oblong, beakless. [Greek, like Bolbophylium.] A few species, of tropical America. Type species: Bolbophylium hracteolatum Lindl. 1. Bolbophyllaria pachyrrhachis (A. Rich.) Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 241. 1861. Pleurothallis ? pachyrrhachis A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 234. 1850. Bolbophylium pachyrrhachis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 613. 1864. Stem creeping and freely rooting, slender, bearing several pseudobulbs 2-3 cm. apart. Pseudobulbs narrowly ovoid, flattened, 2-4 cm. long, bearing 2, linear to oblanceolate, acute leaves 7-16 cm. long, 10-16 mm. wide, narrowed to the base; scape slender, simple, spreading or drooping, 2-4 dm. long, bearing several sheaths below and a many-flowered spike of yellowish purple flowers above; bracts ovate, acuminate, 2-4 mm. long; sepals long-acuminate, about 5 mm. long; petals oblong, 2 mm. long; lip oblong, short-clawed, about 3 mm. long. On cliffs near Utuado:—Jamaica; Cuba; Trinidad. 210 ORCHIDACEAE 44. ORNITHIDIUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 293. 1812. Epiphytic orchids, the stems short or elongated, bearing few or many 1-2- leaved pseudobulbs, the rather large flowers sohtary on short or long peduncles, which are sohtary, fascicled or glomerate in the axils. Sepals acute, nearly distinct. Petals similar to the sepals, but somewhat shorter. Lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes erect, the middle one spreading. Column short. Anther imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 4, ovoid, waxy. Capsule mostly oblong. [Greek, a little bird.] About 20 species, of tropical America and Mexico. Type species: Ornithidium coccineum (Jacq.) Salisb. Peduncles fascicled, 4-7 cm. long. 1. o. coccineum. Flowers subsessile, glomerate. 2. O. confertum. 1. Ornithidium coccineum (Jacq.) Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 293. 1812. Epidendrum coccineum Jacq. Enum. 29. 1760. Ornithidium vestitum Rchb. f. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 3: 276. 1886. Not Rchb. f. 1863. Stems usually short, stout, covered with old persistent sheaths. Pseudo- bulbs ovoid, flattened, 1-leaved, 2-4 cm. long; leaf linear, acute or acutish, 1-3.5 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, attenuate to the base; peduncles very slender, fascicled, 4-7 cm. long; bracts obtuse, 8-12 mm. long; flowers bright red, nodding; sepals ovate, acuminate, about 1 cm. long; petals ovate, acuminate, about 8 mm. long; Up short-clawed, somewhat 3-Iobed, 6-7 mm. long, the lobes entire, the lateral ones rounded, the middle one acute. On trees in forests at higher elevations in moist districts, Porto Rico:—Jamaica?; Hispaiuola; St. Kitts to Trinidad; nortliern South America. 2. Ornithidium confertum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 626. 1864. Stems creeping, up to 4 cm. long, covered toward the base with imbricated scales, the pseudobulbs 1-3 cm. apart, narrowly oblong, 1-leaved, flattened, 1.5- 2.5 cm. long. Leaf linear to linear-lanceolate, thin, obtusish, 6-13 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; peduncles only 2 or 3 mm. long, glomerate; flowers white with purple veins; bracts acute, 3-5 mm. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, about 3 mm. long; petals lanceolate, nearly as long as the sepals; lip long-clawed, deltoid, ob- tuse, about as long as the petals. On trees near Utuado and Cayuco, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Grenada; Tobago, Trinidad. 45. lONOPSIS H.B.K. Nov. Gen. l: 348. 1815. Epiphytic or saxicolous orchids, with flat or terete leaves, slender lateral scapes, and small slender-pedicelled flowers in racemes or panicles; pseudobulbs none. Sepals about equal, the middle one free, the lateral ones connate, saccate. Petals similar to the middle sepal. Lip 3-lobed, adnate to the l)ase of the short column, clawed, the middle lobe the largest. Anther 1-celled; pollinia 2, waxy, unappendaged. Capsule oval or oblong. [Greek, like a little violet.] A few species, of tropical America and Mexico. Type species ;7onop.s?s pulchella H.B.K. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, flat. 1. I. ulricularioidrs. Leaves terete, subulate. 2. /. satyroidcs. 1. lonopsis utricularioides (Sw.) Lindl. Coll. pi. 39A. 1825. Ejridr/idrtivi vtricniarioidcs Sw. Prodr. 122. 1788. lonopsis vtrictdarioides latifolia Cogn. in Urban, Syml:). Ant. 4: 180. 1903. Stem rather short ; leaves linear or linear-oblong, flat, subcoriaceous, carinate, acuminate, narrowed to the base, 5-15 cm. long, 5-30 mm. wide; scape slender. OKCHIDACEAE 211 rather stiff, 2-4 dm. long; flowers several or numerous, racemose or panicled, white, pink or lavender striped with purple; bracts about 2 mm. long; pedicels nearly filiform, 5-10 mm. long; sepals oblong, acute, about 6 mm. long, the sac blunt; petals oblong, abruptly acute; lip 10-13 mm. long and about as wide as long, its lobes rounded. On shrubs, trees and banks in moist districts, Porto Rico, ascending into tlie higher central mountains; St. Thomas (ex Cogniaux) :^— Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola Martinique: St. Vincent; Trinidad; tropical continental America. 2. lonopsis satyroides (Sw.) Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 633. 1861. Epidendrum satyroides Sw. Prodr. 123. 1788. lonopsis teres Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 95. 1838. Leaves rather fleshy, terete, 5-11 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, sulcate above. Scape slender, 5-25 cm. long, few-several-flowered; bracts 2-3 mm. long, acu- minate; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; flowers white or yellowish; sepals about 7 mm. long, acute; the sac short, rounded; petals narrowly oljlong, acute; lip about 9 mm. long and 4 mm. wide, cuneate below, undulate, somewhat 3-lobed; capsule oval, about 12 mm. long. On low trees at middle elevations in moist districts, Porto Rico:-—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; northern Soutli America. 46. COMPARETTIA Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. 1: 42. 1836. Epiphytic orchids, wuth small fleshy, 1-leaved pseudobulbs, the leaves flat, the simple or Uttle-branched, slender scape arising from the base of the pseudo- bulb, the flowers rather large, racemose. Sepals nearly equal, the middle one distinct, the lateral ones connate and produced into a long spur. Petals similar to the middle sepal. Lip 3-lol3ed, continuous with the base of the column, its base with 2 long spurs. Anther 1-celled; pollinia 2, waxy, unappendaged. [Commemorates A. Comparetti, 1746-1801, Professor in Padua.] Two or three species, of tropical America. Type species: Comparettia saccata Poepp. & Endl. 1. Comparettia falcata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. 1: 42. 1836. Pseudobulbs oblong, somewhat flattened, about 2 cm. long or less. Leaf oblong, 5-12 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, obtuse or acutish ; scape slender, drooping, few-several-flowered, 1.5-4 dm. long; pedicels slender, short; flowers rose to purple; dorsal sepal about 6 mm. long, acute, the spur about twice as long; petals obovate, about 9 mm. long; lip sessile, obcordate, about 12 mm. long and nearly as broad as long; capsule oblong, laeaked, 2-3 cm. long. On trees in mountain forests near Adjuntas:—Jamaica; Cuba; continental tropical America. 47. ONCIDIUM Sw. Vet. Akad. Handl. 21: 239. 1800. Mostly epiphytic orchids, with or without pseudobulbs, the leaves flat or 3-edged, elongated or short, the stems short, the peduncles or scapes lateral, the flowers in loose racemes or panicles. Sepals nearly equal, spreading or reflexed, the lateral ones connate in some species. Petals similar to the median sepal. Lip clawed or sessile, 3-lobed, crested or tubercled, the middle lobe broad, notched or 2-cleft. Column short, winged, without a foot. Anther inclined, convex or semiglobose, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 2, waxy, not appendaged. 212 ORCHIDACEAE Capsule ovoid to fusiform, beaked. [Greek, referring to the tubercled lip.] More than 400 species, natives of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Oncidium. carthaginense (Jacq.) Sw. Leaves flat; pseudobiilbs present. Lip triangular-cordate, entire; scapes flattened. 1. O. alatum. Lip auricled ; scape terete. 2. O. altissimum. Leaves equltant, distichous; no pseudobulbs. Flowers yellow. 3. O. intermedium. Flowers wliite or rose. Leaf-margins serrulate or entire; isthmus of lip short. 4. O. variegatum. Leaf-margins serrulate; istlunus of lip elongated, toothed. 5. O. Leiboldi. 1. Oncidium alatum Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 642. 1910. Pseudobulbs ovoid, flattened, 1-leaved, 1-2 cm. long, often subtended by several leaves. Leaves thin, oblong, 4-8 cm. long, acute at the apex, narrowed to the base; scape slender, 2.5 dm. long or less, flattened and narrowly 2-winged, branched or simple, racemosely few-several-flowered ; bracts ovate, acute, cordate- clasping, 3-4 mm. long; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; sepals oblanceolate, acute, yellow with a brown base, 8-10 mm. long; petals a little shorter than the sepals, yellow, oblong-spatulate, obtusish; lip yellow, sessile, triangular-cordate, entire, crested, as long as the middle sepal ; capsule oblong, about 2 cm. long, 6-winged, beaked. On trees in moimtain forests, Porto Rico :—Guadeloupe. 2. Oncidium altissimum (Jacq.) Sw. Vet. Akad. Handl. 21: 240. 1800. Epidendrum altissimum Jacq. Enum. 30. 1760. Oncidium Baueri Lindl. in Bauer, 111. Orch. pi. 7. 1830. Oncidium Wydleri Rchb. f. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 3: 276. 1885. Pseudobulbs oblong, much flattened, 2-edged, 7-15 cm. long, 1-2-leaved. Leaves linear-ligulate, elongated, acute, 2.5-6 dm. long, 2-7 cm. wide; scape much longer than the leaves, 3.5 m. long or less, terete, branched above, the branches few-several-flowered; bracts triangular-ovate to triangular-lanceolate, acute, 5-20 mm. long; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long; flowers yellow or yellow-brown, variously mottled with brown; sepals oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 10-18 mm. long, undulate, petals narrowly oblong, as long as or a little shorter than the sepals; lip quadrangular-obovate, about 1.5 cm. long, the terminal lobe much larger than the lateral on'es. On trees and rocks at lower and middle elevations in moist districts, Porto Rico; Guadeloupe to Grenada; continental tropical America. Races differ in color, mottling and size of the flowers. Occasionally grown in Porto Rico gardens. 3. Oncidium intermedium Bert.; Spreng. Syst. 3: 728. 1826. Oncidium Lemonianum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 21: pi. 1789. 1835. Pseudobulbs none; leaves equitant, distichous, conduplicate, linear-lance- olate, subcoriaceous, 5-10 cm. long, the margin denticulate. Scape .slender, simple, or branched above, loosely few-several-flowered, 7 dm. long or less; bracts triangular, 3-5 mm. long; pedicels 6-10 mm. long; flowers golden yellow; sepals about 5 mm. long, the lateral ones connate; petals obovate, 7-8 mm. long; lip deeply 3-lobed, about 12 mm. long, the lateral lobes small, oblong, obtuse, the terminal one large, reniform, cordate, emarginate, 10-13 mm. wide. Picaro Peninsula and Fortima, St. Thomas (according to Eggers):—Cuba; His- paniola; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Martinique. 4. Oncidium variegatum Sw. Nov. Act. Holm. 21: 240. 1800. Epidendrum variegatum Sw. Prodr. 122. 1788. Oncidium velutinum Lindl. in Paxton, Flower Garden 1: 166. 1851. Oncidium sylvestre Lindl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. III. 1: 332. 1858. Pseudobulbs none; leaves usually several, equitant, distichous, lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, the margin denticulate Scape slender, simple or with few ORCHIDACEAE 213 branches, 1-4 dm. long, several-many-flowered; bracts acuminate, 2-4 mm. long; pedicels nearly filiform, about 1 cm. long; flowers glabrous or velvety, white, pink or variegated; sepals obtuse, about 6 mm. long; petals obovate, a little longer than the sepals; lip deeply S-lobed, its isthmus short, scarcely toothed, the terminal lobe reniform, 10-15 mm. broad, much larger than the oblong lateral ones. [0. pulchellum of Bello, not of Hooker.] On small trees, at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—Florida; Cuba; Hispaniola; Saba. 5. Oncidium Leiboldii Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 718. 1863. Pseudobulbs none; leaves few, equitant, short, curved, 1.5-4 cm. long, con- duplicate, the margins denticulate. Scape slender, simple or rarely a little branched, 2.5 dm. long or less, few-flowered; flowers white or pinkish, velvety or glabrous; bracts ovate, 2-3 mm. long; sepals oblong, obtuse, 4-5 mm. long, the lateral ones connate; petals cuneate-obovate, undulate. 6-7 mm. long; lip 11-14 mm. long, sessile, subcordate, deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes small, obtuse, the terminal one reniform, 12-15 mm. broad, emarginate, the isthmus elongated, toothed. On slirubs and trees at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; Ciilebra; St. Thomas:—Cuba; Hispaniola. Erroneously recorded from the Bahamas. Not very different from the preceding species. Oncidium Papilio Lindl., Butterfly Orchid, of Trinidad and South Amer- ica, occasionally grown in Porto Rico and Virgin Island gardens has suborbic- ular pseudobulbs about 5 cm. broad, lanceolate flat leaves 1.5-2 dm. long, the long scape bearing one or several yellowish brown flowers with linear sepals up to 12 cm. long, the lip 3.5-5 cm. long. Oncidium Cebolleta (Jacq.) Sw., of the southern West Indies and con- tinental tropical America, occasionally grown in Porto Rico and Virgin Island gardens, has oblong flattened pseudobulbs about 1 cm. long, nearly cyUndric leaves 4 dm. long or less and about 1 cm. thick; its numerous yellow and purple- mottled flowers are about 2 cm. broad, borne on a long scape. [Epidendrum Cebolleta Jacq.] 48. LEOCHILUS Knowles & Westc. Fl. Cab. 2: 143. 1838. Small epiphytic orchids, with short stems and 1-leaved pseudobulbs, the leaves flat, the slender scapes racemosely few-flowered, usually simple. Sepals nearly equal. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip attached to the base of the column, 3-lobed or nearly entire. Column short, without a foot. Anther 1- celled, with a long membranous appendage; pollinia 2, waxy, unappendaged. Capsule oblong, beaked. [Greek, smooth lip.] A few species, of tropical Amer- ica. Type species; Leochilus oncidioides Knowles & Westcott. 1. Leochilus labiatus (Sw.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 656. 1891. Epidendrum labiatum Sw. Prodr. 124. 1788. Liparis labiata Spreng. Syst. 3: 741. 1826. Pseudobulbs ovoid, flattened, 7-10 mm. long, subtended by 1-4 leaves. Leaves oblong, coriaceous, 2-5 cm. long, 5-13 mm. wide, acute, carinate; scape 10 cm. long or less, 2-6-flowered; flowers yellow; bracts acute, 2-4 mm. long; pedicels short ; sepals oblong, about 5 mm. long, the lateral ones connate to about the middle; petals narrowly oblong, about as long as the sepals; lip obovate, 7-8 mm. long, narrowed below, the apex rounded or retuse. On trees, near Utuado and Mayaguez, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Dominica; St. Vincent; Tobago; Trinidad. Recorded by Krebs as formerly foimd in St. Thomas. 214 ORCHIDACEAE 49. WARSZEWICZELLA Rchb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 635. 1852. Epiphytic orchids, without pseudobulbs, the leaves flat, distichoii': ; flower large, solitary, on a short slender scape. Sepals nearly alike, distinct, the lateral ones attached to the short foot of the incurved column. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip jointed with the foot of the column, broad, somewhat 3-lobed. Anther imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 4, compressed, unappendaged. Capsule fusiform, beakless. [Diminutive of Warszewiczia.] A few species, of tropical America. Type species : Warrea discolor Lindl. 1. Warszewiczella flabelliformis (Sw.) Cogn. in Urban, Symb. 4: 182. 1903. Epidcndrurn flabelliforme Sw. Prodr. 123. 1788. lieaves thin, oblanceolate, 3 dm. long or less, 2-5 cm. wide, abruptly acute, tapering to the narrow base. Scape 8-12 cm. long, with a basal sheath 1-2.5 cm. long, a terminal ovate acute or acuminate bract 1-2 cm. long, and a terminal white or bluish flower .5-6 cm. broad; sepals ovate to oblong, acute, 3-3.5 cm. long; petals oblong, acute; lip about 3 cm. long, somewhat quadrangular, the base subcordate, the margins undulate, the disc crested. On rocks and on bases of trees, Porto Rico, in mountain forests at higher elevations —Jamaica; Cuba (?) ; Hispaniola; Trinidad; tropical South America. 50. DICHAEA Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 208. 1833. Leafy epiphytic orchids, the stems tufted or pendulous, monopodial, the leaves small, persistent, sessile, distichous with approximate or imbricated sheaths, the small flowers solitary on axillary peduncles. Sepals distinct, nearly equal. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip usually clawed, concave, entire. Column wingless; clinandrium oblique. Anther terminal, operculate; pollinia 4, waxy, ovoid, unappendaged. Capsule ovoid to oblong. [Greek, referring to the 2- ranked leaves.] About 10 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Epidendrum echinocarpum Sw. Leaves smooth; lip sessile or short-clawed. Leaves acute at apex; petals obovate, acute. 1. D. echinocarpa. Leaves rovinded at apex; petals linear, acuminate. 2. D. muricata. Leaves denticulate, ciliate; lip long-clawed. 3. D. hystricina. 1. Dichaea echinocarpa CSw.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 208. 1833. Epidcndrurn echinocarpum Sw. Prodr. 124. 1788. Stems pendulous, compressed. 2-edged, densely leafy, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves soft, the blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire, the apex sharply acute or acuminate, 2.5 cm. long or less, 3.5-8 cm. wide; peduncles filiform, .5-15 mm. long, 1-2-bracted at the summit, the Ijracts ovate, 2-3 mm. long; sepals ovate, acute, yellowish, about 8 mm. long; petals narrowly obovate, a little shorter than the sepals; lip with a very short claw, and a rhomboidal limb 6-7 mm. long, its angles and apex acuminate; capsule ovoid or subglobose, densely echinate, 10-16 mm. long. [D. pendula of Cogniaux.] On trees and rocks in forests of the central and western mountains of Porto Rico : Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Martinique; continental tropical America. 2. Dichaea muricata (Sw.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 209. 1833. Cymbidium muricatnm Sw. Act. Upsal. 1799: 71. 1799. Dichaea latifolia Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 208. 1833. Stems pendulous, much compressed, 2-edged, densely leafy, 5 dm. long or less. Leaves rather firm in texture, oblong, entire, 1-2 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, ORCHIDACEAE 215 rounded at the apex; peduncles about as long as the leaves, filiform, 2-bracted at the summit, the bracts ovate, 1-2.5 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, 7-8 mm. long, yellowish, acuminate: petals linear, acuminate, 5-6.5 mm. long; lip sessile, obovate-rhomboid, the apex rounded, apiculate; capsule oblong-obovoid, densely muricate, 10-18 mm. long. On trees and rocks in mountain forests, Porto Kico:—Jamaica: Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe and Dominica to Grenada; Margarita; continental tropical America. 3. Dichaea hystricina Rchb. f. Flora 48: 279. 1865. Stems tufted, densely leafy, pendulous, compressed, slender, 7-18 cm. long. Leaves soft, nearly linear, more or less echinulate, ciliate, acuminate, 6-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, somewhat twisted; peduncles filiform, 6-9 mm. long, 1-bracted at the sunmiit, the bract ovate, apiculate, about 1.5 mm. long; sepals nearly linear, acuminate, about 7 mm. long; petals lanceolate, about as long as the sepals; lip long-clawed, about 5 mm. long, the limb triangular-hastate, acute; capsule obovoid, pilose-muricate, 8-9 mm. long. On trees in forests of the Luquillo Moimtalns:—Cuba; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Grenada. 51. CAMPYLOCENTRUM Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 18: 337. 1881. Epiphytic orchids, leaf-bearing or leafless, without pseudobulbs, the leaves, when pre.sent, di.stichous, the small flowers in small lateral or basal spikes. Sepals free, narrow, connivent. Petals similar to the sepals, narrower. Lip sessile, spurred at the base, ovate or oblong, 3-lobed, about as long as the sepals. Column short, without a foot. Anther 2-celled; pollinia 2, waxy, globose, not appendaged. Capsule small, dehiscent by 3 apical valv^es. [Greek, bent spur.] About 20 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Todarea micrantha A. Rich. & Gal. Plants leaf-bearing: leaves oblong: spikes lateral, solitary or geminate. Spikes much shorter than the deeply eniarginate leaves. 1 . C. jamaiccnse Spikes about as long as the obtuse or retuse leaves. 2. C. pygmaeum Plants leafless; spikes fascicled, basal. Bracts cordate; lip entire. 3. C. pachyrrhizum. Bracts ovate; lip 3-lobed. 4. C. Sullivanii. 1. 'Campylocentrum jamaicense (Rchb. f.) Benth.; Fawcett. Flow. PI. Jam. 40. 1893. Aeranthus jamaicensia Rchb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6: 901. 1864. Stem rather stout, flattened, up to 4 dm. long. Leaves oblong, sessile, spreading, 5-8 cm. long, firm in texture, the apex obliquely 2-lobed, the base narrowed ; spikes solitary or geminate, densely several-flowered, nearly sessile, 1-2.5 cm. long; bracts triariigular, about 1 mm. long; flowers green; sepals linear, acute, 4 mm. long; petals Unear-lanceolate, acute, 4 mm. long: lip 4 mm. long, slightly 3-lobed, the lateral lobes rounded, the terminal one linear-lanceolate, the spur linear, obtuse, 2 mm. long; capsule narrowly oblong, 8-11 mm. long. On small trees, especiaUy on coffee, in moist parts of the western districts of Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Tobago. 2. Campylocentrum pygmaeum Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 183. 1903. Stem slender, short. 5 cm. long or less, flattened. Leaves oblon-.^, fleshy, small, 6-12 mm. long, obtuse or obliquely subretuse. the base rounded; spikes several-flowered, 1-2 cm. long, the short peduncle angled; bracts acute, about 1 mm. long; sepals triangular-ovate, acute, about 1 mm. long; petals narrowly 216 ORCHIDACEAE linear; lip ovate, acute, entire, a little longer than the petals; spur obovoid, 1 mm. long; capsule oblong-obovoid, about 3 mm. long. On trees in forests of the Nagnabo Mountains near Los Rabanos, Porto Rico: Guadeloupe. 3. Campylocentrum pachyrrhizum (Rchb. f.) Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 11: 246. 1903. Aeranthus pachyrrhizus Rchb. f. Flora 48: 279. 1865. Acaulescent; leafless; roots fascicled, elongated, 2-4 dm. long, 3-4 mm. thick. Spikes several, fascicled, short-peduncled, several-many-flowered, 2-4 cm. long; bracts rounded, cordate, apiculate, 3-4 mm. long; sepals linear-lanceo- late, entire, acuminate, 4-5 mm. long; spur cylindric, obtuse, 2 mm. long; capsule ovoid, 7-8 mm. long. On coffee trees near Mayaguez :—Florida; Jamaica; Cuba; Tobago; Trinidad; British Guiana. 4. Campylocentrum Sullivanii Fawcett & Rendle, Journ. Bot. 47: 128. 1909. Acaulescent; leafless; roots fascicled, elongated, 2 dm. long or less, about 2 mm. thick. Spikes several, fascicled, peduncled, rather densely many-flowered, 6 cm. long or less, the axis nearly filiform; bracts ovate, acute, nearly 2 mm. long; sepals ovate, acute, nearly 2 mm. long; petals ovate-oblong, somewhat shorter than the sepals; lip 3-lobed, about 1.5 mm. long and wide, the lateral lobes rounded, the terminal one acute; spur obtuse, 1 mm. long; capsule oblong, about 4 mm. long. [C. filiforme of Urban's Flora.] On trees at lower and middle elevations in moist districts, Porto Rico:—Jamaica. Recorded from Trinidad. 52. HARRISIELLA Fawcett & Rendle, Journ. Bot. 47: 265. 1909. Small acaulescent leafless epiphytes, with basal few-flowered racemes or spikes of minute flowers, the roots elongated, clustered. Sepals distinct, nearly equal. Petals similar to the sepals, but narrower. Lip sessile, about as long as the sepals or longer, its base contracted into a globose spur, its limb keeled, sub- orbicular, entire or slightly 3-lobed. Column short; clinandrium truncate. Anther terminal, operculate; pollinia globose, waxy. Capsule ellipsoid, de- hiscent by 6 apical valves. [In honor of William Harris, 1860-1920, Super- intendent of Public Gardens and Plantations of Jamaica.] Four known species, of Florida and the West Indies. Type species: Aeranthus porrectus Rchb. f. 1. Harrisiella filiformis (Sw.) Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 687. 1910. Epidendrum filiforme Sw. Prodr. 126. 1788. Roots filiform, fascicled, 10 cm. long or less. Racemes several, fascicled, flexuous, 2-4.5 cm. long; bracts 1-1.5 mm. long, obtuse; ovary with 6 lines of glands; sepals oblong, the lateral ones acutish, about 2.5 mm. long, the median one obtuse, a little shorter; petals narrowly ololong, obtuse or apiculate. 2 mm. long; lip ovate-orbicular, entire, about 2.5 mm. long and about as broad, the spur 1.5 nmi. long; capsule 5-6 mm. long. On trees near Yauco and Mayaguez:—Jamaica; Hispaniola. Cattleya labiata Lindl., a showy flowered, often cultivated. Central American orchid, is recorded as found by Sintenis on trees near Coamo, and near Ponce, and by Krebs as formerly grown in St. Thomas. ORCHIDACEAE 217 Catasetum macrocarpum L. C. Rich., occasionally grown in Porto Rico and Vn'Xm Island «ard«Mis, native of Trinidad and northern South America has fusiform pseudobulbs up to 2 dm. long, obiong-lanceolate leaves and .arge showy flowers. [C. Inidenlatum Hook.] A barren orchid found by Sintenis on palm-trunks at Maton-arriba, near Cayey, was recorded bj Urban as perhaps a species ol Catasetum. Sub-class 2. DICOTYLEDONES. Embryo of the seed with two cotyledons (in a few genera one only), the first leaves of the germinating plantlet opposite. Stem exogenous, of pith, wood and bark (endogenous in structure in Nymphaeaceae), the wood in one or more layers, surrounding the pith, traversed by medullary rays and covered by the bark. Leaves usually pinnately or palmately veined, the veinlets forming a network. Parts of the flower rarely in 3's or 6's, Dicotyledonous plants are first definitely known in Cretaceous time. They constitute between two-thirds and three-fourths of the living angiospermous flora. Series 1. CHORIPETALAE. Petals separate and distinct from each other, or wanting. The series is also known as Archichlamideae, and comprises most of the families formerly grouped under Apetalae (without petals) and Polypetalae (with separate petals). Exceptions to the typical feature of separate petals are found in the Fabaceae, in which the two lower petals are more or less united, in some Crassulaceae, the Poilygalaceae, in which the three petals are united with each other, and with the stamens, Oxalidaceae and Ilicaceae, whose five petals are sometimes joined at the base. X Petals none (except in family Portulacaceae and in most Alsinaceae which are herbs with the leaves nearly always opposite, the seeds with endosperm, and m some or the Santalales). Calyx none (except sometimes in Ca.suarinaceae). Loosely jointed trees, the leaves reduced to verticillate scales. Plants not loosely jointed; leaves normal. Herbs, slu-ubs or trees, with small perfect flowers in SDlkGS Trees or shrubs; staminate flowers, and sometimes also the pistillate, in aments. Leaves simple. Fruit many-seeded. Fruit 1-seeded. Leaves odd-pinnate or trifoliolate ; fruit a nut enclosed in a husk, or drupe-like. Calyx present. Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous, ovary superior, 1-celled. Flowers dioecious or perfect; ovary inferior, at least in part. Ovarv 1-celled. Ovary several-celled (usually 6-celled); flowers perfect. Flowers mostly perfect; ovary siiperior. Embryo straight or nearly so; fruit an achene. • Embryo coiled, curved or annular; friiit not an achene. Order 218 CASUARINACEAE Order 11. Ranales. Order 12. Papaverales. Order 13. Rosales. tt Petals present (wanting in Ceratophyllaceae, aquatic herbs with whorled dissected leaves ; in many Ranunculaceae ; in Laiiraceae, alternate-leaved aromatic trees and shrubs in Cassythaceae ; in some Flacourtiaceae, and Thymeleaceae; in Xanthoxylum, pinnate- leaved trees of the Rutaceae; in many Euphorbiaceae; in some Tiliaceae and Rhamnaceae. A. Ovary superior, free from the calyx. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct (united in some Nymphaeaceae) : stamens mostly hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals; sepals mostly distinct. Carpels 2 or more, united into a compound ovary; stamens hypogynous; sepals mostly distinct. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or some- times united; stamens mostly perigynous or epl- gynoiis; sepals mainly imited or confluent with the concave receptacle (hypanthium). Carpels united into a compoimd ovary; sepals mostly distinct. Stamens few, rarely more than twice as many as the petals. Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer and opposite them, or more numerous. Ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the a.xis of the ovary. Ovules pendulous, the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect, or ascending. Stamens as many as the sepals and alternate with them, opposite the petals when these are present; ovules erect. Stamens usually very numerovis (except in Vio- laceae and Passifloraceae). Sepals valvate; placentae united in the axis. Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or con- volute; placentae naainly parietal, sometimes united in the axis. Leaves bilaterally symmetrical Sepals separate. Sepals imited. Leaves oblique B. Ovary inferior, adnale to the calyx, wholly or in part (except in Lythraceae where it is usually merely enclo.sed by it.) Herbs with barbed or stinging hairs. Plants without barbed or stinging hairs. Fleshy spiny plants, with jointed stems, the leaves mostly very small or none; calyx-segments and petals several or nimierous. Herbs, slu-ubs or trees not fleshy or spiny; calyx- segments rarely more than 5. Petals none in our species Petals present. Ovules several or niimerous in each cavity of the ovary. OwUe 1 in each cavity of the ovary. Order 14. Geraniales. Order 15. Sapindales. Order 16. R'hamnales. Order 17. Malvales. Order 18. Order 19. Order 20. Hypericales. Passiflorales. Begoxi.vles. Order 21. LoASALES. Order 22. Opuntiales. Order 23. Thymeleales. Order 24. Order 25 Myrtales. Ammi.\les. Order 1. CASUARINALES. Trees or shrubs, with very slender jointed angled branches and twigs, the leaves reduced to minute verticillate scales at the nodes, the scales sometimes connate, the small imperfect bracted flowers in terminal spikes or cone-like heads. Staminate flowers with 1 or 2 sepals and 1 stamen with a large anther. Pistillate flowers without a perianth; ovary small, 1-celled; style short, with, 2 slender branches; ovules 1 or 2, ascending. Fruit a cone- like mass of accrescent bracts, subtending winged achenes. Seed with a membranous testa and no endosperm, the embryo straight. Family 1. CASUARINACEAE Lindl. Beef-wood Family. Only one genus, with about 25 species, most abundant in Australasia. 1. CASUARINA Forst. Char. Gen. PI. 104. 1776. Characters of the order. [From the zoological name of the Cassowary.] The following species is typical. PIPERACEAE 219 _. Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. Char. Gen. PI. 104. 1776. A rapidly growing tree, reaching in the American tropics a maximum height •of about 20 m., with a trunk up to 1 m. in diameter, much larger in Australia, with long and slender branches, the upper ones erect or nearly so, the dark brown bark furrowed. Twigs angular, very slender, drooping; leaves 6-8 in each whorl, only 1-3 mm. long, acute, appressed, ciliate, decurrent on the twigs; staminate flowers in slender terminal cylindric spikes 1-4 cm. long, the bracts imbricated, the anthers exserted; pistillate flowers in lateral dense subglobose heads wliich become about 2 cm. in diameter in fruit. Locally spontaneous after planting along the coasts, St. Thomas; Porto Rico; St. Croix:—more or less naturalized in Florida, the West Indies and Yucatan. Native of Australia. Much planted for ornament and for hedges and wind-breaks, and valued for its wood; often clipped into decorative forms. Beef-wood. Australl\n Pine. Casuarina glauca Sieber and C. stricta Dryand., were seen as seedlings at the St. Croix Agricultural Experiment Station in 1923; both are Australian. Order 2. PIPERALES. Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees. Leaves with simple blades. Flowers spicate, bracteolate. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2-8 or rarely 10. Gynoe- cium of 1, or of several distinct or united carpels. Fruit drupaceous. Ovary superior. Fam. 1. PiPER.\rEAE. Ovary inferior. Fam. 2. Chlgranth.^ceae. Family 1. PIPERACEAE H.B.K. Pepper Family. Herbs or shrubs, often climbing, or small trees, with alternate opposite or whorled leaves, usuallj^ entire-margined, palmately or jiinnatcly veined. Flowers minute, bracteolate, without a perianth, in catkin-like spikes which are terminal or opposite the leaves, or sometimes axillary or several together on a common peduncle. Stamens mostly 2-6, hypogynous; anthers erect, terminal, their sacs distinct or confluent, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, sessile or rarely stipitate, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style 1; ovule erect, orthotropous. Fruit small, indehiscent. Seed solitary, the testa membran- ous, the endosperm copious, the embryo minute. About 6 genera with over 1000 species, mostly of tropical distribution. Spikes solitary, rarely 2 together. Shrubs or trees. 1. Piper. Herbs. 2. Peperomia. Spikes umbellate; large shrub-like herbs. 3. Pothornorphe. 1. PIPER L. Sp. PI. 28. 1753. Shrubs or woody vines, occasionally small trees, often more or less aromatic, the branches frequently jointed at the nodes. Leaves alternate, the blades usually entire, often unequal-sided and pellucid-dotted. Flowers minute. Spikes opposite the leaves. Bracts peltate or cucuUate. Stamens 2-6; filaments short; anthers 2-celled. Ovary sessile; stigmas 2-5. Fruit small, ellipsoid, ovoid or subglobose. [Classical Latin name for pepper.] Over 700 species of wide geographic distribution in warm regions, most abundant in tropical America, known as Higuelo, Pepper Elder and Joint-wood. Type species; Piper nigrum L. 220 PIPERACEAE « Flowers not borne in a distinct ring or spiral ; friiits distinct in the spikes. Leaf-blades mostly acute at the base, pinnately veined; fruits globose. 1. P. blattarum. Leaf-blades usually rounded at the base, palmately veined; fruits ovoid. 2. P. Amalago. Flowers borne in distinct spirals or rings; fruits in dense spikes. Leaf-blades pinnately veined. Leaf-blades pinnately veined to the apex; the veins spread- ing often nearly at right angles to the midvein. 3. P. Swartzianum. Leaf-blades pinnately veined to the middle or a Uttle above, the veins ascending. Leaf-blades roimded or oblique at the base, not deeply cordate; petioles not winged. Spikes strongly curved; leaves scabrous. 4. P. aduncum. Spikes straight or nearly so. Spikes slender, 6-15 cm. long. Leaf-blades membranous, nearly smooth above. 5. P. dilatatum. Leaf-blades chartaceous, scabrous above. 6. P. scabrum. Spikes short, usually less than 6.5 cm. long. Leaf-blades long-acuminate. 7. P. citrifolium. Leaf-blades acute. 8. P. Treleaseanum. Leaf-blades deeply cordate at the base; petioles winged. 9. P. auritum. Leaf-blades palmately veined, usually deeply cordate at the base; petioles winged. 10. P. marginatum. 1. Piper blattarum Spreng. Neue Entd. 2: 100. 1821. Peperomia blattarum A. Dietr. Sp. 1: 150. 1831. Enckea blattarum Kunth, Linnaea 13: 600. 1839. Piper blattarum magnifoliujn C. DC. Prodr. 16: 329. 1869. A shrub 2-4 m. tall, with glabrous branches. Leaf-blades chartaceous, pellucid-dotted, elliptic or somewhat ovate, 6-13 cm. long, 3-5.7 cm. broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, the tip sometimes obtuse, usually somewhat inequi- lateral and acute or somewhat rounded at the base, pinnately 3-5-veined below the middle, usually near the base, glabrous on both surfaces; spikes opposite to and as long as or longer than the leaves, straight or shghtly curved; peduncles longer than the petioles. Moimtain woodlands and moist wooded valleys, Porto Rico; St. Thomas (according to Eggers). Recorded by Bello as Stcffcnsia Jacquemonliana Kunth. Endemic. 2. Piper Amalago L. Sp. PI. 29. 1753. Piper medium Jacq. Icon. Rar. 1: 2. 1781. ? Piper discolor Sw. Prodr. 15. 1788. Enckea Sieberi Miq. Syst. 358. 1843. Enckea Amalago Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 169, in part. 1859. Piper Sieberi DC. Prodr. 16^: 248. 1869. A shrub 1.5-4 m. tall, or a small tree up to 6 m., the branches glabrous or pubescent. Leaf-blades chartaceous, minutely pellucid-dotted, various in form, lanceolate to elliptic or broadly ovate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-9.5 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded and occasionally somewhat subcordate at the base, or acutish, palmately veined, glabrous above, puberulent or glabrous beneath, spikes shorter than the leaves or occasionally as long, straight; peduncle as long as or longer than the petiole. Hillsides, woods, river-banks and thickets at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola:—Cuba to Trinidad; continental tropical America. Recorded by Bello as Enckea smilacifolia Kunth. SooT-sooT. 3. Piper Swartzianum (Miq.) C. DC. Prodr. 16: 265. 1869. Artanthe Swartziana Miq. Syst. 490. 1844. A shrub, 3-5 m. high, with puberulent twigs. Leaf-blades coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, 11-14 cm. long, 3-4 cm. broad, acuminate or somewhat PIPERACEAE 221 rounded at the apex, very inequilateral at the base, pinnately veined to the apex, glabrous above, puberulent on the veins beneath, the pellucid glands obscure; spikes as long as the leaves or scmetinies longer; peduncle puterulent. Primeval forests near Penueleis and Utuado:—Hispaniola. 4. Piper aduncum L. Sp. PI. 29. 1753. Artanthe adunca Aliq. Comm. Phyt. 49. 1838. A shrub 2-6 m. tall with puberulent or glabrate branches. Leaf-blades chartaceous, pellucid-dotted, oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, 12-21 cm. long, 3-8 cm. broad, long-acuminate at the apex, inequilaterally rounded at the base, pinnately veined, scabrous above and often more or less hirtellous beneath, especially on the veins; spikes opposite to and shorter than the leaves, curved; peduncles puberulent, several times as long as the short petioles. Thickets and hillsides at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; St. Vincent to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 5. Piper dilatatum L. C. Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 105. 1792. Artanthe Bredemeyeri Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 170. 1859. Piper Bredemeyeri Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 9G. 1879. A shrub, 2-3 m. tall, the young twigs pilose, sometimes glabrous in age. Leaf-blades membranous, pellucid-dotted, narrowly to broadly elliptic-ovate or elhptic-obovate, 13-26 cm. long, 6-13 cm. broad, long-acuminate at the apex, rounded and very inequilateral at the base, pinnately veined to the middle or below, somewhat scabrous above and pubescent with scattered hairs or glabrous, more or less pilose on the veins beneath ; spikes often less than half the length of the leaves, the peduncles equalling or longer or shorter than the short petioles. Shaded valleys, St. Croix:—Antigua to Trinidad; continental tropical America. 6. Piper scabrum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 59. 1797. Artanthe scabra Miq. Syst. 446. 1844. Piper hispidum C. DC. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 187. 1902. Not Sw. 1788. Piper hispidum albescens C. DC. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 188. 1902. A shrub, 1.5-3 m. tall, the branches often densely pubescent with rather short stiff hairs. Leaf-blades chartaceous, minutely pellucid-dotted, elliptic- lanceolate to broadly elliptic-ovate, 10-22 cm. long, 4-11 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base, scabrous on both sides, hirtellous on the veins beneath, spikes opposite to and shorter than the leaves, straight; peduncles as long as or shorter than the petioles. Woodlands, ravines and shaded hillsides in moist districts of Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Tobago; continental tropical America. 7. Piper citrifolium Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 80. 1791. Artanthe Wydleriana Miq. Syst. 487. 1844. Piper Wydlerianum C. DC. Prodr. 16: 280. 1869. A shrub, 1.5-3 m. tall, the branches often hirsute, more or less verrucose. Leaf-blades chartaceous, pellucid-dotted, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 12-25 cm. long, 4-9 cm. broad, long-acuminate at the apex, inequilaterally roimded or acutish at the base, pinnately veined, glabrous above, pilose on the veins beneath; spikes opposite to and usually less than half the length of the leaves, straight; peduncles pilose, often equalUng the short petioles. Tluckets, ravines, river-bants and liillsides at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—Hispaniola; continental tropical America. [? Recorded by Bello as Ottonia Vahlii Kunlh.l 222 PIPERACEAE 8. Piper Treleaseanum Britton & Wilson. Piper macrophyllum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1. 46. 1815. Not S\v. 1788. Schilleria macrophylla Kiinth, Linnaea 1?: 715. 1839. Artanthe macrophylla Miq. Syst. 423. 1844. A shrub, 1-3 m. tall with smooth, glabrous branches. Leaf-blades charta- ceous, minutely pellucid-dotted, elliptic-oblong to elliptic, 1.5-24 cm. long, 7.5- 12.5 cm. broad, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, more or less inequilaterally rounded and often somewhat subcordate at the base, pinnately veined to beyond the middle, smooth above, finely appressed-pilose on the veins beneath; spikes opposite to and shorter than the leaves, dense, straight; peduncles glabrous, as long as or shorter than the petioles. Hillsides, ravines and mountain forests, Porto Rico:—Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 9. Piper auritum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. l: 54. 1816. Schilleria aurita Kuntli, Linnaea 13: 713. 1839. Artanthe aurita Miq. Syst. 400. 1844. An herbaceous shrub 2-5.5 m. tall, with thick stems. Leaf-blades charta- ceous, pellucid-dotted, elliptic-ovate to ovate, 1.5-50 cm. long, 8-31 cm. broad, acute to acuminate at the apex, very inequilateral and deeply cordate at the base, pinnately veined to beyond the middle, more or less pubescent above with short hairs, the pubescence especially conspicuous along the margin of the young leaves, pubescent beneath especially on the veins, or sometimes velvety; spikes slender, opposite to and shorter than the leaves ; peduncles usually shorter than the winged- petioles. A specimen ui the herbarium at Kew and another at the New York Botanical Garden are labeled St. Tliomas, collected by Friedriclisthal; they are probably from a cultivated plant, as tlie species is otherwise known in the wild state only from con- tinental tropical America. 10. Piper marginatum Jacq. Ic. Rar. 2: 2. 1786. Schilleria caudata Kunth, Linnaea 13: 716. 1839. Piper marginatum firmum DC. Prodr. 16: 246. 1869. A shrub 1-3 m. tall with glabrous branches. Leaf-blades chartaceous, pellucid-dotted, cordate-lanceolate to broadly cordate-ovate, 11-20 cm. long, 6.5-16 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, palmately veined, glabrous or some, what pilose on both surfaces, the margin ciliate ; petioles 2.5-5.5 cm. long, glabrous or pilose, winged; spikes opposite to and usually much shorter than the leaves- often somewhat curved; peduncles 5-17 mm. long. Moist forests at lower and middle altitudes in Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola; Saba; Trmidad; Panama; contmental tropical America. Piper incur\rutn Si 3b.. recorded from St. Croix by West in 1794, is not otherwise known within the limits of this Flora; it may have been planted on that island. It is a glabrous, somewhat fleshy, trailing or climbing vine, with cordate suborbicular leaves up to 9 cm. broad, the apex short-acuminate, the axillary spikes about 10 cm. Ion;. It inhabits the Lesser Antilles from Guade- loupe to St. Vincent. Piper retrofractum Vahl, cultivated on St. Thomas, is a climbing woody vine, native of the East Indies, with elliptic subcoriaceous glabrous acuminate leaves 8-16 cm. long, the stout fruiting spikes 4-5 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick, short-stalked. Piper reticulatum L. of the Lesser Antilles, ranging from St. Eustatius and St. Kitts to Trinidad, was recorded from St. Croix by West in 1794, and may PIPERACEAE 223 have been there at that time but nothing is known of it on that island now. It is an erect, glabrous shrub up to 4 m. high, with ovate, 7-9-nerved leaves, the curved spikes 10-15 cm. long. Piper aequale Vahl, recorded by Krebs as found in St. Thomas prior to 1852, has not been observed there by subsequent botanists; it ranges from Mont- serrat to Trinidad and northern South America. Piper asperifolium R. & P., a Peruvian species, was recorded by Krebs from St. Thomas, apparently in error. 1. P. emarginella. rolundifolia. Cogniauxii. 2. PEPEROMIA R. & P. Prodr. 8. hyponym. 1794; Fl. Per. l: 29. 1798, Mostly succulent, annual or perennial herbs, with alternate, opposite or verticillate leaves, the flowers in slender, solitary or clustered spikes, subtended by circular or elliptic bracts. Stamens 2 ; filaments short. Ovary mostly sessile, sometimes stalked, sometimes beaked; stigma terminal or lateral. Fruit minute, ellipsoid to globose, sessile or stalked, smooth or verruculose, viscid. [Greek, pepper.] Six hundred species or more, mostly of tropical America. Type species: Peperomia scutellaefolia R. & P. A. Leaves all alternate. 1. Small leaved species, the leaf-blades 2-20 mm. long, the stems slender or filiform (See P. serpens). Fruit stipitate; small delicate vine with orbicular leaves 2-4 mm. long. Fruit sessile; leaves 4-20 mm. long. Stem glabrous; leaves orbicular to oval, setulose or glabrate. Stem pubescent; leaves ovate to obovate, pubescent, at least above. 2. Leaves larger, in some species very large. a. Prostrate or creeping species, rooting at the nodes. * Spikes solitary. Leaves not peltate, orbicular or ovate-orbicular. Leaves 1-2.5 cm. broad, rounded; spikes 2 cm. long or less. Leaves 2.5-5 cm. broad, acutish; spikes 3-5 cm. long. Leaves nearly centrally peltate, broadly ovate, 3-9 cm. long. ** Spikes 2, sometimes 3; leaves ovate, subpeltate. b. Erect, ascending or tufted species, not rooting at the nodes, or rooting only at lower nodes. * Plant very stout, the ovate peltate leaves 12-19 cm. long, the 1 or 2 spikes 10-30 cm. long. ** Plants slender or relatively so, the leaves and spikes shorter. t Leaves, thick, very fleshy, obovate or oblanceolate. Leaves narrowly obovate or oblanceolate; beak of the berries hooked at the apex. Leaves broadly obovate or obovate-orbicular; beak of the berries straight, t Leaves thmner, somewhat fleshy, ovate to ovate-orbicular. t Leaves thin, flaccid, broadly deltoid-ovate, cordate. t Leaves flrm, ovate, narrowed or roxmded at the base. § Leaves black-punctate. Upper joints with a line of hairs ; petioles ciliate. Plants glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate. Leaves oblong to oval. §§ Leaves not black-punctate. Plants glabrous. Leaves oblong to narrowly elliptic, long-acu- minate. Leaves broadly elliptic, acute. Stem pilose-puberulent. B. Leaves opposite or verticillate. Leaves 1.5 cm. long or less. Leaves opposite or ternate, ciliate. Leaves quaternate, glabrous. Leaves 2-5 cm. long. Leaves opposite or ternate, pubescent on both sides. Leaves quaternate, glabrous. 4. 224 PIPERACEAE 1. Peperomia emarginella (Sw.) DC. Prodr. IG^: 437. 1869. Piper emarginellum Sw. Vet. Handl. Stockh. 1827: 56. 1828. Acrocarpidium exile Miq. Syst. 56. 1843. Peperomia exilis Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 164. 1859. A delicate herb, the filiform stems creeping or pendent, much branched and often matted, up to 4 dm. long, freely rooting at the nodes. Leaf-blades oval ta orbicular, 2-4 mm. long, 2-5.5 mm. broad, truncate or emarginate at the apex, rounded, truncate or sometimes slightly cordate at the base, glabrous or pubescent with few long hairs above and on the margin; petioles slender, 1-3 mm. long; spikes terminal, 0.6-12 mm. long, 0.5 mm. thick, rather loosely flowered; fruit oblong-obovoid or ellipsoid, about 0.9 mm. long, 0.3-0.4 mm. broad, the slender stalk nearly half as long as the berry. On trees, rocks and logs in wet mountain forests of Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica;. Hispaniola; Saba to Trinidad. 2. Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 65. 1815. Piper rotundifolia L. Sp. PI. 30. 1753. Piper nummulariaefolium Sw. Prodr. 16. 1788. Peperomia niimmulariaefolia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. It 66. 1815. Peperomia rotundifolia pilosior C. DC. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 188. 1903^ A prostrate vine, the slender stems rooting at the nodes. Leaf-blades oval to obovate or suborbicular, 4-12 mm. long, 3.8-12 mm. broad, rounded at the apex, acute or rounded at the base, pubescent with long hairs on both sides or glabrous, the margin sometimes ciliate; petioles 1-7 mm. long, slender; spikes terminal, 7-20 mm. long, 0.6-1.1 mm. thick, rather densely flowered; peduncles 2-6 mm. long; fruit glolDOse-ellipsoid, 0.6-0.7 mm. long, 0.5-0.6 mm. broad. On trees in forests at middle and higher elevations, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica;. Hispaniola ; Antigua to Trinidad ; continental tropical America. Yerba de medio real. YERBA LINDA. 3. Peperomia Cogniauxii Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 292. 1899. Peperomia portoricensis Urban, Symb. Ant. l: 292. 1899. Stems slender, creeping, rooting at the nodes, pilose, the branches often ascending, 3-6 cm. long. Leaf-blades elhptic to oval, orbicular or obovate, 5-20' mm. long, 3-10 mm. broad, obtuse, subtruncate or slightly emarginate at the apex, acute, obtuse or sometimes rounded at the base, pilose on both surfaces or nearly glabrous, short-petioled ; spikes terminal, 2-4 cm. long, 0.6-1 mm. thick;, fruit globose-ovoid, 0.5 mm. long, brown. On trees and logs in movmtain forests of Porto Rico :—Hispaniola. 4. Peperomia serpens (Sw.) Loud. Hort. Brit. 13. 1830. Piper serpens Sw. Prodr. 16. 1788. Peperomia scandens R. & P. Fl. Per. 1: 32. 1798. Piper scandens Vahl, Enum. 1: 346. 1804. Piper repens H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 65. 1816. Stem creeping, often much branched, rooting at the nodes, puberulent. Leaf-blades broadly ovate to deltoid-rountUsh, 1-2.5 cm. long, 0.8-2.5 cm. broad, obtuse or acutish at the apex, rounded or subtruncate and often somewhat cordate at the base, puberulent; petioles 0..5-2.5 cm. long, slender, puberulent; spikes slender, rather densely-flowered, 7-20 mm. long, long-peduncled ; fruit narrowly ellipsoid, 0.7-0.8 mm. long, about 0.4 mm. in diameter, the slender beak more or less curved. In forests at lower and middle elevations in moist or wet districts, Porto Rico; St. Thomas (according to de CandoUe) :—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. EustatiusL St. Kitts; St. Vincent; Grenada; Trinidad; continental tropical America. PIPERACEAE 225 5. Peperomia urocarpa Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 4: 42. 1837. Peperomia ionophylla Griseb. Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 8: 175. 1860. Peperomia major DC. Prodr. 16»: 432. 1869. Stem creeping, rooting at the nodes. Leaf-blades broadly ovate to deltoid, roundi.sh or orbicular-reniform, 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4.7 cm. broad, acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or sometimes subcordate at the base, pubescent on both sides when young; petioles 1.5-4.5 cm. long, pubescent; spike 3-5 cm. long, 1.1- 1.5 mm. thick, long-peduncled ; fruit 0.7-0.8 mm. long, 0.4 mm. in diameter, the slender beak usually curved. In forests and on shaded rocks in the central and western districts of Porto Rico: Cuba; Hispaniola; Saba; Guadeloupe; continental tropical America. 6. Peperomia hernandifolia (Vahl) A. Dietr. Sp. PI. 1: 157. 1831. Piper hernandifolium Vahl, Enum. 1: 344. 1804. Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes. Leaf-blades ovate to broadly ovate, 3-9 cm. long, 2.5-6.7 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded or sometimes cordate at the base, peltate at about l-i or }/i of the length from the base, more or less minutely puberulent and pale beneath; petioles 3-10 cm. long, puberulent; spike 2-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. broad; long-peduncled; fruit ellipsoid or ovoid- ellipsoid, 0.8-0.9 mm. long, with a slender curved beak. Moxmtain forests at middle and higher elevations in Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Saba to Trinidad; central and South America. 7. Peperomia distachya (L.) A. Dietr. Sp. PI. 1: 156. 1831. Piper distachyon L. Sp. PI. 30. 1753. Peperomia producta Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 166. 1859. Stems climbing or creeping, rooting at the nodes, glabrous or puberulent. Leaf-blades membranous, narrowly to broadly elliptic or ovate, 4-13 cm. long, 2-6 cm. broad, acuminate to long-acuminate at the apex, rounded, often subcor- date and usually very shortly peltate at the base, often puberulent beneath when young especially near the base and along the midrib ; petioles 2-8.5 cm. long ; spikes often 2, densely flowered, 2-4.5 cm. long, 1-1.2 mm. thick; fruit narrowly ellipsoid, 0.8-0.9 mm. long, 0.3-0.4 mm. in diameter, the subulate beak nearly as long as the berry, often sUghtly curved. On trees, logs and rocks in mountain forests at middle and higher elevations, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola. _ 8. Peperomia maculosa (L.) W. Hook. Exot. Fl. pi. 92. 1825. Piper rnacidosum L. Sp. PI. 30. 1753. Stem sparingly puberulent or glabrous, 5 mm. thick or thicker, green, mottled with brownish-crimson blotches. Leaf-blades ovate-elliptic to broadly ovate, 12-19 cm. long, 7-10.8 cm. broad, short-acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, shortly peltate, pubescent beneath; petioles stout, 7-17 cm. long, pubescent; spikes 10-30 cm. long, about 5 mm. thick below, densely-flowered; fruit elUpsoid, 0.9-1 mm. long, 0.5 mm. in diameter with a slender curved beak. Primeval forests at high elevations in the central moimtains of Porto Rico :—Cuba Jamaica; Hispaniola. 9. Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr. Sp. PI. 1: 154. 1831. Piper obtusifolium L. Sp. PI. 30. 1753. Peperomia emarginata R. & P. Fl. Per. 1: 33. 1798. Peperomia macropoda Miq. Linnaea 20: 128. 1827. Peperomia obtusifolia genuina Dalilst. Vet. Akad. Handl. 33: 64. 1900. Peperomia obtusifolia macropoda Dahlst. loc. cit. 6.5. 1900. Peperomia obtusifolia emarginata Dahlst. loc. cit. 66. 1900. 226 PIPERACEAE Stems glabrous, erect or decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, simple or branched. Leaves thick and fleshy, oblanceolate or obovate, 4.5-11 cm. long, 3-6 cm. broad, rounded and occasionally retuse or emarginate at the apex, acute or cuneate at the base, glabrous; petioles 1.5-4 cm. long; spikes densely flowered, soUtary or geminate, terminal; fruit ellipsoid, 0.9-1 mm. long, the slender beak about 0.5 mm. long, hooked at the apex. Mountain forests and cliffs at middle and higher elevations, Porto Rico:—Jamaica;- Cuba; Hispaniola; Martinique; St. Vincent; Florida; continental tropical America. 10. Peperomia magnoliaefolia (Jacq.) A. Dietr. Sp. PI. 1: 153. 1831. Piper magnoliaefolium Jacq. Coll. 3: 210. 1789. Peperomia amplexicaulis magnoliaefolia Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 167. 1859. Peperomia magnoliaefolia Sintenisiana Dahlst. Vet. Akad. Handl. 33: 59. 1900. Peperomia magnoliaefolia hrevirostrata Dahlst. loc. cit. 61. 1900. Peperomia magnoliaefolia microphylla Dahlst. loc. cit. 61. 1900. Stem glabrous, erector decimibent, rooting at the lower nod6s, often simple. Leaves thick and fleshy, broadly obovate or obovate-orbicular, .5-13 cm. long, 3-7 cm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, cuneately narrowed at the base, glabrous, the petioles 1-4 cm. long; spikes solitary or several, densely flowered; fruit ellipsoid, 0.7-0.8 mm. long, the beak straight, often rather stout, half the length of the berry. [Piper obtusifolium of Krebs, not of Linnaeus.] On trees and rocks in woodlands and forests in moist or wet districts, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola ; Antigua to Trinidad continental tropical America. 11. Peperomia pellucida (L.) H.B.K. Nov. Gen. i: 64. 1815. Piper pellucidum L. Sp. PI. 30. 1753. A glabrous herb, 1-3.5 dm. tall, with erect branching stems. Leaf-blades membranous, deltoid-ovate, 1.4-3.5 cm. long, 1.3-3 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, subtruncate or rounded and usually cordate at the base; petioles 6-12 mm. long, clasping; spikes lax-flowered, slender, 1..5-5 cm. long, 0.6-1 mm. thick; peduncles 4-7 mm. long; fruit subglobose, 0.5-0.6 mm. in diameter. On walls and on the groimd, rarely in ravines, at lower elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan; St. Croix; Tortola:—Jamaica; Cuba to Trinidad; con- tinental tropical America. Also recorded from western Africa and the East Indies. 12. Peperomia glabella (Sw.) A. Dietr. Sp. PI. 1: 156. 1831. Piper glahellum Sw. Prodr. 16. 1788. Peperomia caulibarbis Miq. Syst. 98. 1843. Stem creeping and rooting, terete, the branches ascending, with two incon- spicuous ridges decurrent from the petioles and sometimes ciliate. Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 2.5-4 cm. long, 1.2-2.5 cm. broad, acute or acuminate and occasionally ciliate at the apex, cuneate at the base, black-dotted, 3-nerved, occasionally with two accessory nerves; the petioles 0.5-1 cm. long, usually ciliate; spikes filiform, usually densely flowered, 5-12 cm. long; fruit ovoid, 0.5- 0.7 mm. long, slightly curved upward and attached laterally at the base. On trees and rocks in forests and ravines, Porto Rico, ascending to high altitudes; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Martin; Central and South America. Races differ in size and shape of leaves 13. Peperomia Wheeleri Britton, sp. nov. Stems erect, branched, glabrous, 2.5 dm. or more high. Leaves alternate, subcoriaceous, elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, 3-5.5 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. broad, obtuse at the apex, acute or somewhat rounded at the base, rather inconsplcu- PIPERACEAE 227 ously black-dotted, the petioles 4-9 mm. long; spikes slender, 9 cm, long, 2 mm. thick; peduncles about as long as the petioles; fruit subglobose, 0,9 mm. long, 0,7 mm, in diameter. On rocks. Signal Hill, Culebra (Britton & Wheeler 130). 14. Peperomia myrtifolia (Vahl) A. Dietr. Sp. PI. 1: 147. 1831. Piper myrtifolium Vahl, Enum. It 341. 1804. (?) P. Hamiltoniana emarginulata C. DC. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 238, 1902. Plant glabrous, the stems erect, 3 dm, high or more. Leaves rhombic- oblong to oval, 3.3-5 cm, long, 1,5-2,3 cm. broad, obtuse at the apex, acute at the base, black-dotted; petiole about 4 mm. long, equalling the peduncle; spikes densely flowered. On rocks, Vieques; St. Croix; Virgin Gorda (?). Endemic. Doubtfully recorded in "Vegetation of Vieques Island" as P. Hamiltoniana Miq., a Jamaican species, which is also attributed to St. Croix by Fawcett and Rendle. 15. Peperomia alata R. & P. Fl, Per. 1: 31. 1798. Peperomia dendrophila Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 165, in part. 1859. Not Schl. 1830. Glabrous, the erect or decumbent stems with three narrow wings, of which two are decurrent from the petioles. Leaves alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, 4..5-10 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. broad, long-acuminate at the apex, acute at the base, without black dots; petioles 4-8 mm. long; spikes slender, 6-18 cm. long, 1-1.3 mm. broad; fruit ovoid, 0.5-0.7 mm. long, 0.4-0.5 mm. in diameter. ^Joimtain forests at middle and higher elevations in Porto Rico; St. Croix:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Grenada; South America, 16. Peperomia dendrophila Schl, Linnaea 5: 74. 1830. Peperomia Sintenisii C. DC. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 240. 1902. Glabrous, the stem erect or decumbent, branched, rooting at the lower nodes, with two inconspicuous ribs decurrent from the petioles. Leaves alternate, broadly elliptic, 2.8-7 cm. long, l;.5-3.5 cm. broad, acute at the apex, acute or somewhat rounded at the base, without black dots; petioles 4. .5-8 mm, long; spikes 5-10. cm. long, 1.8-2 mm. thick; fruit globose-ovoid, 0.7-0.8 mm. long, 0.5-0.6 mm. in diameter. ' \ . .' Mountain forests, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Mexico. 17. Peperomia yabucoana Urban & C. DC. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3 : 232. 1902. Peperomia velutina Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 293. 1899. Not Linden & Andre, 1872. Stems rooting below at the nodes, pilose, the branches erect or ascending. Lower leaf-blades suborljicular, 1-2 cm. in diameter, the upper ones ovate, 2-3 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. broad, obtuse at the apex, rounded at the base, puberulent on both sides, 5-nerved, the margin ciliate; spikes terminal, 5.5 cm. long, 1 nmi. thick, long-peduncled ; fruit ovoid, sessile, glabrous. On rocks, near Yabucoa. Endemic. 18. Peperomia robustior Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 191. 1903. Peperomia Swartziana Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 167, in part. 1859. Peperomia tenerrima f. robustior Dahlst. Vet. Akad. Handl. 33: 185. 1900. Peperomia Grisehachii C. DC. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 259, in part. 1902. 228 PIPERACEAE Stem creeping, rooting at the nodes, the branches erect or ascending. Leaves opposite, or ternate, the blades narrowly-obovate or obovate, 5-9 mm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, rounded and sometimes sUghtly emarginate at the apex, 3-nerved at the base, impressed-punctate beneath, the margin short-ciliate ; spikes solitary, terminal, 1.5-2 cm. long. Creeping on trees or logs at high elevations in forests of the eastern mountains of Porto Rico. Endemic. 19. Peperomia quadrifolia (L.) H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 69. 1816. Piper quadrifolium L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 43. 1762. Stem rooting below at the nodes, the branches erect or ascending, 6-12 cm. long. Leaves 4 or 5 in a whorl, the blades obovate, 8-16 mm. long, 4.5-10 mm. broad, rounded and emarginate at the apex, cuneate at the base, glabrous, short- petioled; spikes slender, solitary, terminal, densely flowered, 1-3.5 cm. long, 1.5- 1.9 mm. thick, the slender peduncle 1-2 cm. long; fruit ovoid, 0.6-0.7 mm. long. On trees in woodlands of the western mountains of Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; continental tropical America. 20. Peperomia humilis (Vahl) A. Dietr. Sp. PI. 1: 168. 1831. Piper humile Vahl, Enum. 1: 349. 1804. Peperomia Langsdorffii Miq. Syst. 116. 1843. Stems erect, 1-3 dm. or more tall, simple or branched, pilose. Leaves opposite or ternate, obovate or occasionally somewhat elliptic, 1-5 cm. long, 0.6-2.3 cm. broad, rounded, obtuse or acutish at the apex, cuneate at the base, more or less densely pilose on both sides, ciliate, 3-nerved; the slender petioles 4-15 mm. long, pilose; spikes slender, 4-12 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, lax- flowered; fruit elliptic-ovoid, 0.6 mm. long, 0.4-0.5 mm. in diameter. Hillsides at lower elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; Mona; Desecheo; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola:—Florida; Hispaniola; Antigua; continental tropical Amer- ica. Recorded by de CandoUe as P. ciliata H.B.K. 21. Peperomia Myrtillus Miq. Syst. 154. 1843. Peperomia rhombea C. DC. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 268, in part. 1902. Not R. & P. 1798. Plant erect, 7-30 cm. high. Leaves 3 or 4 in a whorl, occasionally only 2, opposite, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, 5-11 mm. broad, more or less acuminate at the apex, the tip obtuse, acute or cuneate at the base, glabrous, indistinctly 3-5-nerved, short-petioled ; spikes terminal and axillary, densely flowered, 3-6.5 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick ; fruit mucronate with an apical appendage. On rocks and trees in forests of the central moimtains of Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola. Peperomia guadalupensis C. DC, recorded by de Candolle and by Faw- cett and Rendle from St. Croix, collected by West prior to 1793, is unknown there at the present time. It is a glabrous plant, with elliptic-lanceolate, black punctate leaves, similar to P. myrtifoUa, in which it was included by Dahlstadt, and from which the St. Croix specimen may not be distinct. [Piper tenuiflorum Vahl; Piper acuminatum of West, and perhaps of Krebs, not of Linnaeus; Pepero- mia acuminata of Eggers, in part.] Peperomia polystachya (L.) Hook., recorded from St. Croix by Hooker and by subsequent authors, is unknown there at the present time, and no speci- mens to illustrate its occurrence there appear to have been preserved. It is a CHLORANTHACEAE 229 pubescent species with opposite or ternate obovate-rhombic leaves, apparently occcurring only in Jamaica. Eggers recorded it from St. Croix. St. Thomas and St. Jan. [Piper polystachya L.] Peperomia Rupertiana C. DC, of the Lesser Antilles, perhaps occurs on St. Jan; we have doubtfully referred a barren specimen from Rosenberg, St. Jan, to this species. Peperomia arifolia Miquel, Brazilian, grown for ornament in Porto Rican gardens, has broadly ovate peltate, acute or acuminate, long-petioled, white- veined leaves 5-10 cm. long, its spikes up to 18 cm. long. Peperomia incana (Spreng.) A. Dietr., Brazilian, grown by Mr. A. S. Fairchild at Louisenhoj, St. Thomas, the plants brought from the Copenhagen Botanical Garden, is a white-tomentose species with surborbicular leaves and long spikes. [Piper incanum Spreng.] Peperomia amplexicaulis (Sw.) A. Dietr., endemic in Jamaica, was re- corded by Krebs as found in St. Thomas, evidently in error. [Piper amplexicaule Sw.] 3. POTHOMORPHE Miq. Comm. Phyt. 36. 1840. [Heckeria Kunth, Linnaea 13: 564. 1839. Not Raf. 1838.] Large herbs with alternate broad entire pellucid-dotted leaves. Spikes umbellate on axillary peduncles. Bracts peltate, the margin villose-fimbriate. Flowers sessile, perfect. Stamens 2; filaments filiform, short; anthers reniform, 1-celled. Ovary sessile; stigmas 3, sessile, recurved. Fruit minute, angled. Seed 3-angled. [Greek, simulating the genus Pothos.] A few species, mostly natives of tropical America. Type species: Piper umbellatum L. 1. Pothomorphe peltata (L.) Miq. Comm. Phyt. 37. 1840. Piper peltatum L. Sp. PI. 30. 1753. Piper umbellatum L. Sp. PI. 30. 1753. Heckeria peltata Kunth, Linnaea 13: 565. 1839. Heckeria umbilata Kunth, loc. cit. 569. 1839. Pothomorphe umbellata Miq. Comm. Phyt. 36. 1840. Piper peltatum hirtellum C. DC. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 210. 1902. Sometimes 2 m. tall, with glabrous or pubescent branches. Leaves sub- orbicular, flaccid, 16-35 cm. long, 14-34 cm. broad, often peltate, acute at the apex, cordate at the base, glabrous, or puberulent on the nerves on both sides, finely pellucid-dotted, palmately veined, the central nerve with one or two pinnate nerves on each side; petioles glabrous or puberulent, 0.8-2 dm. long; common peduncle shorter than the leaf-stalk, 1-7 cm. long, glabrous or puberu- lent; spikes 4-10; individual peduncles 7-12 mm. long; fruit 0.5-0.6 mm. long. Forests, shaded banks and along streams, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Crojx; Tortola:—West Indies (except Bahamas); continental tropical America. Basquina. MONKEY'S-HAND. Family 2. CHLORANTHACEAE Blume. Chloranthus Family. Aromatic shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, the bases of the petioles connately united by a stipular sheath. Inflorescence terminal and axillary. Flowers perfect or unisexual. Staminate flowers in catkin-like spikes, 230 SALICACEAE without a perianth; anthers 2-celled. Pistillate flowers in panicles or some- times cone-like spikes; perianth superior, inconspicuous; ovary inferior, 1-celled; ovule solitary, orthotropous, pendulous. Fruit drupe-like. Em- bryo minute at the base of copious endosperm. About 3 genera and 40 species, American, Asiatic and Australasian. 1. HEDYOSMUM Sw. Prodr. 84. 1788. Shrubs or trees with pinnately veined leaves. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Staminate flowers without bracts. Anther single, oblong, the cells longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate flowers with a short 3-lobed perianth. Drupe 3-angled. [Greek, referring to the aromatic odor.] About 22 species, natives of the West Indies and South America. Type species: Hedyosmum nutans Sw. 1. Hedyosmum arborescens Sw. Prodr. 84. 1788. Tafallaea arborescens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 2: 566. 1891. A glabrous dioecious shrub, or a small tree .5-6 m. tall. Leaf-blades narrowly oblong-elliptic to elliptic, 4-18 cm. long, 2-5..5 cm. broad, abruptly short-acu- minate at the apex, acute at the base, serrate; staminate spikes nearly cylindric, 1.5-2.4 cm. long, about 5 or 6 mm. thick; pistillate flowers paniculate, in clusters of two or three enclosed by bracts; drupe 3-3.5 mm. long. Forests of the eastern mountains of Porto Rico;—Jamaica; Guadeloupe to St. Vmcent. The wood and the roots are fragrant. Orders. SALICALES. Trees or shrubs, with imperfect small flowers in aments. Sepals and petals none. Leaves simple. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at one end. Only one family. Family 1. SALICACEAE Lindl. Willow Family. Dioecious trees or shrubs with light wood, bitter bark, brittle twigs, and alternate stipulate leaves, the stipules often minute and caducous. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Staminate flowers consisting of from one to numerous stamens inserted on the receptacle, subtended by a gland-like or cup-shaped disk; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Pistillate aments sometimes raceme-like; pistillate flowers a 1-celled ovary subtended by a minute disk ; placentae 2-4, parietal; ovules usually numerous, anatropous; stigmas 2-4, simple or 2-4 cleft. Seeds small or minute, pro- vided with a dense coma of long, mostly white silky hairs. Endosperm none. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle short. Two genera and upward of 250 species, mostly natives of the north temperate and arctic zones. 2. SALIX [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 1015. 1753. Trees or shrubs, with single-scaled buds, the scales with an adherent mem- brane within, mostly narrow and short-petioled leaves and persistent or early deciduous broad or minute stipules. Bracts of the aments entire. Disk gland- MYRICACEAE 231 like, small or minute. Staminate aments dense, erect, spreading or drooping. Staminate flowers with 1-10, mostly 2, stamens, their filr.ments distinct or seme times united. Pistillate aments usually erect or spreading. Ovary sessile or short-stipitate. Style short or filiform. Stigmas 2, entire or 2-cleft. Capsule mostly 2-valved. [Name, ancient.] About 200 species, of wide geographic distribution throughout the north temperate and arctic zones a few in the southern hemisphere. Type species : Salix alba L. 1. Salix chilensis MoUna, Sagg. Chil. 169. 1782. Salix Humboldtiana Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 657. 1806. A tree sometimes 20 m. tall, with nearly erect branches, the trunk up to 4 dm. thick, the dark brown bark ridged and fissured. Leaves glabrous, linear, 6-14 cm. long, .3-7 mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, acute or somewhat rounded at the base, serrate, the petioles 1.5-3.5 mm. long; catkins 3-7 cm. long, terminal on leafy shoots, appearing with the leaves; bracts woolly, deciduous; stamens 4-7; capsule ovoid, glabrous, 4-4.5 mm. long, stalked. Locally persistent after planting, Porto Rico; St. Croix:—Jamaica; Cuba; Alartin- ique; St. Vincent; Texas and Mexico; Central America. Native of South America. Often planted for ornament and interest in the West Indies. Humboldt s Willow. Sauce. Salix baby'onica L., Weeping Willow, Sauce lloron, with drooping branches recorded as observed by Krug subspontaneous near Mayaguez, is not persistent in the climate of Porto Rico. Order 4. MYRICALES. Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves and small monoecious or dioecious flowers in aments. Perianth none. Ovary 1 -celled; style short; stigmas 2. Ovule erect, orthotropous. Endosperm none. Only one family. Family 1. MYRICACEAE Dumort. Bayberry Family. Leaves alternate, mostly coriaceous and aromatic. Flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts. Staminate flower with 2-16 (usually 4-8) stamens inserted on the receptacle; filaments short; anthers ovate, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary subtended by 2-8 bractlets; stigmas linear. Fruit a small drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy. Seed erect. Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle short. Two genera and about 36 species. 1. MYRICA L. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753. Leaves entire, dentate or lobed, mostly resmous-dotted. Staminate aments oblong or narrowly cylindric, expanding before or with the leaves. Stamens 4-8. Pistillate aments ovoid or subglobose; ovary subtended by 2-4, mostly short, bractlets. Drupe globose or ovoid, its exocarp waxy. [Ancient Greek name of the Tamarisk.] About 35 species, widely distributed. Type species: Myrica Gale L. jr.: 232 JUGLANDACEAE 1. Myrica cerifera L. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753. Cerothammis ceriferus Small, Fl. Miami 61. 1912. A slender dioecious shrub, or a tree, sometimes 12 m. high, with a trunk 5 dm. in diameter, the barli gray, nearly smooth. Leaves narrow, oblong or oblanceolate, mostly acute, entire or sparingly dentate, narrowed at the base, fragrant, short-petioled, dark green above, paler and sometimes pubescent beneath, golden-resinous, 2-8 cm. long, unfolding with or before the aments; staminate aments cylindric; pistillate aments short, oblong; ripe drupes globose, bluish white, waxy, tipped with the base of the style, long-persistent. Hillsides and thickets in moist districts at lower and middle elevations in Porto Rico: —southeastern United States; Bermuda; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola. Wax-berbt. Bay-berry. Cerero. Arrayan. Several Asiatic species of Quercus (Oaks) of the family Fagaceae, received from the Bureau of Plant Industry, were experimentally planted at the Forest Station, Rio Piedras in the autumn of 1922, and in the spring of 1923 were reported as having done well; these include Q. Thomsonii Miquel; Q. Lindleyana Wall., Q. fenestrata Roxb. and Q. polystachya Wall. Q. palustris Du Roi, the Swamp Oak, or Pin Oak of the eastern United States was also experimentally planted. Castanea diversifolia Kurz, East Indian, also of the Family Fagaceae, planted at the Forest Station in the autumn of 1922, grew vigorously, attaining a height of about 2 meters by April, 1923. Order 5. JUGLANDALES. Trees with alternate pinnately compound or trifoliolate leaves, and monoecious or dioecious bracteolate flowers, the staminate in long-drooping aments, the pistillate soUtary or several together. Staminate flowers con- sisting of 3-numerous stamens with or without an irregularly lobed perianth adnate to the bractlet, very rarely with a rudimentary ovary. Anthers erect, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent; filaments short. Pistillate flowers with a 3-5-lobed calyx or with both calyx and petals, and a 1-celled or 2-4-celled ovary. Ovules solitary or 2, erect, orthotropous; style 1 or 2. Fruit a drupe with indehiscent or dehiscent, fibrous, fleshy or woody exocarp, enclosing the bony endocarp or nut which is 2-4-celled. Seed large, 2-4-lobed. Endosperm none Cotyledons corrugated. Family 1. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. Walnut Family. Characters of the order. Six genera and about 35 species, mostly of the warmer parts of the north temperate zone. 1. JUGLANS L. Sp. PI. 997. 1753. Trees, with spreading branches, superposed buds, fragrant bark, and odd- pinnate leaves, with nearly or quite sessile leaflets, the terminal one sometimes early perishing. Staminate flowers in drooping cylindric aments, borne on the ULMACEAE 233 twigs of the previous year; perianth 3-6-lobed; stamens 8-40 in 2 or more series. Pistillate flowers on a terminal peduncle at the end of shoots of the season, the calyx 4-lobed, with 4 small petals adnate to the ovary at the sinuses; style fimbriate, very short. Drupe large, globose or ovoid, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, fibrous, indehiscent, the endocarp bony, rugose or sculptured, 2-4-celled at the base, indehiscent, or in decay separating into 2 valves. [Name a contrac- tion of the Latin Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.] About 12 species, natives of the north temperate zone, 2 in the West Indies, several in the Andes of South America. Type species: Juglans regia L. 1. Juglans jamaicensis C. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16=: 138. 1864. A forest tree 20-25 m. tall, the twigs, petioles and rachis rufous-pubescent. Leaves 3 dm. long or more; leaflets 13-19, lanceolate, oblong lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, more or less inequilateral, acuminate at the apex, rounded or sub- cordate at the base, subsessile or very f-hort-petioluled, serrate, glabrous or very nearly so above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 6-10 cm. long, .3-4 cm. broad; drupes short-ovoid, 4.5-5 cm. long, 4 cm. broad; nut corrugated, 3.3-3.5 cm. long, 2.8-3.2 cm. broad, acute at the apex, impressed at the base. Local in forests of the western mountains of Porto Rico:—Hispaniola. Recorded from .Jamaica, apparently erroneously. [Jiujlans cinerea of Bello, not of Lninaeus.] In Kew Bulletin, 1894; 138, 371, the Porto Rican tree is erroneously reported to be the same as, the Cuban endemic species J. insularis Grisebach. Nogal. P.\lo de nuez. Walnut. Juglans regia L., European Walnut, Madeira Nut, experimentally planted in Porto Rico, has leaves similar to those of the native species, the nut with a nearly smooth thin shell, the seed delicious. Hicoria Pecan (Marsh.) Britton, Pecan Nut, North American, also experi- mentally planted, is a pinnate-leaved tree, the 11-15 oblong-lanceolate leaflets 1-1.5 dm. long, the oblong-cylindric fruit 3-6 cm. long with a thin, 4-valved husk, the seed of the smooth oblong nut delicious. [Juglans Pecan ^Slarsh ; Carya oliviformis Nutt.] Order 6. URTICALES. Trees, shrubs or herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, the flowers with a calyx but without a corolla, small, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous. Stamens often as many as the sepals. Ovary 1- or 2-celled. Fruit an achene, a samara, drupe, syncarp or synconium. Endosperm often scant or wanting. Fnut a drupe, sometimes nut-like, or a samara. Fam. 1. Ulmaceae. Fruit an achene, the achenes sometimes enveloped by the accres- cent sepals and forming a syncarp. Trees, shrubs or occasionally herbs, usually with a milky sap; „ , , ovule often pendulous; fruit a syncarp or synconium. Fam. 2. MORACEAE. Herbs, sometimes shrubs or small trees, the sap not milky; ovule erect; frmt neither a syncarp nor a synconium. Fam. 3. URTICACEAE. Family 1. ULMACEAE Mirbel. Elm Family. Trees or shrubs with watery sap. Leaves alternate, simple, stipulate, the stipules usually small, fugacious. Flowers small, monoecious, dioecious, perfect or polygamous, clustered, or the pistillate sometimes solitary. Perianth in our genera 4-5-parted or of 4 or 5 distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens as many as the perianth-lobes or sepals and opposite them; filaments 234 ULMACEAE straight; anthers erect in the bud, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled (rarely 2-celled); ovules solitary, suspended from the apex of the cell, anatropous or amphitropous; styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara, drupe or nut. Endosperm little or none. Embryo straight or curved; cotyledons mostly flat. About 13 genera and 140 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. stigmas 2-cleft; plants usually armed with stipular spines. 1. Momisia. Stigmas entire: plants unarmed. Segments of the staminate perianth imbricate; pistillate perianth deciduous. 2. Cellis. Segments of the staminate perianth valvate; pistillate perianth per- sistent. 3. Trema. 1. MOMISIA F. G. Dietr. Vollst. Lex. Gaertn. Nachtr. 5: 122. 1819. Woody vines, small trees or shrubs, sometimes high-climbing by recurved stipular spines. Flowers polygamo-monoecious, at least the staminate in elongated axillary cymes. Calyx 4- or 5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 4 or 5, exseried; filaments longer than the extrorse anthers. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas 2-cleft. Drupe ovoid or globose, with a more or less flattened, reticulated or tuberculate stone. [Name unexplained.] Several species of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Mertensia laevigata H.B.K. 1. Momisia iguanaea (Jacq.) Rose & Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: 8. 1912. Rhamnus iguanaeus Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 16. 1760. Celtis aculeata Sw. Prodr. 53. 1788. Celtis iguanaeus Sarg. Silva N. A. 7: 64. 1895. Mertensia laevigata H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 31. 1817. Celtis aculeata serrata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 149. 1859. A woody vine, up to 7 m. long, armed with short recurved spines, the young twigs, petioles and branches of the inflorescence puberulent. Leaf-blades oblong-ovate, ovate or oval, 5-13 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. broad, acute to short- acuminate at the apex, rarely obtuse, entire or coarsely crenate-serrate above the middle, rounded or cordate and often slightly inequilateral at the base, glabrous or nearly so on both sides, short-petioled; flowers in short or paniculate axillary cymes; stigmas linear, bifid; drupes globose-ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, usually much longer than the pedicel. [Zizyphus reticulata of Stahl, not of de CandoUe.] Tliickets and woodlands, Porto Rico; Icacos: Culebra; Desecheo; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan; St. Croix; Tortola:— Florida; West Indies (except Bahamas); conti- nental tropical America. Cockspur. Azufaifo. 2. CELTIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1043. 1753. Unarmed trees or shrubs, vnth serrate or entire, pinnately veined, or in some species 3-5-nerved leaves. Flowers polygamo-monoecious, or rarely monoecious, borne in the axils of the leaves, the staminate often clustered, the fertile solitary or 2-3 together. Calyx 4-5-lobed, deciduous. Stamens 4 or 5; filaments incurved ; anthers extrorse, loosely attached just above the base. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; stigmas 2, recurved or divergent. Fruit a globose or ovoid drupe, the exocarp pulpy, the bony endocarp at length splitting into two valves. Seed-coat membranous. Embryo curved. [Name ancient, used by Plinj' for an African species of Lotus.] About 60 species of temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Celtis australis L. ULMACEAE 235 1. Celtis trinervia Lam. Encyc. 4: 140. 1797. Sponia trinervia Dene. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris 3: 498. 1834. A slender tree, up to 18 m. high or higher, the smooth bark gray. Leaf- blades ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 4-13 cm. long, 2-7.5 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, usually rounded on one side at the base and acute on the other, serrate, in age often covered with minute black elevated dots, glabrous or slightly pu- bescent; petioles 4-11 mm. long, pubescent; flowers in loose axiUary cymes, or the fertile ones sometimes solitary; stigmas linear; drupe purple-black, 7-8 mm. long, about as long as the pedicel or longer; the pit subglobose, rugose. Thickets and forests; southern dry districts of Porto Rico; Mona; St. Thomas: St. Croi.x; St. Jan; Tortola:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola. [C. australis of Krebs, not of Linnaeus.] 3. TREMA Lour. Fl. Coch. 562. 1790. Trees or shrubs, unarmed. Leaves alternate, toothed, 3-nerved at the base. Flowers small, mostly monoecious or polygamous, greenish or whitish, in axillary cymes, the perfect mostly fertile. Sepals of the pistillate flowers induplicate- valvate. those of the perfect flowers sUghtly imbricated. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2. Ovule pendulous. Drupe ovoid or subglobose, surrounded by the persistent perianth; endosperm fleshy, usually scant. [Greek, a hole.] About 30 species of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Trema cannabina Lour. Leaves acute, 2-6 cm. long, 0.6-2.5 cm. broad; veins prominent beneath. 1. T. Lamarckiana. Leaves acuminate, 6-15 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. broad; veins not prominent. 2. T. micrantha. 1. Trema Lamarckiana (R. & S.) Blimie, Mus. Bot. Lugd. 2: 58. 1853. Celtis Lima Lam. Encyc. 4: 140. 1797. Not Sw. 1788. Celtis Lamarckiana R. & S. Syst. 6: 311. 1820. Sponia Lamarckiana Dene. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris 3: 498. 1834. Trema Lima Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 129. 1893. Not Blume, 1853. A tree, up to 10 m. high, the trunk sometimes 3 dm. in diameter, or more often a shrub 1.5-3.5 m. high, the twigs slender, rough-pubescent. Leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate, 2-6 cm. long, 0.6-2.5 cm. broad, occasionally larger, acute at the apex, equilateral or inequilateral at the base, very rough above, reticulate- veined and finely tomentose beneath; flowers about 2 mm. in diameter, the staminate clusters sessile, the pistillate short-stalked; drupe ovoid, 2.8-3 mm. long, glabrous. Thickets and hillsides, Porto Rico:—Florida; Bermuda; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Saba to St. Vincent. 2. Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. 2: 58. 1853. Rhamnus micranthus L. Syst. ed. 10, 937. 1759. Celtis micranthus Sw. Prodr. .53. 1788. Celtis rugosa Willd. Sp. PI. 996. 1806. Sponia micrantha Dene. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris 3: 498. 1834. Trema micranthum obtusatum Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 195. 1905. A tree, sometimes 18 m. tall, the bark gray-brown, slightly fissured, the branches pubescent with rather stiff, whitish hairs. Leaf-blades oblong-lance- olate to lanceolate-ovate, 6-15 cm. long, 2. .5-5 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, rarely obtuse, often somewhat inequilateral and cordate, rounded or occasionally subtruncate at the base, rough above, pubescent on the nerves beneath, or 236 MORACEAE glabrescent, not reticulate-veined; cymes equalling or twice as long as the petioles; flowers greenish-yellow; drupes ovoid, 2.8--3 mm. long, glabrous. Woodlands and hillsides, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola; Cuba to Trinidad; continental tropical America. The hght brown wood is weali and soft. Palo de cabra. Guacimilla. Sponia stipellata Bello, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 109. 1883. This was described from foliage only and has not been identified by sub- sequent botanists. Urban questions its reference to this family. Family 2. MORACEAE Lindl. Mulberry Family. Trees or shrubs, usually with milky sap, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, toothed, or sometimes lobed, stipulate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in catkin-like spikes, or heads, on a flat entire or lobed receptacle, or on the inside of a closed receptacle. Staminate flowers with a 2-4-lobed or 2-4-parted perianth, or perianth tubular, or sometimes wanting; stamens usually as many as the perianth-lobes and opposite them, rarely only 1; petals none. Pistillate flowers with a 3-5-parted perianth, or sometimes tubular with a small opening at the top; ovary superior or more or less inferior, 1- or 2-celled; style or stigmas 1 or 2; ovule solitary, pendulous, ana- tropous, or erect and orthotropous. Fruit a syncarp or synconium. Seeds with little or no endosperm; embryo straight or curved; cotyledons often unequal, usually thick. About 55 genera and over 900 species, natives of temperate and tropical regions. Trees or slirubs. Flowers borne on the inner wall of a closed flesliy receptacle, 1. Ficus. Flowers not borne on the inner wall of a closed receptacle. Flowers dioecious, involucrate, the stainhiate in heads, the pistillate solitary. 2. Pseudolmedia^ Flowers dioecious or monoecious, not tnvolucrate. Flowers in solitary or paired axillary spikes or heads. Staminate and pistiUate flowers spicate; staminate flowers with a 4-parted perianth, the stamens 4; pistillate perianth tubular, 4-toothed. 3. Trophis. Staminate flowers spicate, the pistihate hi dense heads. , Flowers dioecious; perianth of both stammate and pistillate flowers 4-parted, the stamens 4. 4. Chlorophora. Flowers monoecious; perianth of the staminate flowers 2-4-lobed or -parted, the stamen 1; pistil- late perianth tubular. 5. Artocarpus. Flowers in dense spikes clustered at the apex of a long axiUary pedimcle, enclosed at first in a spathe-llke caducous bract. 6. Cecropia. Herbs, acaulescent; flowers monoecious, imbedded in the long- peduncled, flat, simple or lobed, androgynoiis receptacle. 7. Dorstenia. 1. FICUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1059. 1753. Trees or shrubs, sometimes woody vines, with milky sap, and alternate,, rarely opposite leaves. Flowers monoecious, borne on the inner walls of closed fleshy, subglobose, pyriform or ovoid, sessile or stalked, axillary receptacles, with an involucre of bracts at the base, the mouth (ostiolum) closed by imbricated bracts; calyx of the staminate flowers u£,aally divided into 2-6 sepals; stamens 1 or 2; filaments short, erect, the anther innate or adnate, 2-celled, the ceUs longitudinally dehiscing. Sepals of the pistiUate flowers often fewer and nar- rower than in the staminate, or sometimes wanting; ovary 1-celled, the solitary ovule pendulous, anatropous; styles excentric; stigma club-shaped. Achenes. MORACEAE 237 immersed in the thickened succulent receptacle. Seed pendulous; testa mem- branous; embryo incurved; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons equal or unequal; radicle incumbent. [Ancient Latin name.] About 600 species of tropical and warm regions, known as Jaguey and Wild Figs. The wood of the Porto Rico species is soft, weak and not durable. Type species: Ficus Carica L. Ostiolum immersed in the receptacle, surroimded by an elevated ring. 1- F. crassincrvia. Ostiolum not immersed in the receptacle. Receptacle 4. .5-10 mm. in diameter; basal bracts 1—4 mm. long. Primary lateral veins of the leaves numerous, close together; recep'tacle 4.5-6 mm. in diameter. 2. F. Sintenisii. Primary lateral veins of the leaves few, distant; receptacle 7-10 mm. in diameter. Pedimcles slender, 4-20 mm. long, 0.6-1 mm. thick; petioles 1..5-4 cm. long. 3. F. laevigata. Pedimcles stout, 3-7 mm. long, 1.6-2.5 mm. thick; petioles 1-2 cm. long. 4. F. Stahlii. Receptacle 1.5-2 cm. in diameter; basal bracts 9-12 mm. long. 5. F. Urbaniana. 1. Ficus crassincrvia Desf.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 113S. 1806. A tree, occasionally 20 m. high, the twigs grayish-brown or brown, pubescent. Leaves ovate, oblong or oval, 6-17 cm. long, .3. .5-10 cm. broad, rounded or oc- casionally acutish at the ape.x, rounded and often subcordate at the base, the petioles 1-3.5 cm. long; primary lateral veins distant, the secondary reticulate; receptacles in pairs in the axils of the leaves, subglobose, 1-1.4 cm. in diameter, often somewhat verrucose; ostiolum immersed in the receptacle; basal bracts about 2 mm. long, the peduncles 2-5 mm. long. Hillsides, rocky woodlands, and forests, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croi.x; Tortola;—Cuba; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Lucia. Recorded by Eggers as Ficus trigonata L. 2. Ficus Sintenisii Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 464. 1903. A tree, sometimes reaching a height of 20 m. with glabrous or puberulent twigs. Leaves elliptic to oval, occasionally somewhat elliptic-obovate, 3-7.5 cm. long, 1.5-3.6 cm. broad, often rather abruptly acute or acuminate at the apex, acute or rounded at the base, glabrous, the petioles 6-12 mm. long; veins rather prominent, close together and parallel; receptacles usually in pairs in the axils of the leaves, subglobose, 4.5-6 mm. in diameter; ostiolum prominent; basal bracts about 1.5 mm. long, the peduncles slender, 4-8 mm. long. [? Ficus pertusa of Sesse &. M05.] Mountain forests, Porto Rico. Endemic. 3. Ficus laevigata Vahl, Enum. 2: 183. 1805. Ficus populnea Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1141. 1806. Ficus lentiginosa Vahl, Enum. 2: 183. 1805. Ficus pedunculata Vahl, Enum. 2: 184. 1805. Ficus brevifolia Nutt. Sylva 2: 3. 1846. Urostigma laevigatum Miq. in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 6: 539. 1847. Urostigma sanctae-crucis Liebm. in Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. V. 2: 328. 1851. Ficus thomaea Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bot. 3: 299. 1867. Ficus sanctae-crucis Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bot. 3: 299. 1867. Ficus portoricensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 472. 1900. Ficus populnea laevigata portoricensis Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 474. 1903. Ficus populnea laevigata thomae Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 474. 1903. Ficus populnea laevigata sancti-joannis Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 475. 1903. Ficus populnea laevigata sanctae-crucis Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 475. 1903. 238 MORACEAE Ficus populnea laevigata pedunculata AVarb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 475. 1903. Ficus populnea lentiginosa subcordata Warb. in Urban. Symb. Ant. 3: 476. 1903. Ficus populnea lentiginosa obliquicuspis Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 477. 1903. Ficus laevigata genuina portoricensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 198. 190.5. Ficus laevigata lentiginosa subcordata Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 198. 1905. Ficus laevigata lentiginosa obliquicuspis Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 198. 1905. A tree, sometimes reaching a height of 20 m., or shrub-like. Leaves ovate, elliptic, oval or oblong, 3-17 cm. long, 2-9 cm. broad, glabrous, acute, acu- minate or occasionally obtuse at the apex, rounded truncate or obtuse and often subcordata at the base, long-petioled, the upper surface bearing numerous minute elevated papillae, or sometimes with pores, finely reticulate-veined beneath; receptacles usually in pairs in the axils of the leaves, globose or globose-ovoid, 7-10 mm. in diameter; ostiolum more or less prominent; basal bracts 1-3 mm, long, the peduncle slender, 4-20 mm. long. Coastal thickets and hillsides at lower elevations, Porto Rico; Icacos; Culebra; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola:—Florida; Bahamas to Barbados. A species consisting of numerous races differing in size of foliage and fruits, and in the length of the peduncle. Boislaglu. 4. Ficus Stahlii Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 470. 1903. A tree, 10-15 m. tall, with smooth bark and rather stout light-brown twigs. Leaves oblong to ovate or broadly elliptic, occasionally obovate, 8-17 cm. long, 5-9 cm. broad, rounded or obtusely short-acute at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, glabrous, the petioles 1-2 cm. long; primary lateral veins distant, the secondary veins finely reticulate; receptacles usually in pairs in the axils of the leaves, subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter; ostiolum prominent; basal bracts 2-4 mm. long, usually puberulent; peduncles 3-4 mm. long. Limestone hills at lower elevations, Porto Rico; Mona. Endemic. Very similar to Ficus mamillifera Warburg of Jamaica. 5. Ficus Urbaniana Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 459. 1903. A medium sized or large tree. Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, 12-23 cm. long, 7-14.5 cm. broad, rounded or obtuse at the apex, usually rounded and often subcordate at the base, glabrous, the petioles rather stout, 3-6 cm. long; primary lateral vins distant, the secondary finely reticulate beneath; receptacles usually in pairs in the axUs of the leaves, subglobose, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, finely pu- bescent or nearly glabrous, the ostiolum sometimes nearly flat; basal bracts 9-12 mm. long, puberulent, the peduncle very short and stout or none. In woods and occasionally planted on St. Croix:—Antigua; St. Martin; St. Eustatius; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent. Recorded by Eggers and by Millspaugh as Ficus crassinervia Desf. Ficus Carica L., Higo, Edible Fig, of the Mediterranean region, grown for its fruit in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, forms a small tree up to about 6 m. high, with stout branches, rough-pubescent, suborbicular or oval, palmately 3-7- lobed cordate leaves, the obovoid fruit 3-7 cm. long. Ficus elastica Roxb., India Rubber Fig, Rubber Plant, Asiatic, grown for shade and ornament in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, reaches a height of 12 meters or more, with widely spreading branches and numerous stout pendent aerial roots; it has smooth shining elliptic entire many-veined leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, the small ellipsoid fruit sessile. MORACEAE 239 Ficus nitida Thunb., Laurel de India, grown for shade and for ornament in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, is a den,sely leafy tree up to 20 m. in height, with glabious, dark green, elliptic leaves 5-7 cm. long, acute at both ends, the globose fruits about 7 mm. in diameter, sessile. [F. arbutifoUa Link.] Ficus pumila L., Creeping Fig, Asiatic, commonly grown on walls in Porto Rico and occasionally in the Virgin Islands, is a small-leaved vine, adhering to walls by its numerous aerial roots; it sends out horizontal branches with larger ovate or elliptic leaves 5-8 cm. long, and obovoid figs about 5 cm. long. Ficus lyrata Warburg, Lyrate-leaved Fig, African, experimentally grown by Mr. A. S. Fairchild at Louisenhoj, St. Thomas, is a tree with coriaceous obovate, strongly few-veined leaves up to 3 dm. long or longer, narrowed at or below the middle, cordate and stout-petioled, the obovoid fruit about 2 cm. long. Ficus benjamina L., Malayan, a tree with drooping branches, glabrous throughout, the ovate shining, abruptly acuminate, subcoriaceous leaves 4-10 cm. long, the subglobose red flgs sessile, 1-L5 cm. in diameter, is occasionally planted for ornament in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Ficus serratus L., in the hst of St. Thomas plants by Krebs, is an error of some kind; Ficus serrata L. is an Arabian species. A species of Ficus with coriaceous glabrous entire pinnately few-veined leaves up to 3 dm. long, the petioles stout and short, occasionally planted in Porto Rico, has not been specifically identified ; young trees only were seen. 2. PSEUDOLMEDIA Tree. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 129. 1847. Forest trees with milky sap, entire or sUghtly repand pinnately veined leaves, and small caducous intrapetiolar stipules. Flowers dioecious. Stamlnate flowers in sessile involucrate axillary heads; perianth wanting; stamens numerous on a receptacle within the involucre, intermixed with stalked spathulate scales. Pistillate flower solitary in the involucres,, axillary, the perianth tubular with a small opening at the apex; ovary enclosed in the perianth; stigma bifid, exserted; ovule pendulous. Fruit ovoid, enclosed by the more or less fleshy perianth. Pericarp crustaceous. Cotyledons fleshy, unequal. [False Olmedia.] About 5 species, natives of the West Indies and continental tropical America. Type species: Pseudolmedia havanensis Tree. 1. Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 152. 18.59. Brosinvum spurium Sw. Prodr. 12. 1788. Pseudolmedia havanensis Tree. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 130. 1847. A tree, sometimes 15 m. high, or higher, with slender light-1)rown twigs. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 8-16 cm. long, 2.8-6 cm. broad, rather abruptly acuminate at the apex, more or less inequilateral and acutish or obtuse at the base, dark green and glabrous above, paler, glabrous and finely reticulate-veined beneath, the petioles 2.5-7 mm. long; bractsof the staminate heads suborbicular, pube.scent; fruit eUipsoid, 1 cm. long. Forests, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; also recorded from Panama. Negra lora. 3. TROPHIS [P. Br.] L. Sp. Syst. ed. 10, 1289. 17.59. Trees with milky sap. Leaves pinnately veined, entire or toothed, those of the shoots sometimes lobed, the stipules lateral, small, caducous. Flowers dioecious. Staminate flowers in dense cylindric soUtary or paired axillary spikes perianth 4-parted; stamens 4, the filaments inflexed in bud, becoming straight, exserted; ovary rudimentary. Pistillate flowers in few-flowered soUtary or 240 MORACEAE sometimes paired axillary spikes; perianth tubular or tubular-ovoid, aduate to the ovary, 4-toothed; style 2-parted, persistent; ovule pendulous. Fruit some- what fleshy. Embryo straight; cotjledons fleshy, semiglobose; radicle short, superior. [Greek, fodder.] Five or six species, natives of the West Indies and continental tropical America, the following typical. 1. Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 195. 1905. Bucephalon racemosum L. Sp. PL 1190. 17.5.3. Trophis americana L. Syst. ed. 10, 1289. 1759. A tree, occasionally reaching a height of 15 m., the young twigs brown, pubescent. Leaves oblong-elliptic or elliptic, 9-20 cm. long, 3-8.5 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, acutish or rounded at the base, finely reticulate-veined beneath, glabrous, entire or somewhat sparingly toothed, the petioles 6-14 mm. long; staminate spikes short-peduncled, 4-10 cm. long, about 7 mm. thick, velutinous; pistillate spikes 1-2 cm. long, velutinous; fruit subglobose or globose- ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, reddish brown. Wooded limestone hills and thickets at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico: Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; continental tropical America. The leaves are used for fodder. Ramon. Ramoncillo. 4. CHLOROPHORA Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 5G8, 509. 1826. Trees with tough close-grained wood, and yellowish milky sap, the young shoots often, and the older branches occasionally, armed with slender axillary spines. Leaves pinnately veined, entire or variously toothed, those of the shoots often shallowly or deeply pinnately lobed ; .stipules caducous. Flowers dioecious. Staminate flowers in dense slender-peduncled axihary catkin-like spikes; perianth 4-parted; stamens 4, the filaments inflexed in bud, becomijig straight; ovary rudimentary. Pistillate flowers in dense axillary heads; perianth 4-parted, the segments concave; bracts small, similar to the perianth-segments, sometimes thickened on the inside at the apex; ovary oblique; style lateral, filiform, exserted, the long stigmatic surface undivided; ovule laterally affixed, descending. Fruit fleshy; achene compressed, oblique at the apex; embryo with equal cotyledons. [Greek, green-bearer.] Two species, the following typical one native of the West Indies and continental tropical America, the other of tropical Africa. 1. Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 508. 1826. Morus tinctoria L. Sp. PI. 986. 1753. Broussenetia tinctoria H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 32. 1817. Broussenetia Plumieri Spreng. Syst. 3: 901. 1826. Madura tinctoria D. Don. ; Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, 87. 1841. Madura xanthoxylon Endl. Gen. Suppl. 4: 34. 1847. A tree, sometimes reaching a height of 20 m., the twigs light-brown, often pubescent. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-elliptic or elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, 1..5-5.3 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded, subtruncate or cordate at the base, glabrous or somewhat pubescent on both surfaces, entire or toothed, short- petioled; staminate spikes cylindric, 4-12 cm. long, about 4 mm. thick, short- peduncled; pistillate flowers in subglobose heads 6-10 mm. in diameter; fruit 12-14 mm. in diameter, short-pedinicled. Hillsides and woodlands, Porto Rico; Mona; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan (according to Eggers); St. Croix:—Cuba and Jamaica to Trinidad and Curacao; continental tropical America. The hard strong durable yellowish wood is used for furniture and in construc- tion and yields a valuable dye. Mora. Palo de mora. Fustic. MORACEAE 241 5. ARTOCARPUS Forst. Char. Gen. 101. 1776. Milky-juiced trees, some witli edible fruits. Leaves often large, coriaceous, entire or pinnately lobed, pinnately veined ; stipules various. Flowers monoecious; the staminate in rather stout cylindric catkin-like spikes; perianth 2-4-lobed or parted, the lobes valvate or slightly imbricate; stamen 1, the filament erect, pistil wanting. Pistillate flowers in axillary or terminal, subglobose or ellipsoid heads, often mixed with peltate bracts, the perianth tubular, with a small opening at the apex; ovary straight; style entire or 2-lobed; ovule soUtary, pendulous. Fruit a large fleshy oblong, cylindric or globose receptacle. Achenes sunk in the receptacle. Seeds without endosperm; embryo straight or incurved; cotyledons fleshy; radicle short. [Greek, bread-fruit.] About 40 species, natives of Ceylon and the Bast Indies. Type species: Artocarpus communis Forst. 1. Artocarpus communis Forst. Char. Gen. 102. 1776. Artocarpus incisa L. f. Suppl. 411. 1781. A tree, 8-12 m. high, or sometimes higher, with spreading branches, the bark gray and smooth. Leaves 3-9 dm. long, 2.8-4.5 dm. wide, dark green and often pubescent with rather long scattered hairs on the veins above, paler, sca- brous, finely reticulate-veined and somewhat pubescent beneath, cuneate and entire at the base, deeply pinnately lobed, the lobes acuminate; staminate spikes dense, club-like, 2.5-4 dm. long, the filament broad, as long as the perianth; pistiUate heads subglobose, long-peduncled ; fruit large, up to 3 dm. long, sub- globose or oval, edible. Hillsides and valleys, spontaneous after cultivation, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Jan; St. Croix:—widely cultivated for its fruit and seeds in all tropical regions, some races seedless. Native of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The strong yellowish wood, with a specific gravity of about 0.49, is used for furniture and in coD.struction. Pan. Palo de Pan. Bread Fruit. Artocarpus integrifolia L., Jack-fruit, East Indian, occasionally planted in Porto Rico and the \'irgin Islands, is a large tree with ovate, usually entire, acute leaves, its fruit similar to that of the preceding species. 6. CECROPIA L. Syst. ed. 10, 1286. 1759. Trees with milky juice, often rather sparingly branched, the branches hollow with septa at intervals. Leaves large, usually palmately lobed, more or less peltate, long-petioled, frequently white-tomentose beneath; stipules large, con- nate, intrapetiolar. Flowers dioecious, in dense spikes clustered at the apex of the axillary peduncle within a large spathe-like caducous bract. Staminate spikes dense, slender, cylindric, perianth tubular; stamens 2, the filaments straight, scarcely exserted; rudimentary ovary wanting. Pistfllate spikes dense, the perianth tubular with a small opening at the apex; ovary included; style short; stigma penicillate, exserted; ovule erect, orthotropous. Fruit oblong-ellipsoid. Cotyledons equal; radicle superior. [Greek, referring to the use of the wood in making wind instruments.] Some 35 or 40 species, natives of the West Indies and tropical continental America. Type species: Cecropia peltata L. 1. Cecropia peltata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1286. 1759. Ambaiha peltata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 623. 1891. A tree, 12-20 m. high, with few spreading branches, the gray bark thin, smooth. Leaves orbicular, 3-4 dm. broad, 7-9-lobed, dark green and scabrous 242 MORACEAE above, densely clothed beneath with white tomentum; petioles thick, 3 dm. or more long; staminate spikes numerous, about 4 cm. long, 3 mm. thick; short- peduncled pistillate spikes 2-6, sessile, 5-6 cm. long, much thicker than the staminate, yellowish. [Cecropia obtusa of Cook and Collins.] Hillsides, forests and ravines, Porto Rico, in moist and wet districts, ascending to at least 900 m. ; Vieques ; St. Thomas ; St. Croix ; St. Jan :—Cuba and Jamaica to Trinidad also in northern South America. The branches are hollow, the old trunks solid, the soft wood nearly white. Llagrumo. Trumpet-tree. Trumpet-wood. 7. DORSTENIA [Plum.] L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753. Acaulescent herbs. Leaves basal, entire or lobed, often membranous, the stipules lateral, distinct, usually persistent. Flowers monoecious, imbedded in the usually long-peduncled solitary, flat, simple or lobed, androgynous receptacle. Perianths more or less connate and adnate to the receptacle. Staminate flowers with 1-3 stamens, the filaments at first inflexed, becoming straight. Pistillate flowers more deeply imbedded in the receptacle than the staminate, the mouth of the perianth almost closed; ovary included; style lateral or excentric, bifid; ovule pendulous. Fruits small, at length protruded from the pits. Endocarp crustaceous; cotyledons contorted. [Named in honor of Theodor Dorsten, professor of medicine at Marburg, Germany, died 1539.] About 50 species, of tropical America and Africa, one in Asia. Type species : Dorstenia contrajerva L. 1. Dorstenia contrajerva L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753. An acaulescent herb with long-petioled leaves, the rhizome erect, 2.5-5.5 cm. long. Leaves oblong-ovate, deltoid-ovate, oval or orbicular in outline, deeply lobed or entire, 6-20 cm. long, 7-22 cm. broad, glabrous or with scattered hairs on both sides, the petioles 0.8-2.5 dm. long; receptacles entire or lobed, peltate, 1.5-3 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. broad, pubescent on the back, the scape slender, 0.7-3 dm. long. Rich woods, Porto Rico:—St. Martin; Guadeloupe, Martinique; St. Vincent; Gre- nada; Trinidad; continental tropical America. Tusilla. Castilla elastica Cerv., Central American Rubber, has been planted oc- casionally hi Porto Rico. It is a large tree, the sap milky, containing caoutchouc, the pubescent leaves elliptic-obovate, 2-5 dm. long, acuminate, short-petioled, the monoecious flowers capitate, both stamhiate and pistillate in the same clusters. Morus nigra L., Mora, Black Mulberry, native of Asia, has been planted for its fruit in Porto Rico. It is a tree, sometimes up to 15 meters high, with broadly ovate, serrate leaves 15 cm. long or less, occasionally somewhat lobed, glabrous when mature; the monoecious flowers are in drooping spikes 3-6 cm. long, the staminate ones with a 4-parted perianth and 4 stamens, the pistillate with a similar perianth, a sessile ovary and 2 linear stigmas. The fruit is a dense fleshy oblong purple or nearly black spike 2-3 cm. long, delicious. Morus multicaulis Perr., Chinese, experimentally planted in Porto Rico, its leaves a food for silk worms, is a shrub or small tree, with leaves similar to those of the Black Mulberry but rougher, the flowers similar, the black sweet fruit smaller. Morus alba L., White Mulberry, European and Asiatic, planted in Porta Rico and St. Croix, difl'ers in having white fruit about 2 cm. long. Brosimum guianense Grosourdy, recorded by the author as Porto Rican,. called Gateado, has i;ot been identified by subsequent botanists. URTICACEAE 243 Family 3. URTICACEAE Rchb. Nettle Family. Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or occasionally trees, sometimes armed with stinging hairs, often with dot-like or linear cystoliths. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple, entire, toothed or sometimes lobed; those of a pair often unequal. Stipules usually present. Flowers small, greenish, dioecious, monoecious or polygamous, in axillary, simple or compound, often congested cymes, or in globose clusters, the clusters sessile in the axils or at the nodes or along the rachis of a spike. Calyx 2-5-cleft, or of distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes or sepals and opposite them, reduced to staminodia in the pistillate flowers, or none; filaments distinct; anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style simple; ovule soUtary, erect or ascending, orthotropous. Fruit small, an achene. Endo- sperm oily, usually not copious; embryo straight, with thick flat, often broad cotyledons. About 40 genera and 550 species of wide geographic distribu- tion. Flowers without involucres. Pistillate perianth 2-5-parte(i. Shrubs or small trees. 1- iVrera. EEcrbs Leaves alternate; plants armed with stinging hairs. 2. Fleurya. Leaves opposite; plants without stinging hairs. 3. Pilea. Pistillate perianth tubular, 2-4-toothed or entire. . „ x. Stigma persistent. f- Boehmerta. Stigma: deciduous. 5- Pouzolzia. Pistillate flowers involucrate by 2 bracts. o- Houssena^ 1. URERA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 496. 1830. Shrubs, sometimes climbing, or trees, often with stinging hairs, the alternate petioled leaves entire or toothed, the cystoliths small, dot-like, linear, or some- times wanting. Stiimles free, or more or less connate. Flowers dioecious or sometimes monoecious. Panicles dichotomous, cymose or irregularly racemo.=e. Staminate flowers with a 4- or 5-parted calyx ; stamens 4 or 5; ovary rudimentary. Pistillate calyx of 4 nearly equal lobes, or the two outer small; stigma penicillate, persistent; ovule erect. Achene straight or oblique, enveloped in the succulent persistent perianth; pericarp thinly crust?ceous; seed with httle endospen;i or none; cotyledons broad, flat. [Name un'.-xplained, probably from uro, to burn, alluding to the stinging hairs.] About 40 species, natives of tropical America; Africa, the Mascarene Islands and Pacific Islands, the Porto Rico species known as Ortiga. Type species: Urtica baccifera L. Leaves coarsely dentate: fruit 3-5 mm long. 1. f7 baccifera. Leaves crenate-dentate, fruit 1-1.5 mm. long. Leaves broadlv ovate to orbicular-ovate, usually cordate at the base: flowers dioecious. 2. (./. caracasana. Leaves oblong-elliptic to ovate, usually rovmded at the base; flowers monoecious. 3. U. chlorocarpa. 1. Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud.; Wedd. Ann. Sc. Nat. II. 18: 199. 1852. Urtica baccifera L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1398. 1763. A shrub 1.5-4 m. high, the stems usually armed with rather stout sharp, often helmet-shaped, brownish prickles 1.5-7 mm. long. Leaves oblong-ovate to round-ovate, 1-3.5 dm. long, 0.6-2.4 dm. broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded and sometimes subcordate at the base, dentate to coarsely sinuate- dentate, glabrous or with sharp-pointed, often transparent, deciduous stinging 244 URTICACEAE hairs above, usually armed on the veins beneath with rather stout straight or recurved stinging hairs; petioles 2-20 cm. long; cymes much-branched, the branches pinkish or pinkish red, often armed with numerous, slender sharp hairs; flowers dioecious; fruit white or rose-colored, 4-5 mm. long. Woodlands and forests at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas: Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; St. Vincent; Grenada; Tobago; Trinidad; Central and South America. The plant is painfiUly stinging. 2. Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaud.; Griseb. FI. Br. W. I. 154. 1859. Urtica caracasana Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. 3: 71. 1798. A shrub sometimes 6 m. high, the young twigs armed with sharp slender stinging hairs. Leaves ovate to orbicidar-ovate, acuminate at the apex, usually cordate at the base with a broad open sinus, crenate-dentate, scabrous above, more or less soft pubescent beneath especially when young and with slender stinging hairs on the veins; petioles 2. .5-14 cm. long, pubescent, often armed with scattered stinging hairs when young; cymes regularly dichotomous; flowers dioe- cious or sometimes monoecious; fruit vermilion-colored when ripe, 1-1.5 mm. long, 0.8-1 mm. broad. Primeval forest, Sierra de Nagiiabo:—Jamaica; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Lucia; St. Vincent; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 3. Urera chlorocarpa Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 293. 1899. A shrub 2-4 m. high, the older branches brown, often glabrous or nearlj so, the twigs more or less appressed pilose, usu.allj with sharp scattered transparent hairs intermixed. Leaves oblong-elliptic to ovate or oval, 7-23 cm. long, 3.5-12 cm. broad, acute cr acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, crenate-dentate, glabrous or A\ith scattered hairs above, soft pubescent beneath when young and with sharp scattered transparent hairs on the veins; petioles 2-13 cm. long; cymes dichotomous, i.5-2.5 cm. long; flowers monoecious, the staminate short- petioled; fruit short-ovoid or obliquely ovoid, 1-1.5 mm. long, 1 mm. broad. Primeval forests near Adjuntas and on the Sierra de Naguabo. Endemic. Urera elata (Sw.) Griseb., aspecies apparently endemic in Jamaica, hss been recorded from St. Croix by Grisebach and by Eggers; it is not known to exist there now. 2. FLEURYA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 497. 1830. Annual herbs, mostly with stinging hairs, alternate petioled dentate leaves, and minute clustered monoecious or dioecious flowers. Staminate flowers with a 4-5-parted i^erianth, 4 or 5 stamens and a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with 4, more or less unequal, imbricated perianth-segments, a somewhat oblique ovary, the stigma papillose; ovule erect. Fruit an oblique achene. [Commemorates J. F. Fleury, French botanist.] About 8 species, of tropical regions. Type species: Fleurya paniculata Gaud. 1. Fleurya aestuans (L.) Gaud.; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 154. 1859. Urtica aestuans L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1397. 1763. Urtica latifolia Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 113. 1792. Erect or ascending, simple or little-branched, 3-12 dm. high, the stinging hairs copious or few. Leaves thin, ovate or ovate-orbicular, 7-17 cm. long, 2.5- 12 cm. broad, coarsely and sharply dentate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, the petioles 1-12 cm. long; panicles androgyn- URTICACEAE 245 ous, shorter than or eqlialUng the leaves, slender-ped uncled; achene ovate, com- pressed, 1.2-1.6 mm. long. On rocks walls and waste grounds, Porto Rico; Vieques: St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan- Tortola:—Bahamas to Trinidad; continental tropical America; also recorded from the Old World tropics. Pica-pica. West Indian Nettle. 3. PILEA Lindl. Coll. vl- 4- 1821. Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes shrubby at the base, with opposite petioled mostly 3-nerved leaves, connate stipules, and small monoecious or dioe- cious flowers in axillary cymose or glomerate clusters. Staminate flowers mostly 4-parted (sometimes 2- or 3-parted) ; stamens as many as the perianth-segments, the ovary rudimentary. Pistillate flowers 3-part'ed, the segments in most species unequal, each subtending a staminodium in the form of a concave scale; ovary straight; stigma sessile, penicillate. Achene compressed, smooth or scabridulous, more or less incompletely enveloped by the persistent perianth-segments. Seed- coat thin; endosperm scanty or none; cotyledons broad. [Latin, a felt cap, from the shape of the larger sepal of the fertile flower which in some species partly covers the achene.] About 190 species, chiefly in the tropics, most abundant in tropical America. Type species: Pilea muscosa Lindl. Leaves entire. Leaves 1-nerved or faintly pinnately vemed; cystoliths of the upper siu-face linear, conspicuous. Stem erect or diffuse ; species of dry situations. Herbaceous slender species. Leaves fleshv. 1. P. microphylla. Leaves membranous. 2. P. tenerrima. Bushy, very fleshy. 3. P. Margareltae. Stems creeping in wet situations. 4. P. herniarioides. Leaves .3-nerved; cystoliths minute, inconspicuous. Diminutive species with rhombic leaves 3-7 mm. long, .3-5 mm. broad. 5. P. multicaulis. Tall species with ovate much larger leaves. Sparmglv pubescent or glabrate; stipules triangular, caducous. 6. P- Parielaria. Pilose; stipules semi-amplexicaul, persistent. 7. P. yunquensis. Leaves dentate, crenate or incised. Leaves pinnately vemed. 8. P. Krugu. Leaves 3-5-nerved at or a little above the base. Inflorescence short, about as long as the petioles or shorter; creeping species: leaves orbicular. 9. P. nummulartaefolia. Inflorescence longer than the petioles, often as long as the leaves. Leaves orbicular, coarsely crenate, 3 cm. long or less; stem creeping. 10. P. repens. Leaves ovate, elliptic, lanceolate or linear. Leaves acute or obtuse, crenate or dentate. Plants low, slender, creeping; leaves 0.8-5 cm long. 11- P- inaequalis. Plants tall, stout; leaves larger. Leaves cimeate at the base. 12. P. Richardi. Leaves rounded or subcordate at the base. Leaf-margm crenate-dentate. 13. P. oblusaia. Leaf-margin double toothed. 14. P. sanctae-critcis. Leaves long-acuminate. Both staminate and pistillate inflorescence paniculate. 15. P. leptophylla. Staminate inflorescence capitate, pistillate paniculate. 16. P. semidentala. 1. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 296. 1851. Parictaria inicrophijlla L. Syst. ed. 10. 1308. 1759. Pilea microphylla trianthemoides Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 155. 1859. Adicea microphylla Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 622. 1891. Adicea microphylla trianthemoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 622. 1891. 246 URTICACEAE Glabrous, dioecious or monoecious, the fleshy stems erect or ascending or sometimes creeping at the base, 2-20 cm. high, Leaves of a pair often unequal, the blades small, often crowded, obovate, oblanceolate or elliptic, 1.5-10 mm. long, 0.7-6 mm. broad, occasionally larger, acute or acutish at the apex, acute at the base, l-nerved, entire, the cystoliths linear, prominent above, the petioles filiform, shorter than the blades; flower-clusters very small, usually sessile, shorter than the leaves; sepals ovate, very thin, acutish; achene oblong, lenticular. [? Urtica portulacina of Krebs.] Moist banks, rocks and walls at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola; Anegada:—Florida; Bermuda; West Indies; tropical America. Consists of several races, some of them commonly planted for orna- ment. Madre selva. Gale of Wind. Artillery Plant. Verdolaguxlla. 2. Pilea tenerrima Miquel, Linnaea 26: 219. 1854. Stems very slender or nearly filiform, usually tufted, prostrate or nearly so, slightly fleshy, 3-10 cm. long, more or less branched. Leaf-blades suborbicular or obovate, 3-6 mm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex, obliquely narrowed or obtuse at the base, l-nerved, usually thin and flaccid, glabrous, entire, the slender petioles 2-5 mm. long; flowers and achenes similar to those of the pre- ceding species of which it is, perhaps, a slender, small-leaved race. [? Urtica serpyllacea of Krebs.] Banks and wells at lower elevations in dry districts of Porto Rico; Mona; St. Jan; St. Thomas; Tortola; Anegada:—Bahamas; Florida; Cuba; Jamaica; Curacao; South America. 3. Pilea Margarettae Britton, sp. nov. ? Pilea microphylla succiilenta Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 155. 1859. A low glabrous bushy fleshy herb, the stems erect or ascending. Leaves of a pair unequal, the blades broadly oval to orbicular, 2-6 mm. long, 1.8-6 mm. broad, thick, flrm in texture, rounded at the apex, acutish or rounded at the base, 1- nerved, entire, the cystoliths linear, prominent above, the petioles filiform, 1.5 mm. long or less; flower clusters often shorter than the petioles, sessile or short- peduncled. Limestone rocks and cliffs, Porto Rico ; Mona ; Anegada :—Cuba ; Jamaica. Type from rock crevices, top of a limestone hill near Coamo Springs, Porto Rico (N. L. Britton, E. G. Britton and Margaret S. Brown, Mar. 14, 1922). 4. Pilea herniarioides (Sw.) Lindl. Coll. Bot. under pi. 4. 1821. Urtica herniarioides Sw. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 8: 65. 1787. Pilea deltoides Liebm. Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 298. 1851. Pilea microphylla herniarioides Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16': 106, in part. 1869. Adicea microphylla herniarioides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 622. 1891. Stems filiform, short, little branched, usually prostrate or creeping, often rooting at the nodes. Leaves of a pair nearly equal, the blades minute, broadly ovate, deltoid or suborbicular, 1-3 mm. long and broad, glabrous or with few long hairs on the upper surface and margin; petioles about 1 mm. long; inflores- cence usually sessile in the upper axils or among the terminal leaves ; pedicels of the stamina'te flowers up to 2 mm. long, the perianth 1.2-1.5 mm. long, the pistillate perianth smaller; achene ovate-elliptic, 0.6-0.7 mm. long, more or less muriculate, the margins somewhat transparent. Bank of stream. La Juanita near Las Marias, and base of cliff above Corozal, Porto Rico- St Croix (according to Fawcett & Rendle) ; Vii-gin Gorda:—Cuba; Hispamola; Jamaica; also recorded from Guadeloupe, Martinique and Costa Rica. 5. Pilea multicaulis Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 295. 1899. A small glabrous suffrutescent monoecious herb, the stems erect or ascending. Leaves of a pair often unequal, the blades ovate to orbicular, 3-7 mm. long, 3-5 URTICACEAE 247 mm. broad, obtuse at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, 3-nerved, the margin entire ; cystoliths minute, rather prominent above, inconspicuous beneath ; petioles very slender, 2-6 mm. long; stipules semiorbicular, 0.4-0.7 mm. long; inflorescence glomerate, the pistillate sessile or short-peduncled, the staminate with a peduncle up to 4 mm. long; achenes ovate, 0.5 mm. long. Eastern Porto Rico, collected only by Schwanecke. Endemic. 6. Pilea Parietaria (L.) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bot. 2: 48. 1856. Urtica Parietaria L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 985. 1753. Urtica ciliaris L. Syst. ed. 10. 1266. 1759. Pilea ciliaris Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 209. 1852. Pilea Wydleri Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bot. 2: 49. 1856. Pilea ciliaris Rivoriae Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 161; 114. 1869. Pilea- ciliaris Wydleri Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 161; 115. 1869. Adicea ciliaris Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI. 622. 1891. Pilea Parietaria Wydleri Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 201. 1905. Monoecious, suffrutescent, with glabrous ascending stems up to 3 dm. or higher. Leaves of a pair often somewhat unequal, the blades membranous, narrowly ovate to broadly ovate, 2.5-9 cm. long, 1-4.3 cm. broad, acute or acu- minate at the apex, obtuse or rounded and occasionally somewhat subcordate at the base. 3-nerved, often pilose above with scattered pellucid hairs, usually pilose on the veins beneath, the margin entire, ciliate, the cystoliths small and inconspicuous above, usually prominent beneath; petioles 3-5.5 cm. long; glabrous or sparingly pilose; stipules triangular, caducous, 1-2 mm. long, brown; cymes 1 or 2 in the axils, the peduncles often longer than the petioles; achenes ovate-elliptic, 0.6-0.7 mm. long, smooth. Moist shaded situations, banks and forests, Porto Rico, ascending to higher eleva- tions:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Saba to Grenada. 7. Pilea yunquensis (Urban) Britton & Wilson, sp. nov. Pilea Parietaria yunquensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 295. 1899. Pilea Parietaria yunquensis brevinodis Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 295. 1899. Suffrutescent, the stems erect or ascending, 1-2 dm. or higher, densely pilose. Leaves of a pair somewhat unequal, the blades ovate, 3.5-8 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded and often somewhat Inequilateral at the base, 3-nerved, membranous, pilose on both sides with pellucid hairs, the margin entire, ciliate; cystoliths small, rather inconspicuous; petioles 1.5-4 cm. long, pilose; stipules semi-amplexicaul, persistent, white, 2.5-3 mm. long; achene ovate, smooth. Forests of the eastern mountains of Porto Rico at higher elevations. Endemic. 8. PileaKrugiiUrban, Symb. Ant. 1:298. 1899. Glabrous, monoecious, the rootstocks up to 8 dm. long, creeping among mosses on tree trunks and over rocks, the stems erect or ascending, 1.5-3 dm. high. Leaves of each pair usually very unequal, the blades membranous, pinnately veined, serrate, the cystoliths linear; larger leaf-blades elliptic-lanceolate, lance- olate or obovate-elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. broad, acuminate to long- acuminate at the apex, acute or obtuse and often inequilateral at the base, the petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. long, the smaller blades lanceolate, elliptic or broadly obovate, 7-5 cm. long, the petioles 0.5-6 mm. long; stipules caducous; inflorescence capitate, many-flowered, axillary, sessile or short-peduncled; shorter or slightly longer than the petioles; achenes ovate, 1.3 mm. long. Mountain forests of Porto Rico. Endemic. 248 URTICACEAE 9. Pilea nummulariaefolia (Sw.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 225. 1852. Urtica nummulariaefolia Sw. Vet. Acad. Handl. Stockh. 8: 63. 1787. Adicea nummulariaefolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 62.3. 1891. Urtica rotundifolia Sesse & M05. Fl. Max. ed. 2, 214. 1894. Not Savigny 1797. Stem elongated, creeping, rooting at the nodes, pilose, the branches erect or ascending. Leaves of each pair about tiie same size and form, broadly oval to orbicular, 5-20 mm. long, occasionally truncate at the ])ase, 3-nerved, hispid on both sides with transparent hairs, crenate, the cystoliths linear; petioles 3-15 mm. long, pilose; stipules oval to round-oval, 1..5-2.5 mm. long; staminate in- florescence about half as long as the leaves, the calyx-lobes elliptic, 2-2.3 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. broad, pilose, the pedicels 3-4 mm. long; pistillate inflorescence axillary or terminal, equalling or shorter than the petioles, the flowers subsessile or pedicellate; achenes ovoid, 0.5-0.6 mm. long. On shaded banks and rocks and in forests, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix:—Bermuda; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola. Sometim.es planted for ornament. Yerba de Culebra. Creeping Charley. 10. Pilea repens (Sw.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 220. 1852. Urtica repens Sw. Vet. Acad. Handl. Stockh. 8: 61. 1787. Adicea repens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 622. 1891. Stems creeping, often rooting at the nodes, the branches erect or ascending, pilose. Leaves of a pair often unequal, the blades ovate to suborbicular, occasion- ally somewhat obovate, 0.8-3.5 cm. long, 0.7-3 cm. broad, rounded or obtuse at the apex, rounded at the base, 3-nerved, glabrous or pilose with few scattered pellucid hairs above, often sparingly pilose on the veins beneath, the margin crenate or crenate-serrate ; cystoliths linear, prominent on both surfaces; petioles slender, 0.5-2.5 cm. long; inflorescence long-peduncled, sometimes longer than the leaves; achene ovate, 0.7-0.8 mm. long, 0.5 mm. broad. Shaded rocky situations at lower elevations in moist districts, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe. 11. Pilea inaequalis (Juss.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 229. 1852. Urtica inaequalis Juss.; Poir, in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. 4: 222. 1816. Urtica collina Bertero; Spreng. Syst. 3: 839. 1826. Pilea chamaedrys Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 229. 1852. Adicea chamaedrys Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 622. 1891. Adicea inaequalis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 622. 1891. Stems erect or ascending, mostly less than 1.5 dm. high, pubescent, the root- stocks slender. Leaves of each pair usually unequal, the blades ovate to oval, occasionally obovate, 0.8-5 cm. long, 0.5-3 cm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, acute or rounded at the base, glabrous or nearly so on both sides, the margin coarsely crenate-serrate to the middle or below, the cystoliths linear; petioles 3-18 mm. long, pubescent; stipules ovate to orbicular, 2 mm. long; inflorescence in the axils of the upper leaves, the peduncles often as long as the leaves, the flowers short-pedicelled or subsessile; achenes oval to round-oval, about 1 mm. long. Moist hillsides and forests of Porto Rico, ascending to higher elevations; St. Thomas:—Janaaica; also recorded from the Lesser Antilles. 12. Pilea Richardi Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 319. 1907. Dioecious, perennial, the stems solitary, erect, sparingly short-pilose. Leaves of a pair subequal, the blades membranous, obovate or oval-elliptic, 6-9 cm. long, 3.5-4 cm. broad, obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, sparingly pilose above, glabrous beneath, 3-nerved above the base, the margin dentate- URTICACEAE 249 serrate, short-ciliate, the cystoliths linear; petioles 1-2 cm. long, short-pilose; stipules suborbicular, subtruncate at the apex, brown; pistillate inflorescence as long as the leaves, the peduncles 3-4 mm. thick, the heads 6-15-flowered; flowers sessile or subsessile, the lobes unequal; achene short-ovate or obhquely-ovate, 0.9 mm. long, brown, not muriculate. St. Thomas, collected by L. C. Richard, according to Urban. Known to us only from the description. Endemic. 13. Pilea obtusata Liebm. Vid. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 300. 1851. Pilea montana Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 228. 1852. Pilea pubescens Griseb. Fl. Br. W.I. 159. 1859. Not Liebm. Pilea pubescens montana Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 161; 153. 1869. Adicea obtusata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 623. 1891. Stems. erect, 1-3 dm. or higher, pilose. Leaves of each pair more or less unequal, the blades broadly ovate, 3-9.5 cm. long, 2-7 cm. broad, obtuse or acut- ish at the apex, rounded or obtuse and often subcordate at the base, 3-nerved, glabrous or pilose above, pilose beneath especially on the veins, the margin coarsely crenate-dentate, the cystoliths linear; petioles 0.5-4 cm. long: stipules broadly ovate or orbicular, 2-3 mm. long; cj-mes long-peduncled ; staminate flowers sub- sessile, the perianth 1.5 mm. long; pistillate flowers sessile or subsessile; achene elliptic-ovate or ovate, 0.7-0.8 mm. long, 0.4-0.5 mm. broad, minutely muriculate. Forests, wooded vallevs and ravines; in moist or wet districts, Porto Rico, ascending to the higher elevations;—Montserrat; Martinique; erroneously recorded from Jamaica. 14. Pilea sanctae-crucis Liebm. Vid. Selsk. Skr. Y. 2: 301. 1851. Adicea sanctae-crucis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 623. 1891. Dioecious or rarely monoecious, the stems erect. Leaves of each pair sub- equal, the blades membranous, or chartaceous, ovate or ovate-elliptic, 3-9 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. broad, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, rounded and often subcordate at the base, glabrous or sparingly pilose above, pilose on the nerves beneath, 3-5-nerved a little above the base, the margin doubly toothed, the cys- toliths linear; petioles 1-4 cm. long; stipules orbicular or obovate-orbicular, 4-7 mm. long; persistent; inflorescence long-peduncled, paniculate, many-headed, or the staminate sometimes raceme-like and few-headed; achene ovate, 7-9 mm. long. [Pilea grandis and P. semidentata of Eggers, not Wedd. ; ? Urtica betulifolia ofKrebs.] Sierra de Luquillo (according to Urban); banks and forests, St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola. Endemic. 15. Pilea leptophylla Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 297. 1899. Stems erect, glabrous. Leaves of a pair equal or nearly so, the blades mem- branous, ovate or ovate-elliptic, 8-15 cm. long, 5-7 cm. broad, acuminate to long- acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, 5-nerved, pilose when young, the margins dentate or undulate-crenate. short-ciUate, the cystoliths linear; petioles. 0..5-1. 5 cm. long; stipules ovate, 7-8 mm. long, brown; inflorescence long-peduncled, often longer than the leaves, its branches spreading; staminate flowers with pedicels 1-2 mm. long, the perianth-lobes triangular; pistillate flowers subsessfle; achene short-ovate, 0.7 mm. long. Cerro de Pandiira, Sierra de Yabucoa. Endemic. 16. Pilea semidentata (Juss.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 215. 185:'. Urtica semidentata Juss.; Poir. in Lam. Encyc. Suppl. 4: 222. 1816. Pilea elegans Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 215. 1852. Pilea portoricensis Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16': 143. 1869. 250 URTICACEAE Pilea elegans latifolia Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16': 141. 1869. Pilea elegans minor Wedd. loc. cit. 141. 1869. Pilea semidentata major Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16': 142. 1869. Adicea elegans Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 622. 1891. Adicea semidentata Kuntze, Rev. Pi. Gen. 2: 623. 1891. Urtica capitata Sesse & M09. Fl. Mex. ed. 2, 214. 1894. Not L. Pilea semidentata minor Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 297. 1899. Pilea semidentata nana Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 297. 1899. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. or more high, glabrous. Leaves of a pair equal or sometimes unequal; blades various, narrowly oblong, oblong-lanceolate, oblong- obovate, lanceolate or ovate, 2-16 cm. long, 0..5-6 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, narrowing at the base into the petiole or rarely rounded, 3-5-nerved, glab- rous on both sides, the margin serrate, denticulate, or incised-serrate, the cystoliths linear; petioles 0.6-5 cm. long; stipules elliptic to oval or ovate, 0.6-1.6 cm. long, persistent; inflorescence long-peduncled, often longer than the leaves, the staminate capitate, the pistillate with spreading branches; achene narrowly ovate, 0.8-0.9 mm. long, 0.5 mm. broad. Shaded banks and cliffs and forests at middle and higher elevations In wet or moist districts, Porto Rico; Hispaniola; Saba; St. Eustatiiis; St. Kitts; Guadeloupe; Domin- ica; Martinique. The species consists of many races, with leaves differing in size and shape. Pilea portoricensis Wedd., the broadest-leaved race, inhabits banks at about 600 m. altitude, between Guayama and Cayey. Pilea grandifolia (L.) Blume [Pilea grandis Wedd.], recorded by Weddell (DC. Prodr. 16': 143) as from Jamaica and St. Thomas, is confined to Jamaica, where there is a parish of St. Thomas. Pilea ciliata (Sw.) Blume, recorded by Krebs from St. Thomas, is also endemic in Jamaica [Urtica ciliata Sw.]. 4. BOEHMERIA Jacq. Enum. 9, 31. 1760. Perennial herbs, shrubs or sometimes small trees, without stinging hairs. Leaves opposite or alternate, often long-petioled, toothed, 3-nerved. Stipules generally free or joined only at the base, deciduous. Flowers small, monoecious or dioecious, in globose clusters, the clusters generally unisexual, sessile in the axils or at the nodes or along the rachis of a spike. Staminate flowers 4-parted (rarely 3- or 5-parted) or the calyx of 4 distinct sepals; stamens as many as the calyx-lobes or sepals; ovary rudimentary. Pistillate calyx tubular or urn- shaped, 2-4-toothed or entire. Ovary enveloped by the perianth, sessile or stalked ; ovule erect ; stigma subulate, papillose or hairy along one side, persistent in fruit. Achene enclosed by the withering-persistent pistillate calyx. Seeds small; testa thin; cotyledons elliptic or ovate. [In honor of Georg Rudolph Boehmer, 1723-1803, professor in Wittenberg.] About 50 species, mostly of warm regions. Type species; Boehmeria ramiflora Jacq. Inflorescence elongate, glomerate-spicate; plant erect. 1. B. cylindrica. Inflorescence of small a.xillary cliisters; plant traUing. 2. B. repens. 1. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. Prodr. 34. 1788. Urtica cylindrica L. Sp. PI. 984. 1753. Boehmeria littoralis Sw. Prodr. 34. 1788. Boehmeria cylindrica brachystachys Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16': 202. 1869. Ramium cylindricum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 632. 1891. Perennial, erect, 2-10 dm. tall, the stem simple or branched, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves opposite or alternate, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate URTICACEAE 251 or ovate-lanceolate, 5-17 cm. long, 1-7 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded, acutish or occasionally subcordate at the base, coarsely dentate, often more or less pubescent, especially beneath, petioled; flower-clusters sessile, dense, forming elongated interrupted spikes on slender branches; achene suborbicular, 1-1.2 mm. broad, pointed, often oblique at the base. Wet or moist soil at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—Bermuda; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Trinidad; continental America. 2. Boehmeria repens (Griseb.) Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16': 201. 1869. Pouzolzia repens Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 174. 1860. Pilea Swartzii Griseb. loc. cit. 174. 1860. Not Wedd. 1852. Boehmeria repens major Wedd. loc. cit. 201. 1869. Ramium repens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 633. 1891. Stems slender, trailing, 2-8 dm. long, pubescent. Leaves ovate, 0.8-4.5 cm. long, 0.6-2.5 cm. broad, those of a pair usually very unequal, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or acutish at the base, more or less pubescent on both surfaces with long stiff hairs, petioled, dentate; flower-clusters small, axillary; •achenes ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long, 1.2 mm. broad, pointed. Moist forests, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola. Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud., Ramie, a native of tropical Asia, has been cultivated in Porto Rico for its fiber. It is a shrubby perennial, about 1 m. high, with alternate ovate serrate leaves up to 2 dm. long, white-tomentulose beneath. {Urtica nivea L.] Boehmeria macrophylla (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc, a Japanese species, was recorded by Krebs as found in St. Thomas, apparently in error. [Urtica macrophylla Thunb.] 5. POUZOLZIA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 503. 1830. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, rarely opposite, usually entire, 3-nerved, petioled leaves. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, in axillary clusters. Staminate flowers with a 4- or 5-lobed or 4-.or 5-parted (rarely 3-parted) calyx; stamens as many as the calyx-lobes ; ovary rudimentary. Pistillate calyx tubular, 2-4-toothed ; ovary completely enclosed by the perianth ; stigma usually linear or filiform, hairy on one side, not persistent in fruit ; ovule erect. Achene enclosed by the withering-persistent pistillate calyx. Seed small; testa thin; endosperm scant or none; cotyledons ovate. [Named in honor of Pierre Casimir Marie de Pouzolz, 1785-1858.] About 60 species, natives of tropical regions. Type species ; Parietaria laevigata Poir. 1. Pouzolzia occidentaUs (Liebm.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 8: 410. 1856. Levcococcus occidentaUs Liebm. Vid. Selsk. Skr. Y. 2: 311. 1851. A shrub 3 m. or higher, with pubescent twigs. Leaves membranous, elliptic to ovate, 5-14 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm, broad, acuminate at the apex, cuneate or round- ed at the base; pubescent above with stiff scattered hairs, softly pubescent beneath at least when young; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, pilose; heads few- flowered; staminate flowers sessile or short-pedicelled, the lobes pubescent; pistillate calyx pubescent; stigma deciduous; achene ovate. Valley of the Coamo River at El Tendal, Porto Rico; Vieques:—Central and South America. 252 URTICACEAE 6. ROUSSELIA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 503. 1830. A low difTuse perennial herb, without stinging hairs, the leaves alternate, entire, the small axillary flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers in small racemes, the calyx 4-parted, the stamens 4, the ovary rudimentary. Pistillate flowers geminate, 2-bracted, sessile, the bracts foliaceous; calyx ovoid, dentate; ovary straight; style filiform, curved, plumose on one side. Achene flat, ovate, acute, surrounded by the bracts. Seed with a membranous testa and scanty endosperm. [Commemorates H. F. A. de Eoussel, professor at Caen.] A monotypic genus. 1. Rousselia humilis (Sw.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 205. 1905. Urtica humilis Sw. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 6: 34. 1785. Urtica lappulacea Sw. loc. cit. 8: 69. 1787. Rotisselia lappulacea Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 503. 1830. Pubescent; stems slender, branched, prostrate or ascending, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves ovate to elliptic or oval, membranous, 3-nerved, 0.5-4 cm. long, 0.4-3.5 cm. broad, acute to acuminate or obtuse at the apex, rounded or acutish at the base; stipules minute; bracts of the pistillate flowers ovate, 3-4 mm. long, entire; achene shining, about 1.5 mm. long. Shaded rocky place.s at lower elevations, Porto Rico; St. Thomas:—Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Saba; Dominica. Pellionia Daveauana N. E. Brown, East Indian, well established at Louisenhoj, St. Thomas, in 1923, is a prostrate spreading, somewhat fleshy perennial, with sessile lanceolate-oblong variegated leaves about 6 cm. long, their bases obliquely cordate. Urtica elongata Vahl (St. Croix, according to West) is a species unknown to modern botanists. Grevillea robusta Cunn., Silk Oak, Australian, of the large family Pro- teaceae, order Proteales, planted for ornament and shade in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, is a fine tree, reaching a height of 15 m. or more, with 2- pinnately parted leaves up to 3 dm. long, the ultimate linear-oblong segments small, acute; its flowers are borne in panicled racemes, with oval sepals and a long style; the fruits are recurved oblique follicles about 15 mm. long, tipped by the slender bent style. Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell., of Queensland, West Australia, also of the Proteaceae, experimentally planted at the Forest Station, Rio Piedras and growing well in 1923, is a tree with verticillate, oblong-lanceolate, entire shining leaves 1-3 dm. long, the nearly regular white flowers in racemes, the fruit globose, leathery, the pericarp 2-valved. Order 7. SANTALALES. Trees, shrubs or herbs, many of them parasitic on the roots or branches of other plants, with simple, mostly entire leaves, sometimes reduced to scales. Flowers perfect or imperfect, inconspicuous, the corolla present or wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals or petals. Fruit various. Seeds mostly with fleshy endosperm. OLACACEAE 253 Plants not parasitic; flowers perfect. Fam. 1. Olacaceae. Parasitic plants; flowers monoecious or dioecious. Parasitic slirubs containing clilorophyU; leaves oppo- site, in some species reduced to scales, or alternate; flowers borue in axillary or terminal spikes, racemes „.^.^„.„^.x, or panicles, or solitary. , „ Fam. 2. Loranthaceae. Fleshy root-parasites without leaves or chlorophyll; flowers crowded on spadix-like peduncled heads or „ „.^ .^.r^T>^r^^^r^^A^ QQ^Qs Fam. 3. Balanophoraceae. Family 1. OLACACEAE Lindl. Olax Family. Shrubs, trees or woody vines, mostly with alternate and entire, pinnately veined, estipulate leaves, and regular, perfect or polygamous flowers in axil-* lary clusters. Calyx 4-6-toothed or 4-6-parted. Corolla 4-6-lobed or of 4-6 distinct petals. Disk various. Stamens 4-12; filaments distinct or rarely monadelphous; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-3-celled, inferior, half- superior, or partly immersed in the disk; ovules few, anatropous; style short, usually simple; stigma entire or 2-5-lobed. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled. Testa of the seed membranous; endosperm fleshy, or rarely wanting. About 25 genera and 140 species, mostly tropical. 1. SCHOEPFIA Schreb.; Gmel. Syst. 376. 1791. Glabrous trees or shrubs, with coriaceous entire leaves and small perfect flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx very small, 4-toothed. Petals united to above the middle, forming a tubular or urceolate, 4-6-lobed corolla, the lobes valvate, recurved. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them; filaments filiform or short; anthers didymous. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, partly immersed in the disk; style slender or short; stigma capitate or 3-lobed; ovules usually 1 in each cavity. Fruit a small drupe nearly enclosed by the accrescent disk. [Com- memorates J. D. Schoepf, 1752-1800, a German botanist.] About 15 species, of tropical and subtropical America and Asia. Type species: Schoepfia Schrebcri Gmel. Fruit 6-10 mm. long, 4.5-6 mm. in diameter. Leaves obovate, occasionally oblong or elliptic, roiuided or obtuse, 2-4 cm. long, 0.8-2.5 cm. broad. 1. S. obovata. Leaves lanceolate-ovate to ovate, acuminate, frequently folded- „ „ ^ ^ : falcate, 4-7.5 cm. long, 1.8-4.8 cm. broad. 2. S. Schreberi. Fruit 1.6-1.8 cm. long, 1 cm. in diameter; leaves ovate, obtuse or acutish. 3. S. arenaria. 1. Schoepfia obovata C. Wright; Sauvalle, Anales Acad. Habana 5: 289. 1868. A glabrous shrub 1-3 m. high, or sometimes a tree up to 10 m. high, the twigs slender, gray, the bark rough in narrow plates. Leaves obovate, occasionally oblong or elliptic, coriaceous, 2-4 cm. long, 0.8-2.5 cm. broad, rounded or obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, few-veined, the petioles 1-3 mm. long; peduncles solitary or few together in the axils, 2-8 mm. long, 1-3-flowered; flowers sessile ; corolla 4-5 mm. long, red to greenish yellow, the lobes ovate or triangular-ovate; fruit globose-obovoid to ellipsoid, 6-8 mm. long, 4.5-5 mm. in •diameter, yellow or red wlien mature. Coastal thickets and woodlands at lower and middle elevations in relatively dry dis- tricts, Porto Rico; Anegada:—Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola. 2. Schoepfia Schreberi Gmel. Syst. 376. 1791. Codoninm arborescens Vahl, Skr. Nat. Selsk. 2^: 207. 1792. Schoepfia arborescens R. & S. Syst. 5: 160. 1819. A shrub or small tree. Leaves lanceolate-ovate to ovate, coriaceous, 4-7.5 cm. long, 1.8-4.8 cm. broad, obtusely acuminate at the apex, rounded or some- 254 LORANTHACEAE what acutish at the base, frequently folded-falcate, rather indistinctly veined, short-petioled ; peduncles solitary or several in the axils, 1-3-flowered; flowers sessile; corolla 4-4.5 mm. long, the lobes triangular-ovate; fruit obovoid or ellip- soid, 8-10 mm. long, 5-6.5 mm. in diameter, black. Woodlands, Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix:—Antigua to Trinidad; recorded from continental tropical America. 3. Schoepfia arenaria Urban & Britton; Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 181. 1907. A .shrub with light gray branches. Leaves ovate, coriaceous, 3.5-6 cm. long, obtuse or somewhat acutish at the apex, rounded at the base, rather in- tdisti'nctly pinnately nerved, the petioles 3-5 mm. long; peduncles 7-9 mm. long, 2-3-flowered; corolla 7 mm. long, cream-color; the lobes triangular-lanceolate; fruit 1.6-1.8 cm. long, 1 cm. in diameter, bright red. Sandy coastal thicket, Santurce, Porto Rico. Endemic. Included at first by Urban in' the preceding species. Recorded by Millspaugh as Schoepfia didyma C. Wright. Ximenia americana L., a thorny shrub or small tree, widely distributed in the West Indies as a coastal species, has been recorded as occurring in Porto Rico by Britton and Millspaugh (Bahama Flora 112), but we are not now able to verify this range by reference to any specunen preserved; it grows on the coast of Santo Domingo. Santalum album L., Sandal-wood, East Indian, seedlings of which were seen at the St. Croix Agricultural Experiment Station in 1923, forms a beautiful small tree, its wood nearly white, fragrant, its thin, elliptic leaves about 7 cm. long, its small flowers in terminal panicles, white, turning purple. Family 2. LORANTHACEAE D. Don. Mistletoe Family. Parasitic shrubs containing chlorophyll, growing on woody plants and absorbing food from thsir sap through speciahzed roots called haustoria (a few tropical species terrestrial). Branches terete or angled, often artic- ulated at the nodes. Leaves opposite, in some species reduced to scales, or alternate. Flowers perfect, monoecious or dioecious, in axillary or terminal spikes, racemes or panicles, or solitary. Perianth of one or two series of parts.' Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. Stamens 2-6. Anthers 2-celled, the cells parallel, longitudinally dehiscing, or sometimes 1-celled, with the cells confluent and dehiscing by a transverse pore or chink. Disk present or sometimes wanting. Ovary solitary, l-celled. Style simple or none. Stigma term'nal. Fruit a berry. Embryo terete or angled. About 21 genera and 500 species, widely distributed; most abundant m tropical regions. Perianth of two series of parts; flowers in axillary or terminal racemes spikes or panicles, the calyx-tube enveloped by a cup-like, toothed • . bractlet ' "htvfirusa. Perianth of one series of parts; flowers in axillary or terminal spikes, more or less sunken in the racliis. Tririiurr, Leaves alternate: mternodes contmuous. ^- ixiaium. Leaves or scales opposite; internodes articulated Filaments adnate to the petals at the base, with a short free tip; anthers 2-celled ' •^- rhoraaeimron. Filaments wholly adnate to the petals, the anthers sessile, r..r,wrn„h/h«r« 1-celled '-> confluence. 4. Dendropninora. LORANTHACEAE 255 1. PHTHIRUSA Mart. Flora 131 : 110. 1830. [Dendropemon Blume in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1729. 1830.] Parasitic shrubs, with opposite, coriaceous or somewhat fleshy, mostly flat leaves. Flowers mostly perfect, solitary or in groups of 3's in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes or panicles. Bractlets connate, cupulate. Caly.x-limb truncate or sometimes toothed. Petals usually 6, free, spreading in flower. Stamens alternately unequal, the fleshy fllaments inserted below the middle of the petals. Ovary with an annular disk; style stout, columnar. Fruit a small fleshy berry. Embryo straight. [Greek, destroying.] About 45 species, natives of the West Indies and tropical South America. Known as Hicaquillo. Type species: Loranthus clandestinus Mart. Branches terete, the twigs sometimes compressed. Branches of the inflorescence scaly. 1. P. bicolor. Branches of the Inflorescence smooth. Leaf-blades rouuded or subtriincate at the base, abruptly con- tracted mto the petiole; berry oval. 2. P. Sintenisii. Leaf-blades gradually tapering into the petiole; berry obovoid or obovoid-cylindric. 3. P. purpurea. Branches 4-angled. 4. P. caribaea. 1. Phthirusa bicolor (Krug & Urban) Engler in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Nachtr. 2-4: 135. 1897. Loranthus emarginatus DC. Prodr. 4: 288, in part. 1830. Not Sw. 1788. Dendropemon bicolor Krug & Urban; Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 24. 1897. Phthirusa emaryinata Cook and Collins, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 217. 1903. Young branches compressed, scaly. Leaf-blades narrowly to broadly obovate, 2-5 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm. broad, rounded or emarginate at the apex, cuneate at the base, short-petioled ; racemes usually shorter than the leaves, the peduncles terete or shghtly compressed, 1-2 cm. long, scaly; pedicels 1 mm. long or less; bractlets connate to about the middle; berry broadly eUipsoid, 7-8 mm. long, 4-4.5 mm. in diameter, red with black tip. On trees and shrubs, Porto Rico. Endemic. Recorded by BeUo as Loranthus americanus Jacq. 2. Phthirusa Sintenisii (Krug & Urban) Engler in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Nachtr. 2-4: 135. 1897. Dendropemon Sintenisii Krug & Urban; Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 25. 1897. Branches terete or nearly so, smooth. Leaf-blades ovate or short-obovate, 5-6 cm. long, 4-5 cm. broad, rounded or subemarginate at the apex, rounded or subtruncate at the base, the petioles 4-5 mm. long; racemes 4-6 cm. long, the peduncle smooth, slightly compressed; pedicels 1 mm. long or less; bractlets united; berry oval, 8 mm. long. On a tree in a cofifee plantation near Aibonito, collected only by Sintenis. Endemic. 3. Phthirusa purpurea (L.) Engler in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Nachtr. 2-4: 135. 1897. Viscum purpiireum L. Sp. PI. 1023. 1753. Dendropemon purpureus Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 26. 1897. Branches smooth, not at all scaly, flattened when young, soon terete. Leaf- blades obovate or oblanceolate, 2.5-6 cm. long, 0.9-2.5 cm. broad, obtuse, sub- truncate or acute at the apex and usually mucronulate, rarely refuse, narrowed at the base, the petioles 3-12 mm. long; racemes glabrous, several-many-flowered, shorter or longer than the leaves, the peduncles somewhat flattened; pedicels 1-3 mm. long; bractlets connate to about the middle; berry obovoid-cylindric or obovoid, 6-8 mm. long, black or blue-black. [P. parvifolia of Cook and Collins.] On trees and shrubs, vicinity of Guanica, Porto Rico:—Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola. 256 LORANTHACEAE 4. Phthirusa caribaea (Krug & Urban) Engler in E. & P. Nat. Tfl. Nachtr. 2-4: 135. 1897. Loranthus occidentalis Sesse & Mog. Fl. Mex. ed. 2, 83. 1894. Not L. 1 759. Dendropemon caribaeus Krug & Urban; Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 27. 1897. Pendent, 5-8 dm. long; young branches 4-angled, .smooth or somewhat scaly. Leaf-blades obovate, occasionally oval or suborbicular, rarely ovate, 2-6 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. broad, rounded and emarginate and often mucronulate at the apex, rarely acute, narrowed or sometimes rounded at base, short-pet ioled; racemes glabrous or somewhat scaly, 1-6 cm. long, the peduncles compressed or angled; pedicels 1-2 mm. long, often with a furfuraceous decurrent line; bractlets connate to about the middle; berry obovoid, 7-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. in diameter, blue-black. On trees and shrubs, Porto Rico, abundant in the dry southern districts; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan; Virgin Gorda; Tortola; Anegada:—Antigua to Barbados Phthirusa pauciflora (Sw.) Eichl., endemic in Jamaica, was erroneously recorded by Krebs from St. Thomas [Loranthus pauciflorus Sw.]. 2. IXIDIUM Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5^: 130. 1868-. Parasitic plants with angled or compressed stems, the internodes continuous. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary spikes, monoecious, sessile, sunken in the rachis, the staminate and pistillate in the same spike, the staminate occupying the lower part, the pistillate the upper; staminate flowers with a 4-parted calyx; stamens 4, the filaments short, free; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; disk fleshy; ovary rudimentary. Pistillate flowers: calyx 3- or 4-lobed; ovary subovoid-cylindric; disk thick; style short; stigma obtuse. Fruit a berry; seeds subglobose; endosperm copious; embryo subclavate; cotyledons oblong. [Name derived from the Greek word for mistletoe.] Two species of tropical America. Type species: Ixidium Schottii Eichl. 1. Ixidium Wrightii (Griseb.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5^: 132. 1868. Eremolepis Wrightii Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 192. 1860. Branches more or less flexuose, angled or compressed. Leaf-blades obovate 1-2.4 cm. long, 5-10 mm. broad, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, 3-5- nerved, subsessile, coriaceous; spikes short, few-flowered; sepals persistent. On trees in mountain forests of Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola. 3. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. II. l: 185. 1848. Shrubs, parasitic on trees or sometimes on other mistletoes, mostly brittle at the nodes, with opposite coriaceous flat leaves or these sometimes reduced to scales, and terete or angled twigs. Flowers sessile, usually sunken in the rachis; superposed in 2-6 rows, rarely in 8 rows in each joint, dioecious or monoecious. Staminate flowers with a 3-lobed (occasionally 2-, 4-, or 5-lobed) calyx, bearing a nearly sessile 2-celled anther at the base of each lobe. Pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adnate to the inferior 1-celled ovary; ovules solitary; style short; stigma capitate. Fruit a fleshy berry. Seed with a small embryo enclosed in copious endosperm. [Greek, tree-thief, from its parasitic habit.] Over 200 species, natives of the West Indies, continental tropical America, and a few in North America. Known as Parasitica, Yerba capitana and Mistletoe. Type species : Phoradendron californicum Nutt. LORANTHACEAE 257 Scale-sheath at or near the base of the lowest internode only of a branch. Leaves basinerved; flowers in 4 series, rarely in 5 series. Branches acutely 4-angled or 4-winged. Sepals inflexed. Spikes 3.5-9 cm. long, the joints 14-34-flowered. 1. P. tetrapterum. Spikes 1-3 cm. long; the joints 6-18-flowered. 2: P. Randiae. Sepals erect, parted. 3. P. trinervium. Branches terete or somewhat compressed. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, 6-8 cm. long. 4. P. chrysocarpum. Leaves eUiptic, 3-5 cm. long. 5. P. Helleri. Leaves pinnately veined; flowers in 6 or 8 series. 6. P. hexastichum. Scale-sheath at or near the base of each internode of a branch. Leaves pinnately veined. „ „ . . Twigs terete or somewhat compressed; leaves dull. 7. P. ptperoiaes. Twigs 4-angled; leaves glossy. 8. P. racemosum. Leaves basinerved. 9. P. dichotomum. 1. Phoradendron tetrapterum Ivrug & Urban; Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 35 1897. Branches more or less spreading, the internodes acutely 4-angIed or 4-wlnged. Scale-sheaths only at the base of the lowest internode of a branch; leaf-blades obovate, oblanceolate, elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, cuneately narrowed at the base, 5- nerved; spikes solitary or several together in the a.xils, 3.5-9 cm. long, 4-6- jointed; flowers in 4 series, rarely 5 series; berry subglobose or broadly ellipsoid, 3-3.5 mm. long, white; sepals not meeting. On trees and on other mistletoes, Porto Rico, in moist districts:—Jamaica, Martin- ique. Recorded by Kuntze as Phoradendron muUifoceolatum Eichl. 2. Phoradendron Randiae (Bello) Britton. Visciim angustifolium Bertero; Spreng. Syst. 1: 487. 1825. Not P. an- gustifolium Eichl. Phoradendron rubrum Gri,seb. Fl. Br. W. I. 314, in part. 1860. Viscum Randiae Bello, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 10: 278. 1881. Phoradendron antillarum Trel. Gen. Phorad. 111. 1916. Branches more or less pseudodichotomous, the internodes acutely 4-angled. Scale-sheaths at the base of the lowest internode only of a branch; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or narrowly obovate. 3-10 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm. broad, obtuse or acute at the apex, cuneately narrowed at the base, subsessile, 3-5-nerved; spikes usually several, 1-3 cm. long, 3-4-jointed; flowers in 4 series; berry subglobose, 3-4 mm. in diameter, yellow; sepals closely inflexed. On trees, Porto Rico; at lower and middle elevations:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Dominica. Referred by Urban to P. quadrangulare (H.B.K.) Krug & Urban. Quasimilla de canario. 3. Phoradendron trinervium (Lam.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 314. 1860. Viscum verticillatum L. Sp. Fl. ed. 2. 1452, in pact. 1763. Not L. 1753. Viscum trinervium Lam. Encycl. 3: 57. 1789. Phoradendron verticillatum Fawc. & Rend. Fl. Jam. 3: 96. 1914. Branches pseudodichotomous, the internodes often short, 4-angled. Seale- sheaths at the base of the lowest internode only of a branch, sometimes with a second sheath a short distance above ; leaf-blades obovate or elliptic-oblong. 2-6 cm. long, 1-3.6 cm. broad, rounded at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, scarcely petioled; spikes usually clustered, 1-2 cm. long, 2-4-jointed; flowers in 4 series; berry subglobose, 3-4 mm. in diameter, orange; sepals erect. On trees, Porto Rico, mostly in the dry southwestern districts, but found also near Las Cruces; St. Thomas:—Bahamas; Jamaica; Hispaniola to Trinidad. 258 LORANTHACEAE 4. Phoradendron chrysocarpum Krug & Urban; Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 39. 1897. Viscum flavens Spreng. Syst. 1: 488, in part. 1825. Not Sw. 1788. Viscum anceps DC. Prodr. 4: 282. 1830. Not Spreng. 1825. Branches rather long, often little forked, the internodes usually compressed. Scale-sheath at the base of the lowest internode only of a branch; leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, elliptic or broadly ovate, 4.5-14 cm. long, 2-8 cm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, cuneately narrowed at the base, 5-nerved; spikes several in the axils, 1.5-3 cm. long; flowers in 4 series; berry ovoid, 5-5.5 mm. long, white or yellow; sepals closely inflexed. On trees, Porto Rico, at lower elevations, mostly in dry districts; St. Thomas; St. Croix;—Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; St. Vincent. Recorded by Eggers as Phoradendron flavens Griseb. ; by Bello as Phoradendron Berterianum Griseb.; and by Millspaugh as Phoradendron marlinicense (DC.) Griseb. Pata de gallina. 5. Phoradendron Helleri Trel. Gen. Phorad. 100. 1916. Plant up to 8 dm. long, the branches more or less pseudodichotomous, the internodes rather short, the upper compressed. Scale-sheath at the lowest inter- node only a branch; leaf-blades oblong-elliptic, 3-5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, petioled, 3-5-nerved; spikes solitary or several, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, about 3-jointed; flowers in 4 series; berry ovoid, 4 mm. long, nearly white when unripe; sepals nearly or quite closed. On trees; southwestern dry districts of Porto Rico. Endemic. 6. Phoradendron hexastichum (DC.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 313. 1860. Viscum hexastichum DC. Prodr. 4: 282. 1830. Branches rather long, scarcely forked, stout, erect, the internodes com- pressed. Scale-sheath at the base of the lowest internode only of a branch; leaf-blades oblong-ovate or ovate, 6-13 cm. long, 3-6.5 cm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, often somewhat inequilateral and narrowed or sometimes, rounded at the base, more or less distinctly petioled, pinnately veined; spikes solitary or clustered, 2-6 cm. long, 3-4-jointed; flowers in 6 or 8 series; iDerry subglobose, 3-4 mm. in diameter, white, smooth; sepals closely inflexed. On trees, Porto Rico, in mountain forests:—Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Mar- tinique; St. Vincent; Grenada; also recorded from continental tropical America by Eichler. 7. Phoradendron piperoides (H.B.K.) Trel. Gen. Phorad. 145. 1916. Viscum latifoliu?n Sw. Prodr. 268. 1797. Not Lam. 1789. Loranthus piperoides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 443. 1818. Phoradendron latifolium Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 314. 1860. Branches rather slender, the internodes long, terete, often somewhat com- pressed just below the nodes. Scale-sheaths at the base of each internode; leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate or oval, 5-12 cm. long, 2-6.5 cm. broad, often bluntly acute or acuminate, rarely rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, dull, scarcely petioled, obscurely pinnately veined; spikes often dull red, 3-7 cm. long, usually clustered, 2.5-6 cm. long, 4-8-jointed; flowers in 4 series, rarely in 6 series; berry ellipsoid or ovoid, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, yellow or orange; sepals ascending, usually somewhat parted. On trees, Porto Rico; in wet or moist districts :-^Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad ; continental tropical America. LORANTHACEAE 259 8. Phoradendron racemosum (Aubl.) Knig & Urban; Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 46. 1897. Viscum racemosum. Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 895. 1775. Viscum latifolium Lam. Encyc. 3: 57. 1789. Viscum macrophyllum Spreng. Syst. 1: 488. 1825. Phoradendron penninervium Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5-: 128. 1868. Branches usually forked, the Internodes quadrangular, often sdmewhat enlarged just below the nodes. Scale-sheaths near the base of each internode; leaf-blades various, broadly lanceolate, elliptic, ovate, oval or orbicular, 7-15 cm. long, 4-10c5 cm. broad, shining, obtuse or rounded at the apex, acute or sometimes rounded at the base, distinctly petioled, pinnately nerved; spikes usually several, 2.5-5 cm. long, 3-5-jointed; flowers in 4 series; berry broadly ellipsoid, 4 mm. long, white; sepals inflexed or someAvhat parted. On trees, Porto Rico, mostly in moist districts; St. Thomas (according to Kiintze) : Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; South America. 9. Phoradendron dichotomum (Bert.) Krug & Urban; Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 48. 1897. Viscutn dichotomum Bert.; Spreng. Syst. 1: 488. 1825. Branches forked at each node, the internodes terete or slightly compressed when young. Scale-sheaths at the base of each internode often with a second sheath a short distance above; leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, 2-5.7 cm. broad, obtuse or acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, 3-7- nerved; spikes solitary or several, 3. .5-7 cm. long, 4-7-jointed; flowers in 4 series; berry subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter, white; sepals inflexed. On trees, Porto Rico, in moist districts:—Cuba; Hispaniola. Phoradendron anceps (Spreng.) Krug & Urban, is recorded by Trelease as preserved in the Prag Museum labeled as from Porto Rico (Bertero 439 in part) perhaps due to a mixture of specimens of P. anceps from Santo Domingo with specimens of P. chrysocarpum from Porto Rico. 4. DENDROPHTHORA Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5=: 102. 1868. Shrubs, parasitic, the branches articulated at the nodes, the internodes terete, 4-angled, or flattened and phyllode-like. Leaves opposite, reduced to scales, or wanting. Spikes axillary or terminal, articulated, bracted at each joint. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, sessile, usually sunken in the rachis, soUtary or several on each side of a joint, usually superposed in 2 rows or some- times 4. Staminate flowers with a 3-lobed (rarely 4-lobed) calyx; filaments wholly adnate to the sepals; anthers sessile. Pistillate flowers with a 3-lobed calyx; ovary inferior. Fruit a berry. Seed with a small embyro enclosed in copious endosperm. [Greek, tree destroyer.] About 40 species, natives of the West Indies and tropical America. Type species: Viscum opuntioides L. Monoecious; leaves present or wanting. Spikes with 2-5 joints; sepals forming a distinct crown on the fruit. 1- D. Wrightii. Spikes with 6-18 joints ; sepals not e.xceeding the tip of the fruit. 2. D. flagelliformis. Dioecious ; aplayUous ; scales of the branches conspicuous, decussate. 3. D. domingensis. 1. Dendrophthora Wrightii Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5^: 103. 1868. Arceuthobium macrostachyum Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 191. 1860. Not Viscum macrostachyum, Jacq. Branches yellow-green or greenish, the internodes terete, 1-2.5 cm. long. Leaves often wanting, the blades, when present, obovate, 0.8-3 5 cm. long, 0.6- 260 BALANOPHOKACEAE 1.5 cm. broad, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, 3-nerved, short-petloled flowers monoecious; spikes rather slender, 2-5-jointed, the joints 5-10 mm. long; flowers biseriate, 2-6 or occasionally 8 in each joint; berry ovoid, 4.5-5 mm. long, 4-4.5 mm. broad; sepals forming a distinct crown on the fruit. On trees in the dry southwestern districts of Porto Rico:—Cuba. 2. Dendrophthora flagelliformis (Lam.) Krug & Urban, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 14: 287. 1896. Viscum flagelliforme Lam. Encycl. 3: 56. 1789. Viscum leptostachyum DC. Prodr. 4: 28. 1830. Dendrophthora leptostachya Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5=: 104. 1868. Pendent or spreading; internodes 2-5 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 mm. thick. Leaves often wanting, the blade.^, when present, narrowly oblong to oblong-obovate, 2.5-5 cm. long, 6.5-14 mm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, 3-nerved, petioled or subsessile; flowers monoecious; spikes slender, 6-25 cm. long, 6-18-jointed; flowers biseriate, 4-10 or occasionally 12 or 14 in each joint; berry ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm. broad; sepals not exceeding the tip of the fruit. On Petitia domingensts and other woody plants, at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola. Recorded by Bello as Arceuthobium opuntioides Griseb. 3. Dendrophthora domingensis (Spreng.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5^: 103. 1868. Viscum dorninjense Spreng. Syst. It 487. 1825. Arce'Uhohium dominrjen.se Griseb. Gat. PI. Cub. 121. 1866. Much-branched, leafless, 2.5-5 dm. long or more, slender, with loosely articulate greenish or greenish-yellow branches, the internodes 1-2.5 cm. long, terete, 3-5 mm. thick. Scales decussate; flowers dioecious, the staminate spikes rather stout, up to 4 cm. long, 3-7-jointed, the flowers biseriate, 4-10 in each joint; pistillate spikes stout, 0.5-2 cm. long, the joints 2-4 mm. long, the flowers 2 in each joint; berry ovoid, 5 mm. long; sepals forming a distinct crown on the fruit. On trees, Porto Rico, ia moist districts :^Cuba; Hispaniola. Family 3. BALANOPHOKACEAE Lindl. Balanophora Family. Fleshy root-parasites without leaves or chlorophyll. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, often minute, crowded on spadix-like peduncled heads or cones. Staminate flowers usually much larger than the pistillate, the perianth none or of 3-8-valvate lobes; stamens opposite the perianth-lobes; filaments free or connate into a column or tube; anthers free or connate, 2-many-celled, each cell dehiscing by pores or chinks, or rupturing irregularly. Perianth of the pistillate flowers none, or 2-lipped or tubular; ovary 1-3-celled; ovules solitary in each cell; pendulous;' styles terminal. Fruit a minute 1-celled, 1-seeded nut. Seed with endosperm; embryo minute. About 14 genera and 40 species of wide geographic distribution in damp forests of the tropics. 1. SCYBALIUM Schott. & Endl. Melet. 3. 1832. Low blood-red plants, with tuberous rhizomes, parasitic on roots of various dicotyledonous trees and shrubs, the thick fleshy peduncles clothed with numerous imbricated scales, enlarged above, the bracts imbricated, deciduous. Staminate ASARACEAE. 261 "flowers: tube of the perianth cylindric, the lobes 3, concave; stamens 3, the fll.iments connate into a tube; anthers opposite the lobes of the perianth, connate, several-celled. Pistillate flowers: perianth wanting; ovary 2-celled; styles 2. filiform; stigmas capitate; ovules 2, anatropous. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed oblong, with oily endosperm; embryo minute, apical. [From the Greek, cast oflf, from the dropping of the scales.] About 4 species, natives of the West Indies and South America. Type species: ScybaUum fungijorme Schott. & Endl. 1. Scybalium jamaicense (Sw.) Schott. & Endl. Melet. 12. 1832. Cynomorium jamaicense Sw. Prodr. 12. 1788. Phyllocoryne jamaicensis Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: 51. 1856. Rhizome long, cylindric, the peduncles 3-18 cm. long; scales brown, broadly triangular or triangular-ovate, 5-7 mm. long, 6-12 mm. broad, acute or acu- minate at the apex, passing into the larger broadly triangular bracts. Capitulum blood-red, 2.5-6 cm. long. Primeval forest on the summit of Mt. Galsa, near Adjimtas, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola. Order 8. ARISTOLOCHIALES. Herbs or vines, mostly with cordate or reniforin leaves and perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, its tube wholly or partly adnate to the ovary. Corolla none. Ovary several- (mostly 6-)celled. Only the following family. Family 1. ASARACEAE Link. BiRTHwoRT Family. Acaulescent plants, or with erect or twining stems. Leaves alternate, often basal, estipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, solitary or clustered. Calyx-limb 3-6-lobed or irregular. Stamens 6-many , the filaments free from or adnate to the style-column anthers 2-celled, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 4-6-celled, inferior or superior. Ovules numerous in each cavity, anatropous, horizontal or pendulous. Fruit a many-seeded, 6-celled capsule. Seeds angled or compressed, with a crustaceous testa and^ usually with a fleshy or dilated raphe; endosperm fleshy, copious; embryo minute. Six genera and about 200 species of wide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. 1. ARISTOLOCHIA L. Sp. PI. 960. 17.53. Perennial herbs or twining %dnes. Leaves alternate, mostly petioled, entire or 3-7-lobed, often cordate or auriculate, palmately nerved. Flowers irregular. Calyx adnate to the ovary, at least to its base, the tube usually inflated around the style and contracted at the throat, the limb spreading or reflexed, entire, 3-6-lobed or appendaged. Stamens mostly 6; anthers adnate to the short style or stigma, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary mostly 6-celled with 6 parietal placentae. Style 3-6-lobed. Capsule naked, septicidally 6- valved. Seeds very numerous, horizontal, compressed. [Named for its supposed medicinal properties.] About 180 species, widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Aristolochia rotunda L. 262 ASARACEAE Leaves 3-lobed: perianth-limb ovate to orbicular-ovate, 1.7-2.2 cm. broad with a slender tail 1-3 dm. long. 1. A. trilobala Leaves not 3-Iobed. Limb of the perianth large, oblong-ovate or triangular-ovate, mucronate, 5.5-8 cm. long, 4-5 cm. broad at the base. 2. A. odoratissima Limb of the perianth small, linear or subtriangular, 1.2-2 cm. long, 1.2-10 mm. wide. Perianth-limb linear, 1.5-2 cm. long, 1.2-1.5 mm. broad above the base; leaves mostly triangular-ovate. 3. A. anguicidii. Perianth-limb subtriangular when flattened, about 1.2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide; leaves oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate. 4. A. oblongatc 1. Aristolochia trilobata L. Sp. PL 960. 1753. An ill-smelling vine 2-5 m. long. Leaves 3-lobed, occasionally with soma entire ones on the same stems, orbicular in outline, 5-14 cm. long, 6-17 cm. broad, glabrous above, more or less densely puberulent beneath, cordate or sub- truncate at the base; petioles 1.5-5 cm. long; bracts oval or suborbicular, cordate; pedicels 4-8.5 cm. long, slender and glabrous; perianth greenish yellow, more or less mottled, the lower inflated portion 3-5 cm. long, the upper tubular portion 3.5-5.5 cm. long, the limb ovate to orbicular-ovate, 1.7-2.2 cm. broad, the slender tail 1-3 dm. long; capsule 6-8 cm. long; seeds triangular, about 7 mm. long. Moist tliickets at lower elevations, Porto Rico: St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; St. Croix (according to West):—West Indies; continental tropical America. C.\cniMBOS. Panitos. Bejuco de Santiago. 2. Aristolochia odoratissima L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1362. 1762. A rather pleasantly odorous vine. Leaves triangular-ovate to oval-ovate,. 6-14 cm. long, 4-8.5 cm. broad, entire, glabrous above, puberulent beneath; petioles 1..5-6 cm. long; bracts broadly elliptic, cordate; pedicels 3.5-7 cm. long; lower inflated portion of the perianth 1.5-2 cm. long, 1-1.3 cm. broad, the upper tubular portion 0.8-1.5 cm. long, the limb oblong-ovate or triangtilar- ovate, 5.5-8 cm. long, 4.5 cm. broad, mucronate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base; capsule 6-7 cm. long; seeds short-ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long, 2.8-3 mm. broad. Hillside thickets, St. Jan:—^Jamaica; continental tropical America. 3. Aristolochia anguicida Jacq. Enum. 30. 1760. A slender vine. Leaves triangular-ovate to broadly short-ovate, 4.5-10 cm. long, 3. .5-8 cm. broad, entire; glabrous or with few scattered hairs on the .^veins above, puberulent beneath; petioles 2-5 cm. long, bracts oval; pedicels slender, 2.5-3.5 cm. long; lower inflated portion of the perianth 1 cm. long or less, the tube 1.6-2 cm. long, slender below, enlarged at the mouth, the linear limb 1.5-2 cm. long. Thickets, St. Thomas (according to Krebs) ; St. Croix:—Lesser Antilles; South America. 4. Aristolochia oblougata Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 2: 29. 1797. Aristolochia calceiformis Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 300. 1899. A slender vine, 3 m. long or longer, the branches, petioles and pedicels often pilose. Leaves oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate, 4.5-10 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. broad, entire, glabrous above, minutely pilose and finely reticulate-veined beneath, acute at the apex, cordate or subtruncate at the basg; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long; bracts reniform; pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long; the lower inflated portion oval, 7-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. thick; the cylindric tube 2 mm. wide at the base, 10 mm. wide at the top of the funnel-shaped throat, the limb subtriangular when flattened. POLYGONACEAE 263 about 12 mm. long, 10 mm. wide; capsule 2-2.5 cm. long, 1.2-1.5 cm. broad; seeds ovate-triangular, 4.5-5 mm. long, 3-4 mm. broad. Thickets at lower and middle elevations in moist districts of Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola; (Venezuela'?). Recorded by Sesse & Mogino as .4. longifoha. Aristolochia galeata :Mart., Brazilian, grown for ornament in Porto Rico gardens, has reniform-orbicular thin leaves 8-15 cm. broad, large thin stipules and large mottled flowers. Aristolochia grandiflora Sw. was erroneously recorded from Porto Pvico by Duchartre. Aristolochia ringens Vahl, was formerly cultivated on St. Croix, according to West. Order 9. POLYGONALES. Herbs, twining vines, shrubs or trees, with alternate, or sometimes opposite or whorled, simple mostly entire leaves, often jointed stems, and usually sheathing united stipules (ocreae). Flowers small, regular, perfect, dioecious, monoecious or polygamous. Petals none. Calyx inferior, 2-6- cleft or 2-6-parted, the segments or sepals more or less imbricated, some- times petaloid, sometimes developing wings in fruit. Stamens 2-9, inserted near the base of the calyx; filaments filiform or subulate, often dilated at the base, distinct or united into a ring; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule solitary, orthotropous, erect or pendulous; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-parted, sometimes very short; stigmas capitate or tufted, rarely 2-cleft; fruit a lenticular 3-angled or rarely 4-angled achene, usually invested by the persistent calyx; endosperm mealy; coty- ledons accumbent or incumbent; embryo straight or nearly so. Only the following family. Family 1. POLYGONACEAE Lindl. Buckwheat Family. About 40 genera and 800 species, of wide geographic distribution. Herbaceous plants. Erect or ascending herbs. , „ Stigmas tufted. 1- Rume.r. Stigmas not tufted. 2. Persicana. Climbing vines. 3 Anhgovon. Trees or shrubs. 4. Coccolobis. 1. RUMEX L. Sp. PL 333. 1753. Perennial or annual herbs, some species slightly woody. Stem grooved, mostly branched. Leaves flat or crisped, the ocreae brittle and fugacious, the inflorescence of simple or compound, often panicled racemes. Flowers green, perfect, dioecious, or polygamo-monoecious, whorled, on jointed pedicels. Corolla none. Calyx 6-parted, the 3 outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the 3 inner ones mostly developed into wings, one or all three of which usually bear a callosity (tubercle) ; wings entire, dentate, or fringed with bristle-like teeth. Stamens 6, 264 POLYGONACEAE filaments glabrous. Style 3-parted; stigmas peltate, tufted; achene 3-angled, the angles usually margined. Embryo borne in one of the faces of the 3-angled seed. [The ancient Latin name.] About 130 species, of wide geographic dis- tribution. Type species: Rumex Patientia L. 1. Rumex crispus L. Sp. PI. 335. 1753. Perennial, glabrous, dark green; stem rather slender, erect, 3-10 dm. tall. Leaves crisped and wavy-margined, the lower oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 15- 30 cm. long, long-petioled, the upper narrowly oblong or lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, short-petioled, all cordate or obtuse at the base; panicle rather open; racemes simple or compound; flowers rather loosely whorled; fruiting pedicels 13^-2 times as long as the calyx-wings, jointed near the base; wings cordate, 3-4 mm. long, truncate or notched at base, erose-dentate, or nearly entire, each bearing a tubercle; achene 2 mm. long, dark brown. Hillsides, roadsides and river-baaks at middle and higher elevations, Porto Rico: Bermuda; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Jamaica; temperate North and South America. Native of the Old World. Curled Dock. Col agrly. Vinagrillo. Rumex vesicarius L., of the Mediterranean region, is recorded by Eggers as having been cultivated in the Virgin Islands. It is an annual herb, with somewhat fleshy, subhastate leaves, the calyx-wings broad, finely reticulated. Krebs mentions it as found on the sea beaches of St. Thomas prior to 1852. 2. PERSICARIA [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, cylindric ocreae, and small flowers in spike-like racemes, the ocreolae funnelform, the short pedicels jointed at the base of the calyx. Sepals mostly 5, neither winged nor keeled. Stamens 4-8, in- cluded or exserted, the filaments erect or nearly so. Styles 2 or sometimes 3, usually partly united ; stigmas capitate. Achene lenticular, or sometimes 3-angled, usually black. Endosperm homy; cotyledons accumbent. [From Persica, the leaves resembling those of the peach.] About 125 spiecies, widely distributed, known as Smartweed and Yerba de hicotea. Type species: Polygonum Persicaria L. Ocreae and ocreolae ciliate and pubescent. Achenes trigonous; stigmas .3. Achenes leiiticular; stigmas 2. Ocreae and ocreolae eciliate, glabroixs. Peduncles glabrous; achenes shining. Peduncles glandular-pubascent; aciienes dull. 1. P. punctata. 2. P. acuminata. 3. P. portoricensis. 4. P. segetum. 1. Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 379. 1903. Polygonum punctatum Ell. Bot. S. C & Ga. 1: 455. 1817. Polygonum acre H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2; 179. 1817. Not Lam. 1778. Annual or perennial, glabrous or very nearly so; stem erect or ascending, rarely- prostrate, simple or branched, 3-12 dm. long. Leaf-blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-20 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, petioled, ciliate, conspicuously punctate, acrid, the midrib often with a few scattered hairs; ocreae cylindric, fringed with long bristles falling away at maturity, racemes narrow, erect or slightly drooping, loosely-flowered, 2-8 cm. long; calyx greenish; stamens 8; style 2-3-parted to the base; achene oblong, thick, lenticular or 3- angled, 2.5 mm. long, smooth, shining. Wet grounds and waste places at lower and middle altitudes, Porto Rico:—-Bermuda; Bahamas; .Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe to Trinidad, continental temperate and tropical America. POLYGONACEAE 265 2. Persicaria acuminata (H.B.K.) Maza, Per. Cub. 278. 1896. Polygonum acuminatum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 178. 1817. Perennial; stem stout, erect, usually glabrous below, strigose above, 0.5-2 m. high. Leaf-blades lanceolate, more or less strigose on both sides, 0.6-3 dm. long, the apex long-acuminate, the base narrowed, the petioles usually less than 1 cm. long; ocreae cyhndric, 2-4 cm. long, strigose, fringed with long bristles; racemes few or several, densely flowered, 10 cm. long or less; ocreolae about 3 mm. long, fringed ; pedicels 2-4 mm. long ; calyx white, about 3 mm. long, 4-parted or 5-parted; stamens 5-9, included; stigmas 2; achene lenticular, shining, black, 2-2.5 mm. long. Wet grounds at low elevations, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guade- loupe; Martinique; Trinidad; continental tropical America. 3. Persicaria portoricensis (Bert.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 377. 1903. Polygonum portoricense Bert. ; Small, Mem. Bot. Col. Coll. 1: 46. 1895. Polygonum glabrum C. & S. Linnaea 3: 46. 1828. Not Willd. 1799. Perennial, more or less scurfy; stem 1-1.5 m. long or longer, branched, en- larged at the nodes. Leaf-blades lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 4-30 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, obscurely punctate, short-petioled, the nerves prominent beneath; ocreae cylindric, sometimes bristly when young, naked when mature; racemes narrow, 2.5-13 cm. long, dense, erect; calyx white or whitish, 5-parted to near the base; stamens 6-8, included; style 2-3-cleft, somewhat exserted; achene lenticular and strongly biconvex or 3-angled, 2-3 mm. long, broadly oblong, orbicular or even broader than high, black, smooth and shining, or minutely granular. Wet groimds at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico:—southern United States; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Dominica; continental tropical America. 4. Persicaria segetum (H.B.K.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 378. 1903. Polygonum segetum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 177. 1817. Perennial, glabrous below; stem erect, 3-9 dm. tall, the nodes swollen; peduncles glandular. Leaf-blades lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, petioled, ciliate, 5-16 cm. long; ocreae cylindric, naked, glabrous; racemes pamcled, erect, oblong or cyhndric, 2-5 cm. long; calyx pink; stamens 6 or 7 ; achene lenticular, brown, dull, 2.5 mm. long. [Polygonum pennsylvanicum of Urban, not of Linnaeus.] Ditches near Rincon, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; continental tropical America. 3. ANTIGONON Endl.; H. & A. Bot. Beech. Voy. 308. 1838. Vines with alternate petioled cordate entire leaves, the petiole-bases clasping, and small flowers in racemes opposite the leaves or clustered at the summit, the racemes terminating in tendrils. Sepals 5, unequal, the 3 outer ones cordate, ovate, the 2 inner ones oblong. Stamens 5, equal, the filaments subulate, connate at the base. Ovary 3-angled; ovule erect; styles 3, recurved. Achene enclosed in the accrescent calyx. [Greek, opposite the nodes.] Three or four species native of Mexico and Central America. Type species ; Antigonon leptopus H. & A. Outer sepals orbicular-ovate in anthesis, ovate in fruit, inner sepals lanceolate; achenes slightly angled below the ape.x. 1. A. leptopus. Outer sepals orbiciilar-reniform in anthesis, orbicular in fruit, inner sepals ovate; achenes wing-angled below the apex. 2. A. macrocarpum. 266 POLYGONACEAE 1. Antigonon leptopus H. & A. Bot. Beech. Voy. 308. 1838. Herbaceous, climbing, branched, often 5 m. long or longer, finely pubescent at least above. Leaves thin, broadly ovate, 3-9 cm. long, puberulent, acuminate at the ape.x, rather deeply cordate at the base, the petioles 1-5 cm. long; racemes several or many, loosely several-flowered, the floriferous part 3-8 cm. long, the tendril as long or shorter; pedicels slender, 10 mm. long or less; flowering calyx pink, rose or sometimes white, about 5 mm. long; fruiting calyx 1-1.5 cm. long, the sepals less than 1 cm. wide, .strongly veined. Waste ground, spontaneous after cultivation, Porto Rico; Vieques:—Florida; West Indies; commonly cultivated for ornament in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Native of Me.\iC0. CORALLINA. CORALILLO. 2. Antigonon macrocarpum Britton and Small, sp. nov. Vine similar to A. leptopus in habit. Leaves thicker and more pubescent, broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, 12 cm. long or less, short-acuminate, acute or obtuse at the apex, undulate, deeply cordate at the base, the petioles mostly 1 cm. long or less; racemes elongated, mterrupted, usually with 3-6 tendrils near the tip; pedicels relatively stouter than in A. leptopus, densely pubescent ; flowery calyx light-pink, about 12 mm. long; fruiting calyx conspicuously enlarged, 2.5-3 cm. long and wide, finely veined. [Antigonum cordatum of Eggers and of Millspaugh; A. cine'rescens of Britton.] Roadsides, St. Thomas, spontaneous after cultivation, and cultivated on Porto Rico and St. Croix. Native of Costa Rica. Type collected at Livingston, Costa Rica, by W. W. Rowlee, May 16, 1918 (No. 28). 4. COCCOLOBIS P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 209. 1756. Shrubs or trees, with alternate entire leaves, the ocreae cylindric or funnel- form, often very small, the small, usually green flowers racemose or spicate, sub- tended by minute bracts and ocreolae. Perianth accrescent, enclosing the achene, its lobes 5. Stamens 8, the filaments slender. Ovary 3-angled; ovule erect; styles 3. Fruit ovoid or globose, the accrescent perianth becoming fieshy and more or less adherent to the achene. Seed-coat thin; endosperm mealy. [Greek, referring to the adherent calyx.] Over 125 species of tropical and sub- tropical distribution, all American, known in Porto Rico as Uvero and Uvillo. Type species : Polygonum Uvifera L. 1. Perianth-tube accrescent, enclosing the fruit. A. Pedicels very short, 1 mm. long in fruit, or less, or none. a. Rachis of the mflorescence glabrous. Venation of upper leaf-surfaces inconspicuous. Inflorescence longer than the leaves; fruit coronate. 1. C. pi rifolia. Inflorescence mostly not longer than the leaves; fruit not coronate. 2. C. Kruqii. Venation of upper leaf-surfaces conspicuous. 3. C. borinquensis. b. Rachis of the inflorescence puberulent; leaves densely reticulate-veined. Inflorescence longer than the leaves; fruit coronate. 4. C. diversifolia. Inflorescence scarcely longer than the leaves; fruit not coronate. 5. C. obtusifolia. B. Pedicels longer, 1.5 ram. long in fruit, or longer. Racliis of the Inflorescence glabrous. Leaves suborbicular, roimded. 6. C. Uvifera. Leaves ovate to elliptic or obovate. Leaves cordate, large, 10-25 cm. long; calyx red. 7. C. Sintenisii. Leaves obtuse or subcordate at base, smaller; calyx greenish white. 8. C. laurifolia. Racliis of the inflorescence pubescent or puberulent; leaves very large. Leaves pilose beneath. 9. C. grandifolia. Leaves glabrous beneath. 10. C. rugosa. 2. Perianth-lobes accrescent, enclosing the fruit. 11. C. vcnosa. Species not grouped, known from fohage only. 12. C. rupicola. POLYGONACEAE 267 1. Coccolobis pirifolia Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris ed. 3, 389. 1829. Coccoloba Kunthiana Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14': 166. 1856. A tree, up to 10 m. higli, or sometimes sliriibby, the slender twigs glabrous. Ocreae acuminate, glabrous, 10 mm. long or less, fugacious; petioles 6-12 mm. long; leaf-blades subcoriaceous, ovate to elliptic, glabrous, 4-10 cm. long, the apex bluntly acute, acuminate, or obtuse, the base narrowed or obtuse, the vena- tion inconspicuous on the upper side; inflorescence terminal, very slender, spike- like, glabrous, drooping in fruit, usually much longer than the leaves, the nodes l-flowered, the flowers sessile; bracts triangular, about 1 mm. long; ocreolae as long as the bracts, 3-lobed; calyx campanulate, greenish, 1 mm. long; fruit sub- globose, about 4 mm. in diameter, coronate. Woodlands and liillsides in moist or wet districts of Porto Rico, ascending into the mountain forests at higher elevations; St. Thomas (according to Lindau) ;—Jamaica. 2. Coccolobis Krugii Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 145. 1890. A glaljrous shrub or small tree, sometimes about 8 m. high, the slender twigs short and munerous, the liark smooth, gray. Leaf-blades broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, light green, subcoriaceous, rounded or obtuse at the apex, cordate or subcordate at the base, 6 cm. long or less, inconspicuously veined above, densely finely reticulate-veined beneath, the rather stout petioles 4-8 mm. long, the ocreae appressed, short; spikes very slender, glabrous, mostly as long as the leaves or shorter, loosely flowered; pedicels less than 0.5 mm. long; perianth green, about 1.5 mm. long; stamens white; fruit ovoid or ovoid-globose, 4-6 mm- long, slightly ribbed, black, capped by the perianth-segments, the pericarp some, what fleshy. Low woods, hillsides and thickets at low elevations, Porto Rico, in dry parts of the southwestern districts; Vieques; Little St. James Island; Anegada:—Bahamas; St. Martin; Barbuda; Jamaica. 3. Coccolobis borinquensis Britton, sp. nov. A tree, up to 15 m. high, the trunk up to 1 m. in diameter, the twigs stout, glabrous. Ocreae subtruncate, glabrous, 1-2 cm. long; petioles stout, 1-2 cm. long; leaf-blades coriaceous, glabrous, broadly ovate to suborbicular, 6-18 cm. long, strongly reticulate-veined on both sides, obtuse or rounded at the apex, obtuse to cordate at the base; spikes terminal, rather stout, glabrous, mostly much longer than the leaves, sometimes 3 dm. long, the nodes l-flowered; bracts ovate, short; ocreolae about 2 mm. long; flowers sessile; calyx about 4 mm. broad, the sepals acutish ; immature fruit subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter, crowned by the calyx. Mountain forests at middle and liigher elevations, Porto Rico. Type from Loma Icaco. Sierra de Naguabo iShafcr SkW. Endemic. Erroneously included by Lmdau m C. Urbaniana Lindau, of Trinidad. Ortegon. 4. Coccolobis diveraifolia Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760. Coccoloba barbadensis Jacq. Enum. 37. 7160. A tree, up to IC or 12 m. high, the bark gray, separating in small scales, the' twigs glabrous or nearly so. Leaf-blades ovate to elliptic or elliptic-obovate, coriaceous, glabrous, 4 10 cm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex, obtuse, sub- cordate, rounded or some of them narrowed at the base, reticulate-veined on both sides, the rather stout petioles 8-20 mm. long; ocreae appressed, as long as the petioles or shorter; inflorescence spicate, slender, longer than the leaves; rachis puberulent, or glabrate; flowers green, very nearly sessile, 2-2.5 mm. long; fruit ovoid, pointed, 6-10 mm. long, coronate, the pericarp slightly fleshy. [C. coronata of Millspaugh; C. punctata of Krebs and of Eggers.] Woodlands and hillsides at lower and middle elevations in moist districts, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croi,\; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Virgin Gorda:—Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua to Barbados; Aruba; Curacao; Bonaire. Mountain Grape. Red-wood. 268 POLYGONACEAE 5. Coccolobis obtusifolia Jacq. Eniim. 19. 1760. Coccoloba microstachya Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 459. 1799. Coccoloba parvifolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 64. 1804. Coccoloba Klotischiana Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 1.55. 1856. C. microstachya ovalifolia and lanceolata Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 162. 1856^ C. microstachya rotundifolia Urban; Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 147. 1890. A shrub, or a tree up to 8 m. in height, the twigs slender, puberulent or glabrate. Ocreae thin, about 5 mm. long, appressed; petioles 4-6 mm. long; leaf-blades chartaceous, various, lanceolate to oval, ovate or suborbicular, reticulate-veined on both sides, glabrous or nearly so, 3-8 cm. long (longer on shoots) the apex obtuse, rounded, acute or acuminate, the base mostly rounded or subcordate; spikes terminal, very slender, about as long as the leaves or a little longer, the nodes 1-flowered; bracts puberulent, acute; rachis puberulent; ocreolae 0.5 mm. long, equalling the bracts; fruit ovoid, black, about 5 mm. long. [C. punctata microstachya of Eggers; C. punctata parvifolia of Millspaugh.] Hillsides and thickets at lower elevations, Porto Rico, mostly in dry districts; Culebra; Vieques; Mona; St. Thomas; St. Jan; St. Croix; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—His-- paniola. Recorded from tlie Bahamas, apparently erroneously. Puckhout. 6. Coccolobis uvifera (L.) Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760. Polygonum, uvifera L. Sp. PI. 365. 1753. Coccoloba leoganensis Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760. A tree, exceptionally up to 15 m. high, with a trunk 1 m. in diarneter, usually not over 6 m. high, the branches spreacUng, the smooth bark brown, the twigs- stout, finely pubescent when young, soon glabrous. Leaf-blades orbicular or- broader than long, coriaceous, 7-20 cm. broad, cordate at the base, very short- petioled, their sheaths 1 cm. long or less ; flowers numerous, white, in dense narrow glabrous racemes 7-12 cm. long; pedicels 3-4 mm. long; calyx white, about 6. mm. broad, its lobes ovate, rounded; fruits forming drooping clusters somewhat resembling bunches of grapes, globose, purple, 1-2 cm. in diameter, the pulp thin, astringent. Coastal thickets and hillsides near the coasts, Porto Rico; Icacos; Culebra; Vieques: Mona; Desecheo; St. Croi.\; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda; Anegada:— Florida; Bermuda; West Indies; continental tropical America. The heavy, hard, dark brown wood has a specific gravity of about 0.96; it is used for furniture and in cabinet, work. Se\ Grape. Uva de Mar. 7. Coccolobis Sintenisii Urban; Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 157. 1890. A tree, 6 m. high or higher, the stout twigs glabrous. Ocreae glabrous, 1-2 cm. long; leaf-blades coriaceous, glabrous, broadly ovate, 11-25 cm. long, pin- nately few-veined, shining and not reticulate-veined above, dull and finely punc- tate-reticulate beneath, the apex bluntly short-acuminate, the base cordate, the stout petioles 2-3 cm. long; racemes apparently borne on lateral twigs, sessfie, rather densely many-flowered, 12 cm. long or less, the rachis glabrous, the nodes. 1-flowered; bracts ovate, rounded, about 1 mm. long, equalling the ocreolae; flowering pedicels 5-6 mm. long; calyx red, about 3 mm. long; fruiting pedicels, filiform, 8-10 mm. long; fruit ovoid, red, coronate, about 8 mm. long. Forests of the western moimtains of Porto Rico, and, apparently, in arroyos near- Coamo Springs. The Coamo Springs specimen is barren. Endemic. UVERO DE Monte. 8. Coccolobis laurifolia Jacq. Hort. Schoen. 3: 9. 1797. Coccoloba umbilicata Sesse & Mog. Fl. Mex. ed. 2, 96. 1894. A tree, up to 20 m. high, with a trunk sometimes 7 dm. thick, usually much, smaller, and often shrubby, the thin gray bark brown mottled, the twigs and leaves glabrous. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obovate, coriaceous, obtuse or acute POLYGONACEAE 2(59 at the apex, rounded at the base, 4-12 cm. long, or those of young shoots larger, the petioles 5-20 mm. long, the sheaths short; racemes slender, 5-10 cm. long; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; calyx greenish, about 5 mm. broad, its lobes suborbicular; fruits subglobose, red, acid, 8-10 mm. in diameter. Thickets and woodlands at lower elevations. Porto Rico, mostly in dry districts; Vieques: Mona: St. Croix:—Florida: Bahamas : Jamaica : Ciiba: Hispaniola. The reddish brown wood is hard, very heavy, its specific gravity about 1.00. Glateado. 9. Coccolobis grandifolia Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760. Coccoloba pubescens L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 523. 1762. A tree, up to 25 m. high, the trunk simple or sparingly branched, the stout twigs densely brown-hirsute, the wood red, hard and durable. Ocreae 2-3 cm. long, split on one side; leaves suborbicular, or broader than long, immense, up to 1 m. in diameter, rounded, cordate, coarsely reticulate-veined, finely pubescent or becoming glabrate above, densely brown-pubescent beneath, the stout petiole only about 1 cm. long; racemes solitary, terminal, densely many-flowered, 4-7 dm' long, the rachis puberulent; bracts and ocreolae about 0.5 mm. long; nodes 1 3-flowered; pedicels 3-5 mm. long; calyx white, 2-3 mm. broad; fruit globose to ovoid, about 5 mm. in diameter. Forests at middle and higher elevations in the western districts of Porto Rico: Hispaniola: Barbuda: Antigua; Montserrat; Guadeloupe: Martiiuque: Barbados: Mexico and' Guiana. The wood, valued for furniture and for construction, is dense and heavy. Moralon. 10. Coccolobis rugosa Desf. Cat. Hort. Paris ed. 3, 389. 1829. Coccoloba macrophylla Desf. Tabl. 38. Hyponym. 1804. A very slender tree, up to 15 m. high, the trunk only 6-10 cm. in diameter, nearly or quite unbranched, the very hard wood white, the young growth flat- tened, 2-edged, glabrous, ridged, stout, the bark light gray, fissured. Ocreae firm, truncate, up to 7 cm. long. Leaves sessile, cordate, clasping, thick-cori- aceous and brittle, wrinkled, orbicular to obovate, obtuse, 3-6 dm. broad, glabrous on both sides, strongly veined, the veins impressed above, prominent beneath; racemes terminal, bright red or crimson, 3-6 dm. long, many-flowered, the gtout rachis minutely puberulent; bracts and ocreolae about 1 mm. long; pedicels 5-13 mm. long, 2-8 together at the nodes; calyx about 3 mm. long, its lobes ovate; fruit ovoid to subglobose, orange-red, about 6 mm. long. [? C. latifolia of Bello, and of Krebs, not of Lamarck.] Woodlands local in moist or wet districts, Porto Rico; St. Thomas (according to de Candolle). Not known on St. Thomas at the present time; it may have grown there before the forests were cut away. Ortegon. 11. Coccolobis venosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 1007. 1759. ^ Coccoloba nivea Jacq. Enum. 19. , 1760. Coccoloba excoriata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 542. 1762. A tree, with maximum height of about 12 m., or sometimes shrubby, ttie twigs short, glabrous. Ocreae membranous, acuminate, about 1 cm. long or longer, deciduous; petioles 5-10 mm. long; leaf-blades thin-chartaceous, elUptic to obovate-elliptic, rather strongly pinnately veined, 8-20 cm. long (those of shoots larger), finely reticulate-veined on both sides, glabrous, the apex short- acuminate, the base narrowed or obtuse; racemes spike-hke, terminal, solitary, nodding, 6-15 cm. long, the nodes several-flowered, the rachis glabrous; bracts triangular, about 1.5 mm. long, shorter than the 2-lobed ocreolae; pedicels about 1 mm. long; calyx yellowish-green; fruit at length white, trigonous, about 6 mm. long, the calyx-lobes accrescent. Hillsides and thickets at lower and middle elevations in dry or moist districts, Porto Rico; Mona: Vieques: St. Croix: St. Tliomas: Tortola:—.Tamaica; Hispaniola; St. Barfs to Trinidad. Chiggery Grape. Calambrena. 270 POLYGONACEAE 12. Coccolobis rupicola Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 10. 1909. This species is based upon a barren specimen collected by Sintenls In a rocky situation, also at Los Angeles, near Utuado; It has broadly ovate, rounded leaves 7-8 cm. long, glabrous and nearly sessile. Lindau (Bot. Jahrb. 13: 154) erron- eously regarded it as the same as C. verruculosa Lindau of Hispaniola. Coccolobis Swartzii Meisn. var. (?) portoricensis Meisn. In DC. Prodr. 14: 160. 1856. This was briefly described by Meisner from an Incomplete specimen preserved In the CandoUean herbarium at Geneva, Switzerland, recorded as from the high mountains of Porto Rico, the name of the collector not cited. Lindau, who had a drawing of the specimen, thought it might be related to C. laurifolia, or to C. diversifolia (C. barhadensis), but could not associate any recently collected specimens with it (Bot. Jahrb. 13: 1.58). Coccolobis costata C. Wright, of eastern Cuba, was recorded by Lindau as from Los Angeles, near Utuado, Porto Rico, after study of a barren .specimen collected there by Sintenis {No. 6.934); Urban, however, after subsequent study of the same material, concluded that it represented some other species (Symb. Ant. 4: 656). Muehlenbeckia platyclada (F. v. M.) Lindau, Centipede Plant, Poly- nesian, a shrul), up to about 3 m. in height, with flat narrow jointed leafless branches, the small green flowers clustered at the nodes, is grown for interest in Porto Rico and Virgin Island gardens. [Coccoloba platyclada F. v. M.] Fa?opyrum Fa?opyrum (L.) Karst., Buckwheat, European or Asiatic, an annual herb with hastate leaves, the ocreae oblique, and racemose or panicled small white flowers, the achenes about 2 mm. long and twice as long as the calyx, has been cultivated in the Virgin Islands for its nutritious fruits, from which buckwheat flour is made. [Polygonum Fagopyrum L. ; Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.] Triplaris caracasana Cham., Venezuelan, seen in the collection of trees at the Agricultural E.xperiment Station, Mayaguez, forms a fine tree 10 m. high or higher, with large oblong short-petioled leaves, the dioecious small flowers spicate, the 3 outer segments of the pistillate calyx elongating into narrow wing-like appendages. Order 10. CHENOPODIALES. Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, mostly with perfect flowers. Calyx usually present. Corolla present or wanting. Ovary superior. Embryo coiled, curved or annular. Fruit a utricle, achene, berry, capsule or anthocarp, or aggregate, rarely achene-like. Fruit not capsular, a utricle, berry, anthocarp or achene- like; corolla none. Fruit a utricle. Flowers bractless, or if bracted, the bracts not scarious, filaments usually free. Fam. 1. Chenopodiaceae. Flowers with scarious bracts, filaments imited at least at the base. Fam. 2. Amaranthaceae. Fruit not a utricle. Fruit an anthocarp. Fam. 3. Nyctaginaceae. Fruit not an anthocarp. Fruit aggregate. Fam. 4. Batidaceae. Fruit not aggregate. Fam. 5. Phytolaccaceae. CHENOPODIACEAE 271 Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves or teeth. Capsule 2-several-cellecl ; corolla none. Fam. 6. Aizoaceae. Capsule 1-celled; petals mostly present. Sepals 5 or 4. Fam. 7. Aisinaceae. Sepals only 2. Plants never with twining stems; ovules 2 to many. Fam. 8. Portul.-vcaceae. Vines; ovule 1. Fam. 9. Basell.'Vceae. Family 1. CHENOPODIACEAE Duraort. GoosEFOOT Family. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with angled striate or terete stems. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, estipulate, simple, entire, toothed or lobed, mostly petioled (in Salicornia reduced to mere scales). Flowers small, green or greenish, regular or slightly irregular, variously clustered, occasionally solitary in the axils. Petals none. Calyx persistent, 2-5-lobed, 2-5-parted or rarely reduced to a single sepal, wanting in the pistillate flowers of some genera. Stamens as many as the lobes or divisions of the calyx, or fewer, and opposite them, filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk usually none. Ovary 1-celled; ovules solitary, amphitropous; styles 1-3; stigmas capitate, or 2-3-lobed or divided. Fruit a utricle, with a thin or coriaceous pericarp. Seed vertical or horizontal; endosperm mealy, fleshy or wanting. About 75 genera and 550 species, of wide geographic distribution. Embryo annular or conduplicate, neither spiral nor coiled. Stem leafy, not jointed; flowers in clusters or spikes. Flowers mostly perfect, ebracteolate. 1. Cheiiopodium. Flowers mostly unisexual, the pistillate ones bracteolate. 2. Alriplex. Stem leafless, jointed; flowers simken in cavities of the joints. 3. Salicornia. Embryo spirally coiled. 4. Dondia. 1. CHENOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753. Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers small, green, perfect, sessile, bractless, clustered. Calyx 2-5-parted or 2-5-Iobed, embracing or enclosing the utricle, its segments or lobes often keeled or ridged. Stamens 1-5; filaments filiform or slender. Styles 2 or 3; seed horizontal or vertical ; endosperm mealy ; embryo completely or incompletely annular. [Greek, goosefoot, from the shape of the leaves.] About 60 species, mostly weeds, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Chenopodium rubrum L. Embryo a complete ring; plant not aromatic. 1. C. murale. Embryo horseshoe-shaped; plant aromatic. 2. C. ambrosioides. 1. Chenopodium murale L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. Annual, somewhat scurfy above; stem 3-8 dm. high, leafy to the summit. Leaves rhombic-ovate, thin, bright green, acute or acuminate, sharply and coarsely sinuate-dentate, cuneate or subtruncate at the base, slender-petioled, 5-10 cm. long; flowers in loose axillary panicles often not longer than the petioles; calyx-segments not entirely enclosing the utricle; seed sharp-edged, horizontal, 1.2-1.5 mm. broad, dull, firmly attached to the pericarp; embryo a complete ring. Waste and cultivated grotmds at lower elevations, Porto Rico: St. Croix; St. Thomas:—widely distribiited as a weed in temperate and tropical regions. Native of the Old World Mistaken by Cook and Collins for C/ienopodium a/ftum L. Sowb.\xe. 272 CHENOPODIACEAE 2. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Sp. PL 219. 1753. Chenopodium anthelminticurn L. Sp. Pi. 220. 1753. ? Chenopodium cuneifolium Vahl in West, St. Croix 278. Hyponym. 1793. Chenopodium spathulatum Sieb. ; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13^: 73. 1849. Annual, glabrous or slightly glandular-pubescent, strong-scented; stem leafy, 6-10 dm. liigh, angular and grooved. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to a short petiole, repand-dentate, undulate or the upper entire, 2-9 cm. long, the upper numerous and much smaller; flowers in small dense axillary spikes; calyx usually 3-parted, completely enclosing the fruit; pericarp readily separable from the horizontal or vertical, shining seed; embryo horseshoe-shaped. Hillsides, waste and cultivated groimds, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan:—widelv distributed in temperate and tropical regions both of the New World and the Old. Consists of several races. Wormseed. Pasote. 2. ATRIPLEX L. Sp. PI. 10.52. 1753. " Herbs or low shrubs, often scurfy-canescent or silvery. Leaves alternate, or some of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, green, in panicled spikes or capitate-clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers bractless, consisting of a 3-5-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens; fllaments separate or united by their bases; a rudimentary ovary sometimes present. Pistillate flowers subtended by 2 bractlets which enlarge in fruit and are more or less united, sometimes quite to their summits; perianth none; stigmas 2. Utricle completely or partially enclo.sed by the fruiting bractlets. Seed vertical or rarely horizontal; embryo annular; endosperm mealy. [From a Greek name of orache.] About 150 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Atriplex hortensis L. 1. Atriplex paritandra (.Jaoq.) Standley, N. A. PL 21: 54. 1916. Axyris pentandra Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Am. 244. 1763. Atriplex cristata H. & B.; W^illd. Sp. PL 4: 959. 1806. Obione cristata Moq. Chenop. Enum. 73. 1840. Annual or perennial, branched, the branches procumbent or ascending, 3-8 dm. long, scurfy when young, becoming glabrate. Leaves alternate, sessile or short-petioled, oblong to rhombic or obovate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, mucronate, cuneate at the base, repand-dentate, undulate or the upper entire, white-scurfy beneath, green above; flowers monoecious, the staminate in dense short terminal spikes, the pistillate clustered in the axils; fruiting bracts cuneate-orbicular, about 3 mm. long, united only at the base, sharply dentate, the sides bearing 2 dentate crests or irregularly tubercled; seed brown. Sandy sea-beaches, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Jan; St. Croi.x:—Florida; Bahamas;" Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Curagao; northern South America. Crested Atriplex. Garbancillo. Atriplex portulacoides L., of southern Europe and northern Africa, was listed by Krebs as found in St. Thomas, evidently in error [Obione portulacoides Moq.]. 3. SALICORNIA L. Sp. PL 3. 1753. Succulent glabrous herbs, with opposite jointed branches, the leaves reduced to mere opposite scales, the flowers sunken 3-7 together in the axils of the upper ones forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral ones staminate. Calyx obpyramidal or rhomboid, fleshy, 3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming spongy in CHENOPODIACEAE 273 fruit, deciduous. Stamens 2, or sometimes solitary, exserted; filaments cylindrlc, short; anthers oblong, large. Ovary ovoid; styles or stigmas 2. Utricles en- closed by the spongy fruiting calyx, the pericarp membranous. Seed erect, compressed; embryo conduplicate ; endosperm none. [Name Greek, salt-horn; from the saline habitat, and horn-like branches.] About 10 species, growing In saline soil, widely distributed in both the Old World and the Kew, known as Glasswort. Type species: Salicomia europaea L. Perennial; prostrate with erect branches. 1. S. perennis Annual; erect. 2. S. Bigelovii 1. Salicomia perennis Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Salicornia ambigua Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 2. 1803. Perennial by a woody rootstock; stem trailing or decumbent, 1.5-6 dm. long, rooting, the branches ascending or erect, slender, nearly or quite simple, rather long-jointed. Scales broadly ovate or wider than high, appressed or slightly divergent; fruiting spikes 1-4 cm. long, their joints not longer than thick; flowers all about equally high and about equalling the joints; seeds covered with slender hairs. Saline soil, St. Croix; Anegada:—Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America; Bermuda; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; European coasts. 2. Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 184. 18.59. Salicomia mucronata Bigelow, Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 2: 1824. Not Lag. 1817. Annual, stout, erect or nearly so, 5-50 cm. tall, more or less branched, the branches stout. Scales ovate or triangular-ovate, sharply mucronate, 2-3 mm. long, at length spreading; fruiting spikes 1-12 cm. long, their joints not longer than thick; middle flowers slightly higher than the lateral ones, reaching very nearly to the end of the joint; seed covered with short hairs. Sea coast at Salinas de Cabo Rojo, Porto Rico:—Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America: California; Bahamas; Cuba; Yucatan. Erroneously recorded by Urban as Salicornia hcrbacea L. 4. DONDIA Adans. Pam. PI. 2: 261. 1763. Annual or perennial fleshy herbs or low shrubs, with alternate narrowly linear, thick or nearly terete, entire sessile leaves, and perfect or polygamous, bracteolate flowers, solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments in fruit enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Styles usually 2, short. Pericarp separating from the seed. Embryo coiled into a flat spiral. Endosperm wanting or very little. [In honor of Jacopodi Dondi, Italian natural- ist of the fourteenth century.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution Type species; Chenopodium altissimum L. 2. Dondia fruticosa (L.) Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club. 12: 35. 1902. Chenopodium fruticosum L. Sp. PI. 221. 17.53. Perennial, woody, glabrous, or nearly so, somewhat glaucous, much branched, 8 dm. high or less, the branches leafy, ascending. Leaves subterete, 1-1.5 cm. long, the upper little shorter than the lower; calyx lobes rounded on the back, inflexed; seed red-brown or black, 1 mm. broad. Salijie soil, Virgin Gorda;—western United States; Bahamas; Cuba; widely distri- buted in tiie Old World. 274 AMARANTHACEAE Beta vulgaris L., Remolacha, Beet, European, cultivated in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, has a large fleshy red root, ovate leaves, the blade decur- rent on the petiole, the small flowers glomerate-spicate, the glomerules subtended by bracts. Family 2. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Amaranth Family. Herbs, or a few genera low shrubs, with simple, mostly entire, thin leaves. Flowers small, green or white, bracteolate, variously clustered, usually in terminal spikes or axillary heads. Petals none. Calyx herbaceous or membranous, 2-5-parted, the segments distinct, or united at the base, equal, or the inner ones smaller. Stamens 1-5, mostly opposite the calyx- segments, hypogynous, filaments distinct, imited at the base, or into a tube. Ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary in the majority of genera, amphitropous, several in some tropical genera; stigmas 1-3. 1^'ruit a utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularly, or indehiscent, 1-seeded or several -seeded. Seed mostly smooth: embryo annular; endosperm meal}^ usually copious. About 40 genera and 475 species, widely distributed, most abundant in warm regions. Ovules 2 or more. • 1. Celosia. Ovule solitary. Anthers 4-celled. Seed erect. Flowers mostly perfect; filaments tmited below; vines. 2. Chamissoa. Flowers imperfect or polygamous; herbs. 3. Arnaranthus. Seed inverted. 4. Centrostachys. Anthers 2-celled. Stigma capitate. 5. Achyranthes. Stigma 2-3-lobed. Lobes of the stamen-tube 3-lobed. 6. Gomphrena. Lobes of the stamen-tube entire. Flowers not flattened, borne in slender panicled spikes. 7. Iresine. Flowers much flattened, in dense spikes or heads. Stamens 2. 8. Lithophila. Stamens 5. 9. Philoxerus. 1. CELOSIA L. Sp. PI. 205. 1753. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, the small perfect bracted flowers in spikes or fascicles. Perianth 5-parted, the segments scarious, striate. Stamens 5; filaments filiform or subulate, connate at the base; anthers 4-celled. Ovary 2-many-ovuled ; style present or wanting; stigmas 2 or 3. Utricle circumscissile or irregularly rupturing. Seeds 2 to many, lenticular, shining; embryo annular, endosperm starchy. [Greek, burned, from the dry parched fiowers of some species.] About 40 species, of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type' species: Celosia argeniea L. Perennial ; inflorescence of panicled slender spikes ; sepals dark brown. Seeds up to 20; leaf-blades short-decurrent on the petiole. 1. C. niiida. Seeds 5 to 8; leaf-blades long-decurrent. 2. C. virgatn. Annual; inflorescence of simple stout spikes; sepals bright white. 3. C. argentca. 1. Celosia nitida Vahl, Symb. 2: 44. 1791. Perennial: glabrous. Stem slender, erect or vine-like, 3-15 dm. long; petioles slender, 5-20 mm. long; leaf-blades ovate to rhombic-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate or obtuse and often obhcjue at the base; inflorescence of panicled spikes 1-5 cm. long; bracts nearly half as long as the sepals, ovate to lanceolate, keeled, acuminate; sepals elliptic- AMARANTHACEAE 275 lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, acuminate, dark bro-wn, strongly parallel-veined; style short; utricle globose-ovoid, shorter than the calyx; seeds about 20, black, smooth. [Celosia paniculata of Krebs, not of Linnaeus.] Thickets at lower elevations, especially along the coasts; Porto Pico; Dofecheo; Mona; Muertos; Vieqnes; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda;—Florida; West Indies; Mexico and northern South America. Albahaca. 2. Celosia virgata Jacq. Coll. 2: 279. 1788. Perennial; glabrous. Stem erect, little branched or simple, somewhat woody below, 1 m. high or less; leaf-blades ovate or elliptic to lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long, the apex acuminate or acute, the base narrowed, long-decurrent on the petiole; spikes 1-5 cm. long, panicled; bracts one-third to one-half as long as the sepals, ovate to lanceolate, keeled, abruptly tipped ; sepals ovate to lanceolate, about 6 mm. long, dark brown, acuminate, strongly parallel-veined; style much shorter than the globose-ovoid utricle; seeds 5-8, smooth, black. Tliicket, Cerro Ventana, Vieques:—Cuba; Mexico and northern South America. 3. Celosia argentea L. Sp. PI. 205. 17.53. Annual; glabrous. Stein rather stout, erect, simple or branched, 1 m. high or less; petioles margined, 1-3 cm. long; leaf-blades linear to ovate, 4-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base; spikes soUtary, dense, oblong or cylindric, up to 2 dm. long and 2 cm. thick; bracts ovate to lanceolate, about half as long as the bright white sepals; style slender; utricle subglobose; seeds black, shining. Moist waste grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico; St. Croix; St. Thomas:— Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Martin to Grenada; continental tropical America and Old World tropics; often planted for ornanient in gardens. Silvery Celosia. Celosia cristata L., Cockscomb, planted for ornament in Porto Rico and Virgin Island gardens, has ovate leaves, the spikes variously crested and branchedi red, purple, crimson or white. 2. CHAMISSOA H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 196. 1817. Perennial, herbaceous or slightly woody vines, or sometimes sufFrutescent, with broad alternate petioled leaves, the perfect or polygamous flowers in terminal and axillary, simple or branched spikes. Bracts usually 3. Sepals 5, persistent. Stamens 5, the subulate filaments connate at the base; anthers ovoid, 4-ceIlcd; staminodes none. Utricle circumscissile at or below the middle. Seed reniform- lenticular, erect, arillate, the embryo annular. [Commemorates Louis Charles Adelbert de Chamisso, 1791-1838, distinguished naturalist.] A few species, of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Chamissoa altissima (Jacq.) H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 197. 1817. Achyranthes altissima Jacq. Enum. 17. 1760. Celosia paniculata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 298. 1762. Kokera paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 542. 1891. Glabrous or nearly so, clambering on shrubs or trees, slender, branched, up to 5 m. long, woody below. Petioles slender, 1-3.5 cm. long; leaf-blades thin. ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oval, 6-18 cm. long, the apex acuminate or acute, the base narrowed or subtruncate; spikes densely or loosely flowered, 2 dm. long or less, those of staminate flowers more slender than the pistillate; bracts about 1. 2. AMARANTHACEAE 277 3. Amaranthus viridis L. Sp. Pi. ed. 2, 1405. 1763. Euxolus viridis Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13^: 273. 1849. Amaranthus emarginatus Salzm. ; Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 319. 1894. Steins slender, prostrate or ascending, glabrous, usually branched, 1-6 dm. long. Leaves slender-petioled, rhombic-ovate, 1-4 cm. long, glabrous, deeply emarginate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base; flowers monoecious, in small axillary clusters and usually also in a short terminal spike ; bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute, as long as the sepals or shorter; sepals 3, those of the pistillate flowers oblong or oblong-ol)lanceolate, obtuse or shorter than the utricle, those of the staminate flowers oblong, acute; stamens and style-branches 3; utricle smooth, indehiscent; seed reddish-brown, shining, nearly 1 mm. broad. Waste grounds m moist districts, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas (according to Krebs) :—southern United States; Cuba; Jamaica; Bahamas; Guadeloupe; tropical South America and Old World tropics. 4. Amaranthus gracilis Desf. Tabl. Bot. 43. 1804. Chenopodiiim caudatum Jacq. Coll. 2: 325. 1788. Not A. caudatus L. Euxolus caudatus Moq. in DC. Prodr. IS^: 274. 1849. Glabrous; stem erect, usually branched, 2-9 dm. high. Leaves slender- petioled, 8 cm. long or less, ovate or rhombic-ovate, mostly obtuse and emarginate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base; flowers monoecious, in slender, axillary and terminal, sometimes panicled spikes 4-12 cm. long, and also often in small dense axillary clusters; bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute, scarious, much shorter than the 3 sepals; sepals cuspidate, 1-1.5 mm. long; stamens and style- branches 3; utricle wrinkled, indehiscent, as long as the sepals or longer; seed dull, dark brown, 1 mm. broad. [Euxolus oleraceus of Krebs and of Eggers; ? Amaranthus oleraceus of West.] Waste and cultivated groimds, Porto Rico; Muertos; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan:—southern United States; West Indies; tz-opical and subtropical continental America and Old World tropics. Lumboo. 5. Amaranthus spinosus L. Sp. Pi. 991. 1753. Stem stout, ridged, erect or ascending, glabrous below, somewhat pubescent above, usually much branched, sometimes red, 3-12 dm. high, with a pair of rigid stipular spines at each node. Leaves slender-petioled, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, acute at both entls, 2-8 cm. long, the midvein excurrent; flowers monoecious, the pistillate in numerous capitate axillary clusters, the staminate in dense terminal spreading or drooping spikes 2-lS cm. long; bracts lanceolate- subulate, about as long as or longer than the 5 scarious oblong mucronate-tipped 1-nerved sepals, and the thin imperfectly circumscissile utricle; stamens 5; style-branches 3 ; seed black, shining, nearly 1 mm. broad. Waste and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; Tortola; Virgin Gorda;—United States; West Indies; all temperate and tropical regions. 6. Amaranthus dubivis Mart. Hort. Erlang. 197. 1814. Amaranthus tristis Willd. Hist. Amar. 21. 1790. Not L. 1753. Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent above; stem erect, often much branched, 1 m. high or less. Leaves long-petioled, the slender petiole 2-9 cm. long, the blade ovate, 2-12 cm. long, acute or obtuse and usually emarginate at the apex, rounded or acute at the base; flowers monoecious, in slender, often drooping, terminal and axillary spikes 5-25 cm. long, and sometimes in small dense axillary clusters; bracts ovate or elliptic, acute, shorter than or about as long as the sepals; sepals of the pistillate flowers 1.5-2 mm. long, mucronate, often emarginate, 1- nerved; stamens 5; style-branches 3; utricle a little longer than the sepals, rugu- 278 AMAKANTHACEAE lose, dehiscent at the middle; seed dark brown or black, circular, sharp-edged^ 1 mm. in diameter. [A. pa7iicnlatus of Eggers and of Millspaugh.] Waste and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico; Desecheo; Mona; Icacos; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—West Indies; Central and South America; tropical Africa; adventive in Europe. Bower. Amaranthus gangeticus L. [A. incomptus Willd.; A. tricolor L.] Planted for ornament in the Virgin Islands, perhaps also in Porto Rico, is erect, up to 1 m. high, with terminal, interrupted spikes. It is a native of the Old World tropics. Amaranthus caudatus L., a tall unarmed species, with nodding terminal stout spikes, the sepals of the pistillate flowers obovate or spatulate, was recorded by W^est, many years ago, as found on St. Croi.x; it is occasionally cultivated as a garden plant, but is not known to tis to exist in a wild state within the limits of this Flora. Amaranthus cruentus L. [A. paniculatus L.], also a tall imarmed species, with erect terminal panicled red or purple spikes, the pistillate sepals short,, oblong, obtuse, is grown for ornament in Porto Rico and Virgin Island gardens.. Caterpillar. 4. CENTROSTACHYS Wall, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2: 497. 1824. Herbs, some species somewhat woody, with opposite membranous broad leaves, and small perfect green flowers, sessile in slender elongated terminal spikes, the calyx defle.xed after anthesis. Sepals 4 or 5, cartilaginous, narrow, acuminate or aristate. Stamens 4 or 5; filaments subulate; anthers 4-celled. Ovary 1- ceUed; ovule 1; style fiUform; stigma capitate. Utricle thin-walled, indehiscent. [Greek, prickly-spike.] About 12 species, of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Centrostachys aquatica Wall. Leaves suborbictilar to obovate, abruptly tipped; sepals about 4 mm. long. 1. C. indica. Leaves oval to ovate, acuminate; sepals 6-7 mm. long. 2. C. aspera. i. Centrostachys indica (L.) Standley, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 75. 1915. Achyranthes aspera indica L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753. Achyranthes indica Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768. Achyranthes obtusifolia Lam. Encycl. 1: 545. 1785. Achyranthes aspera obtusifolia Griseb. Fl. Br. W^. I. 62. 1859. Annual, herbaceous, erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6-12 dm. high, rather densely pubescent above. Leaf-blades suborbicular or obovate- orbicular, pubescent, 2-7 cm. long, abruptly short-tipped, narrowed or cuneate at the base, the slender petioles 1-3 cm. long; spikes very slender, 2-6 dm. long, densely flowered above, the lower flowers scattered; flowers about 4 mm. long; bracts subulate-tipped, horny, glabrous, a little shorter than the calyx; .sepals acuminate. Waste and cultivated groimds, Porto Eico; Mona; Muertos; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; Tortola:—tropical and siibtropical regions. Man-better-man. 2. . Centrostachys aspera (L.) Standley, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 75. 1915. Achyranthes aspera L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753. Achyranthes argentea Lam. Encycl. 1: 545. 1785. Aimual or perennial, decumbent or a.scending, usually few-branched, about 1 m. long or less, pilose. Leaf-blades oval or ovate, 4-20 cm. long, the apex. AMAKANTHACEAE 279 acuminate, the base rounded or narrowed, the petioles 2.5 cm. long or less; spikes slender, 3 dm. long or less, loosely flowered below, dense above; flowers 6-7 mm. long; bracts long-aristate ; sepals acuminate, twice as long as the bracts. Waste groimds near Mayaguez, Porto Rico: Virgin Islands (ex Eggers) : Tortola;— Florida: Ciiba: Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent; Central America; Old World tropics. 5. ACHYRANTHES L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753. Mostly decumbent or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or nearly so. Flowers perfect, in sessile or peduncled, head-like, usually whiteor silvery spikes. Sepals 5, unequal. Stamens 5, the filaments partially united into a cup-like tube; staminodia surpassing the filaments and 2-celled anthers, or shorter. Ovary 1-celled; stigma capitate. Ovule solitary. Utricle flattened, indehiscent. Seeds lenticular, smooth. [Greek, straw-flower.] Forty species or more, mostly of tropical distribution, known as Sanguinaria. Type species: Achyranthes repens L. TTpSids sGSsilc staminodia mostly shorter than the filaments, entire or den- ticulate: plants prostrate or procumbent. Outer sepals aristate. 1. A. peploides. Sepals all acuminate or acute. Sepals 4 mm. long, the utricle much shorter. 2. A. polyqonoidcs. Sepals 2 mm. long or less, the utricle as long or longer. 3. A. sessihs. Staminodia as long as the filaments or a little longer, lactmate. Leaf-blades orbicular; bracts entire; plant prostrate. 4. A. portoncensis. Leaf-blades rhombic, obovate or oval. Lower bracts lacuiiate-lobed. 5. A. Beltzickiana. Bracts entire. 6. A. ficoidea. Heads on elongated pedtmcles ; plant erect or ascending. 7. A. ramosissima. 1. Achyranthes peploides (H. & B.) Britton. Illecebrum peploides H. & B. ; R. & S. Syst. 5: 517. 1819. ' Alternanthera repens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 540. 1891. Not Achyranthes repens L. Loosely pilose, branched, the branches prostrate, 5 dm. long or less. Leaves spatulate, obovate, to oval or suborbicular, 2 cm. long or less, pinnately veined, obtuse or abruptly tipped, narrowed at the base into short petioles; floAvers in dense sessile globose or oblong heads 6-12 mm. long; sepals dull whitish, unequal, about 2 mm. long, longer than the bracts, the outer aristate, villous: staminodia somewhat shorter than the filaments, entire, or few-toothed below; utricle ovoid, included. [Illecebrum Achyrantha of Krebs, not of Linnaeus; Alternanthera Achyranlha Griseb., not R. Br.] Waste and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas :—south- ern United States; West Indies; continental tropical America; Atlantic Islands and Spain. Ardosxa j.\edin. 2. Achyranthes polygonoides (L.) Lam. Encycl. 1: 547. 1785. Gomphrcna polygonoides L. Sp. PI. 225. 1753. Alternanthera polygonoides R. Br. Prodr. 1: 417. 1810. Alternanthera paronychioides St. Hil. Voy. Bras. 2: 439. 1833. Glabrous or sparingly pilose, branched, the branches procumbent or creeping, 1-6 dm long Leaves spatulate to elliptic, 2 cm. long or less, obscurely veined, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, the petioles 5-10 mm. long; flowers in dense sessile globose axillary heads 8-12 mm. in diameter; .sepals oright w^hite. shining, lanceolate, acute, slightly unequal, about 3 mm. long, somewhat longer than the lanceolate bracts; staminodia about as long as the 280 AMARANTHACEAE filaments, toothed to the apex; utricle obcordate, included. [Alternanthera ficoidea of Bello]. Fields, banks and waste grounds, Porto Rico, especially in sandy soil, at lower ele- vations; St. Thomas:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Martinique; Barbados ; continental tropical America. 3. Achyranthes sessilis (L.) Steud. ; Standley, Jourii. Wash. Acad. 5: 73. 1915. Gomphrena sessilis L. Sp. PI. 225. 1753. Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. Prodr. 417. 1810. Branched, the branches slender, prostrate, glabrous or with a Une of hairs on one side, often rooting at the nodes. Leaf-blades elliptic to spatulate, 1-5 cm. long, rounded or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, glabrous, or sparingly villous beneath, the petioles only 1-4 mm. long; heads subglobose, axillary, white, a little longer than the petioles; sepals ovate, acute, about twice as long as the bracts; staminodia about as long as the filaments, entire; utricle about as long as the calyx, obcordate. Fields, waste and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico, especially in moist sandy soil at lower elevations; St. Thomas (accordmg to Krebs) :— Hispaniola; St. Kitts to Trinidad; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. 4. Achyranthes portoricensis (Kuntze) Standley, Journ. Wash. Acad. 5: 73. 1915. Alternanthera portoricensis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 540. 1891. Telanthera Sintenisii Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 301. 1899. Telanthera dolichocephala Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 302. 1899. Alternanthera cidebrasensis Uline, Field Mus. Bot. 1: 420. 1899. Alternanthera Sintenisii Uline, Field ]Mus. Bot. 1: 421. 1899. Alternanthera dolichocephala Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 221. 1905. Perennial, branched, prostrate, the branches slender, up to 1 m. long, white- villous or in age glabrate. Leaf-blades orbicular to broadly oval, 5 cm. long or less, thin, rounded at base and apex, pilose or becoming glabrate, the petioles 3-10 mm. long; heads axillary, sessile, white; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, pilose, about twice as long as the ovate acuminate bracts; staminodia as long as the filaments or a little longer, laciniate. Sandy and rocky soil at lower and middle altitudes, southern and southwestern dry districts, Porto Rico; Culebra; Little St. James Island; St. Croix; Anegada. En- demic. 5. Achyranthes Bettzickiana (Regel) Standley, N. A. Fl. 21: 138. 1917. Telanthera Bettzickiana Regel, Gartenflora 11: 178. 1862. Perennial or flowering as an annual, green or purplish red, erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. high, branched, villous when young, soon glabrate, the nodes swollen. Leaf-blades rhombic or obovate, 4 cm. long or less, the apex acuminate or abruptly acute, the base long-attenuate, the petioles as long or shorter; heads axillary, sessile, whitish, shorter than the petioles; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, twice as long as the laciniate-lobed lower bracts; staminodia laciniate, as long as the filaments; utricle ovoid. Locally escaped from cultivation in Porto Rico. Widely planted for ornament in tropical America. Probably native of Brazil. Jamon con huevos. 6. Achyranthes ficoidea (L.) Lam. Encycl. 1: 548. 1785. Gomphrena ficoidea L. Sp. PI. 225. 1753. Telanthera ficoidea Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13^: 364. 1849. Perennial, short-pubescent or becoming glabrate, prostrate or ascending, 2-10 dm. long, simple or branched, rooting at the lower nodes. Leaf-blades AMARANTHACEAE 281 oblong to ovate-oblong, rather thick, 5.5 cm. long or less, obtuse or acute, the base narrowed, the petioles 2-7 mm. long; heads axillary, sessile, solitary or 2 or 3 together, subglobose, longer than the petioles, yellowish white; sepals oblong to ovate, acuminate, twice as long as the ovate, spinulose-tipped bracts; staminodia as long as the filaments or longer; utricle suborbicular. [Altemanthera 2^oly- gonoides of Grisebach, not of R. Brown.] Moist .situation.s, ISIayaguoz, Porto Rico: St. Thoma.s; Tortola:—Jamaica; His- paniola; Cuba; Dominica to Trinidad and continental tropical America. Achyranthes halimifolia Lam., related to A. ficoidea, but with leaves densely pubescent ])eneath, is recorded by Standley (N. A. Fl. 21: 140) as in- habiting the Danish West Indies, but this must be in error for Dutch West Indies, as the plant is not known to grow in the Virgin Islands but is abundant on Cura- gao. 7. Achyranthes famosissima (Mart.) Standley, Journ. Wash. Acad. 5: 74. 1915. Mogiphanes ramosissima Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 36. 1S26. Perennial, sparingly strigose or glabrate; stems slender, branched, ascending, woody below, 1.5 m. long or less. Leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 2-S cm. long, the apex acute or acvmiinate, the base rounded or narrowed, the petioles only 5 mm. long or less; peduncles straight, slender, 2-10 cm. long; spikes sub- globose to cyUndric, 1-2.5 cm. long, white; sepals oblong, mucronate, 4-5 mm. long, about three times as long as the bracts; staminodia much longer than the filaments, the apex laciniate. [Erroneously recorded by Urban as Altemanthera brasiliensis and by Millspaugh as Altemanthera straminea.] Coastal sands, San Juan, and near Bayamon, Porto Rico:—Florida; Grenada; St. Vincent; Trinidad; Yucatan; northeastern South America. 6. GOMPHRENA L. Sp. PI. 224. 1753. Pubescent, annual or perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, the perfect flowers in heads or spikes, white, yellow or red, the bractlets keeled, the keel often crested. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted. Stamens 5, the filaments united into a lobed tube, the anthers 2-celled. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes recurved. Utricle flattened. Seed smooth, inverted. [An ancient name, derivation not stated.] Perhaps as many as 100 species, of tropical regions. Type species: Gomphrena globosa L. Heads 20-25 mm. in diameter; aimual. 1. G. globosa. Heads 9-13 mm. in diameter; perennial. 2. G. dispersa. 1. Gomphrena globcsa L. Sp. PI. 224. 1753. Annual, branched or sometimes simple, erect, 3-8 dm. high, appressed- pilose, the nodes swollen. Leaf-blades oblong to ovate or spatulate, 2-10 cm. long, the apex acute, the base narrowed or obtuse, the petioles 5-20 mm. long, the heads usually subtended by 2 or 3 much smaller leaves; heads solitary, subglobose, white, yellow or purple, 20-25 mm. in diameter; calyx woolly, shorter than the acute or acuminate bracts and bractlets; stamen-tube longer or shorter than the bractlets ; style long. Waste groimds, locally spontaneous after cultivation in Porto Rico; St. Croix; St. Thomas:—spontaneous after cultivation for ornament in tropical and subtropical regions. Frequently grown in Porto Rico and Virgin Island flower gardens. Native of tropical Asia. Globe Amaranth. Bachelor's Button. 282 AMARANTHACEAE 2. Gomphrena dispersa Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 91. 1916. Perennial, ascending or prostrate, branched, appressed-pilose, the branches 2-30 cm. long. Leaf-blades oblong to obovate, 5 cm. long or less, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, the petioles 2-6 mm. long, the heads subtended by 2 or 3 similar somewhat smaller leaves ; heads mostly sohtary, white, subglobose to short-cylindric, 9-13 mm. in diameter; calyx woolly, about as long as the thin bractlets; stamen-tube short; style long. "Waste and cultivated grounds, vicinity of San Juan and Santurce, Porto Rico, apparently introduced:—Cuba; Jamaica; Mexico and Central America; adventive in Florida. 7. IRESINE P. Br. Hist. Jam. 358. 1756. Tall or long herbs, with opposite petioled leaves and small 3-bracted white flowers, in large terminal panicles or panicled spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the pistillate usually woolly. Stamens 5, rarely fewer; filaments united by their bases, filiform; anthers 2-celled. Utricle very small, subglobose, indehiscent. [Greek, in allusion to the woollj- pubescence.) About 40 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Celosia paniculata L. Flowers perfect; perennials. Erect, herbaceous; glabrate. 1. I. angustifolia. Somewhat woody vine, the inflorescence densely tomentulose. 2. /. argenldla. Flowersdloecious;erect or clambering, glabrate annual or perennial. 3. I. Celosia. 1. Iresine angustifolia Euph. Beskr. St. Bart. 165. 1795. Iresine elatior Rich. ; Willd. Sp. PL 4: 706. 1805. Alternanthera linearis Bello, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 107. 1S83. Perennial, erect, slender, branched, glabrate, 5-20 dm. long, the branches ascending. Leaf-blades ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 0.5-4 cm. wide, the apex acuminate, the base narrowed, the slender petioles 2.5 cm. long or less, those of the inflorescence smaller; heads loosely panicled, brown- ish, subglobose or subcylindric, 5-12 mm. long, the peduncles and panicle branches very slender; flowers perfect; sepals oblong, acute, 1.5 mm. long, about as long as the bractlets; utricle orbicular. Banks and thickets at lower and middle elevations, especially along the coasts and in dry districts, Porto Rico; Desecheo; Icacos; Culebra: Vieques; St. Croix: St. Thomas; Tortola:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Barts to Trinidad; continental tropical Ameri- ca. 2. Iresine argentata (Mart.) D. Dietr. Syn. PL l: 870. 1839. Trommosdorffia argentea Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 41. 1826. Achyranth.es nodosa Bert.; Mart. loc. cit., as synonym. 1826. Alternanthera argentata Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13-: 352. 1849. Gomphrena Berteriana Balb. ; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 707. 1864. A somewhat woody, much branched vine, up to 7 m. long, the stems glabrate, slender, terete, the branches of the inflorescence densely tomentulose. Leaf- blades oval to ovate, glabrous or nearly so, 6-12 cm. long, the apex acute, the base cordate, the petioles 10 mm. long or less; heads very numerous, subglobose, sessile or short-stalked, 6-8 mm. in diameter, silvery; sepals pilose, acutish, 2 mm. long, about three times as long as the bractlets; staminodia short, entire; filaments filiform. Thickets, woodlands, and banks at lower and middle elevations in moist districts, Porto Rico:—northern South America; recorded from Trinidad. AMARANTHACEAE 283 3. Iresine Celosia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1291. 1759. Celosia paniculala L. Sp. PL 206. 1753. Iresine celosioides L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1456. 1763. Iresine paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PL 2: 542. 1891. Not Poir. 1813. Annual or perennial; stem erect, ascending or clambering, 0.6-3 m. long, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, acute or acuminate, the slender petioles 1-6 cm. long; flowers very numerous, 2 mm. broad or less; caly.x and bracts silvery; sepals 1-1.5 mm. long; pistillate flowers white-villous at the base, about twice as long as the bracts; utricle shorter than the sepals; seed red, shining, 0.5 mm. in diameter. Tliickets, banks and woodlands, Porto Rico, at lower and middle elevations in moist districts:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Saba to Trinidad; continental tropical America. Iresine Lindenii Van Houtte, recorded as from Ecuador, grown for orna- ment in Porto Rico and Virgin Island gardens, is tall, similar to /. Celosia, but with ovate acuminate purple leaves, the panicled inflorescence often very large, sometimes 3 or 4 dm. high. Iresine Herbstii Hook., South American, also grown for ornament in Porto Rico and Virgin Island gardens, is similar, but the purple leaves are sub- orbicular, rounded, obtuse or notched, the inflorescence smaller. Iresine interrupta Benth. [Altemanthera Richardi Moq.], a Mexican species, was recorded by Krebs as found in St. Thomas, evidently in error. 8. LITHOPHILA Sw. Prodr. 14. 1788. Perennial, more or less villous herbs, the leaves mostly in basal tufts, the small perfect bracteolate flowers in spikes or heads. Caly.x flattened, 5-parted, sessile. Stamens 2; filaments connate below; anthers 2-celled; staminodia 3. Ovary ovoid; style short; stigmas 2, slender; ovule 1, pendulous. Utricle ovoid, compressed. Seed lenticular, smooth. [Greek, rock-loving.] About 4 species, of the West Indies and Galapagos, the following typical. 1. Lithophila muscoides Sw. Prodr. 14. 1788. Achyranthes linearifolia Sw. Vet. Acad. Handl. 1825: 48. 1825. Root woody, often deep ; stems few or several, prostrate or ascending, villous, branched, 0.1-2 dm. long. Basal leaves several or many, tufted, filiform to oblong-spatulate, 1.5-5 cm. long, 0.3-5 mm. wide, obtuse, villous near the base; cauline leaves few, similar but smaller, glabrous: spikes 3-15 mm. long, about 5 mm. thick, solitary or clustered, terminal or axillary, sessile or nearly so; bracts white, membranous, ovate, acute or acuminate, about one-half as long as the sepals; bractlets similar, nearly as long as the sepals; sepals oblong, 1-2.5 mm. long, the outer obtuse, villous at the base, the inner acute ; seed nearly orbicular, brown, shining, 0.5 mm. in diameter. Near the coast, Arecibo; Porto Rico: Mona; St. Croix; Anegada:—Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. ISIartin to IMartuiique; Bonaire; Curagao; Aruba. 9. PHILOXERUS R. Br. Prodr. 416. 1810. Herbs, mostly fleshy, with opposite entire leaves, the perfect bracteolate flowers in dense heads or short spikes. Calyx compressed, thickened at the base, 5-parted, the segments obtuse. Stamens 5; filaments subulate, connate below ; anthers oblong, 2-celled. Ovary ovoid, compressed ; style short ; stigmas 2, 284 NYCTAGINACEAE subulate; ovule suspended on a long funicle. Utricle compressed, ovoid, inde- hiscent. Seed lenticular; embryo annular; endosperm starchy. [Greek, dry- loving, some species inhabiting dry situations.] About 10 species of coastal distribution in tropical and subtropical America, Africa and Australasia. Type species: Philoxervs conicus R. Br. 1. Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) Nutt. Gen. 2: 78. 1818. Gomphrena vermicularis L. Sp. PI. 224. 1753. Iresine vermicularis Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13-: .340. 1849. Iresine crassifolia Moq. loc. cit. 1849. Iresine aggregata Moq. loc. cit. 1849. Lithophila vermicidata Uline, Field Mus. Bot. 2: 39. 1900. Fleshy, the stems prostrate, branched, 1-8 dm. long, the branches prostrate or ascending, sometimes 1.5 dm. high. Leaves thick, or subterete, linear, linear- oblong, oblong or clavate, 1-5 cm. long, acutish or blunt at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base; heads subglobose to cylindric, densefy many-flowered, bright white, 1-2.5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick; sepals about 3 mm. long, obtuse, a little longer than the bracts. Saline soil along the coasts, Porto Rico; Muertos; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; Tortola; Virgin Gorda; Anegada:—Florida; West Indies; continental tropical America; west coast of tropical Africa. Races differ in size, shape and thickness of leaves. Salt- weed. Recorded by Urban as called LiRio in Porto Rico, wliich seems vmlikely, as that name belongs to Hymenocallis. Family 3. NYCTAGINACEAE Lindl. Four-o'Clock Family. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with simple leaves, and regular flowers in clusters, in many of the genera subtended by involucres. Petals none. Calyx inferior, usually corolla-like, its limb 4-5-Iobed or 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogynous; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Ovary enclosed by the tube of the perianth, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; ovule cam- pylotropous; stigma capitate. Fruit a ribbed, grooved or winged anthocarp. About 25 genera and 350 species, of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in America. Herbs; flowers perfect. Perianth large; involucre large, gamophyllotis. 1. Mirabilis. Perianth small: involucre of miniite bracts. Fruit .5-angled or .5-ribbed. 2. Boerhaavea. Fruit 10-ribbed. 3. Commicarpus. Trees, shrubs or woody vines; flowers dioecious. Stamens cxserted. Fruit drupe-like, fleshy. 4. Torrubia. Friiit dry, with 5 rows of glands. 5. Pisonia. Stamens included. • 6. Neea. 1. MIRABILIS L. Sp. PI. 177. 1753. Perennial herbs, with large tuberous roots and forking stems. Leaves opposite, .somewhat fleshy, petioled, or the upper sessile. Flowers in cymes. Involucre calyx-like, 5-lobed. Calyx colored, its tube elongated, somewhat constricted above the ovary, its limb expanded. Stamens 5 or 6, unequal; filaments filiform, slender, incurved, united into a fleshy cup at the base. Style filiform. Fruit ribbed. Seed filling the pericarp, to which the testa adheres; endosperm mealy. [Latin, beautiful.] Twenty or more American species, the following typical. NYCTAGINACEAE 285 1. Mirabilis Jalapa L. Sp. PI. 177. 1753. Mirabilis odorata L. Cent. PI. 1: 7. 1755. Mirabilis dichotorna L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 252. 1762. Mirabilis Jalapa odorata L.; Heimerl, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 616. 1896. Foliage deep green, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Stem erect, 3-7 dm. tall, much branched; leaves ovate, acuminate, sometimes sparingly ciliate, entire, truncate or cordate at the base, the petioles about one half as long as the blades; involucres campanulate, 7-8 mm. high, pubescent, 1-flowered, their lobes ovate-lanceolate, twice as long as the tube, acute; calyx trumpet-shaped, 3-5 cm. long, deep' red to purple or white, often more or less blotched, the edge notched; stamens exserted; fruit ovoid, black, 8-10 mm. long, wrinkled-tubercu- late, 5-ribbed. Waste grounds spontaneous after cultivation, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; Tortola:— Florida; Bermuda; West Indies; Texas to Central and South America. Commonly planted in flower gardens. Four-o'Clock. Siciliana. 2. BOERHAAVEA L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753. Slender, erect or diffuse, annual or perennial herbs, with forking stems and branches, sometimes woody at the base. Leaves opposite, the blades more or less unequal, entire or sinuate. Flowers perfect, small, umbellate, cymose,. capitate or racemose, subtended by minute bracts. Calyx campanulate or funnel- shaped, deciduous, the tube short or elongate, the Umb spreading, 5-lobed. Sta- mens 1-5, exserted or included; filaments slender, connate at the base. Ovary stipitate; style filiform; ^tigma peltate. Anthocarp obovoid or clavate, 3-5- angled, rarely 3-5-winged. Seed adhering to the pericarp; embryo uncinate. [In honor of Hermann Boerhaave, 1668-1738, a celebrated Dutch scientist.] About 40 species, natives of warm and tropical regions, known as Hog-weed. Type species: Boerhaavea diffusa L. Fruit glandular-puberulent; perennial. 1. B. coccinca. Fruit glabrous; annual. 2. B. erecla. 1. Boerhaavea coccinea Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 4, 1768. Boerhaavea hirsuta Jacq. Hort. Vind. 1: 3. 1770. Boerhaavea caribaea Jacq. Obs. 4: 5. 1771. Boerhaavea diffusa Sw. Obs. 10. 1791. Not L. 1753. Boerhaavea paniculata Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. 1: 105. 1792. Boerhaavea viscosa Lag. & Rodr. Anal. Ci. Nat. 4: 2.56. ISOl. Boerhaavea decumbens Vahl, Enum. PI. 1: 284. 1804. Boerhaavea diffusa paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. .533. 1891. Perennial, procumbent or ascending, branched, 3-12 dm. high, often pu- bescent, at least below, the branches glabrous or puberui^ Leaves rhombic- ovate to oblong or nearly orbicular, 2-6 cm. long, 0.8-5 cm. broad, rounded, obtuse or occasionally acute at the apex, truncate, rounded, or subcordate at the base, slender-petioled, entire or undulate; panicle slender, often 3 dm. long, its branches nearly filiform, glabrous or puberulent; flowers reddish, 2 mm. broad; fruit obovoid, 2. .5-4 mm. long, 5-grooved, glandular. Waste places fields and river banks, Porto Rico at lower elevations; Mona; loacos; Desecheo; Muertos; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:— Florida- West Indies; Mexico through Central America to northern South America; tropical Africa. Races differ in pubescence and in size of the fruit. [B. repens of Mills- paugh.] TOSTON. 286 NYCTAGINACEAE 2. Boerhaavea erecta L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753. Annual, erect or ascending, branched, 2-10 dm. high. Leaves ovate to deltoid-ovate, sometimes inequilateral, 2-7 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. broad, apiculate. repand or undulate, acute to cordate at the base, minutely brown-dotted on the lower whitish surface, the petioles usually about one half as long as the blades or longer; peduncles filiform ; flowers 2-6 in a cluster; calyx white to purple, its tube glabrous, the limb campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. long, sparingly pubescent; stamens exserted; fruit obpyramidal, 3-3.5 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad at the truncate apex, 5-angled, glabrous. Fields, banks and cultivated grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico; St. Croixl St. Thomas; Tortola:—southern United States; Bermuda; West Indies; Mexico to Centra; and South America. 3. COMMICARPUS Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 373. 1909. Perennial herbs, with long forking stems, opposite entire petioled leaves and small perfect umbellate flowers. Calyx short-funnelform, the limb rather widely expanded. Stamens 2-5, exserted, the filaments slender. Ovary oblique; style slender. Fruit clavate, 10-ribbed, mucilaginous-glandular, the glands rather large. Seed adherejit to the pericarp; embryo uncinate. [Greek, viscid fruit.] About 5 species, natives of tropical and subtropical America, the follow- ing typical. 1. Commicarpus scandens (L.) Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 373. 1909. Boerhaavea scandens L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753. Glabrous, stems slender, pale, elongated and often Vine-like, much branched, sometimes 3 m. long. Leaves ovate, rather thin, somewhat fleshy, 1.5-6 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. wide, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, the petioles 2.5 cm. long or less; peduncles slender, mostly longer than the leaves; umbels several-flowered; pedicels filiform, 5-10 mm. long; calyx greenish, 3-4 mm. broad; fruit narrowly clavate, 7-10 mm. long, glandular toward the blunt apex, its ribs low and obscure. Thickets and liillsides at lower elevations, Porto Rico, mostly in dry districts; St. Thomas; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—Jamaica; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Martin; St. Barts:—Texas to Guatemala and Peru. Pega-pollo. 4. TORRUBIA Veil. Fl. Flum. 139. 1825. Unarmed shrubs or trees, with opposite, often somewhat fleshy leaves, and small greenish dioecious panicled flowers. Perianth-limb 5-toothed. Stamens about 10, exserted, the filaments filiform. Ovary sessile; style slender or short. Anthocarp fleshy, drupe-like, obovoid to ellipsoid or subglobose, without glands in rows, enclosing the utricle. [Commemorates Jose Torrubia, a Spanish naturalist.] Fifteen species or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Torrubia opposita Veil. Leaves rounded at the apex. 1. T. discolor. Leaves usually abruptly acute or short-acuminate at the apex. 2. T.fragrans. 1. Torrubia discolor (Spreng.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 613. 1904. Pisonia discolor Spreng. Syst. 2: 168. 1825. A shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong, elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate, 2-6.5 cm. long, 1-4 cm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, cuneate or some- times rounded at the base, thin, glabrous, the slender petiole 2 cm. long or less; NYCTAGINACEAE 287 peduncles slender, axillary and terminal, 1-2.5 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so, the inflorescence often few-flowered, 1-4 cm. broad; flowers sessile or subsessile; fruit oblong or ellipsoid, 5-8 mm. long, 3.5-4 mm. broad, scarlet, the utricle 10- striate. Rocky hillsides and thickets, Punta Montalva, Porto Rico; Desecheo:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola. Recorded by Krebs from St. Thom.as, probably in error. 2. Torrubia fragrans (Dum.-Cours.) Standley, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 100. 1916. Pisonia obtusata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1960. 1806. Not Jacq. 1798. Pisonia fragrans Dum.-Cours. Bot. Cult. ed. 2, 7: 114. 1814. Pisonia inermis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. Ind. 71, in part. 1859. Not Jacq. 1763. A tree up to 20 m. high, with a trunk 6-9 dm. in diameter with grayish or grayish brown branches, the bark smooth. Leaves, rhombic-oval, rhombic- obovate, obovate or oblanceolate, usually broadest above the middle, 3.5-13 cm. long, 2-7.5 cm. broad, abruptly acute to acuminate at the apex, acute or rarely obtuse at the base, glabrous, lustrous above, dull beneath; peduncles mostly terminal, 2-9 cm. long, puberulent or glabrous, the inflorescence many-flowered, cymose, 2-7 cm. broad; flowers sessile or short-pedicelled ; fruit ellipsoid, 7-11 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter. [? P. coccinea of West; P. nigricans of Krebs.] Forests, thickets and hiUs at lower and middle elevations in moist and dry districts, Porto Rico, ascending to 900 m.; Icacos; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; Tortola; Virgin Gorda;—West Indies (except Bahamas) ; Central and South America. Black Mampoo. CoRCHo. Majagua que mona. 5. PISONIA L. Sp. PI. 1026. 1753. Woody vines, shrubs or trees, some species armed with prickles. Leaves mostly opposite, entire. Flowers dioecious, in sessile or pedunculate cymes, bracteolate. Staminate perianth obconic-campanulate, the limb 5-toothed; stamens 6-10; filaments filiform, connate below into a tube or ring; anthers exserted. Pistillate perianth tubular, the limb 5-toothed; ovary sessile; style slender; stigma capitellate. Anthocarp coriaceous, oblong or clavate, terete and costate or 5-angled, bearing viscid stalked glands in rows; utricle elongate. [Commemorates William Piso, a physician of Leyden, who travelled in Brazil, died in 1648.] Twenty species or more of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species; Pisonia aculeata L. Straggling shrubs or large woody vines armed with stout recurved prickles. Matiire fruit 3-4 mm. in diameter, the glands along the angles iiniseriate or nearly so. 1. P. aculeata. Mature fruit 5-6.5 mm. m diameter, the glands along the angles in 2 rows or more. 2. P. Helleri. Leaf-blades often subcordate at the base, glabrous or nearly so; fruit 10-costate. 3. P. subcordala. Leaf-blades obtiise, rounded or somewhat acutish at the base, cuiereous-tomentulose beneath ; fruit 5-angled. 4. P. albida. 1. Pisonia aculeata L. Sp. PI. 1026. 1753. A straggling shrub, or a woody vine sometimes 10 m. long, usually armed with numerous stout recurved prickles, sometimes unarmed. Leaves elliptic, oval, ovate-oblong, or suborbicular, 2.5-14 cm. long, 2-6 cm. broad, acute, short- acuminate or obtuse at the apex, cuneate or sometimes rounded at the base, leathery, glabrous or occasionally pubescent on both sides, or glabrous above and tomentulose beneath, the petioles 1-4 cm. long; cymes many-flowered, puberulent; staminate perianth 3-4 mm. long, puberulent. yellowish-green, the 288 NYCTAGINACEAE lobes broad, acutish; stamens usually 6; pistillate perianth 2--2.S mm. long, puberulent; fruit clavate, 9-14 mm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, rounded at the apex, 5-angled, the glands along the angles uniseriate or nearly so, the pedicels 1.6 cm. long or less. Thickets, hillsides and woodlands, Porto Rico, at low elevations in moist or dry districts; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croi.x:—West Indies; Florida; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Prickly Mampoo. Escambron 2. Pisonia Helleri Standley, N. A. Flora 21: 187. 1918. Similar to the preceding. Fruit clavate or clavate-oblong, 10-14 mm. long, 5-6.5 mm. in diameter, rounded or slightly depressed at the apex, 5-angled, the glands along the angles in 2 or more rows, the pedicels 1-3 cm. long. Limestone hills and thickets at lower elevations in wet or moist districts, Porto Rico :— Isle of Pines; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Martinique; Guadeloupe; Antigua. [Pisonia aculeata pediccllaris of Urban.] 3. Pisonia subcordata Sw. Prodr. 60. 1788. Pisonia nigricans West, Bidr. St. Croix 312. 1793. Not Sw. ISOO. Pisonia siibovata Poir. in Lam. Encyc. 5: 347. 1804. Pisonia subcordata typica Swartiiann Ileimerl, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 630. 1896. Pisonia subcordata typica gigantophylla Heimerl, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 630. 1896. An unarmed tree, 7-25 m. high, with a trunk up to 1 m. in diameter, the gray bark smooth, the twigs and foliage ferruginous-puberulent when young, glabrous or nearly so in age. Leaves oval or suborbicular, 5.5-27 cm. long, 4.5- 20 cm. broad, rounded and occasionally shallowly emarginate at the apex, rounded and often subcordate at the base, finely reticulate-veined and glabrous or nearly so beneath; peduncles 1-3 cm. long; staminate inflorescence 2-3.5 cm. broad, the flowers greenish-yellow, subsessile or with short stout pedicels, the campanulate perianth 3-4 mm. long, the stamens often nearly twice as long; pistillate inflores- cence loosely corymbose, the flowers on pedicels 2-5 mm. long, the perianth about 3 mm. long or shorter; fruit clavate or cyUndric, 10-13 mm. long, 1.5-1.7 mm. in diameter, 10-striate, bearing 5 I'ows of glands near the apex. Thickets, hillsides and forests, Porto Rico, ascending to the higher elevations; Icacos; Culebrita; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; Tortola; Anegada:—St. Martin to Mar- tinique. The race with very large, tliin leaves inhabits hills of the Arecibo Limestone in northern Porto Rico. Water Mampoo. Palo bobo. Lobloly. 4. Pisonia albida (Heimerl) Britton; Standley, N. A. Flora 21: 190. 1890. Pisonia subcordata typica albida Heimerl, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 630. 1896. Pisonia subcordata albida Heimerl in Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 226. 1905. A tree, 6-12 m. high or higher, with puberulent twigs and petioles, the bark smooth, light gray. Leaves oblong to eUiptic or oval, or occasionally some- what ovate, 4.5-12 cm. long, 2.5-7.5 cm. broad, often much larger on the young shoots, obtuse, rounded or occasionally acutish at the apex, rounded or acute at the base, grayish green and glabrous above, paler and cinereous-tomentulose beneath, the petioles 1-2.5 cm. long or longer; peduncles 1-3 cm. long, tomentu- lose; staminate inflorescence 2-3.5 cm. broad, the flowers short-pedicillate, the calyx 3 mm. long, puberulent, the stamens usually 8, much longer than the perianth; pistillate inflorescence divaricate-branched, the pedicels 2-14 mm. long, the clavate fruit 6-7 mm. long, 5-angled, the angles each bearing a row of uniseriate glands above the middle. Limestone hills and coastal tliickets at lower elevations in dry districts, Porto Rico;Mona; Muertos. Endemic. BATIDACEAE 289 6. NEEA R. & P. Fl. Per. Prodr. 52. 1794. [Eggersia Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. 15: 1. 1883.] Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, vertictllate or rarely alternate. Flowers usually dioecious. Staminate perianth urceolate, subglobose, or elongate, '4-5- toothed; stamens 8 or 10, included, inserted at the base of the perianth; filaments unequal; anthers oblong. PistUlate perianth tubular-urceolate, 4-5-toothed; stamens with sterile anthers inserted at the base of the ovary; style included; stigma penicillate. Anthocarp somewhat fleshy on the outside, usually crowned by the persistent perianth. Seed with a hyaUne testa. Embryo straight; en- dosperm scant, fleshy; radicle short. [Dedicated to Dr. Luis Nee.] About 40 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Neea verticillata R. & P. 1. Neea buxifolia (Hook, f.) Heimerl, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 633. 1896. Eggersia buxifolia Hook. f. in flook. Ic. 15: 1. 1883. A shrub, 2-8 m. high, with slender grayish branches. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate or oblanceolate, 9-24 mm. long, 3-9 mm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base into a short petiole or subsessile, glabrous, coriaceous, the margin more or less revolute; peduncles slender, 3.8-5 mm. long, pubescent; staminate perianth 3.5 mm. long, pubescent or glabrate, 5-toothed; stamens 5-8; pistillate perianth 3 mm. long, slightly contracted in the throat, 5-dentate; fruit unknown. Coastal thickets and wooded hillsides, Porto Rico, in eastern and northern districts at low elevations; Culebra; St. Thomas; St. Jan. Endemic. Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Brazihan, commonly planted for orna- ment in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, is one of the most elegant vines of tropical regions, chmbing high on porches, arbors and fences, covered when in bloom with masses of rose or rose-purple inflorescence. It has alternate ovate entire acuminate petioled leaves 4-8 cm. long, and slender prickly branches; the small flowers are subtended by thin ovate-elliptic bracts 3-4 cm. long, which form the conspicuous part of the inflorescence. Trinitaria. Bougainvillea glabra Choisy, also Brazilian, is a similar vine, usually smaller than B. spectabilis, occasionaUy grown in Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, difl'ering in having bright red bracts. Family 4. BATIDACEAE Dammer. Saltwort Family. Low fleshy much-branclied slirubs, with opposite semiterete, linear or club-shaped, entire sessile estipulate leaves, and small dioecious greenish flowers in axillary spikes. Staminate spikes with many persistent imbricated scales, each subtending a flower; calyx 2-lobed; stamens 4 or 5, with stout filaments alternating with staminodia; anthers introrse. Pistillate spilves 4-12-flowered, the scales deciduous; calyx and coroUa wanting; ovary sessile, 4-celled; ovule 1 in each cavity, erect, anatropous; stigma sessile, somewhat 2-lobed; fruit aggregate, about 4-seeded. Seeds club-shaped, the testa membranous; endosperm none; cotyledons large. Only the following genus. 1. BATIS L. Syst. ed. 10, 1289. 1759. Characters of the family. [Greek, from the fancied resemblance of the fruit to a blackberry.] A monotypic genus. 290 PHYTOLACCACEAE 1 Batis maritima L. Syst. ed. 10, 1289. 1759. A glabrous shrub 1 m. high or less, the rather stout stems spreading, prostrate or ascending, the branches nearly erect, angular. Leaves acutish, 1-2. .5 cm. long; spikes ovoid or oblong, 5-10 mm. long, the staminate sessile, the pistillate short-peduncled ; scales nearly orbicular or reniform, longer than the calyx; stamens exserted, longer than the triangular staminodia; fruit 1-2 cm. long, drooping. Saline soil along the coasts, Porto Rico; Icacos; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; Tortola; Anegada:—southeastern United States; California; West Indies; continental tropical America Galapagos; Sandwich Islands. [Dondia linearis of Mills- paugh.] Saltwort. Barrilla. Family 5. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl. PoKEWEED Family. Herbs, some tropical species shrubs, vines or trees, with alternate entire, mostly estipulate leaves, and perfect regular, polygamous or monoecious flowers. Calyx 4-5-parted or of 4 or 5 sepals, its segments or sepals im- bricated in the bud. Petals usually wanting. Stamens as many as the calyx-segments or sepals and alternate with them, or more numerous, hypogynous; filaments distinct, or united at the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary superior, several-celled in most of the genera; ovules solitary in the cavities, amphi- tropous. Styles as many as the carpels, short, or none; stigmas linear or filiform. Fruit a berry or an achene. Endosperm of the seed mealy or fleshy. About 22 genera and 110 species, mostly in the tropics. Perianth-segments 4. Fruit a globose berry. Stamens 4; style elongated. 1. Rivina. Stamens 8-16; style .none. 2. Trichostigma. Fruit dry, achene-Uke, with deflexed bristles at the apex. 3. Petiveria. Perianth-segments 5. Ovary one-celled, with 2 stigmas. 4. ^^crotea. Ovary several-celled, with as many stigmas as cells. 5. Phytolacca. 1. RIVINA L. Sp. PI. 121. 17.53. Herbs, sometimes woody below, the stems branched, erect, the leaves thin in texture, the small perfect flowers in axillary or terminal, slender racemes. Sepals 4, not enlarging in fruit. Stamens 4, the filaments filiform, the anthers erect. Ovary 1-celled, subglobose; style curved; stigma capitate. Fruit a small subglobose berry. Seed erect, lenticular, its testa crustaceous, the embryo curved, the endosperm mealy. [Commemorates August Rivinus, 1652-1725, professor in Leipzig.] About 3 species of tropical and subtropical America, the following typical. 1. Rivina humilis L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753. Rivina humilis glabra L. Sp. PI. 122. 1753. Rivina humilis canescens L. loc. cit. 122. 1753. Rivina laevis L. Mant. 1: 41. 1767. Rivina purpurascens Schrad. Gen. lU. 17. 1809. Rivina laevis pubescens Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 59. 1859. Rivina viridiflora Bello, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 105. 1883. Glabrous or finely pubescent, branched, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate to oblong or lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, membranous, flaccid, undulate or entire, PHYTOLACCACEAE 291 acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, the slender petioles 1-5 cm. long; racemes 10 cm. long or less, loosely several-many-flowered; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; bracts deciduous; calyx about 6 mm. wide, the .sepals oblong-cuneate, obtuse, pink or nearly white; stamens somewhat shorter than the sepals; berries subglobose, red, about 3 mm. in diameter. Fields, thickets, banks, waste and cultivated grounds, Porto Rico, at lower and middle elevations; Vieqiies; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Virgin Gorda: Florida; Texas; West Indies; continental tropical America. Carmin. Cat's-blood. 2. TRICHOSTIGMA A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 10: 306. 1845. "Woody vines, or shrubs, with alternate petioled broad leaves, the small perfect flowers in slender bracted racemes. Sepals 4, concave, spreading or re- flexed. Stamens 8-16; filaments filiform; anthers linear, versatile, 2-cleft. Ovary subglobose, 1-celled ; stigma sessile, peniclllate. Fruit coriaceous, baccate, subglobose, the pericarp adherent to the erect seed. [Greek, referring to the peni- clllate stigma.] About 3 species, of tropical America, the following typical. 1. Trichostigma octandrum (L.) H. Walter, Pfianzenr. 39: 109. 1909. Rivina humilis scandens L. Sp. PI. 122. 1753. Rivina octandra L. Cent. PL 2'. 9. 1756. Rivina scandens Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, 1768. Trichostigma rivinoides A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 10: 306. 1845. Villamilla octaridra Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 3: 81. 1880. A woody vine, often 10 m. long or longer, usually climbing on trees, the stem up to 1.5 dm. in diameter at the base, the branches long and slender, glabrous. Leaves elliptic, oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, membranous, 5-15 cm. long, 1.8- 5.9 cm. broad, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed or occasionally rounded at the base, glabrous, entire, the slender petioles 1-5 cm. long; racemes usually numerous, loosely many-flowered, as long as the leaves or longer; pedicels 2-10 mm. long; flowers white, about 8 mm. broad, the ovate obtuse sepals at length reflexed; berry black, about mm. in diameter. Woods and thickets at lower elevations in moist districts, Porto Rico; Culebra; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—Florida; West Indies; continental tropical America. Hoop-vine. Basket Wiss. Bejuco de paloma. 3. PETIVERIA L. Sp. PI. 342. 1753. An erect slender perennial herb with the odor of garlic, the leaves broad, membranous, alternate, entire, the small perfect flowers in slender bracted spikes. Calyx 4-parted, conic at the base, the segments lanceolate, spreading in flower, erect in fruit. Stamens 4-8; fllaments subulate; anthers linear, 2-cleft at apex and base; ovary oblong, flattened, truncate, tomentose, 1-celled, with 1-6 de- flexed bristles near the apex; style very short or none; stigma penicillate. Fruit elongated, cuneate, flattened, striate, keeled on both sides, 2-lobed at the top and bearing 1-6 hooked bristles. Seed linear. [In honor of Jacob Petiver, English naturaU^t and apothecary, who died in 1718.] A monotypic genus. 1. Petiveria alliacea L. Sp. PI. 342. 1753. Stem puberulent above, or glabrate, erect, branched, 3-10 dm. high, the branches slender, long, nearly erect or ascending. Leaves elliptic, oblong or obovate, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, 3-12 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled ; spikes very 292 PHYTOLACCACEAE slender, 1-4 dm. 1 > i r, puberulent; flowers greenish, short-pedicelled; sepals, snarrovvly linear, about 4 mm. long; achene linear-cuneate, about 6 mm. long appressed to the axis of the spike, the terminal, reflexed bristles about 2 mm. long. Thickets, waste and cultivated grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico; Mona; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Tliomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—Florida; West Indies; continental tropical America, north to Mexico. Garlic-weed. Anamu. Gully-root. Guinea-hen WEED. CONGA-ROOT. 4. MICROTEK Sw. Prodr. 53. 1788. Erect or prostrate herbs, with alternate, petioled or sessile leaves. Flowers perfect, minute. Sepals 5. Stamens 5-8; filaments subulate or linear. Ovary 1-celled, of two carpels. Stigmas 2; ovule solitary. Fruit subglobose, ttiber- culate echinate or smooth. Embryo semi-annular. Cotyledons concave, one twice as large as the other; radicle thick, short. [Greek, alluding to the small flowers.] About 9 species, of tropical America. Type species: Microteadebilis Syr. Fruit covered with a honeycomb-like network uniting the spine-Uke tubercles. 1. ]\f. debilis. Fruit reticulate-veined, without spine-like tubercles. 2. M. portoricensis. 1. Microtea debilis Sw. Prodr. 53. 1753. A prostrate or ascending annual herb with slender branches. Leaves thin, elliptic, ovate, oljovate, oblanceolate or somewhat spathulate, .3-7 cm. long, 1-3.2 cm. broad, acute or obtuse at the apex, acute or cuneate at the ba.se; glabrous; perianth-segments elliptic or ovate, 0.6-0.7 mm. long, 0.3-0.4 mm. broad; fruit subglobo.se or globose-obovoid, 1.2-1.5 mm. long, 1-1.2 mm. broad, covered with a honeycomb-like network uniting the spine-like tubercles. Waste grounds. Dorado, Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas:—West Indies (e.Kcept Bahamas) ; Central and South America. 2. Microtea portoricensis Urban, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 3: 324. 1885. A prostrate annual herb closely resembling the preceding. Perianth- segments oblong-elliptic 0.7 mm. long, 0.4 mm. broad; fruit subglobose, 0.9-1 mm. broad, reticulate-veined, without spine-like tubercles. Fields and hillsides near TrujiUo-bajo and Cabo Rojo, Porto Rico:—Cuba. 5. PHYTOLACCA L. Sp. PI. 441. 1753. Tall perennial herbs, with petioled estipulate leaves, and small flowers in terminal racemes, which by the further growth of the stem become opposite the leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base and often 1-3-bracted above. Calyx of 5 persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 5-20, inserted at the base of the calyx. Ovary composed of 5-20 distinct or somewhat united carpels. Fruit a depressed- globose 5-1.5-celled fleshy berry. Seeds 1 in each cavity, erect, compressed; embryo annular in the mealy endosperm. [Name Greek and French, referring to the crimson juice of the berries.] About 24 species, mostly tropical. Type species: Phytolacca americana L. Pedicels as long as the flowers, in fruit 2-4 mm. long. 1. P. icosandra. Pedicels longer than the flowers, in fruit 6-10 nun. long. 2. P. rivinoides. AIZOACEAE 293 1. Phytolacca icosandra L. Syst. ed. 10, 1040. 1759. Phytolacca octandra L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 631. 1762. Erect, glabrous, or puberulent above, branched, somewhat succulent, 1-3 m. high. Leaves elHptic to ovate-lanceolate, membranous, 8-20 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the rather stout petioles 1-5 cm. long; racemes erect, densely many-flowered, 1-3 dm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; flowers greenish white or yellowish; sepals rounded; stamens 8-20; carpels 8-20; berry black, depressed-globose, about 8 mm. in diameter. Porto Rico, collected by Plee (according to Moquin) :-—Jamaica; Bahamas: Cuba; Hispaniola; Trinidad; continental tropical America. Also recorded from the Old World. Southern Poke-weed. 2. Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & Bouche, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1848: 15. 1848. Stem weak, vine-like, glabrous, occasionally 4 or 5 m. long. Leaves elliptic, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 8-18 cm. long, 3-8 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, acute or cuneate at the base; petioles 2-5.8 long; racemes loosely flowered, 2-5 dm. long; fruiting pedicels 6-10 mm. long; flowers white or pinldsh; sepals round- ed; stamens 10-20; carpels 10-16; berry black, 5-7 mm. in diameter. Woodlands, thickets and river-banks in moist districts, ascending to higher elevations, Porto Rico:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Kitts to Trinidad; continental tropical America. (P. icosandra of Urban, not of Linnaeus.) Juan de Vargas. Agdestis elematoidea M05. & Sesse, Mexican, occasionally planted for ornament in Porto Rico, is a long woody vine, with a very large tuljer, the reddish stems sometimes 15 m. long, the alternate petioled leaves cordate, the small white flowers in large panicles, the sepals 4. Family 6. AIZOACEAE A. Br. Carpet-weed Family. Annual or perennial herbs, often prostrate and branching, with mostly opposite, more or less fleshy leaves, and perfect small regular flowers. Stipules none or scarious, or the petiole-bases dilated. Calyx 4- or 5-cleft or 4-parted. Petals small, or none in most species. Stamens hypogynous or perigynous. Ovary usually free from the calyx, 3-many-celled; ovules few or numerous in each cell. Fruit a capsule with loculicidal or circumscissile dehiscence. Seeds amphitropous; endosperm scanty or copious; embryo slender, curved. About 22 genera and 500 species mostly of warm regions, a few in the temperate zones. Capsule loculicidally deliiscent. 1- Mollugo. Capsule circumscissile. „ ^ CapsiUe 3-5-celled. 2. Sesuvium. Capsule 1- or 2-celled. „ ™, • ... Stamens 5-10 or more. 3. Trmnthema. Stamens 2 or 3. 4. Cypselea. 1. MOLLUGO L. Sp. PI. 89. 1753. Erect or prostrate, mostly annual herbs, with verticillate, or in some species basal or alternate leaves, and small cymose or axillary flowers. Stipules scarious, deciduous. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals none. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 3-5-celled, superior; styles 3-5; ovules numerous. Capsule subglobose or ellip- soid, loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds few or numerous, small, the testa smooth, granular or sculptured. [An old Latin name for some soft plant applied to this 294 AIZOACEAE genus because of the resemblance in the arrangement of its leaves to those of Galium Mollugo.] About 14 species, natives of the tropics of the Old World; a few also in north temperate and tropical America. Type species: Mollugo verticillata L. Cauline leaves In whorls; flowers axillary. 1. M. vertirillnta. Leaves all basal; flowers in long-peduncled cymes. 2. M. nuclicaulis'. 1. Mollugo verticillata L. Sp. Pi. 89. 1753. Mollugo Berteriana Ser. in DC. Prodr. 1: 391. 1824. Pharnaceum Berterianum Spreng. Syst. 1: 949. Excl. syn. 1825. Pharnaceum lineare Bert.; Ser. in DC. Prodr. 1: 391, a synonym. 1824. Not L. 1781. Mollugo verticillata scrohiculata juncea Rohrb. Mart. Fl. Bras. 14^: 242. 1872. A glabrous prostrate herb, sometimes forming patches 1 m. or more in di- ameter, the branches sometimes ascending. Leaves verticillate, often in 5's or 6's, spatulate, obovate or linear, 0.7-3 cm. long, 1-11 mm. broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, tapering at the base into the petiole; flowers axillary, the pedicels filiform; sepals oblong or eHiptic, 2-2.5 mm. long, 0.6-1.2 mm. broad; capsule elhpsoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, 1..5-2 mm. in diameter ; seeds reniform, 0.6 mm. long, brown, smooth and shining, ridged along the back. Sandy plains, waste and cultivated grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; Buck Island, St. Thomas; Tortola; Virgin Gorda:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; St. Barts; St. Eustatius; St. Vincent; Margarita; Bonaire; Ciu-acao; continental America. On the wliite sands of the northern coastal plain of Porto Rico, a race with very narrow leaves occiu-s, deep-rooted and apparently perennial. Carpet-w^ed . 2. Mollugo nudicaulis Lam. Encycl. 4: 234. 1797. Mollugo hellidifolia Ser. in DC. Prodr. 1: 391. 1824. A glabrous herb, 7-30 cm. high. Leaves all basal, in an erect-spreading tuft, spatulate or obovate, 1..5-5 cm. long, 6-16 mm. broad, rounded at the apex, tapering at the base into the petiole; cymes long-peduncled, the peduncles slender, somewhat angled and grooved; flowers slender-pedicelled ; calyx-lobes elliptic, about 2 mm. long, 0.8-1 mm. broad; capsule ellipsoid, 2-2.5 mm. long; seeds reniform, 0.5-0.6 mm. long, black, granulate. Sandy and rocky soil at lower elevations northern and western districts of Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix; Virgin Gorda:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Lucia; Giziana; Old World tropics. 2. SESUVIUM L. Syst. ed. 10, 1058. .1759. Fleshy decumbent or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary pink or purplish flowers. Stipules none, but the petioles often dilated and connate at the base. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 5-lobe4, the lobes oblong, obtuse. Petals none. Stamens 5-60, inserted on the calyx-tube. Filaments filiform, some- times united at the base. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous. Styles 3-5, papillose along the inner side. Capsule membranous, oblong, 3-5-celled, cir- cumscissile. Seeds round-reniform, smooth; embryo annular. [An unexplained name.] About 6 species, natives of seacoasts and other saline regions. Type species: Sesuvium Portulacastrurn L. Stamens 5; flowers usually sessile. 1. S. maritimum. Stamens nmnerous; flowers often long-pedicelled. 2. S. Portulacastrurn. 1. Sesuvium maritimum (Walt.) B. S. P. Prem. Cat. N. Y. 20. 1888. Pharnaceum maritimum Walt. Fl. Car. 117. 1788. Sesuvi'iim pentandrum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 556. 1821. Annual, glabrous; branches 0.5-3 dm. long. Leaves obovate or spatulate, entire, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, narrowed into a petiole or the AIZOACEAE 295 upper sessile, 8-25 mm. long: flowers sessile or nearly so, about 2 mm. broad, mostly solitary; stamens 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes ; -capsule ovoid, 4-4.5 mm. high, scarcely longer than the calyx. Borders of Lake Guanica, and seashore at Pvmta Cangrejos, Porto Rico; Icacos: Atlantic coast of the United States; Texas; Bahamas; Cuba. Slender Sea Purslane. 2. Sesuvium Portulacastrum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1058. 1759. Portulaca Portulacastrum L. Sp. 446. 17.53. Trianthema polyandrum Blume, Bijdr. 1137. 1826. Halimus Portulacastrum Kuntze, Kev. Gen. PL 263. 1891. Perennial, fleshy, glabrous. Stems usually diffusely branched, the branches prostrate, often creeping, forming large patches; leaves oblanceolate to oblong, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, acute or acutish, the bases clasping; flowers pedicelled, solitary in the axils; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, hooded, purple within, the back prolonged into an appendage; stamens numerous; capsule conic, 8-10 mm. long. Saline soil along the coasts, Porto Rico; IMona: Icacos; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan:—coasts of the southeastern United States; Bermuda; West Indies; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Sea Ptjrslane. Yerba de VIDRIO. 3. TRIANTHEMA [Sauvag.] L. Sp. PI. 223. 1753. Fleshy diffuse or prostrate herbs, with opposite unequal petioled leaves, and small sessile or stalked axillary flowers. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes often append- aged on the back below the apex. Petals none. Stamens 5-10 or more. Ovary 1- or 2-celled, few-ovuled; styles 1 or 2. Capsule membranous or coriaceous, turbinate or cylindric, at length circumscissile. Seeds reniform ; embryo annular. [Greek, three flowers, named for some species having three flowers in the axils of the leaves.] About 17 species, widely distributed in the tropics. Type species: Trianthema Portulacastrum L. 1. Trianthema Portulacastrum L. Sp. PL 223. 1753. Trianthema monogynum L. Mant. 1: 69. 1767. A nearly prostrate, much-branched perennial herb, the branches sometimes 10 dm. long. Leaves broadly obovate, elliptic or suborbicular, 1-4.5 cm. long, 0.3-3.3 cm. broad, rounded, notched or apiculate at the apex, acute or sometimes rounded at the base, the petioles 0.5-2.5 cm. long; flowers sessile in the axils, partly concealed within the petiolar sheath, the sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, rosy purplish within; capsule 4-5 mm. long, crested. Waste grounds at lower elevations, Porto Rico; Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; Tortola:—Jamaica; Cuba to Trinidad ; Margarita; Bonaire; Curacao; Aruba; warm temperature and tropical continental America; Old World tropics. 4. CYPSELEA Turp. Ann. Mus. Paris 7: 219. 1806. Small, somewhat fleshy, prostrate herbs, with slender branched stems and small axillary flowers. Leaves opposite, those of a pair unequal. Stipules scarious, laciniate. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes unappendaged. Petals none. Stamens 2 or 3, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Ovary 1-celled, superior. Styles bifid. Ovules numerous. Capsule 1-celled, circimiscissile. Seeds minute. Testa smooth. Embryo curved. [Greek, a bee-hive, from the shape of the capsule.] One species, of warm temperate and tropical America. 296 ALSINACEAE 1. Cypselea humifusa Turp. Ann. Mus. Paris 7: 219. 1806. Stems much branched, forming mats 3-20 cm. in diameter. Leaves oblong- elliptic to oval, 1.5-10 mm. long, 0.8-5 mm. broad, rounded at the apex, acute or rounded at the base, entire, short-petioled ; flowers axillary, greenish, short- pedicelled; calyx-lobes ovate, 1-1.3 mm. long; capsule subglobose, 1-1.6 mm. in diameter. In damp soil. Water Island, St. Thomas; Anegada:—Cuba; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Margarita; southern Florida and California. Tetragonia expansa Murr., New Zealand Spinach, native of New Zealand, occasionally grown in Porto Rican gardens, is a nearly prostrate, some- what fleshy herb, the stems 5-8 dm. long, the alternate entire rhombic-ovate leaves 2.5-8 cm. long, the flowers solitary, axillary, 5-6 mm. wide, the fruit obovoid, 4-horned, about 10 mm. thick. Mesembryanthemum angustum Haw., of South Africa, grown from Palermo Botanical Garden seed by Mr. A. S. Fairchild at Louisenhoj, St. Thomas, and established in 1923, has tufted, half-cylindric, linear, various leaves in alter- nate pairs, the yellow flowers nearly sessile. Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L., of the Mediterranean region, was grown from seed by Mr. Fairchild from the same source. Mesembryanthemum uncinellum Salm-Dyck, South African, sent to Louisenhoj from the New York Botanical Garden, was well established in 1923. Family 7. ALSINACEAE Wahl. Chickweed Family. Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite entire leaves, estipulate or stipulate, and mostly small perfect flowers, soUtary or in cymes or umbels. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, imbricated, at least in the bud, separate to the base, or nearly so. Petals as many as the sepals, not clawed, rarely wanting. Stamens 8 or 10, or fewer, inserted at the base of the sessile ovary, or on a small disk; filaments distinct, or cohering below; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary usually 1-celled; styles 2-5, distinct or united; ovules several or numerous, amphitropous or campylotropous, borne on a central column. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves or by apical teeth. Embryo mostly curved and with incumbent cotyledons. About 32 genera and 500 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions. styles united below. 1. Drymaria. Styles separate to the base. 2. Alsine. 1. DRYMARIA Willd.; R. & S. Syst. 5: 406. 1819. Low branching herbs, with flat leaves, small, often fugacious stipules, and mostly white flowers in cymes or solitary. Sepals 5, distinct. Petals 5, cleft. Stamens 5 or fewer. Ovary 1-celled; styles mostly 3, united below. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Seeds globose-reniform, the embryo peripheral. [Greek, pertaining to the forest.] About 40 species, of tropical and subtropical America, one also in the Old World tropics. Type species: Drymaria arenarioides H. & B. ALSINACEAE 297 . 1. Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd.; R. & S. Syst. 5: 40G. 1819. Holosteum cordatum L. Sp. PI. 88. 1753. Eolosteum diandrum Sw. Prodr. 27. 1788. Drymaria cordata diandra Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mils. 13: 27. 1879. Drymaria ramosissima Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 50. 1891. Not Schlecht. 1838. Annual, glabrous, or puberulent above; stems very slender, diffuse, 1-4 dm. or more long. Leaves orbicular or broader than long, G-24 mm. wide, mem- branous, palmately veined, rounded or acute at the apex, commonly subcordate at the base, short-petioled ; peduncles filiform, usually much longer than the leaves, often forked; cymes few-several-flowered; pedicels as long as the bractlets or shorter; sepals 1.5-3 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute; petals 2-cleft ; capsule about as long as the sepals ; seeds 1 mm. long, granulose. Moist grounds, river-banks and woodlands, Porto Rico, mostly in wet or moist districts; St. Croix; St. Thomas;—Florida; West Indies; continental tropical Ameiica. Drymahia. Yerba de estrella. 2. ALSINE [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 274. 1753. [Stellaria L. Sp. PI. 421. 1753.] Herbs, with cymose white flowers. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, 2-cleft, 2-parted, or emarginate, white in our species, rarely none. Stamens 10 or fewer, hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled; styles commonly 3, rarely 4 or 5, usually opposite the sepals. Capsule dehiscent by twice as many valves as there are styles. [Greek, grove, the habitat of some species.] Species about 75, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate or cold climates. Type species; Alsine media L. 1. Alsine antillana (Urban) Britton & Wilson. Stcllarla antillana Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 303. 1899. Drymaria laxiflora pauciflora Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 50. 1891. Not Benth. Stem slender, creeping, branched, often rooting at the nodes, angled, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate to rhombic-ovate or rhombic-elliptic, 4-18 mm. long. 3-12 mm. broad, acuminate or mucronate at the apex, abruptly narrowed at the base into the petiole; petioles 1.5-2 mm. long; peduncles axillary, solitary, slender. 1.5-3 cm. long; flowers 4-merous or sometimes 5-merous; sepals ovate, 2-3 mm. long; petals 2-cleft; capsule about 3 mm. long; seeds 0.9 mm. in diameter, dark brown, echinate. [Stellaria ovata of Bello, not of Willdenow.] Moist shaded situations at middle and higher elevations, Porto Rico, descending to 350 m. :—Hispaniola. West Indian Chickweed. Pega-pollo. Dianthus Caryophyllus L., Carnation, originally European or Asiatic, of the related family C ^ryophyllaceae, grown for its flowers in Porto Rico and Virgin Island gardens, has tufted rather stiff stems up to 1 m. high, linear 5-nerved leaves, the large fragrant flowers rose, purple or white, the calyx sub- tended by 4 broad appressed short-tipped bracts, the petals variously erose. Dianthus chinensis L.. of China and Japan, listed by Krebs as form(>rly grown in St. Thomas, has pink or lilac flowers with spreading calyx-bracts. Saponaria officinalis L., Soapwort, European, also of the family Caryo- phyllaceae. listed by Krebs in 1851 as found in St. Thomas, may have been a temporary garden flower. It is an herb with opposite ovate or oval leaves the large white flowers in terminal corymbs, the nearly tubular calyx 5-toothed. 298 PORTULACACEAE Family 8. PORTULACACEAE Rchb. Purslane Family. Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with regular perfect but unsymmetrical flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4-6, rarely more, hypogynous, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, equal in number to the petals or fewer, rarely more; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1- celled; style With 3-7 stigmatie branches; ovules 2-many, amphitropous. Capsule circumscissile, or dehiscent by 3 valves. Seeds 2-many, reniform- globose or compressed; embryo curved. About 20 genera and 180 species, mostly natives of America. Calyx free from the ovary ; capsule 3-valved ; flowers racemose or panicu- late. 1. Talinum. Calyx partly adnate to the ovary; capsule circumscissile; flowers solitary or clxistered at the ends of the branches. 2. Portulaca. 1. TALINUM Adans. Earn. PI. 2: 245. 1763. Eleshy glabrous erect or ascending herbs, with alternate estipulate leaves. Sepals herbaceous, deciduous or persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, fugacious. Stamens 10-30, adherent to the bases of the petals. Ovary free, many-ovuled; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds numerous, borne on a central globose placenta. [Aboriginal name of a Senegal species.] A genus of about 15 species, natives mostly of America. Type species : Portulaca triangularis Jacq. Inflorescence paniculate; petals 4-5 mm. long. 1. T. paniculatum. Inflorescence racemose or subcorymbose ; petals 6-9 mm. long. 2. T. ttiangulare. 1. Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Er. & Sem. 2: 219. 1791. Portulaca paniculata Jacq. Enum. 22. 1760. Portulaca patens Jacq. Hort. Vind. 2: 71. 1772. Talinum patens Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 863. 1800. Claytonia patens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 57. 1891. Stems rather slender, 3-7.5 dm. high, simple or branched. Leaves elliptic or obovate, 3—8 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. broad, obtuse or sometimes acute at the apex, tapering at the base into the petiole; panicle 7-25 cm. long; pedicels slender, terete; sepals deciduous, 3-4 nun. long; petals red, pink or yellowish, 4-5 mm. long; stamens 15—20; capsule 3-4.5 mm. in diameter; seeds 1-1.2 mm. broad, black, shining. Rocky and sandy soil, Porto Rico; Mona; Desecheo; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Jan; St. Thomas; Virgin Gorda; Tortola:—Cuba to Margarita; southern United States and con- tinental tropical America. 2. Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. Sp. PL 2: 862. 1800. Portulaca triangularis Jacq. Enum. 22. 1760. Portulaca racemosa L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 640. 1762. Talinum crassifolium Willd. Sp. PI. 862. 1800. Talinum racemosum Rohrb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 15-: 297. 1872. Claytonia triangularis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 56. 1891. Stems stout, fleshy, sometimes 6 dm. high. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 2-8 cm. long, 1-3.2 cm. broad, rounded or acute at the apex, tapering at the base into the petiole; racemes few- or many-flowered; pedicels angled; sepals persistent, about 5 mm. long; petals red, yellow or whitish, broadly elliptic, 6-9 mm. long, 6 mm. broad; stamens about 30; capsule 4.5-6 mm. in diameter; seeds 0.8 mm. broad, shining. Rocky soil at lower and middle elevations, Porto Rico, often near the coast; Culebra; St. Thomas; St. Croix:—Jamaica; St. Barts; Guadeloupe to Margarita; South America. PORTULACACEAE 299 2. PORTULACA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753. Diffuse or ascending, glabrous or pubescent succulent herbs, witli terminal flowers. Sepals 2, united at the base and partly adnate to the ovary. Petals 4-6 (mainly 5), inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Stamens 7-25, inserted at the base of the petals. Ovary many-ovuled; style deeply 3-9-cleft or -parted. Cap- sule membranous, dehiscent by a lid, many-seeded. [Latin, in allusion to the purging qualities of some of the species.] A genus of over 30 species, mostly natives of America. Type species: Portulaca oleracea L. Flowers yellow. Seeds black or grayish black. Leaves flat. Leaves alternate, obovate, 7-30 mm. long. 1. P. oleracea. Leaves opposite, mostly elliptic or ovate, 3-6 mm. long. 2. P. quadrifida. Leaves obovoid or cyliadric. . Leaves obovoid. 3. P. caulerpoides. Leaves linear. 4. P. halimoides. Seeds brown; leaves linear, subterete. 5. P. phaeosperma. Flowers purplish; leaves linear, subterete. Seeds black. ' 6. P. pilosa. Seeds gray. 7. P. poliospcrma. 1. Portulaca oleracea L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753. Portulaca parvifolia Haw. Syn. Succ. 122. 1812. Portulaca oleracea parvifolia Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 707. 1864. Portulaca oleracea macrantha Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 13: 27. 1879. Portulaca oleracea micrantha Eggers, loc. cit. 27. 1879. A glabrous annual, with prostrate or ascending branches. Leaves alternate, flat, obovate, or cuneate, 7-30 mm. long, 3-13 mm. broad, rounded at the apex, very fleshy; flowers clustered or solitary, sessile; sepals keeled, acutish; corolla yellow; petals longer than the sepals, very delicate and soon withering; stamens 7-12; styles 4-6; capsule 4-7 mm. long, circumscissile at about the middle; seeds black, 0.7-0.8 mm. in diameter; finely tuberculate. Rocky and sandy soil and waste places, Porto Rico; Mona; Desecheo; Icacos; Vieques; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola; Anegada:—all temperate and tropical regions. Purslane. Verdolaga. 2. Portulaca quadrifida L. Mant. 1: 73. 1767. A prostrate, much-branched annual, creeping and rooting at the nodes, with slender stems and long white hairs encircling the nodes. Leaves opposite, flat, eUiptic-ovate to ovate or oval, 3-6 mm. long, 1.2-3 mm. broad, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or acutish at the base, short-petioled ; flowers terminal, solitary, sessile, surrounded with long white hairs, and an involucre of 4 leaves; sepals oblong-oval, obtuse; corolla yellow; petals elliptic to oval, obtuse; stamens 8-12; style filiform; capsule circumscissile above the base; seeds gray, 0.8-10 mm. In diameter. Roadside banks, waste grounds and coastal plains, southwestern dry districts of Porto Rico; Vieques; St. Thomas; St. Croix; St. Jan; Tortola:—Cuba to Trinidad; South America. Native of tropical Asia. The flowers open about noon. Chicken-weed. 3. Portulaca caulerpoides Britton & Wflson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 42: 515. 1915. Perennial, prostrate, forming tufts 8-12 cm. in diameter; stems slender, branched, hairy in the axils. Leaves fleshy, obovoid, 3-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, not at all flattened, rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, subsessile. glabrous, shining, with labyrinthine cr tortuous mottling; flowers terminal, solitary, sessile; sepals oval; corolla pale yellowish-white; petals broadly obovate, 2.5-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad, notched at the apex; seeds reniform, black, 0.5 mm. broad, rugulose. Limestone rocks, Cayo Muertos. Endemic. 300 PORTULACACEAE 4. Portulaca halimoides L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 639. 1762. A much-branched annual, sometimes 15 cm. high; branches erect or diffuse, with tufts of white axillary hairs. Leaves fleshy, subcylindric, 6-15 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. broad, often acutish at the apex; flowers terminal, encircled by numerous white hairs; sepals about 2 mm. long; corolla white with a yellow center; petals ovate or ovate-elliptic, 3 mm. long, 1.2-1.3 mm. broad; stamens 8-20; capsule circumscissile below the middle; seeds black, 0.4 mm. broad, tuber- culate. [? P. ruhricaulis of Krebs.] Fields, coastal sands and rocks, Porto Rico, in the southwestern dry districts; St. Crol.x; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Virgin Gorda; Anegada:—Cuba; Hispaniola; St. Martin to Guadeloupe; Bonaire; Curasao; Aruba; Mexico. 5. Portulaca phaeosperma Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 233. 1905. A fleshy herb; branches ascending, 2.5 dm. long or less, the tufts of axillary hairs often rather inconspicuous. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, subterete, acute or obtuse, 5-16 mm. long, 2-3.5 mm. thick, alternate and often clustered at the ends of the branches; flowers terminal, encircled by long brownish hairs; sepals about 4 mm. long; corolla yellow; petals oblong to ovate-oblong or some- what obovate, obtuse or acutish; stamens 12-16; capsule subglobose, 3-5 mm. in diameter; circumscissile above the middle; seeds rugulose, 0.5-0.6 mm. in diameter, brown. Rocky soil, Porto Rico, near the southern coast; Mona; St. Thomas; St. Croix; Virgin Gorda:-—Florida; Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Ciu-agao. 6. Portulaca pilosa L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753. Stems ascending or prostrate, often conspicuously pilose-pubescent with tufts of long brown or whitish hairs in the axils. Leaves linear-subulate, nearly terete, acute, 8-16 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. broad, alternate; flowers terminal, encircled by long white or brown hairs: sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, 2-3 mm. long; corolla red or purple; stamens 15 or more, the filaments crimson; style 5-6-parted; capsule circumscissile at about the middle, covered by the withered corolla; seeds 0.3-0.4 mm. in diameter, black, minutely tuberculate. Sandy and rocky soil at low elevations, Porto Rico; St. CroLx; St. Thomas:—Cuba to Trinidad; Florida; Mexico, and South America. 7. Portulaca poliosperma Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 232. 1905. Portulaca poliosperma minor Urban, loc. cit. 4: 233. 1905. An annual herb with spreading branches, the axillary hairs few and rather short. Leaves linear, 5-13 mm. long, 1-1.8 mm. broad, obtuse; flowers solitary or several, terminal, encircled by whitish or brownish hairs; sepals 2.5-2.8 mm. long; corolla purple; petals oblong, obtuse; capsule broadly ellipsoid, 4-5 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. thick, circumscissile at about the middle; seeds 0.6-7 mm. broad, gray, tuberculate. Sandy soil, northern coastal plain of Porto Rico:—Cuba; St. Martin; Curacao. Portulaca brasiliensis West, of St. Croix, is not described; it is probably referable to one of the preceding. Limnia perfoliata (Donn) Haw., a native annual of western North America, was recorded by Krebs as found in St. Thomas, but this is wholly improbable, unless grown from seed; it could not endure the climate. [Claytonia perfoliata Donn.] BASELLACEAE 301 Family 9. BASELLACEAE. Basella Family. More or less succulent vines with alternate, entire leaves. Flowers small, perfect, in axillary and terminal spikes or spike-like racemes. Sepals 2, sometimes winged in fruit. Petals 5. Stamens 5, opposite the petals; filaments terete or flattened; anthers versatile. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule solitary; styles 3, distinct; stigmas entire or cleft. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds erect, with a membranous testa. About 5 genera and 15 species of tropical distribution, mostly American. 1. BOUSSINGAULTIA H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 7: 194. 1825. Branching vines with tuberous roots; the leaves rather fleshy. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple or branched spike-like racemes. Sepals not winged. Petals white or greenish-white, spreading. Stigmas cleft. Seeds with starchy endosperm. Cotyledons plano-conve.x. [Commemorates John Baptiste Bous- singault, chemist and physicist, professor in Bogota.] About 10 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Boussingauliia basselloides H.B.K. 1. Boussingaultia leptostachys Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13^: 229. 1849. A glabrous vine with slender stems and branches. Leaves ovate to elliptic, 2—6 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. broad, acute to acuminate at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed at the base, short-petioled ; racemes lax, much longer than the leaves; bracts linear-acuminate, 1.5 mm. long; pedicels 1-1.2 mm. long; flowers white; bracteoles triangular-cuspidate, 0.5 mm. long; sepals 1-nerved; petals 2-2.5 mm. long. Woods and thickets in moist districts, Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix; Tortola:— Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe: Dominica: ISIartinique; Florida and conti- nental tropical America. Recorded by Bello as Anredera scandcTjs. Sueld.\-consuelda. Boussingaultia baselloides H.B.K., Madeira vine, recorded as grown for ornament in Porto Rico, is a similar vine with larger cordate leaves. Basella rubra L., Malabar Night.shade, Asiatic, grown for its edible foliage in Porto Rico and Virgin Island gardens, is a succulent, annual or biennial vine up to 1 m. long or longer, with ovate entire petioled leaves 5-7 cm. long, the small flowers spicate, sessile, white, red or violet [B. alba L.]. Order 11. RANALES. Herbs, vines, shrubs or trees. Calyx present, usually of separate sepals. Corolla usually present and of separate petals. Ovary or ovaries superior, free from the calyx; carpels 1 to many, usually separate. Stamens mostly hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals. Aquatic herbs. Plants with minute sessile monoecious flowers; involucre 8-12-cleft; perianth none; leaves cauline, submerged, crowded in whorls, .sessile. 1. Ceratophyllaceae, Plants with small or large, long-peduncled flowers; sepals and petals present. Carpels not borne in a fleshy receptacle ; leaves cauline, of two kinds, the submerged opposite or whorled, dissected into capillary segments, the floating leaves when present few, peltate. 2. Cabombaceae. Carpels immersed in a fleshy receptacle; leaves arising from a large horizontal root stock, floating or emersed, the blades broadly eHiptic to sub- orbicular. 3. NYMPHAEAC'EAE. 302 CABOMBACEAE Woody plants or terrestrial herbs. Leaves compoimd, opposite; flowers dioecious or polygam- ous. Oiu- species a vLae; the leaves trifoliolate ; acheues with plumose styles. 4. Ranttnculaceae. Tree; leaves piimate; follicles 2-valved. 5. Brunelliaceae. Leaves simple, mostly alternate, sometimes none or reduced to scales. Anthers not opening by valves. Flowers dioecious; mostly vines; fruit a drupe. 6. Menispermaceae. Flowers perfect; trees or shrubs. Sepals and petals imbricate; carpels coherent, opening on the back, forming a fleshy or woody, cone-like friut. 7. Magnoliaceae. Sepals and petals valvate; carpels separate or coherent, forming a drupe-like or berry-like fruit. 8. Annonaceae. Anthers opening by valves. Leafy trees or slu"ubs. Perianth superior. 9. Hernandiaceae. Perianth inferior. 10. Lauraceae. Leafless, twining, parasitic vines. 11. Cassythaceae. Family 1. CERATOPHYLLACEAE A. Gray. HoRNwoRT Family. Submerged aquatic herbs, with branching stems and whorled, rigid, finely dissected leaves. Flowers small, monoecious, solitary and sessile in the axils of the whorls. Involucre 8-12-cleft. Perianth none. Stamens many, crowded on a flat or convex receptacle; anthers sessile or nearly so, linear- oblong, the connective prolonged into an often 2-3-toothed, fleshy ap- pendage. Pistillate flowers with a sessile, 1-celled ovary; ovule 1, pendulous; style filiform, stigmatic at the summit. Fruit an indehiscent nut. Endo- sperm wanting. Embryo with a very short radicle, thick oval cotyledons, and a plumule consisting of several nodes and leaves. The family contains only the following genus: 1. CERATOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 992. 1753. Leaves sessile, crowded in verticils, cut into two- or three-forked thread-like often spinulose-serrulate divisions. Sterile flowers with 10-24 stamens, the anthers large. Fertile and sterile flowers generally at different nodes, occasionally in opposite axils at the same node. Ovary somewhat longer than the involucre. Fruit beaked witli the long persistent style. [Greek, horny-leaf.] About two species, widely distributed in fresh-water, the following typical. 1. Ceratophyllum demersum L. Sp. PI. 992. 1753. Ceratophyllum submersum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1409. 1763. Stem 5-12 dm. long, branching. Leaves rather stiff, 6-12 In a whorl; fruit oval, 4-5 mm. long, 3-3.5 mm. broad, with a slender straight or ctirved spine-like beak 5-6 mm. long, smooth and spurless or with a long basal spur on each side, or tuberculate and with narrowly winged spiny margins or broadly winged without spines. Fresh-water lakes and streams, Porto Rico; St. Thomas:—Cuba, Jamaica; Hispan- iola; Martinique; Barbadoes; Trinidad; temperate and tropical regions of the world. HORNWORT. Family 2. CABOMBACEAE A. Gray. Water-shield Family. Perennial aquatic caulescent herbs, with gelatine-coated stems, floating or immersed leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Sepals 3, rarely 4. NYMPHAEACEAE 303 Petals 3, rarely 4. Stamens 3-18. Carpels 2-18, distinct. Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Ovules 2 or 3, o.rthotropous. Fruits indeliiscent, coriaceous, separate. Seeds 1-3 borne on the dorsal suture. Embryo at the base of fleshy endosperm. Cotyledons fleshy. Two genera and about 5 species, widely 'distributed in fresh-water lakes and streams. 1. CABOMBA Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 321. 1775. Stems slender, mainly submerged. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged opposite, or verticlllate, palmately dissected into numerous capillary segments, the floating leaves when present few, alternate and centrally peltate. Flowers small, white, or purple. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 3-6; filaments slender; anthers short, extrorse. Carpels 2-4. Stigmas small, terminal ; ovules commonly 3, pendulous. Fruit coriaceous, indehiscent, 2- or 3-seeded. [Guiana name.] A genus of about 4 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Type species: Cabomba aquatica Aubl. 1. Cabomba piauhyensis Gardn.; Hook. Ic. PI. 7: pi. 641. 1844. Stem slender, 5 dm. or more long. Submerged leaves opposite or occasion- ally verticlllate, usually long-petioled, 2-4 cm. broad, much divided; floating leaves linear, peltate ; flowers purple, long-peduncled from the upper axils ; sepals oblong, 6-6.7 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. broad; petals oblong to elliptic-oblong, about as long as the sepals; carpels flask-shaped, more or less echinate. Fresh-water lagoons and streams, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Trinidad; Brazil. Family 3. NYMPHAEACEAE DC. Water-lily Family. Aquatic herbs, with more or less elongated, often tuber-bearing root- stocks. Leaves floating or erect, or sometimes submersed. Flowers perfect, terminating elongated scapes. Sepals 4-6, often green. Petals few or numerous, usually passing into staminodes or stamens. Stamens numerous; anthers erect, the connective continuous with the filament. Gynoecium of several or many carpels united into a compound ovary. .Stigmas united into a disk with radiating stigmatic lines. Ovules numerous, pendulous. Fruit indeliiscent. Seeds often enveloped by a sack-like aril; cotyledons fleshy; hypocotyl very short. Five genera and over 60 species, widely distributed in fresh-water lakes and streams. 1. CASTALIA Salisb. Par. Lond. 1: jji. 14- 1805. Herbs with horizontal perennial rootstocks, floating leaves and often large showy flowers. Sepals 4. Petals in several rows, or but few, inserted on the receptacle; gradually passing into the stamens. Stamens numerous, the exterior with large petaloid filaments and short anthers, the interior with linear filaments and elongated anthers. Carpels several, united into a compound pistil with radiating linear projecting stigmas. Fruit covered with the bases of the petals, ripening under water. [A spring on Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the Muses.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution, known as Flok de agua, Yerba de hicotea, Water-lily. Type species: Castalia magnifica Salisb. 304 NYMPHAEACEAE Flowers diurnal. Carpels free from one another at the sides; styles short, stiff and fleshy. Leaves coarsely sinuate-dentate; flowers 8-16 cm. broad; petals 12-21. 1. c. ampla. Leaves entire or slightly undiUate; flowers mostly less than 8 cm. in diameter; petals 4-8. 2. C. pulchella. Carpels united by their sides; styles ligulate. 3. C. odorata. Flowers nocturnal; carpels imited by their sides; styles slender, with enlarged club-shaped tips. Petioles with a ring of long hairs at the top; leaves entire. 4. C. amazonum. Petioles without a ring of hairs at the top. Leaves coarsely sinuate-dentate. 5. C. Rudgeana. Leaves entire. 6. C. Jamesoniana. 1. Castalia ampla Salisb. Par. Lond. 1: pi. 14. 1805. Nymphaea ampla DC. Syst. 2: 54. 1821. Nymphaea speciosa Mart. & Zucc. Abhand. Muench. Akad. 1: 368. 1832. Nymphaea ampla Plumieri Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 19: 44. 1853. Nymphaea ampla speciosa Casp. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4^: 158. 1878. Leuconymphaea ampla Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pi. 11. 1891. Leaves suborbicular, 15-45 cm. in diameter, coarsely sinuate-dentate or nearly entire, red-purple beneath and often marked with purplish-black blot- ches, the basal lobes acute. Flowers diurnal, raised above the water, 8-16 cm. broad; sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, the outer surface green, marked with purplish-black lines; petals 12-21, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; stamens 90-190, the outer long-appendaged ; carpels 14-23, free from one another at the sides; styles short, stiff and fleshy. Fresh-water lagoons and streams, Porto Rico; St. Croix:—West Indies; Texas and continental tropical America. 2. Castalia pulchella (DC.) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 138. 1906. Nymphaea pulchella DC. Syst. 2: 51. 1821. ? Nymphaea ampla parviflora Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 11. 1859. Nymphaea ampla pulchella Casp. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4^: 159. 1878. Similar to the preceding. Leaves suborbicular, 8-20 cm. or sometimes more in diameter, often green on both sides, the margin slightly undulate or sub- entire. Flowers small; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 6 mm. long or less; petals 4-8, white, acute; stamens 30-50, the outer long-appendaged; carpels free from one another at the sides; styles short, stiff and fleshy; fruit 2-3 cm. in diameter. Fresh-water lakes and ponds, Porto Rico; Vieques (according to Eggers); St. Croix (according to Urban):—Bahamas; Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; South America. Re- corded by Bello as Nymphaea minor DC. 3. Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood. In Rees' Cyclop. 6: no. 1. 1806. Nymphaea odorata Dryand.; Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 227. 1789. Leaves suborbicular, 8-20 cm. or more in diameter, green above, often purplish and somewhat pubescent beneath, the sinuses opened or closed. Flowers diurnal, usually floating, white or sometimes pinkish, sweet-scented, 7-15 cm. in diameter; sepals lanceolate to ovate, rounded or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, the outside green, more or less shaded with reddish-brown, the inside greenish-white, occasionally tinged with pinldsh-purple ; petals 23-32, oblong to elliptic or ovate, smaller than the sepals; stamens 55-106, the outer filaments petaloid, the innermost often narrower than the anther; carpels 13-25, united by their sides; styles ligulate; seeds ellip.soid, about 3 mm. long. Algarrobas, Porto Rico {J. A. Stevenson 2139):—Eastern United States; Cuba; Mexico; British Guiana. RANUNCULACEAE 305 4. Castalia amazonum (Mart. & Zucc.) Britton & Wilson. Nymphaea amazonum Alart. & Zucc. Abhand. Miiench. Akad. 1: 363. 1832. Nymphaea Rudgeana amazonum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 12. 1S59. Leuconymphaea amazonum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 11. 1891. Leaves suborbicular, 9-17 cm. wide, entire, brownish-red beneath and often marked with small purplish-black blotches, the petioles bearing a ring of long hairs at the top. Flowers floating, nocturnal, faintly malodorous, S-14 cm. in diameter; sepals elliptic or elliptic-ovate, acute or obtuse; petals 16-20, oblong or ovate, greenish cream-color; stamens 100-188, occasionally more or fewer; the outer not long-appendaged ; carpels 25-35, completely united by their sides; styles slender with enlarged red club-shaped tips; fruit subspherical, about 4 cm. in diameter. Lagoons and canals, northern districts of Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe: Martinique; Tobago; Trinidad; South America. Recorded bv Bello as Nymphaea Rudgeana Meyer. 5. Castalia Rudgeana (G. F. W. Meyer) Britton & Wilson. Nymphaea Rudgeana G. F. W. Meyer. Prim. Fl. Esseq. 198. 1818. Leaves elliptic to suborbicular, 1.5-30 cm. or more broad, coarsely sinuate- dentate, with unequal distant teeth, often somewhat reddish-brown beneath; the petioles without a ring of hairs at the top. Flowers nocturnal, 6.5-15 cm. in diameter; sepals ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse; petals 12-32, elliptic to oblong- lanceolate, greenish yellow; stamens 40-80, the outer not long-appendaged; carpels 11-24, united by their sides; styles slender with enlarged, club-shaped tips; fruit depres,sed-globose, truncate. Porto Rico (according to Conard) :—Cuba; Jamaica; Martinique; Trinidad; South America. 6. Castalia Jamesoniana (Planch.) Britton & Wilson. Nymphaea Jamesoniana Planch. Revue Hort. IV. 2: 66. 1853. Leuconymphaea Jamesoniana Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 11. 1891. Leaves ovate-cordate, entire, the under surface marked with dark purple, forked and branching lines. Flowers 8-10.5 cm. wide; sepals lanceolate-ovate, green, marked from base to apex with long narrow dark crimson lines; petals 16, oblong, those of the outer whorls obtuse, of the inner whorl acute ; stamens 52-65, the outer not long-appendaged; carpels about 30, united by their sides; styles slender, with club-shaped tips. Ditches, Hatillo near Anasco, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Hispaniola; Ecuador. Castalia zanzibarensis (Casp.) Britton, Zanzibar Water-lily, grown by Mr. Fairchild at Louisenho,i, St. Thomas, has ovate-orbicular, sinuate leaves with a deep basal sinus, and long-peduncled, erect, bright blue flowers. Family 4. RANUNCULACEAE Jus&. Crowfoot Family. Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubby climbers. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or compound, frequently dissected, their stalks dilated at the base, occasionally with stipule-like appendages. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like. Petals about as many as the sepals, occasionally more or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Carpels numerous, or rarely solitary, 1-celled, 1-many-ovuled. Ovules anatropous. Seed with endosperm. About 35 genera and 1200 spe- cies, distributed throughout the world, not abundant in the tropics. 306 BRUNELLIACEAE 1. CLEMATIS L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753. Perennial vines, more or less woody. Leaves opposite, ternately or piii- nately compound or simple. Flowers cymose-paniculate, dioecious or polygauo- dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, valvate in the bud, petaloid. Petals none. Stammis numerous, spreading. Pistils several. Achenes 1-seeded, with silky or plumose styles. [Greek name for some climbing plant.] About 25 species of wide geo- graphic distribution. Type species: Clematis Vitalba L. 1. Clematis dioica L. Syst. ed. 10, 1084. 1759. Clematis dominica Lam. Encycl. 2: 45. 1786. Clematis dioica antillensis Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 13': 147. 1864. Clematis dioica normalis Kuntze, Verb. Bot. Ver. Brand. 26: 102. 1885. Clematis dioica americana Kuntze, loc. cit. 103. 1885. Clematitis virginiana dioica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 2. 1891. A rather slender vine, often high-climbing, the stems and foliage more or less densely pubescent or glabrous. Leaves trifoliolate or the uppermost sometimes simple or 3-lobed, the leaflets various, ovate to oval or suborbicular, 3-10 cm. long, 2-7 cm. broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, often rounded and oc- casionally subcordate at the base, 3-6-nerved, usually long-petioluled, the margin eatire or with few coarse teeth on each side; flowers greenish-white; sepals oblong or elliptic, 6-9 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. broad, often densely pubescent; pedicels slender, pubescent; achenes about 4 mm. long, the plumose style 3-6 cm. long. Thickets along streams and on hillsides, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; Tobago ; continental tropical America. Cabellos DE ANGEL. Family 5. BRUNELLIACEAE. Brunellia Family. Trees with opposite or whorled, simple or compound leaves. Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers small, dioecious or polygamous, in corymbiform axillary and terminal panicles. Calyx 4- or 5-parted, valvate. Corolla none. Disk 8- or 10-lobed, adnate to the calyx. Staminate flowers: stamens 8 or 10, inserted at the base of the disk; ovaries rudimentary. Pistillate flowers: carpels 4 or 5, distinct, 1-celled; styles subulate; ovules 2, collateral. Follicles 4 or 5, sometimes fewer by abortion, 2-valved, 1- or 2-seeded. Seeds with fleshy endosperm. Cotyledons flat. Only the fol- lowing genus. 1. BRUNELLIA R. & P. Fl. Per. Prodr. 71. 1794. Characters of the family. About 10 species, natives of tropical America. [Commemorates Gabriele Brunelli, 1728-1797, professor of botany at Bologna. Type species: Brunellia aculeata R. & P. 1. Brunellia comocladifolia H. & B. PI. Equin. 1: 211. 1808. A tree, sometimes 20 m. high, the young branches, petioles and rachis rusty- pubescent, the bark smooth, gray. Leaves odd-pinnate, occasionally equally pinnate through the suppression of the terminal leaflet, 1.5-4 dm. long; leaflets 11-23, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 4.5-15 cm. long, 2.2-6 cm. broad, usually acuminate at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the base, short- petioluled ; panicle 5.5-8 cm. long, its branches rusty-pubescent ; flowers numerous calyx 5-cleft, rusty-pubescent, the lobes ovate, about 2.5 mm. long; follicles 3-3.5 ram. long; seeds 2.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad. Mountain forests, western districts of Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Mexico; South America. [Zanthoxylum acuminatum of Stahl.] Palo bobo. West Indian Sumac. MENISPERMACEAE 307 Family 6. MENISPERMACEAE DC. MooNSEED Family. Vines, shrubs or trees, with alternate estipulate leaves, and small dioe- cious, panicled, racemose or cymose flowers. Sepals 4-12, or fewer. Petals 6, imbricated in 2 rows, sometimes fewer, or none. Stamens about the same number as the petals or fewer. Carpels 1-3 in the West Indian genera; ovule solitary; styles commonly recurved. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo long, curved. About 55 genera and 150 species, mainly of tropical distri- bution, a few extending into the temperate zones. Slender vines; pistillate flowers with a rudimentary perianth of 1 sepal, 1 petal and a single carpel. 1. Cissampelos. Woodv vines or trees; pistillate flowers with 6 sepals in two series, 6 petals and 3 carpels. 2. Hyperbaena. 1. CISSAMPELOS L. Sp. PI. 10.31. 17.53. Slender vines, often high-climbing, the leaves broad, mostly entire and cordate, palmately veined, the staminate flowers cymose-paniculate, the pistillate clusters racemose, bracted. Staminate flowers with 4 sepals, the petals united below into a cup, the 2-4 anthers sessile on the peltate top of the stamen-column. Pistillate flowers with a rudimentary scale-like perianth of 1 sepal and 1 petal and a single carpel with a 3-cleft or 3-toothed style. Drupe subglobose, convex; stone compressed, tubercled on the back, concave on both sides. [Greek, ivy- grape, j Perhaps 2.5 species, of tropical America and tropical and southern, Africa. Type species: Cissampelos Pareira L. 1. Cissampelos Pareira L. Sp. PI. 1031. 1753. Cissampelos Caapeba L. Sp. PI. 1032. 1753. Cissampelos microcarpa DC. Syst. 1: 534. 1818. Cissampelos Pareira Caapeba Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 11. 1859. A vine, 3—5 m. long or longer, the young branches, inflorescence and leaves'- tomentose or glabrous. Leaves suborbictilar or broadly ovate, 3. .5-10 cm. broad, rounded, acute or emarginate and u.sually mucronate at the apex, cordate- or subtruncate at the base and often peltate, the petioles 2-8 cm. long; stamiiiate inflorescence 7 cm. long or less; sepals 1-1.4 mm. long, the corolla 1-1.5 mm. in diameter; racemes of pistillate flowers 4-12 cm. long, the bracts orbicular, 6-18 mm. broad; pedicels slender; sepal 1-1.4 mm. long, the petal 0.5-0.8 mm.. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad; drupe subglobose, 3.5—4.5 mm. in diameter. Woodlands and tliickets, Porto Rico, ascending to liigher elevations. Vieques; Culebra; St. Croix; St. Thomas; St. Jan; Tortola:—Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Guade- loupe to Trinidad; Margarita; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. Paeier.\. Bejuco de moxa. Velvet-le.\f. 2. HYPERBAENA Miers, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 7: 44. (Hyponym) 1851. Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 5: Suppl. 2, 47, 50. 1861. Woody vines, shrubs or sometimes trees, with leathery leaves. Staminate flowers cymose-paniculate. Pistillate flowers racemose. Sepals 6, in 2 series, the inner much larger than the otiter. Petals 6, shorter than the sepals. Stamens 6, free in the staminate flowers. Staminodes 6 in the pistillate flowers. Carpels free, with hook-like styles. Fruit a drupe. Endosperm wanting; cotyledons thick, semi-cylindric ; radicle short. [From the Greek to mount or climb.] About 10 species, natives of the West Indies, Central and South America. Type species: Hyperbaeyia nemoralis Miers. Leavesoblong to lanceolate; drupe subglobose, 2-2.7 cm. in diameter. 1. H. laurifolia. Leaves elliptic to oval or ovate; drupe obovoid, about 1.4-1.8 cm. long, 1-1.3 cm. in diameter. 2. H. domingensis. 308 MAGNOLIACEAE 1. Hyperbaena laurifolia (Poir.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 304. 1899. Cisscnnpelos laurifolius Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 11. 1804. Anelasma laurifolia Miers, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. III. 14: 260. 1864. Cocculvs laurifolia Eggers, Vldensk. Meddel. 1889: 14. 1890. Not C. lauri- folia DC. 1818. A woody vine, 5 m. or more long, or shrub-like. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, 7-19 cm. long, 2.3-6 cm. broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or acute at the base, glabrous and finely reticulate-veined on both surfaces, the petioles 1.2-2 cm. long; inflorescence equalling or longer or shorter than the petioles, the branches ferruginous-tomentellous ; sepals about 1 mm. long; drupe subglobose, laterally flattened, oblique, 2-2.7 cm. in diameter. Woodlands on limestone hills, northern districts of Porto Rico; St. Thomas: Jamaica; Montserrat. 2. Hyperbaena domingensis (DC.) Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 5: Suppl. 2, 50. 1861. Cocculus domingensis DC. Syst. 1: 528. 1818. Pachygone domingensis Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 13': 197. 1864. Hyperbaena retinervis Miers, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. III. 19: 95. 1867. A woody vine, recorded as sometimes a small tree. Leaves elliptic, oval or ovate, 4-12 cm. long, 2.5-8 cm. broad, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, rounded and sometimes subcordate at the base, finely reticulate-veined on both surfaces, gljvbrous or slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, the petioles l.,'>-4.5 cm. long; inflorescence 5-15 cm. long, the branches rufescent-tomentose; sepals about 1.5 mm. long; drupe obovoid, 1.4-1.8 cm. long, 1-1.2 cm. in diameter. Forests Mt Galso near Adjuntas and Loma la Mina, Sierra de Naguabo, Porto Rico; St. Thomas:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Saba; St. Eustatius; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; Guiana; Brazil. Family 7. MAGNOLIACEAE J. St. Hil. Magnolia Family. Trees or shrubs with alternate, entire or rarely lobed leaves, large showy flowers and bitter aromatic bark. Sepals and petals arranged in 3 or more series of 3's, hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens usually numerous; anthers adnate. Carpels many, separate or coherent, borne on the surface of the elongated receptacle, ripening into an aggregate fruit composed of 1-2- seeded dry or fleshy follicles or achenes. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, endo- sperm fleshy; embryo very small. About 10 genera and 75 species, of wide geographic distribution. 1. MAGNOLIA L. Sp. PI. 535. 1753. Deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves large, chartaceous or coriaceous, entire. Flowers perfect, fragrant or ill-scented, solitary at the ends of branches. Sepals 3, spreading or reflexed. Petals 6-12. Anthers linear, introrse. Carpels coherent, forming a fleshy and often rather woody cone-like fruit, opening on the back. Seeds 1 or 2, fleshy, at length pendulous on a thread. [In honor of Pierre Magnol, 1638-1715, professor of botany at Montpelier.] A genus of about 25 species, natives of eastern North America, the West Indies, Mexico, eastern Asia and the Himalayas. Type species: Magnolia virginiana L. leaves ovate-elliptic, acute or acuminate. . 1- A/, splendens. lSI oval-orbicular to obovate, abruptly short-acummate. 2. M. porioncensts. ANNONACEAE 309 1. Magnolia splendens Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 306. 1899. A forest tree, 15-30 m. tall, the trunk up to nearly 1 m. in diameter, the young branches appressed-pilose or glabrous. Leaves ovate or ovate-elliptic, 10-18 cm. long, 4. .5-9 cm. broad, acute or acuminate at the apex, round or acutish at the base, glabrous above, pilose beneath with appressed hairs or glabrous, reticulate- veined on both surfaces, coriaceous; petioles grooved above, 1.8-3 cm. long; sepals obovate-oblong or obovate, 3-3.5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad; petals obovate, 4-4.5 cm. long, 3 cm. broad; cone of fruit 3-3.5 cm. long, 2 cm. thick; seeds tri- angular, G.5-7 mm. long. Forests of the eastern moimtams of Porto Rico. Endemic. The beautiful brown wood is hard, heavy, strong and durable, valued for furnitm-e and in construction. Sabixo. Laurel Sabixo. 2. Magnolia portoricensis Bello, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 10: 233. 1881. A forest tree with glabrous branches. Leaves broadly oval or somewhat obovate, 7.5—15 cm. long, 5.5-10.5 cm. broad, coriaceotis, abruptly short- acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous and reticulate-veined on both surfaces; petioles 1.5-2.5 cm. long; sepals concave, greenish; petals ovate, 6 cm. long, obtuse; cone of fruit 3.5 cm. long, 2.2 cm. thick. Forests of the western districts of Porto Rico. Endemic. jAQtJiLL.\. Magnolia grandiflora L., of the southeastern United States, is planted for ornament in Porto Rico; it was erroneously listed by Stahl as Talauma Plumieri. Its leaves are leathery, brown-hairy beneath, glabrous above, its large white flowers fragrant, the petals 7-10 cm. long, the head of fruit up to 12 cm. long. Family 8. ANNONACEAE DC. Custard-apple Family. Trees or shrubs, often aromatic, with alternate evergreen or deciduous leaves. Inflorescence terminal, axillary or opposite the leaves. Flowers perfect or occasionally monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of 3 (rarely 2) distinct or united sepals. Corolla of 6 distinct petals, in 2 series, the three inner sometimes reduced to scales or obsolete, or petals united at the base. Stamens usually numerous. Filaments short. Anthers extrorse. Carpels few or numerous, separate or coherent, mainly fleshy in fruit. Seeds large. Embryo minute; endosperm copious wrinkled. About 46 genera and over 650 species, mostly natives of the tropics, a few in the temperate zones. Carpels free. Connective produced beyond the anthers into a long, tapering append- age. 1- Oxandra. Connective truncate. 2. Cananga. Carpels imited into a single frint. Petals distinct, concave or flat, not winged. 3. Annona. Petals united at the base, the outer produced into a wing. 4. RoUinia. 1. OXANDRA A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. IC: 20. 1845. Trees or shrubs, with strong, tough, fine-grained wood. Flowers solitary or clustered, axillary or lateral. Calyx 3-parted. Petals 6, imbricate, the inner slightly shorter than the outer. Stamens numerous, the connective produced above the extrorse anthers into a long tapering appendage. Receptacle convex. Carpels several, distinct. Ovule solitary, erect. Berries ellipsoid, stalked or subsessile. [Greek, referring to the sharp pointed connective.] Two species, 310 ANNONACEAE natives of the West Indies, known as Haya and Lancewood. Type species Uvaria laurifolia Sw. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 3.5-9.5 cm. long; outer petals oval or obovate-oval, 4-5 mm. long; berries subsessile. 1. O. lanceolata^ Leaves oblong-elliptic, 8-19 cm. long; outer petals oblong or oblong- elliptic, 6-7 mm. long; berries long-stalked. 2. O. laurifolia^ 1. Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill. Adansonia 8: 168. 1868. Uvaria lanceolata Sw. Prodr. 87. 1788. Uvaria virga a Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 999. 1800. Guatteria virgata Dunal. Anon. 131. 1817. Oxandra virgata A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 10: 20. 184.5. Bocagea virgata Benth. & Hook. ; Sauv. Anales Acad. Habana 5: 197. 1808. A tree, occasionally attaining a height of 15 m., with slender grayish-brown branches. Leaves lanceolate to elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-9.5 cm. long, 1.8-4 cm. broad, usually obtusely acuminate at the apex, acute or rounded at the base, glabrous, pellucid-dotted, the petioles 1—2 mm. long; calyx-lobes semi-oval or semi-orbicular; outer petals oval or obovate-oval, 4-5 mm. long; berries ellip- soid, 11-12.5 mm. long, 7-9 mm. broad, subsessile. Woods and thickets near Quebradillas and Cabo Rojo, Porto Rico:—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispanjola. Recorded by Bello as Oxandra laurifolia A. Rich. The yellow wood is light, durable and elastic, Vcilued for rods, spars and shafts and for a variety of smaller objects. 2. Oxandra laurifolia (Sw.) A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 10: 20. 1845. Uvaria laurifolia Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1001. 1800. Guatteria laurifolia Dunal, Anon. 132. 1817. Bocagea laurifolia Benth. & Hook. ; Sauv. Anales Acad. Habana 5: 197. 1868. Xylopia acuminata DC. Prodr. 1: 93, in part. 1824. Not Dunal. Uvaria dodecandra Sesse & Mog. Fl. Mex. ed. 2, 133. 1894. A forest tree, sometimes 25 m. tall, with a trunk diameter of 4 dm. or more. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 8-19 cm. long, 2. .5-5.5 cm. broad, acuminate at the apex, acute or somewhat rounded at the base, villous beneath when young, glabrous in age, obscurely pellucid-dotted, the petioles rather stout, 2.5-3 mm. long; calyx-lobes semi-oval, ciliate; outer petals oblong or oblong-elliptic, 6-7 mm. long; obtuse; berries ellipsoid, 1.5-17 mm. long, 8-10.5 mm. broad, long-stalked. Mountain woodlands, Porto Rico; St. Croix (according to West):—Cuba; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Giiadeloupe. Recorded by Bello as Anaxagorea acuminata St. Hh. The wood is similar to that of tlie preceding species. 2. CANANGA Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 607. 1775. [Guatteria R. & P. (Fl. Per. Prodr. 85. hyponym, 1794) Syst. Veg. 145. 1798.] Trees or shrubs with coriaceous or subcoriaceous leaves. Peduncles usually axillary, 1-flowered. Calyx 3-parted. Petals 6, flat, in 2-series, equal or nearly so. Stamens numerous; connective truncate. Carpels numerous, distinct. Ovules solitary in each carpel, erect. Berries ellipsoid, sessile or stalked. [Guiana name.] Some 50 species, natives of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Cananga Ouregou Aubl. Leaves 4-8 cm. long, 1.7-3 cm. broad, rounded or acute at the apex. 1. C. Blainii. Leaves 8-22 cm. long, 3-7 cm. broad, long-acuminate at the apex. 2. C. caribaea^ ANNONACEAE 311 1. Cananga Blainii (Griseb.) Britton. Asimina Blainii Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 3. 1866. Uvaria viridiflora Sesse & MoQ. Fl. Mex. ed. 2, 133. 1894. Not R. .fe P. Guatleria Blainii Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 239. 1905. A forest tree, 10-20 m. …