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- oes Handb \\ oa aS \ ~ & NY, 4 ref si mT SN Dp A is LAY, ZN Sn ‘ IS sass Ti? sae WN y (| 2 aR ee 4 \ Gis iP w= | ——e—EE— ve AN. W\- ——— “i —— el ALS setae ee ee ~ ISLAND a INSECTS Handbook for Insect Study ooperative Extension ida irq Foreword “If yo" put yo’ ear a mangle root, yo’ will hear crab cough. | .” Virgin Islands Proverb,” This is. a handbook for young people and educators interested in the living world and Its natural resources. It is dedicated to the powerful idea expressed by the proverb above, which ts that if you can take the time to pay close attention, you are bound to hear, see and learn unexpected things—important things—about life and yourself, Anyone who puts his ear on a mangrove [“mangle") root—literally or fiquratively—is bound to gain In his understanding of the interrelationships that exist between different animals, plants and their environment. The theme on the cover symbolizes this thought. The focus of this booklet. though, is not on just one environment. Rather, it isona group of animals which spans practically all living spaces on earth, Insects occupy many more environments than any other form of life visible to the naked eye, Of every ten known kinds of anirnals, at least eight are insects. Well over half of all living things on this planet are insects. Insects have intriqued, benefited—and irritated—humankind for a very long time. They play a highly significant role in the world of nature. Thus, insects provide an ex- cellent subject with which to build environmental awareness and introduce the scientific approach to learning. This handbook ts an adaptation and blend, with some original material, of several national and state 4-H entomology project quides, but also draws on other sources (see the bibliography). It is intended to fulfill the following objectives: 1. To introduce youth, teachers, parents and other leaders of young people to the principles and practices of insect science. 2. To provide a non-technical “how-to” quide on projects relating to insects, 3. To provide introductory learning experiences for youths in areas such as col- lecting, mounting, preserving, labeling and displaying insects; identification and classification: Insect rearing; studying insect behavior; and career opportunities, 4, To provide a source for educational aids and resource materials, such as books, supplies and visual aids, The idea for this handbook originated with an insect club started at the Virgin Islands Cooperative Extension Service by the pest management staff, with the assistance of the 4-H Youth Development program of the same agency. Because of the strong response, this special interest activity has broadened considerably to include all types of schools and youth-education programs. Environmental studies programs are enthusiastically received by teachers and students in the Virgin Islands, but few locally- developed resources have been available. The Extension pest management and natural resources programs at the College of the Virgin Islands offers this insect natural history learning resource for students, teachers and volunteer leaders. We hope that as a result of this publication, more people will stop, look, listen and learn about the fascinating world of insects. Walter 1. Knausenberger, Entomologist Program Leader, Natural Resources *From (ecge A. Seaman's Not So Cot Walk: The Philosophy of a People and An Era Expressed by Proverbs, St Croix. 64 pp. LO75 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS ST. CROIX ed) ‘ ea a. re rs a | Saeed _, i i ae a * hi a= > gS hee fe | ary. Sh La Pe oa “5. 4x7 ah ;% ote 2 ig 3 fr} ft iy a + F.,. 2 ys ata? =*= 4. BD veoh: cae ee TR. bY < [i tent ee es —— he oh e es F ti Table of Contents INTRODUCTION INSECTSAREIMPORTANT ................c... cence WHATIS AN INSECT?... . Insect Characteristics Inseet Life Cycles Insect Development Insect Mouth Paris ..... . : Insect Legs . Insect Wings . , INSECT CLASSIFICATION ... MAKING ANINSECT COLLECTION | EQUIPMENT FOR COLLECTING ANDPINNING ...........2. 02. Collecting Net Aspirater .:. Inse@ect Pins Forceps and Scissors Spreading Board Insect Labels .... Ooo fo A) ahh inte co be hp WHERE, WHEN, AND HOW TO COLLECT Se 11 Tatie Ad ee Sen Piiiuiesrn cists. 2a near aiae tis the Water's s:civiuseselwe a ieaites pred On Land 13 rie lame Ea ig PRESERVING YOUR INSECTS . : eater 16 Spreading Lepidoplera . . sf Pays Part fa vec w rar aat plea 0) nit cee [cheer iN 857-07 hee ere eg Sey aoe eee re A Relaxing Dry Insects , Ps Os Preserving Small and Fragile Insects [Trl ee a ; Preserving Immature or Soft-bodied Insects. . 18 Labeling Specimen Po Tee a era aN age NA th Le Storing and Displaying Your Collection . Beker Pcrenetete |, IDENTIFYING YOUR INSECTS , Palsk ibieacerivers vows ereskch a eal eccaele Retin tener sages eee sulle Sie aa ali ee ees 20 Keyta Winged Insects - .. paieee iy wien = BE Eee ee Bay to WV ingles (Sete oo :icij0;eiare yi bien nce overscan a cet ecm ies eal Determining the Common Name .......... So Lae 21 BEF ING wae einer sgrcrience cir poser mlarininy monn ies ne Sip gaeeee Ra ees 21 BRIS a imines re ie a Yee. 22 sy ies o, Bet ae Pe phe Pre dag alate ney: CAREERS IN ENTOMOLOGY Pee GR ered WoOMAUE Malta arto deli ed INSETS IN TE BIST giao yee Gli ences wall Pee eA Nese 25 SOURCES OF SUPPLIES FOR INSECT STUDY . 27 PES Boe a Serer ase teee tr ee Eroree rrr aed Peace Eee ae are eee eer ee 28 BIBLIOGRAPHY Tinea ge Rite ee ule wraaTe Wie Albi He Aaa wT ee 30 OTHER USEFUL REFERENCES . een ipinuel se ig ere a ee aL OTHER ARTHROPODS OF THE WEST INDIES . does ay ac wsaicn tae etiiitates RHE PUBLISHERS’ ADDRESSES 35 APPENDIX DiagTAIS.....6. 46-4 ¢6--6e ree he tte .-46 Crossword Puzzle . . ..47 Insect Collection Data Sheet . ..48 abele sauce eee eee SU ee tee 49 iil eh ra -— a Ce a = tJ \ LS ey 4 7 rf ig rE /* 7 = — a. = Ta a rik a = = . E = bat > + a = eS ag Pay 0 ae ah '' 3 = ee ‘¢ ar —s =e oa ay ee) a S iw Introduction In 1980, the Virgin Islands’ first program devoted to learning about insects and where they live was started by the CVI Cooperative Extension pest management program. The first mernbers chose to call themselves by the exciting name of “Stingers,” and by naw thousands of children from 6-20 years old have participated. We welcome you to the wonderful world of insects and their relatives. Not only will you find out how much fun insects can be, but you also will learn how im- portant they are in the lives of everyone, You may even make a career of working with insects. This manual will show you where insects can be found, how to catch them, and how to create your own collection, as well as many projects you can do on your own to learn more about the six-leqged world. The word entomology (en-toe-mol-o-gee) is from the Greek word entomon, meaning insect and the word “insect” itself is from Latin. Both words mean “cut into,” based on the fact that insects are “cut into” three body sections. Entomology is the science dealing with the study of insects. The scientist who specializes in studying insect life is called an entomologist, As you use this handbook, watch for words written in italics. Look in the glossary in the back for an explanation of these words. Insects are Important Insects are very successful organisms. They were on earth long before man and most other living creatures that are alive today. From fossil studies we learn that insects were plentiful 350) million years ago. Cockroaches were among the first air-breathing animals on the earth, Did you know there were dragontlies with three-foot wing spans flying at the time of the dinosaurs? There are more insects in the world than all other animals com- bined: 75% of all animal species are insects. Over 1 million different kinds of insect species have been identified and given names. In one square mile of land the number of insects exceeds the human popula- tion of the earth. In the Virgin Islands alone there are at least 2,000 species—enough to cecupy your interest for a long time, Insects are found throughout the world, with the exception of the ocean depths. Some, like our “no-see-ums" (or “mampees") are so small they can hardly be seen with the naked eye, while others such as the long-horned wood borer are several inches long, They are so widespread that they can be studied practically everywhere—in our towns or on our farms, in our backyards or gardens, in our homes or @ at the seaside. And insects are so varied that you can begin to study them almost anytime of the year, regardless of where you live, 1. he Can you imagine our islands without insects? The enviran- ment would be very different from the place we know today. It is estimated that 95% of all insects are béneficial in one way or another, Bees, wasps, flies, butterflies and other insects pollinate many flowering plants and without them our landscape would not have coconuts, genips, limes or the beautiful pink coralita. Since many island birds eat insects, fewer birds would exist. Frogs, toads, fish, lizards (anoles and geckoes) as well as bats would be less abundant because they feed on insects. Many insects help nature with housecleaning. For example, woodboring beetles, termites, and ants help speed up the decay of plants, returning material to the soil for support of new plant growth. Some insects truly can be regarded as man’s major competitors for food, fiber, and shelter, Insects destroy 30% of all food grown in the world today. In the Virgin Islands, the banana root borer destroys thousands of dollars worth of bananas, scale insects suck the sap from our citrus trees, and aphids suck the juices from our vegetables, Termites destroy furniture and houses. Stored product insects such as the confused flour beetle get into dry foods and livestock feed, making them unusable, Insects also help spread in- fection in plants by carrying such diseases as papaya mosaic or cucumber wilt from one host plant to another, Some insects are harmful or dangerous to man, livestock and wildlife. Fleas, lice and mosquitoes annoy you and your pets. In the Virgin Islands, the yellaw fever mosquito has been known to spread sickness such as denque fever in humans and heartworm in dogs. Insects attack livestock, weakening them. For example, a horse that would eat just one blister beetle could become sick and perhaps die Yet is it possible to measure in dollars the enjoyment or value of watching beautiful butterflies flittering over fields of flowers, or the buzzing of bees as they pollinate our plants? Is it possible to calculate the benefits derived from insects? If you are going to study insects, one of the first requirernents is that you are able to distinguish insects from similar animals. No one will mistake a bird for a mammal or a fish for an insect—but how about a tick or a centipede or a spider? The Animal Kingdom is divided into many large groups called Phyla (Fila). The Phylum (singular) to which insects belong is call- ed the Arthropoda. All arthropods have jointed legs, segmented body parts and an external skeleton or exoskeleton (somewhat like a suit of armor). Not only insects, but also spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes (“gongolos”), crabs, shrimp, and sowbugs belong to this phylum. The phylum Arthropeda is further divided into smaller cate- gories called classes, The class Arachnida includes spiders, ticks, mites and scorpions: the class Chilopoda includes centipedes; and millipedes make up the class Diplopoda, Insects belong to the Class Insecta (or Hexopoda, which means “six feet,” because all insects have six legs or feet}. To distinguish insects from all other ar- thropoda, use the following insect characteristics described below and illustrated in Fiqure 1, Insect Characteristics 1. Three pairs of legs in the adult Insect, All other arthropods have four or more pairs, 2. Three body regions—head, thorax and abdomen, The head holds the eyes, mouthparts and antennae. The thorax is the middle part with the legs and wings attached. One pair of legs is attached to each segment of the thorax, The abdomen, behind the thorax, contains the organs of digestion and reproduction. Other arthropods have one, two or more than three body regions. 3. One pair of antennae (sometimes called “feelers”), Located on the front of the head, they serve as organs of touch, and sometimes taste, stnell anc hearing, 4. Two tompound eyes (in most adult insects) and 2-3 single eyes 5. Wings (usually present) when in the adult stage. Most winged insects have two pairs; some such as lice, fleas and worker ants, are wingless as adults, No other arthropods have wings in any stage, Insect Life Cycles Insects vary in their growth patterns, but all begin as eags and end up as adults. One life cycle consists of the period fram egg to adult. Between the ega and the adult stage there is an intermediate growth form called the immature stage. It is during this stage, which varies in different groups of insects, that growth takes place. Insect growth is accompanied by a series of molts (periodic shedding of the exoskeleton), Molting is necessary because the exoskeleton can not expand, The nurnber of molts varies in different groups of insects: Usually the number is between four and eight, but there are excep- tians. The stages of the insect between molts are called instars. Thus, the immature stage consists of several (usually four to. eight) instars. Once the adult stage is reached, no more molting occurs. It is the adult insect that reproduces so that the species can con- tinue to live from generation to generation and from year to year. Sometimes, there is only one adult stage per year, but in the tropics most insects have several adult stages (and hence several genera- tions) per year—for example, fruit fies, cockroaches and fleas. Insect Development The insect starts out as an egg which is laid by the adult, The eggs of different insects vary greatly in appearance: some are round, some are barrel-shaped, some are laid on the undersides of leaves and others are laid under water. But they all hatch inte the immature stage where most of the growing takes place, The immature stages or growth stages of different insects take many different forms, such as maggots, grubs, nymphs, naiads, wrigglers, “worms,” caterpillars Front Wing or Elytron Head a Hirt vino SRN Abdomen PN We Head ep ARGorren Figure I. Some of the characteristics of in- sects that make them different from all other kinds of animals; (A) beetle, (2) boneybee, and (C) caterpillar. and crawlers. There are only four different basic types of immature insects, each distinguished according to the degree of similarity to the adult form, They are as follows: 1. Young—an immature stage that is identical to the adult in shape and form. lis only smaller in size (and lacks mature reproductive organs). Only a few, primitive wingless insect groups (orders) have this type of immature stage. 2. Nymph—an immature stage that looks like the adult (which is usually winged), but is smaller and has no wings. It has the same food habits and lives in the same habitat as the adult. 3. Natad—an immature stage which is always aquatic [lives in the water), yet the adult {s terrestrial (ves on land), and it on- ly slightly resembles the adult form, However, like young and nymphs, the last instar naiad transforms directly into an adult, without passing Into a resting (pupa) stage. 4. Lerva—an immature stage which may be of many fortis (magget, grub, wriagler, caterpillar, ete.), but usually wortolike and never similar to the adult. Also, the last insiar larva always transforms into a pupa (resting) stage before becoming an adult. The last instar larva can spin a silken structure around itsell called a cocoon or develop a chrysalis which is a hardened outer shell created fram the instar skin. Both of these structures serve to protect the pupal stage while it is developing into an adult Considering the above discussion of egg, immature, and adult stages in insect development, we notice that most insects change ta some degree in form during development, The change is called metamorphosis. There are four basic types of metamorphosis, each associated with one of the four immature stages discussed above. They are: Types of Metamorphosis Active Immature Stage Without Metamorphosis Young Gradual Metamorphosis Nymph Incomplete Metamorphosis Natad Complete Metamorphosis Larva Proceeding from the first to the last, the immature is Jess and less like the adult. Refer to Figure 2 for illustrated examples and ma- jor insect groups which exhibit each type. Knowing the type of metamorphosis for each group (order) of insects is very important for the entomologist or pest contro! operator. Through this knowledge he is able te find the “weakest link" in the insect's life cycle and proceed to destroy the injurious pests through biological, physical, or chemical means, It is generally true that during the insect life cycle, it is the im- mature stage that consumes the most food, So, many of our worst pests are most destructive in the immature stage. Examples Orders ‘\ ge silverfish Thysanura 4 ie springtails Collembola ea. biting lice Mallophaga => ey sucking lice Anoplura = ADULT L- rm grasshoppers Orthoptera Fe termites Isaptera wt booklice Psocoptera af thrips Thysanoptera true bugs Flemiptera be aphids Homoptera earwigs Dermaptera EGG NYMPHS ADULT a ; INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS mayflies Ephemereptera dragontlies Odonata 2 ~whf Se E> stonelflies Plecoptera f ie athe. ss r = a = EGG NALADS ADULT Voom lacewing Neuroptera COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS heetles Coleoptera scorpiontlies Mecoptera caddisflies Trichoptera aadeaae -t-- f- gc moths, Lepidoptera butterflies flies Diptera v fleas Siphonaptera EGG LARVAE PUPA ADULT wasps, bees Hymenoptera Insect Mouthparts Figure 2 Metamorphosis of Various Insects Insects feed on plants and on other animals, living and dead. Because Insects as a qroup have such diverse food requirements, different insects have different kinds of mouthparts. Basically, the food is taken into their bodies in either liquid or solid form. Figure 3 Types of Insect mouthparts; (4) chewing mouthparts showing mandibles, (EB) sponging mouthparts of certain hinds of (Hes. (C) plercing-sucking mouthparts, and (DO) siphoning mouth tube of butterflies (ar- rows point to extended and retracted pro- buscis). Although there is a tremendous variety of insect mouthparts designed to take in liquid or solid food or both, for the purposes of beginning entomology we can place all insects into one of two basic mouthpart types: chewing or sucking. The type of mouthparts is an important characteristic used in identifying the major group (order) to which a particular insect belongs. Mouthparts are referred to in the Key to Insect Orders found later in this manual. The more common types are also il lustrated In Figure 3, In addition, the entomologist must recognize the two major types of mouthparts in prescribing control measures. It helps him determine the kind of insect that caused the clarnage as well as the type of insecticide that will be necessary to control the insect. If a pest has chewing mouthparts, it could pick up a surface layer of insec- ticide by “chewina” the leaf and swallowing some ol the poison However, if the insect pest has piercing-sucking mouthparts, an ap- plication of insecticide to the leaf surface would be worthless unless the insecticide had contact action and killed the insect just by coming in contact with its body. Another alternative would be to use a systemic insecticide which circulates within the vascular system of the stems and leaves and ts sucked up along with the plant juices by the insect. Insect Legs The legs of adult insects are usually easy to distinguish. One palr of legs is attached to each segment of the therax, and each leg has five movable parts. Though locomotion is their primary function, insect legs have actually evolved for many different types of activity, such as walking, running, jumping, swimming, grasping, and digging. In addition to the true legs attached to the thorax, caterpillars and sawdly larvae have fleshy, non-jointed prolegs on the abdomen. Prolegs have primarily a clinging function. Some immature insects, such as the larvae of flies and certain beetles, lack legs allogether Insect Wings Some insects are wingless. They may be either primitive insects —groups which never had wings—or more advanced groups which actually evolved from winged ancestors. Included in the primitive groups are springtails and silverfish. In the second category are lice and fleas. Those insects with wings have either one or two pairs, usually two. In most wings there are thickened lines called veins that run ina network from the base to the tip. The pattern formed by the veins, called venation, is distinctive for many groups of insects. There are many types of wings, several of which are characteristic of major insect groups. The most common type is the membranous wing, clear and cellophane-like, which is found on flies, bees and wasps as well as many smaller groups (orders) of in sects such as dragonflies anc mayllies. Beetles have a pair of mem branous hind wings, but they also have a pair of hard, leathery front wings (called wing covers or elytra). The wings of true bugs, such as stink bugs, have membranous tips and hard, leathery bases (and are called hemelytra). Moths and butterflies have scaly or hair wings. Thrips have feathery wings. Members of the Orthoptera (grasshop- pers, crickets, and mantids, and their relatives) have parchment- textured wings. Many of these wing types are illustrated in Figure 4. Insect Classification Insects must be classified or divided into groups to allow infor- mation about the tremendous numbers of insects to be com- municated effectively, Classification is done according to similarities and differences, and starts with orders, which are the largest insect groups. A little later in this manual, you will learn to identify insect specimens of the correct order with the aid of a so-called “key,” once you have determined it is an insect, Classification is an aid to identification. In our society individual people are classified in numerous ways. A good example is the use of a person's mailing address in order to identify him and separate him from other individuals, Deterrnining where insects fil Into the animal kKingdern is much like your postman determining who you are from a well-addressed letter. Let's compare the two. A complete address would include your name (which really has twe parts—a sumame ard a diver) name), post office box, city and island, But When the postman sorts mail, he reads the address fram bottam to top, looking first for the island, then the post office or city and so on, ending with delivery to a single individual. Similarly, an entomologist classifies insects by the process of elimination, ending with the identity of one species. In classifying an insect, he gets clues from its structure and thus assigns it an “ad- dress.” The categories of the scientific “address” are phylum, class, order, family, genus and species, Let's compare postal classification with insect classification, using two examples: Postal Classification DRT ais coe viata ae ats U.S. Virgin Islands [slated ee tsehienste ates vce wee St. Croix City or Post Office ...,...-..4- Christiansted Post Office Box, . 4... .0...F 0. Box BUZZ Sharpie ss vce eeeae aes Weel eel eee Fly iver Names cis dae weg eee Felipe Insect Classification PGMs: opto aie e vacate Pate Arthropoda Class etic Meee eee Rec Tee pe Insecta rei Arce Nw at heals Se seceded ees Diptera PERRAUAA sy wi ree cara cel bien a cm ala orete at oe Ds Muscidae COPSEDT TG: dead ecb tictacacetaddoaye irerseqere ners Musca Species... Mage peak eee eomesticn In both postal and insect identification, the last twa categories give us the name of the individual—Felipe Fly and Musca domestica, In the case of the insect, we used the scientific name. The common name in this case is house fly. Figure 4 Types of Insect wings: (A) parch- ment wings of grasshoppers, (B) leathery wings of thrips, (C) leathery (elytron) and membranous wings of beetles, (D) mem- branous wing of o fly, (E) hall-leathery membrnous wing (hemelytron) of true bugs, (F) scaly wings of moths and butterflies. a Insect collecting can be an interesting and educational experi- ence, By studying live insects you can learn an insect's life stages and habits, but you will not realize the vast number of species that live all around you until you start your own collection with well-preserved and labeled specimens. The starting point of project werk in en- tormology is usually the collection and identification of insects. Many people have made this a fascinating hobby, or even a life’s work. Your first collection should include all the insects you can find, wherever you may be, By making such a collection, you get to know and recognize many different kinds of insects. However, keep in mind that when you make such a general collection, you will end up with more of certain kinds of insects than others because some are hard to find, or hard to catch, or may be difficult to pin and mount properly. For example, some people might not like collecting butterflies or moths because they take more work and practice to pin nicely. After you have assembled a good general collection, there are other types of collections to consider, For example, you may wish to specialize by collecting only one order of insects, such as only but- terflies or only beetles. Another type of collection would be one consisting of insects from a single habitat, such as ponds, or fields or fallen logs. Or perhaps you would like to make one from a single locality, such as your backyard or garden, A very interesting type of collection is a life-history collection. In this type, you collect all life stages of particular insects and examples of what they feed on or what damage they do. Finally, alcohol collections are important. The nymphs, naiads, and larvae of insects are often difficult to preserve other than in bot tles or vials of alcohol, Alcohol collections are quite important for immature stages and small, soft-bodied insects such as aphids, as well as for related animals such as spiders. See page 18 for informa tion on what kind of alcohol to use. Equipment for Collecting and Pinning The equipment needed to start collecting and mounting insects is fairly simple and costs very little. Much of the basic equipment can be suitably improvised, Essential equipment is: collecting net, killing jar, insect pins, pinning block, forceps or tweezers, Scissors, spreading board, Insect labels (locality and identification), specimen boxes and a fine-pointed pen or pencil. The following will tell you how to make some of these things and how to use them properly. The Collecting Net The collecting net consists basically of a handle, a metal ring (or 8. hoop) and a cloth bag. The handle may be made from a 44-inch piece of dowel rod which is 3 to 4 feet long. A discarded broom or dust mop handle will also do nicely. There are two ways to drill the holes in the handle of the net. The first is pictured in Figure 5A, where the holes are drilled al an angle. The second way pictured in Figure 5B has a groove drilled on both sides of the rad. The groove should be 2 inches long on one side and 3 inches long on the other, and deep enough to permit the hoop of wire to fit snugly in place. Each groove should end in a hole large enough to receive the end of the wire, The hoop is made from a 4-foot piece of heavy wire, about 1/8 inch in diameter (No, 8 gauge) and bent as shown in Figure 5A or 5B. Make sure that the bent ends fit exactly into the holes in the handles. This will prevent the hoop from twisting on the completed net. To hold the hoop in place, you can bind the handle with tape, wire or cord, or you can use a metal or plastic sleeve (made from PVC pipe) which just fits over the handle (method B only). A small hole should be drilled below the sleeve and a cotter pin placed in the rod to keep the sleeve from dropping off. The bag of the net may be made from a variety of cloth materials. [f you are making an aerial net for collecting flying insects such as butterflies and dragonflies, nylon net is the best material. It is light, durable, and will withstand a lot of hard use. The mesh should be coarse enough to allow air to pass through easily. Still, the mesh needs to be fine enough to prevent the escape of small, captured in- sects, Look for material with 15 to 30 holes per inch. To collect insects out of shrubs and grasses, use a sweep net. This should be made of a heavier material, such as unbleached muslin or sheeting material, to prevent ripping. The best net has muslin sides and has the bottom made from a see-through material, s0 that insects can easily be seen to be put into the killing jar. The bag for both nets should be cone-shaped with a rounded lip, and twice as lang as the diameter of the metal hoop. For exam- ple, if the diameter of the hoop is 15 inches, then the dimensions af the cloth would be as in Figure 6. Cut the cloth to shape and pin the cut edges together to hold them while you sew. Fasten the epen end of the bag to the wire loop by folding It over the wire and sewing with heavy thread. Most of the stress of movement will be where the net covers the wire loop, so reinforce this area with an extra layer of cloth. Aspirator or Suction Botile The aspirator (see Figure 7 on page 10) is a convenient device for collecting small insects, either from the collecting net or from under stones, bark or other debris and can be purchased from sup- ply houses listed in the back of this manual, The aspirator is usecl by placing the end of the rubber tubing in the mouth, aiming the longer tube at a small insect and sucking sharply. The air current will pull the insect into the vial. With prac- tice, this method makes it possible to collect small insects more quickly and in better condition than many other ways. Figure 5 Net bag construction; two alter- native ways of attaching hoop to handle. | faled wine cloth narrow éloth ok B fg is + —— Figure 6 Construction of cloth net bag (A) shows how to layout and cut wide cloth and (8) shows how to make net with a narrow plece of cloth. = Screening — Figure 7 Aspirator of suction bottle. —= <— Screw Cap AlLLIWE JAR POISON = = | — Plaster ol Paris Figure 8 Killing jer: V2" Bore oe uy" = | " A " it a al i! =a Wn { Figure 9 Pinning block. 10. Killing Jar A killing jar (see Figure 8) is one of your most essential items, Start with a wide-mouthed jar such as an 8 oz, peanut butter jar with a twist-off lid. Mix plaster of Paris and water to a consistency suitable for pouring, Pour the mixture to a depth of '/2" to 1” in the jar and let it stand overnight. Do not replace the lid until the plaster is dry. (Caution: do not dispose of leftover plaster of Paris by rins- ing down a drain—it will clog the pipes, If possible, mix your plaster batch in a disposable container.) When ready to collect, place a teaspoon of killing agent in the jar. The best and safest killing agent is ethy! acetate, also called acetic ether, which can be purchased from biological supply stores. It is safe to use, kills insects quickly and keeps the insects flexible until they are removed from the jar to be pinned. Carbon tetrachloride is not recommended because it makes the insects dry and brittle and can be absorbed through the skin. Sodium cyanide should not be used because it is too dangerous. It is best to keep your supply of ethyl acetate in a drapper bot tle. Then, the jar can be recharged as needed by adding a few drops to the plaster of paris and waiting until it is soaked up. Always keep the jar tightly covered except when placing insects in it, as the killing agent evaporates very rapidly. Also, place a crumpled piece of tissue paper or paper toweling in the jar, This provides something for the insects to crawl on until they die, in- stead of becoming tangled up with each other. Insects can also be killed by putting them in a jar and placing the jar in the freezer compartment of your refrigerator for 1/2 hour, Insect Pins Pins may be obtained locally, (see your pest management ex- tension agent) as well as from a biological supply house listed in the back of this manual. It is necessary to buy insect pins (not common pins) mace of stainless steel, so they will not rust in your collection box and ruin your specimens, Pins come’in several sizes, the larger the number, the thicker and stronger the pin. Numbers 2, 3 and 4 are most useful. The Pinning Block Medium and larger size insects should be pinned vertically through the body, using a pinning block to set the height on the pin, The specimens should be pinned with about one-fifth of the pin above the upper surface of the insect. This is important, beth for neatness and ease in handling. A wooden pinning block, con: structed with the dimensions given in Figure 9, will permit unifor- mity in pinning height. See the section on preserving insects, page 16, for more on pinning and the preparation of specimens. Forceps and Scissors A small pair of scissors is handy for cutting out insect labels and stiff pieces of smooth paper, These strips are used for spreading moths and butterflies on spreading boards, A pair of fair- ly large, fine-pointed forceps and a pair of flat-pointed forceps are very useful for handling smaller insects, moths and butterflies. The Spreading Board Every insect collector needs at least one spreading board for moths, butterflies and other insects that should have thelr wings spread when pinned. You may purchase a spreading board from a biclogical supply house, such as the professional one shown in Figure 10, or you may make one. To make one, obtain a plece of plastic packing foam with at least one smooth surface, Office supply houses are usually a good free source of this material. Make a longitudinal groove in it large enough to handle the bodies of the butterflies and moths you wish to pin. Two boards would be even hetter—one for butterflies and small moths, and another, with a larger groove, for larger moths, Some professional spreading boards are made up so the gap between the two wooden slats is adjustable, Insect Labels Labels on pinned insects are essential. Without a label, an in- sect in a collection is just a pretty (or ugly) dead thing. With a label it becomes something important— it is a piece of scientific information. Whenever you catch and kill an Insect and add it to your collection, be sure you have labeled it properly so that it will have some value. The first and most important label is the locality label. It tells where the insect was caught, when it was caught, and who caught it. It goes on the pin directly beneath the specimen. The second label is the identification label, It contains the family to which the insect belongs, the scientific name (or at least the com- mon name), and the name of the person who identified it. Itqoes on the pin beneath the locality label. Labels are available through your extension agent or from biological supply stores listed in the back of this manual. There Is a sample to be cut and used on the last page of this handbook. You will need a fine-point pen or pencil to complete the labels. See page 19 for more details on the labeling process. Figure 10 Professional spreading board. Where, When, and How to Collect Insects, in terms of kinds or species, are the rnost numerous group of animals on earth, They live all around us and can be found quite easily. However, a few hints on where and how to collect may make your hunting more rewarding. Insect food is a key to where they will be found, Their food is almost as diversified as the kinds of insects themselves, To make a large and varied collection of insects you must know something of their food habits and where and how they live. Try to seek out in- sects in their natural habitats in as many varied places as you can—a meadow, a pasture, in beach sand, in the soil, m the rain forests, along the sea shore, in ponds, gut pools, on animals, in houses anc in your garden. Listed on the following page are areas where you will find cer- tain types of insects. 11. Figure 12 Aquatic screen Figure 12 Water net. Figure 13° Pitfall (tumble-in) trap, 12 — Under boards and rocks—ants, crickets, beetles. 2. In or around streams, ponds, lakes—dragontlles (locally called pinchy nannees or matt] mamsels), damselflies, aquatic beetles, mosquitoes, 3. Under loose bark, in logs and stumps—termites (or wood lice}, ants, bark beetles, tiger beetles, wood borers, 4. On crops—grasshoppers, butterflies, beetles, flies, aphids, leafhoppers, plant bugs, caterpillars, 5. Inthe aly—butterflies, moths, flies, bees, wasps (locally called Jack Spaniards), beetles, leafhoppers, grasshoppers. 6. Crawlspace (under the house)—crickets, beetles, ants, silyertish. 7, On livestock, pets and poultry—fleas. sucking lice, biting lice, flies, 8. In clothes, furniture and store foods—clothes moths, carpet beetles, flour beetles, bean weevils. 9, Around lights— moths, beetles, true bugs, preying mantids (locally called jumbee horses or god horses). 10. Around dumps or piles of refuse—cockroaches, ecarwigs, beetles, flies. 11. Manure piles—flies, beetles. 12. In, around, or on flowers and ornamental plants— thrips, plant bugs, beetles, bees, wasps, ants, aphids, scale insects, walking sticks, insect galls, butterflies, moths. 13. In houses—crickets, beetles. ants, flies, mosquitoes, moths, cockroaches, termites, silvertish. The following paragraphs will discuss collecting devices used in particular insect habitats. In the Air The net is an especially handy tool, so learn to use it to its fullest advantage. You may use it for collecting a single specimen in flight by sweeping the net through the air, or quickly clamping it over an insect resting on the ground, Another method of using the net (if made from muslin rather than a mesh) is known as “sweeping.” This is done by sweeping the net back and forth through vegetation and accumulating the insects in the bottorn of the nel bag, You may pick out the insects singly by hand, by running the bottle inside the net and forcing the insects into it or by dumping the entire contents {in- cluding leaves and debris) into the killing jar. If the latter is done, the insects can be sorted from the debris alter they are dead. Insects col- lected by sweeping frequently include bees and other stinging in- sects, so play it safe and handle the bag with caution. One goad technique is to insert the end of the bag along with the captured in- sect in the killing jar. Place the lid aver the mouth of the jar as tightly as possible for a minute or s0 until the insect becomes motionless. Then remove the end of the net from the jar and put the stunned in- sect back into the killing jar. In the Water All too often beginning entomologists use only an aerial insect net and thus miss collecting many important and even common kinds of insects, For example, many insects are aquatic anc spend all or at least a portion of their lives in water—some in stagnant ponds and others in moving streams. An aquatic screen, like that in Figure 11, is easy to construct. It works best when used by two people who walk upstream against the current, dislodging rocks in front of it, You can make your own water net out of wire mesh or buy a net from a pet supply store or a metal or plastic dipper can be at- tached to the end of a pole to dip insects oul of the water. Figure 12 shows a model available from a biological supply store. On Land Many insects, both large and small, are common on the soil surface. Some are very active; others live under leaves and other debris and wander very little. A good tool for collecting the more ac- tive forms is a pitfall (or tumble-in) trap (see Fiqure 13). The trap should be buried into the soil so that the top edge is just below the surface. It sometimes helps to provide a cover, such as a board sup- ported by stones. The trap can be left empty or baited with sliced fruit or vegetables or chicken bones. It should be checked frequently as some trapped insects consume others and some also may fly out. A variation is to add an inch or so of 70% ethylene glycol (coolant) to the bottom. This fluid kills and temporarily preserves any insects which fall into it, and you need check the trap only about once a week (unless heavy rains add a lot of water to the trap). Less active and smaller forms can be collected in another way, Rake up samples of forest litter and place them in plastic bags. Upon returning to your home, place the litter in the tray of a “hidden insect trap” which you can construct after studying Figure 14, Within 20-30 minutes after the light is turned on, insects will begin to fall through the equipment, Larger ones may be caught in the 1/16" mesh. Smaller ones will fall into the jar which may be filled with alcohol so that it will immediately kill and preserve the specimens. In Trees Many insects sit perched rather securely on the branches of trees and shrubs, A qood technique for collecting many of them is to use a beating sheet. The beating sheet somewhat resembles a kite, constructed from canvas {or bed sheeting) and wooden sticks (see Figure 15), Grasp the wooden sticks where they cross, hold the sheet out under a branch, and beat sharply on the branch with a strong stick such as a wooden axe handle. The beating will dislodge large numbers of insects which will drop onto the canvas and can be easily seen. They can then be picked up and trans: ferred to vials or a killing jar, At Night Sixty percent of all insects are nocturnal (active only at night) Curiously, while they shun the light of day, they are attracted to a light placed in your yard or on your porch. While the yardlight will suffice to attract some types, other lighting setups are more effi- cient, A light trap like that In Figure 16 Is easy to construct. Use an extension cord with a light socket. A coat hanger may be used as a support for the light. Cut the end from an old funnel and set it in a a uy = 3s 7. Debris tray with “4 " mesh in bottom e—Funnai Sera 2 11H" soreen with mesh - Dish with aleahol, Figure 14 Hidden insect trap (homemade Berlese funnel). Figure 15 Beating sheet. Figure 16 Homemade light trap, 13. Figure [7 Blacklighting sheet, Pa f ae ae ies #) Sy Ss Figure 38 How to fold a paper triangle, 14. wicde-mauth jar or metal can, Place a small jar containing cotton saturated with a killing agent (such as ethyl acetate} in the bottom af the trap. The light will attract the insects: The fumes of ethyl acelate rising from the bottom will cause them to drop onto the funnel, fall into the can, and die, Insects are best attracted to light at the near-ultraviolet end of the spectrum. A blacklight (near ultraviolet) fluorescent tube ts much more efficient than-an incandescent bulb in attracting night flying insects: An apparatus constructed like that in Fiqure 17 is very successiul, The blacklight requires the same type of fixture on a pole with a white sheet as a reflective surface. Collect the insects as soon as they land on the sheet and place them In a killing jar. This technique is very efficient for moths and night-flying beetles. You should avoid looking directly at the blacklight and limit the time you spend at the light because of danger to your eyes. Another method of collecting night-flying moths and beetles Is called baiting or sugaring. A standard bait mixture consists of 6 fluid ounces of stale beer-and 8 ounces of dark molasses. Some collectors add to this mixture a small amount of mashed, over-ripe fruit, such as bananas or mangoes. However the pulpy material should be held to a minimum to avoid making the mixture too thick, This bait can be mixed in the morning and left out in the sun to ferment, adding to its effectiveness. This mixture is painted on a selected row of trees at a convenient height before it gets dark. At this time, any dried twigs should be cleared away so that your ap- proach to the insects at the bait is as noiseless as possible. If the bait is left on the trees for 20 to 30 minutes after dark, the feeding specimens are less cautious and more easily collected. Patrol the baited trees cautiously with a dim flashlight and a killing jar. Desirable specimens are collected by placing the opened killing jar aver the feeding insect and holding it in place until movement stops. The jar is then quickly removed and capped. Many but- terflies are attracted to the bait mixture during the daytime. Additional Suggestions Once a specimen has been netted, it is wise to “pinch” it, This is done by firmly applying pressure to the thorax between your thumb and forefinger, This technique immobilizes the specimen so you can put it into the killing jar without it damadqing its wings before it dies. After the specimen is dead, it can be pinned and spread. If you are not going to mount It immediately, store the specimen in a paper triangle (Fiqure 18) or place tt in the freezer, If stored for very long in the triangle, it will have to be relaxed before mounting. To avoid breaking legs and antennae, specimens In paper triangles should not even be removed until they have been relaxed for at least 12 hours. See page 17 for more about relaxing insects. oe ‘a a & hy , % i‘? “Phad 4, tk -* ee | N } Bix, 4, ees 'y eae af Ta -_ —— a — OF nl — Ave vi -— po oa ral ~ ia, = * J fre 4k Ft rim , Cy yd faa a aa | 7 ty Ah Pail en a — “h - rahe AL i | “J om | Lf r= vy at Sa, A: 4 is ear me oy “toate EA is —_ Fe (7 cg 4 a ieN fo ts a" fe Dog i Bee —, = y, xy ne is Bf fl f a2. i Vie AG fe uN — \N \ 15 Preserving Your Insects Once insects have dried, they are very fragile or brittle. For this & reason, they should be mounted when fresh, If you find a dead in- sect or your specimen has become dry before you can pin it, you can relax it by following the procedures on pagel. Insects are often pinned through the thorax (the middle section of the body). A good rule of thumb |s to pin the insect slightly to the right of the midline, in the region where the second pair of legs are attached. Figure 19 illustrates a completed mount. Some variation occurs in the many groups of insects as to where they should be pinned. For example, beetles are best pinned- through the right wing cover, Refer to Fiqure 20 for the correct place to pin representatives of each of the major order of insects, The height at which specimens are pinned should be uniform, with about one-fifth of the pin exposed above the upper surface of the insect (Fiqure 21}. Also, the insect should be horizontal on the pin when viewed from the front and side. This is important both for neatness and ease in handling. The pinning block, described earlier (Figure 9), will permit uniformity in pinning heights. Slide the specimen upwards on the pin using the deepest hole in the pinning block. All butterflies and moths should have their wings spread. Or- thoptera, such as grasshoppers and mantids, should have only their left wings spread. Dragonflies and damselflies can be pinned through ther side with the wings folded up over their back or through the back of the thorax with thelr wings spread (preferred way). Spreading Lepidoptera One of the most difficult tasks for young collectors to learn is the proper mounting of moths, butterflies, and skippers. In this group of insects, small overlapping scales on the wings produce a variety of colored patterns, many of which are very beautiful. Color patterns are used in identifying species; and to see these patterns, the winas must be spread correctly, Use either a homemade spreading board or one purchased at a biological supply house. Starting with a freshly killed specimen, or relaxed specimen, or ane that has been in the freezer and thawed, follow these steps: 1, Pin the specimen through the thorax in the usual manner. Put insect in pinning block to adjust height on pin. 2. Push the pin through the center slot of the spreading board until the wings are even with the side pieces (Figure 22A). 3, Move the front wings forward with the aid of an insect pin ora pair of blunt-end tweezers (don't handle the specimen with Figure 19 Correctly pinned insect. Figure 20 Correct place to pin several your fingers because the delicate scales rub off very easily). sabia nt apes tg anes li saga ee a. Place the pin behind the heavily veined portion on the thoran indicates the position of the pin. i a F (A) Cleada, Homoptera; (B) horsefly, Dip- the front margin of the wing. (Figure 22B). tera; (C) stink bug, Hemiptera: (BD) long- b. Pull the front wings forward until the hind margin is horned beetle, Coleoptera; (E) butterfly, Lepidapaeta; IF) aeneshoover, Urdiontera perpendicular (forms a right angle) to the length of the body (Figure 22C). 4. The pin holding the front wing may then be temporarily an- 16. chored inte the wood or foam. 5. Pull each hind wing forward in a similar manner until the hind wing {5 partially hidden beneath the front wing and a small notch or “y" remains between the two wings at the outer marain (Fiqure 22D). 6. Hind wings can also be temporarily anchored with Insect pins. 7. Strips of smeoth finish paper (waxed paper or pieces of in- dex cards) may then be placed over the wings and anchored securely with common pins. Since a common pin will leave a considerable hole if punched through the wings, the paper strips should be pinned just off the wing margins. The insect pins used for temporarily anchoring the wings in position may then be removed by gently rotating and withdrawing (Figure 22E). If pulled straight out, the wing |s often torn, 8. Antennae should be positioned as in Figure 22E. Pins may be used to hold them in place until dry. If several specimens are spread on the same spreading board and the collection data ls not the same for all of them, you should pin a locality label to the board alongside each specimen. The spreading board Is then ready to set aside for the Insects to dry (out ef reach of younger brothers, sisters and pets). Put your board in an air-tight box so that tiny moths or cockroaches will not be able to eat your specimens. If you have no such box, place the pinning board In an oven at very low heat (140° or less) for several hours, or put the specimens under a light bulb for several hours to dry, Do not set the pinning board in the sun as some specimens will fade. The drying period lasts several days but varies to some extent with the size of the insect. It may take as long as a week for certain large moths to dry properly, After the specimen has thoroughly dried, remove it carefully from the spreading board, label, and place in your collection, Keeping Records Keep records of the insects found, the development stages, the nests they make, and feeding damage they do. This informa- tion will become valuable as your collection expands. Forms are provided in the back of the manual for such information. Relaxing Dry Specimens Some insects canno! be spread the same day that they are caught and will have to be storecl temporarily. Freshly killed specimens can be adequately stored three to four weeks by placing them in the freezing compariimnent! ol Your refrigerator in an airtight container, They can be mounted immediately when thawed out However, specimens sometimes become dry and brittle before they can be frozen or if frozen too long. If you try to pin or spread an insect that is dry it will crumble or the legs will fall off. To avercome this, the insect should be relaxed, Te relax an insect, place it Ina very darmmp atmosphere for a few days, Most relaxing containers are made of tin (cookie tins are excellent) with a tight-fitting lid, Large jars will also work. Damp bth A BC OD Figure 21 Examples A and D are correctly pinned. Figure 22 Steps in the proper spreading of the wings of moths and butterflies, 17. Figure 23 Pointing an insect: (A) Setting height of point on pin, (B) Tip of point bent down, and (C) Insect correctly mounted on point L8. paper towels or about one inch af damp white sand in the bottom of the container will provide the humid atmosphere. The water used to dampen the paper towels or sand should contain a few drops of car- bolic acid (phenol) to prevent the growth of mold This chemical should be used with care. A small amount of mothball flakes will also discourage mold formation, The insect specimens should be laid on metal screen or a piece of cardboard cut to fit the container, rather than directly in contact with the wet paper toweling or sand. Check the specimens daily until they are flexible enough to mount, Do not leave them in the relaxer any longer than necessary Preserving Small and Fragile Insects Specimens too small to be pinned, such as flies, beetles and wasps, should be mounted on triangular paper points. The paper points should be cut or punched from heavy paper, such as filing cards. Make them no more than 3/8-inch long and 1/8-inch wide at the base. Paper point punches are available from bialogical supply houses but they are quile expensive. You may obtain these points from your CVI-CES Pest Managemen! program or a quantity of points can be purchased from a biological supply house. Push a pin through the base of the card point and push the point up on the pi. by using a pinning block, just as you do with a pinned insect (see Figure 23,4). With a pair of tweezers or forceps, bend down the tip of the point (as in Figure 23B). Puta tiny drop of fingernail polish or white glue on the bent-down part of the point and press it gently to the right side of the insect (Figure 23C), Generally, you should point any insect you feel would be damaged by trying to pin it. Preserving Immature or Soft-Bodied Insects Soft-bodied insects such as aphids, caterpillars, silverfish arid some immature insects should not be pinned at all but can be preserved in small vials of aleohol. These small battles or vials may be purchased from biological supply houses or, sometimes, fram local drugstores. Lice and fleas, as well as very fragile insects such as craneflies and mosquitoes, are bes! preserved in alcohol, Profes- sional entomologists use 70% to 80% ethyl (grain) alcohol However, rubbing aleohol, available from any drugstore, will de nicely. Use a 70% concentration The same information that is writ- ten on the two labels which go on a pin Is then written on small pieces of paper with a pencil or waterproof ink such as India ink (nel ball point), These labels are placed inside the bottle or vial with the specimens, Nymphal insects can be placed directly into 70% alcohol for storage, but insect larvae may shrivel up or lose their color in alcoho! unless they are “fixed” first, There are special fixative solutions you can order from biolagical supply houses, but you can easily fix insect larvae with hot water treatment. To fix insect larvae with hot water, bring a cup of water to boil in a sauce par. Remove the pan from the heat and wait a half minute. Then pour the hot water onto the larvae you have waiting in a colfee can. The larvae will be killed instantly, but they should be left in the hot water for several minutes until they are slightly cooked. If the water is too hot when you pour it on the larvae, they may burst open like an overdone wiener. If the water is nol hot enough, it may not kill the larvae instantly and they will also be uncerfixed, Labeling Specimens Printed labels are furnished In the back of this manual. The necessary information should be filled in with ink using a fine- pointed pen. Two labels, a locality label (Fiqure 24.4) and an iden- tification label (Figure 24B), should accompany each insect specimen. The locality label should contain the following informa- lian: loeation Gsland and estate), date of collection and name of col- lector. | may also contain the host or specific habitat from which the specimen was collected, This label goes on the pin immediately: beneath the specimen (Figure 24C). The middle hole in the pinning block is used to set the locality label height in the pin (Fiqure 23A). The identification label should contain the following informa- tion: family, common name (professional entomologists use scien. tific name), name of person who identified the specimen (this may he different from the collector),and the year In which it was iden- lilied. The identification label goes on the pin beneath the locality label (Figure 24D). Use the shallow hole in the pinning block to set the label heiaht on the pin. Also notice in Figure 24D that the pinned specimen faces left as you read the labels. For pointed Insects, the two labels are placed on the pin in the same manner. Again, notice the orientation of the pointed specimen, with the point directed to the left (Figure 245). Also nétice that the pin passes through the right half of the label in pointed specimens, whereas it passes through the center of the label in pinned specimens. Storing and Displaying Your Collection A collection of pinned insects must be properly stored in order to protect it from dust, damage, and infestation of carpet beetles or other museum pests. The beginner who wishes to use the collection for study purposes only may find that cigar boxes are satisfactory. If a cigar bow is used, a piece of corrugated cardboard, soft fiberboard, balsa or cork should be glued to the bottom to provide a pinning sur- face. However, if you wish to display your insects or maintain the collection for a number of years, a more elaborate, tight-fitting box is highly desirable. A standard display case, or Cornell drawer, measuring 18 x 24 « 3!/2 inches, may be constructed from white pine, a masonite bottom, a pinning cushion, and a glass top, Measurements and details of construction are inchided in Figure 25, The pinning cushion can be celotex, cork or balsa wood. If a plastic foam Is used, make sire that it does net react to mothballs or some moth crystals. To lest this, seal up a mothball or some moth erystals with a piece of the foarn in an airtight container for several days and check for any chemical reaction, such as curling, Regardless of the type of box yeu use, your dried insect oral, Esiate Canton] 24 Nevember 1963 Coll, Mart! Tory AE light Late even Ric ll Bet W. Knaugenbe is ger 4 Hone fC Sail: Marti Teery [eeweritrae jun ieTy i Het W Rmunntisingy i] mw Coll Ken Patil Pucené Tilaw Lam jlitew fralite Det Rermunerrisrrggs rey Figure 24 Labeling insects: (A) locality label, (8) identification Label, (€) comect position of locality on pin, (0) correct posi- tion of identification label and (F) proper orientation of labels for a pointed insect, 1a" BOTTOM 1h" Magoeniter ev 1/4" Plywood TE Ye" PIN CUSHION 13" Gatotoy (Fiber bedine) Figure 25 Insect display box and materials needed for its construction. specimens are perfect food for certain dermestid beetles, common- ly called carpet beetles. Precautions must be taken to prevent their entrance. Most moth crystals, such as napthalene or Paradichloro- benzene (PDB), are good for preventing infestations: They may be placed in a small box in one corner of the collection box and replenished when necessary An ordinary mothball also works well, The head of a common pin heated with a lighted match (by holding the point of the pin with a pair of pliers) can be applied directly to the mothball. The mothhbail will melt around the pinhead and then harden again, It may then be pinned into the corner of your collection box, Place only pinned and labeled specimens In the box. Insects should be placed in neat rows beneath their corresponding Order label, Neatness in pinning and displaying insects is important when collections are judged at insect field days or science fairs, Printed Order labels are available in the back of this manual. Identifying Your Insects Keying to Order From structural and other characteristics, the biologist sorts out common features and prepares an identification tool called a key. Each step in the key requires you to make a choice between con- trasting characteristics. In the key that follows, your first chaice is: Does it have wings (Figure 26) or is the insect wingless (Figure 27)? 2 wings Re Diptera, flies 4 wings i. 1 Wing covendel q No scales on wings | with scalea | sc mouth parte front wings parchment ke sora Wilh saniee front i OAT aH x f pec ssh AA hah cL ig Buttertiiew Moths Certain orders do not nolpinoers appear on these keys # because the Virgin Islands Grasanoppers lack the proper habitat ”*® at for their development, lip of abdomen Coleoptora Dermaptera 1 ries Seatles Wings long and narrow with fringed nae Sucking mouth parts Sues Wings oot nani ot Wings lay lal over “| whan al res fringed with hairs Wings not {lat over body iat “Hind wing much Wings of ve size Bmailel r Hymenoptera Front wings leathery | s, Waeps, boas al Dace, mennibrancus Broad waist is caiseiiees iz) t 1 Wings of sama size Thing = at tip Wings membranous, i folded ike a root iscplers Strang fitara, Weak Tiere Termites (et oe tae a Eyes take up most eS ‘ over abdomen wings held foatiike over bacly here Lom : leet Peccopins Gdanats, Neouraptera sl tptaiy Leathonners Barklice Dragontiies Lacawings Aphids 20. Figure 26. A-key to winged insect orders, Fr Mouth parts Ss sucking | Mouth parts for chewing Liv on binds or manmimats Live on plant Live On bits ormammals Liven plantsor fee living il r- | lee Body vertically eae fi 7 ca n Have appendages No appendages va i hy bn obdomen on abdomen i Mollaphaga f i h \ Ghewing Lice 2-3 thtead-like Forked tail ' " felis i f Siphonaptera Anoplurs Small o-minuta Insecta: Beed for Jumping Fipar Sucking Lice soit oval or pour 4 Sat bee shall like cower 8 ( Vile y pall atis idny legs and antennae Thysanura Colne a Silvantieh Springtails Homapiera Aphigs Thread wale i 1 ale Waist pot easily Homoptera between thorax and Src wale, Heleoliid, boreg toed gn wood : Boales “brdaricn anienhaa lsoplern fr 7 Tarmites H Some insects like termites and ants will Orthoptera develop wings to locate a new colony. Grasshoppers, Crickets Walking Stickn Figure 27. A hey to wingless insect orders, Follow the key as you would a road map. In most instances you will come to a correct identification. However, no key is perfect, for there are always specimens that don't seem to fit the generalizations that make up the key. And note that these keys ap ply only to adult insects. Determining the Common Name Many useful reference books exist which will allow you to determine the common names of your insects and learn something about them. The lists of reference books starting on page 30 con tain books which have been found useful in identifying Insects as well as some books which professional entomologists feel would be suitable for beginning entomologists. Rearing Insects Collecting and observing Insects as they change from one stage to another can be a most Interesting project. Not only ts it the best way to really understand the life cycle of any Insect but it ts a means of providing you with perfect adult specimens for your col lection. Grasshoppers, crickets, mosquitoes, some beetles, buas and flies, and various moths and butterflies can be studied ir this way, The important thing is to try to duplicate the natural condi tions for the insect you are rearing, including its preferred food (the plant you find It feeding on) and the proper light, temperature, and humidity conditions. In order to easily rear Insect species, some type of rearing cage or jar is needed. A rearing cage must be constantly tended. For 21. ae eh Thiel Tei ie, Tey A Fo Spsspess Hit 4] “Tes sae Bai CEaIM SEES at jE ie meane aa Figure 28 Techniques in rearing Lepidop- tera: (A) bouquet of preferred plant food set ina bottle of water and covered with a nylon net; (B) screen cage with preferred food qrowing in it; (C) plastic box with picked leaves in it; (BD) nylon sack thed over a branch of plant food. 22. example, dried leaves are not eaten by insects, and without a con- stant fresh food source the insects will die quickly. Insects that feed on living plants may be caged over potted plants or fed with frequently replenished fresh material from their hest plant. With a little ingenuity, a suitable cage can be prepared. The important thing is to keep it tight enough te restrain the insect and yet provide for sufficient ventilation so that the container will not “sweat.” Some loose, slightly moist soil and ground litter should be provided in case the insect is one that pupates in, or on, the ground. Provide slightly moist soil or sand for insects that feed on decaying animal matter, Insects that infest seeds and those that cause plant galls may be reared merely by enclosing the seeds or galls in a tight container with a fine mesh cover. Such material should not be permitted to become too maist, or else the material and the specimens will mold, A dark container with the open end of a glass vial inserted into it works well. Then, as the specimens emerge from the dark con- tainer, they are attracted ta the light, enter the vial, and can easily be removed and killed. Tiny parasitic wasps may be reared fram their insect host in this manner: A cylindrical, cardbeard ice cream container is excellent for this type of rearing. It is interesting to dig larvae and pupae out of rotten logs in the woods and rear them to their adult form. It is not necessary to “feed” these larvae, bul you should take along a quantity of rotten wood with the specimens and keep it in a closed jar or metal con- tainer-to retain the moisture. In this way you can collect some of the largest and least observed beetles. Another interesting practice is that of collecting cocoons of moths and chrysalises of butterflies. Often you may also find full- grown moth and butterfly larvae (caterpillars) that are just about to transform to the pupae, These can be collected and observed until they pupate and the adults subsequently emerge. Probably most young people who develop an interest in rear- ing insects have a desire ta raise Lepidoptera (moths and but- terflies} through their whole life cycle. This interest justifies devoting some space to the subject here, Knowledge of trees and plants is a big aid in rearing butterflies and moths, and recognition of plants.is essential. Adult Lepidoptera are very selective and will lay their eggs only on the plant on which the larvae will feed, Butterflies Start by trying to catch a female butterfly (with practice and the use of resource books, the female of the species can be iden- tified by the coloring and size). Place her (1) on a bouquet of preferred plant food set in a bottle of water (Figure 28A), or (2) ina screen cage with preferred plant food growing in it (Figure 28B), or (3) in a plastic box with picked leaves in it (Figure 28C), or (4) ina nylon sack over a branch of the plant food she prefers and tie the bottom (Figure 28D). You will obtain from a few to perhaps a hun- dred eggs or so. The female may be released after three days. There are several ways to rear larvae, It is best to leave them in the sack or cage, changing the foliage if needed, If there are only a few eggs, remove the leaf with the eggs on it to a small plastic box. Most butterfly eags take between five and seven days to hatch (monarchs take seven). The larvae must have a constant supply of food and must be kept clean, After the first week, cheesecloth over the top of the plastic box is better. It takes about two to three weeks for the larvae to become full size; then they will form chrysalises on the netting. Put the chrysalises into a cage where the expected butterflies will have room to expand their wings. With butterflies that have two or more broods a year, the butterfly will come out after a period of hibernation; in those having a single brood only, the butterfly will not emerge until the next wet season. Let the butterfly fully expand, Put it in the killing jar just before it flies. In this way you will have a perfect specimen for your collection, Moths Rearing moths is quite different. One can start anywhere in the life cycle, Some start by finding a larva; you should plan on raising those for which you have the plant or tree on which the larvae feed, Ifa female is caught outside it is assumed that she has already been bred. Ordinarily, the female moth does not fly until she is ready to lay eggs. Ifa female moth emerges in the house, a male must be put in with her or she can be tied outside. The moth should be tied out the evening after she emerges from the cocoon and left all night or put in a cage of 1/2-inch hardware cloth. Tie the moth with strong thread, around the thorax, crossing and around the abdomen. The thread should be loose enough not to hurt the moth and tight enough so she won't escape. Tie the thread ends through a piece of screen and hang the moth on the screen outside (Figure 294). Around sunset male moths will mate with her. It is easy to get eggs. The simplest way |s to put the female ina large paper sack, close the top by folding it over, and hold it shut with a paper clip (Figure 29B), Keep her in the sack from one to three days. Some moths such as the Sphinx moths, glue their eqqs to the sack; the Tiger moth’s eqgs, on the other hand, may resemble sugar in the bottom of the sack. If the eggs are glued to the sack, cut around them and put them tn a plastic container with proper food and cover, If the eqgs are loose, ermpty them out gently into a con- tainer. The larvae must be kept clean and without too much moisture. if a glass jar is used, only two or three larvae should be put in it. More satisfactory |s a netting sack (such as nylon curtain material) aver a branch of a tree with twenty or more larvae on it, This will have to be changed from time to time, Cut off the whole branch, put the sack over a fresh branch and put the larvae in it. As they grow larger, they need more space and food. Sphinx moths pupate in the ground, so alter the last molt, place them in a box or large can with two inches or so of slightly damp sand in the bottom. The larvae will crawl down into the sand, They can be left in the sand until they emerge, Most of the other large moths spin cocoons on the branches. The cocoons are — Sn THY er ee nite i eciaaiii RTHETTH Figure 29° Techniques in rearing moths: (A) female moth ted to a screen; (B) paper sack as egg-laying chamber; (C) emergence cage. 23. gathered and put in a cool place until time for emergence. Bring the moth cocoons into the house. A screened cage, 1 foot by 18 inches by 1 foot, is ideal (Figure 29C), The moth can craw! up and hang from the top to stretch its wings. If you have missed the big event, the moth will still be perfect. Watch the cocoons closely; some get wet on one end an hour or more before the moth comes out, If a screened cage isn't available, glue cheesecloth or netting on the inside of a cardboard box, stand it on end, and cover the front with plastic. The box must be bigger than the expanded moth will be. The netting gives the moth a foothold, If a moth has no place from which to hang to expand, he will not develop fully. Allow the moth to hang several hours before killing it so the wings will be hard enough to separate easily. Careers in Entomology To choose a career in entomolody Is to pursue a way of life that is essential, exciting and rewarding, How well insect populations are managed determines how well man can sustain life by providing the basic necessities of survival. Entomology is a profession, not just a “Sob.” It requires Intelligence, ambition, skill and dedication, It offers the satisfaction of contributing to the well-being of all mankind. Many opportunities exist for students of entomology who graduate from college. Graduates find jobs teaching in high schools and universities, They are employed as researchers by state and federal government agencies, such as state experiment stations, U.S. Department of Aariculture and U.S, Public Health Service. En- tomologists are employed by beth public and privately supported museums. The chemical pesticide industry needs research en- tomologists to develop new products, salesmen to sell them and technical representatives to give specialized assistance. Major food processing companies hire entomologists. The commercial pest con- trol industry uses many trained entomologists. Jobs as an entomola- gy consultant are on the increase. These require a trained entomalo- gist, self-employed in a community, who can provide a professional service mriuch like a veterinarian, medical doctor, lawyer or engineer, The student who expects to be an entomologist should have broad training in the sciences. He needs the breadth of training given in basic zooloay and botany, chemistry, physics and mathematics. These subjects are integral parts of both basic and applied ento- mology, The following is @ brief description of the major specialization areas of entomology. Insect taxonomy deals with insect identification, it might be likened te genealogy. Traditionally, a taxonomist is interested in the features of a species that make it different fram all other species. Insect ecology gives special attention to the insect’s @ habitat, total environment, interrelationship with other insects, 24 other animals, plants and climate. Insect physiology and biochemistry involve the study of the internal processes of living insects. The physiologist and biochemist contribute to the under- standing of how insects see, the function of their glands in metamor- phosis, and how an insect becomes resistant to insecticides. Insect toxicology is the study of the action of insecticides—that is, how the chemical interferes with the vital life processes. Insect pathology is the study of disease organisms that affect insects. The pathologist perfects methods of insect control using pathogens, bacteria, fungl, virus and others, instead of insecticides. Economic entomology is concerned with the insect problems of an agricultural commodity such as a fruit, vegetable or other crop. This specialist takes basic information supplied by the physiologist, toxi- ecologist, ecologist and others and carries out research to improve both the quality and quantity of a commodity through insect management. Medical entomology is the study of the insects that cause sickness In man and domestic animals. Some insects carry diseases such as malaria and dysentery; others cause disease by liv- ing in or on other animals. Still others cause disease and discomfort by injecting venom and other poisonous or irritating substances Sources of information about entomology careers are available in various brochures and pamphlets. For further information about entomology you can write to the Entornolegical Society of America, 4603 Calvert Road, College Park, MD 20740, or your local Coop- erative Extension Service Fest Management Program. In any event, both boys and girls should be encouraged to in- vestigate entomology as a career. Insects in the Future : Insects preceded us on earth by 300 million years and because of their adaptability will no doubt survive us. So it Is not only our responsibility, but in our own best interest to live in harmony with all of earth's creatures, even though a few may make life next to unbearable at times. It is important to remember in our haste to control an Insect pest, that nature is in very fine balance, We must be very careful about “knocking” a pest insect out of the food chain, because the repercussions may be more serious than the damage done by the pest, We have now recognized the possible damage that can be done to our environment by the tons of chemical pesticides used by farmets and others. Scientists are working to develop natural or organic ways of controlling pests that will help restore a healthy en vironment. Instead of abhoring, we should be more adoring of insects. Try to recognize the many benefits insects provide to mankind, several of which have been mentioned in this handbook, including products produced by insects: honey, beeswax, silk and shellac. The role that insects play in agriculture by pollinating flowers is very important. Also, they play a large role in building soil, Butterflies, moths and 29. 2h: other insects are also a source of such beauty they can be exhibited in displays or as wall decorations in our homes. One thing we have not mentioned is the enormous possibility of insects as a major food source at our fingertips. In the past, dif ferent cultures have used insects in religious ceremonies and many peoples have used insects as a primary food source, We turn up our noses at the idea of eating insects but as the world’s population increases, there may come a day when we will supplement our diets with insect protein, Almost all insects produce far more pro- tein per pound of food than do cattle or pigs. It is only our cultural background that makes us cringe at caterpillar cupcakes or beetle bread, So perhaps in our lifetime or our children’s, our attitudes will change and we will learn to appreciate insects for the valuable creatures they are. Sources of Supplies for Insect Study Equipment Specimens Pre- Herh- insect Audio- seved Live arium Rearing Visual Company Field Lab, Insects Insects Supplies Books Supplies Mat'ls. American Biological Supply Company (AMBI 1330 Dillon Heights Avenue ad Ped fea fe i“ Baltimore. MD 21228 Ben Meadows Company 3589 Broad Street od a al Pad ad od Atlanta. GA 30366 Blo-Serv. tne. P.O. Box 100-B cal a Frenchtown, MN.) 08825 HioQuip Products FOO. Box 6] al real od i ol Santa Monica. CA 90406 Burkard Setentifte, Ltd. Woodenck Alll Industrial Estate cal al Rickmansworth, Herts, England WD3 1Pd Carelina Biological Supply Co Burtingtan, Ne 27215 Edmund Scientific Ca, 7877 Edscorp Building eal eal Ped “ Barnnglun, Wa O8O07 Farestry Suppliers. Ine. P.O, Box BBO? cal va lal al od Jackson, MS 39204 Markton Science, Ine Box 767 a fed i“ Hie! Mar. CA. 92014 Naseo O01 Janesvilic Ave od Pd Peg Fa = Pe) Fort Atkinson, WIL SS53K Nova Seientific Corp: 111 Tucker Street, P-O) Bow S00) oad fol Pal a a Pel oe eed Burlington, NC 27215 Parco Scientific Company P.O; Box 695 | ad aa Vienna, QH 44473 Scientific Etromological Equipment Survival Security Corp. = - or ee Lakewood Ave. Lake City, MN 55041 Ward's Natural Science Establlahment, Ine. Po. Box 1712 Pad cad ol Pal i“ ra ral ae Rechester, NY 14604 Watkin & Doncaster The Naturalists Four Throws, Hawkhurst ral rd Pg PP Pr Pr Kent, England = a Wildco Instruments & Aquatic Sampling Supplies 301 Cass Street “ a Saginaw, MI 48602 ev. Glossary Abdomen - The posterior section of the body behind the thorax in the arthropad Anoplura - (From the Greek anolos=unarmed + oura= tail) The insect order which contains true lice or sucking lice. Aphid - An insect of the Order Homoptera also known a5 plant louse. Aquatic - Living In water, such as mosquito wrigglers. Arthropoda - One of the main groups ol animals which has a segmented body and legs, Aspirator - Device to collect small insecis by sucking them into a bottle. Caterpillar - The larvac of a butterfly, moth, sawfly or scorpiontly, Centipede - A worm-like relative of Insects with two legs per segment. Chrysalis - The pupa of a butterfly. (p/. chrysalides) Class - A subdivision of a phylum, containing a group of related orders. Cocoon - A silken case inside which the pupa is formed. Coleoptera - (From the Greek coleas=sheath + plera= wings) The beetle order of insects. Collembola - (From the Greek colla=qlue + embo- lon=wedge or peg) The contains springtalls insect order which Dermaptera - (From the Greek derma=skin + ptere =wings) The insect order which contains earwigs Diptera - (From the Greek di=two + ptera= wings] The insect order which contains true flies, gnats, midges and mosquitoes. Elytron - The hard, leathery modilied front wing of beetles. (pl. elytra) Entomologist - A person whe studies insects, Entomology - The study of insects. Ephemeroptera - (From the Greek enherneros =liv- ing but one day) The insect order which contains mayflies and daytles, Ethyl acetate - A chemical also called acetic ether used in insect killing jars. It is a poison and must be used with care. Exoskeleton - A skeleton or supporting structure on the outside af the body, Family - A subdivision of an order, containing a group of related genera 28. Genus - A group of closely related species; the first name in a binomial or trinomial scientific name. lt should be capitalized and when printed is italicized. (pl genera) Hemelytra - The front wing of Hemiptera (true bugs) which [Is half leathery and half membranous. Hemiptera - The insect order which contains true bugs. Hexapod - Having six legs, such as insects. Homeptera - (From the Greek homoa=same + ptera= wings) The insect order which contains aphids, scales, leafhoppers and cicadas, Hymenoptera - (Fram the Greek ftymen=menm- brane + ptera= wings) The insect order which con- tains bees, wasps, ants and hornets. Immature stage - The intermediate growth stage be- tween the egg and the adult insect. Insecta - The class of animals that is the insects. Instars - The stage of insects between molts. Isoptera - (From the Greek fsos=equal + ptera= wings) The insect order which contains termites, Key - An Identification tool used by entomelogists to classily insects into different orders or families Larva - A wingless early stage of certain insects, (pl. larvae) Lepidoptera - (From the Greek lepidos=scale + plera = wings) The Insect order which contains the maths and butterflies, Maggot - A legless larva stage of Diptera (fly order) without a well-developed head capsule Mallophaga - (From the Greek mallos=wool + phagln=to eat) The insect erder which contains bird lice or chewing lice. Mandibles | The chewing mouthparts of the insect Mecoptera - (Fromthe Greek mecos=long + plera= wirigs) The Insect order which contains scarpiontlias, Metamorphosis - The change during insect develop- ment from egg to adult. Millipede - A worm-like relative of insects with four lews per segment. Molts - The periedic shedding of the exoskeleton. Naiad - The aquatic immature stage, primarily of drag- onflies and damselflies. Neuroptera - (From the Greek neura=nerves + ptera = wings) The insect order which contains lacewirigs and ant lions. Nocturnal - Active at night Nymph The immature stage, same as adult only smaller and withourwings. found In insects with sim- ple metamorphosis Odonata - (From the Greek edentos = tooth) The in- sect order which contains dragonflies anc damseltlies: Order - A subdivision of @ class. containing a group of related families Orthopitera - (From the Greek orthos = straight + ptera = wings) The insect order which contains grasshop pers, crickets, mantids, walking sticks and roaches. PDB - Paradichlorobenzene is a chemical to be used in collection drawers to prevent Infestation by dermestid beetles or other pests. Phylum - Any ore of the main groups into which ani- mals are divided. (pl phyla) Plecoptera - (from the Greek plekos = plaited + ptera = wings) The insect order which contains stoneflies Proboscis - The fleshy abdominal legs of certain insect The siphoning mouth tube of butterflies Proleqs larvae Pronotum = The top part of the first segment of the thorax. Pscoptera - (from the Greek psoche = lo tub some thing striall or fine + ptera = wings) The insect order which contains beaklice or barklice. Pupa - An early stage of some insects that occurs between the larvae and the adult stages. (jl pupae) Scorpion - A member of the Class Arachnida that has @ lone stinging tail Scutellum ~ A triangular area on the thorax, Siphonaptera - (From the Greek siphon = tube + ap fera = without wings} The Insect order which contains fleas. Species = A group of individuals that are similar in stric- ture and physiology and are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspnna: Specimen — Any dividual insect, Spiracle - A small breathing hole in the side of insects Terrestrial - One who lives on land. Thorax - The insect bedy region which bears the legs and wings Thysanoptera - (From the Greek thysanos=lassel + ptera = wings) The insect arder whieh contains thrips. Thysanura - (From the Greek thysanes=tassel + ourd =taill The insect order which contains stlverfish, bristletails and slickers, Trichoptera - (From the Greek trichos = hair + ptera = wings) The insect order which contains caddisflies, Tympanum - A hearing organ on either the abdomen or legs of certain grasshoppers. Young - An immature stage of Insects that is identical to the adult in shape and form. lt is only smaller in size and Jacks mature reproductive Grgans Veins - The thickened lines that start-at the base of the insect's membranous wing and ge te the blip, Venation - The pattern formed by the veins which can be used to identify species or imects, 29. Bibliography Aduisors Guide; Exploring Gur Insect World) Cooperative Ex- tension Service. Ohio State University Circular 415, 1971. Comstuck, Anna Berstord. Handbook of Nature Study, iMhaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Company. 1926 4-H Entomalegy Leaders’ Guide. Extension Division, Virginia Polwlechnic Institute and State (Jniversity Publication 734, January LOFT, Saver, Richard J, and Seeley, Collen. 4-H Bulletin 131.24 n tomology. Michigan State University Members Manual, EFiS. Scheibner, R.A. Entomology 4-H Project Booklet, University af Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service, 1982, Teale, Edwin Way. Insect Life. Buy Scouts of America Merit Badge Series, 15944 4 = me @ ye rs an — ap, i im a oa = > =t ad a) =| a = ‘2 oh . _— ‘4 ' Ai, * San py 4} ae *E: oo “I Ei Font i =z fi ar Le ! 5 - si 3” re a w “ oS ee | me we: 4 7 —- F ~ qi te Pe 3% 2 id 30, Other Useful References Ameth, Roand R, L. Jacques, dr. Simon and Schuster Guide to insects. Simon and Schuster, Ine, New York. 1981. Authorltatlve new guide containing practical informa- ton on mare than S50 insects commonly found in North Armerica. Bland, Ch and A. E. daques. How to Know inserts, Wil ian) C. Brown Cempany, Dubuque, LA, 1978. Paper with spiral binding. An Mustrated key to the more common families of insects. with a pictured glossary, Borrov, Donald J., 0. M. Delong and C. A, Triplehorn.An Introduction to the Study of Insects. Saunders College Fublishing, Division of CBS College Publishing. Philadel- phia, PA. 1981. Widely used college textbook. Includes order and family keys. insect descriptions, and compre hensive data on habits and life histories. Hardbound, Berror. Donald J, and Ro E White A Field Guide to the Insects of America North of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA, 1870. Acomprehensive, up-to-date. pocket guide to North American Insects, with emphasis on family identification. Qver 1300 drawings and 1424 color plates. User-should have-some experience in insect identification Chu. H. Fo How to Know the immature Insects. Willian C Brown Publishing Company, Dubuque. LA. 1949. Pro- vides (lustrated keys for Wenufication of these Insects to order and thelr prinelpal families, Collecting and tearing information along with references for advanced study Dennis, Clifford. Laboratory Manual for Introductory Entamal- ag, Willam C. Brown Company, Dubuque, DA, 1974 Set of exercises designed tor study through field experi- ence. Basic material well presented with easily under- stood line drawings. Also suitable for self-study program Ebeling. Walter, Subtropical Fruit Pests University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences. Los Angeles 1959, This text has detailed information and pictures of Insects and pests attacking citrus, grapes. walnuts. almonds. pecans, lige, olives, avocados and dates. A falrly complete cover age of contral methads and materials af that period, Fichter. G. Scand H. &; Zim. insect Pests, The Golden Press Western Publ Co.. Racine, WI 2966. Describes Dict agles, damages are Illustrated with color drawings. Paper- hack. Frear. Donald E, H. Pesticide Handbook—Entome. Enta- rnelogical Seelety of America. College Park, MD. 1979. This is a hyting of commercial pesticides with uses, Ingredients and manulacturers. Italsn includes precauticins to he used to insuta the safe use of pesticide materials; antidutes and emergency treatments furpolsons, past, present and future trends in pesticides; calibration ef equipment for applica- tion and vihier useful information regarding pesticides This book is highly recommended Headstrom. Richard. Noture Discoveries uth a Hand Lens over Publications, Inc., NY. 1968. A paperbound book showing nature through the use of a hand lens, The infor- mation is presented month by month showing the activilies of all seasons, Holland, Wood. The Sutterfly Book. Dover Publications, Inc., NY, 1968. Includes most butterflies of the U.S) and Canada. Complete descriptions are given of all stages of each insect, with information on where gach is found, directions for collecting, preparing, preservirig arid classi- fying, Many illustrations, Holland, W. ul. The Moth Book, Dover Publications, Inc., NY. 1968. A paperhound reprint of the original 1920 publication. Descriptions and illuctrations of several hun- dred species of North American maths Klots, Alexander Ho and Elsie B. Klets. 1007 Questions Ans: wered Abou! Insects, Dover Publications, Inc,, N'Y. 1961 freprint L977), Answers to questions that are hard to find in other entomology books. Lehmkuhl, DB. M. Hew mo Know the Aquatic insects. William C. Brown Publishing Company, Dubuque, IA, 1979. Guidebook for quick and accurate identification of fam- ilies and distinctive genera of aquatic inmseels, and introduction to specialized literature. Mallis: Arnold. Handbook of Pest Control. 6th Editian Franzak & Foster Co, 1982. This handbook deal with behavior. life history and control of household pests. Milne, L. and Mo Milne. Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders. Random House. 1980. Over 700 color photos, over 6(M) species described In detail Feairs, Leonard Marion and Ralph Howard Davidson. In- sect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orckard, dahn Wiley and Sens, Ine, NY. 1956, Tha isa very good book which In- eludes fife histories and controls for many af the general insect pest problems encetuntered by the producer. Easy reading with good Mustratiats: Mitchell, R. T. and @im, HS. Butterflies and Moths, The Golden Press; Western Publ Co, Racine, WI. 1964, Haner. A guide to the more common North American species with a colar drawing and notes for each one, Matealf CC, L.. WP: Flintpand R. L. Meteall, Destructive and Useful Insects 4th Ed. McGraw-Hill, NY 1964. A very good and complete text on the habits and control of injurious and berefictal insects Reld, G. K.-H. S&S. Kim and G. 5. Fichter. Pond Life. The Golden Press. Western Publ, Co., Inc, Racine, WE 1967 A-guide to common plants and animals of North Americar ponds and lakes. Contains much useful information on acuatic Insects and their relatives, 31. Wescott, Cynthia, Gurdener’s Bug Book. Doubleday & Company, Inc. Garden Clty, Nl, 1965 A. thereugh popular treatment of North American insect pests of plants. Stanek. Vid. The Pictorial Encyetopedia of Insects. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, London, 1969, Containing more than 1,000 black and white and color photagraplis, this book details feeding habits, lite cycles, colors and sizes Of a large variety of Insects from Europe, Atrica and Psa. Wiaglesworth, V. B. The Life of Insects. Mentor Books, New Ametican Library, Ine., WY 1968, Paper, Ways in which Insects live and function, including relatively sanple explan Taylor, ROL. Burterflies in trip stomach: Insects in Human Nutri- ation of the plivslology invalved tion, Woodbridge Pr. Publishing Company, Santa Barbara, CA 1975. A serious and imaginative look ol inseclsas an alternative cy supplemental sourte of human food, Zim, H, Sand C. Cotten, Insects The Golden Press, Western Publ Ca. Inc, Racine, WI 1956. Paper, A pocket-sized ldentitication guide. to North American insects, Color drawings of each insect, its growth stage and development USDA, Insects. Yearbook of Agriculture. Supt of Documents, Notes on habits, life histdries, and habitats Washington, DC. 1952. Over 1000 pages packed with in formation and (Wustrations on Insects affecting North Amer- ican agricullure. Villard, Paul, Moths and How to Rear Them, Dover Publica ations, Ine., N¥ L975, Information on foodplants, alter- nate foods, rearing requirements, equipment and excellent pictures of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of some 60 apects Insects and Other Arthropods of the West Indies Compiled by Walter |. Knausenberger In these references you will lind details on Wentfication and biology of selerted qroups of West Indian insects and related nommarine arthropods Onhy some of the maior groups are covered, and with these, emphasis is cn these sources which cover elther specific islands or island groups in the Lesser An tiles, or the entire region. With & few exceptions, references liste deal wih) Whole families or orders for a given area. All these references fist additional literature, so you have @ spr- inghoaard Inte a fascinating world of discovery, Loamis, HE “Millipedesof St deb US, Virgin islands, and a new species frary Puerta Rica.” Florida Entornaloeiet, 53-129- 134. 1970, Arthropods — Miscellaneous Archer, A. F. “Aranas tejedoras de las Islas Virgenes.” Carib. bean Journal of Science, 3:207-208. 1963, Lum, F. E, “List of Greater Antillaan spiders with notes on thelr Archer, A. F. “Nuevos argiopidos (arunas} de las Antillas.” Caribbean Journal of Science, 5:129-135. 1965. Bryant, Elizabeth B.“Notes-on the spiders of the Virgin Islancs.” Bulletin of lhe Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 89, Part 7.50 pp., (3 pls.) 1942, Goodnight, ©. d. and M. L, Goodnight. “Phalangids from Central America and the West Indies.” American Museurn Nowltates 1184:1-23, 1942. 32. distribution.” Annals of the New York Acaderniy of Selence, 26:7 1-148. 1915 Petrunkevitch, A, “Spiders from the Virgin Islands." Transactions of the Connectleut Academy of Arts anced Sciences, 2821-78, 1926, Quintero, BD. “The amblypyaid genus Phrynuain the Americas fAmblypyal, Phrynidae)."” dourne! of Arachnolegy 9:117-166, 1981, Insects - General Ballou, Henry A. “Notes on West Indian Insects.” West Indian Bulleun, 740-63, 1906, Bennett. F. D and M, Munir Alam. An Annotated Check- list of the Insects and Allied Arthropods of Barbados, Trinidad: Commonwealth Inst, of Biological Control. 1984 fin press), Fennah, R.G. The Insect Pests of Food Craps in the Lesser Antiles. Antiqua, B.W.L: Dept. of Agriculture far Lee- ward Is.: Grenada, BW: Depr of Agriculture for the Windward [s. i + 207 pp. 1947 Miskimen. George W. and Richard M. Bond, "The Insect Fauna of St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands.” New York Academy of Sclences Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Vol. 13, Part 1. 114 pp, 1970, Oglivie, Lawrence. The Insects of Bermuda. A Preiiminary Checkilst, Bermuda: Dept. of Agriculture. 50 pp, L928. Tucker, R. W, E. “The tnseets of Barbados.” Journal of Agricul: ture of the University of Puerta Rita, 36:330-363, 1952, Waterston, Jo M.A List of Food Plants of Somme Bernwida In- sects. Paget East, Bermuda: Dept. of Agriculture. 59 pp. dune 194] Waterston, J. M Supplementary List of Bermuda Insects. Paget East, Berrnuda, Dept, of Agriculture, LO pp. Dee. 1940. Walcott, George Norton. “Insectae Borinquenses,” A revised anciotated check-listof the insects of Puerto Rico. Journal Agriculture University of Puerta Rico, 20{I); 1-600, (figures). 1938: Wuleott, George Norton. "The Insects of Puerto Rico.” Journal of Agric. University of Puerta Rieo. 32(1-4):1-975, 1948, |published in L950). Dragonflies Klets, E. B. “Insects of Puerto Ries and the Virgin Islands Odonata or dragonflies.” New York Academy of Sciences Scientific Survey of Porto Ries. and the Virgin Islands, 141-107) 1934 Termites Banks, N.“Antillean lsoptera.” Hulledin of the Muyeurmn af Cam parative Zoology. 62(10):473-90 (2 plates.) 1919. Orthoptera Otte, Daniel, The North American Grasshoppers—Acrididae.’ Giomphocerinue and Acridinae. Vol, 1, Cambridge, MA, and London, England: Harvard University Press. 265 pp (plates, fiqures, bibliography, maps), ISL, Walker. Thomas J, and Michael D. Greenfield, “Sang and Systematics of Caribbean Neoconacephaius (Orthopters: Tettigoniidae).” Transactions American Entomological 5a elety, 109:357-389. 1982. Hemiptera —Homoptera Barker, -H. G. “Insects of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Hemiptera - Heteroptera [excepting the Miridae and Cor- ixidae).” New York Academy of Sciences Scientific Survey of Porta Rico and the Virgin dslands, 14(3) 263-441. 1939 Osborn, HM. “Insects of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands Homoptera [excepting Sternorhynchil.” New York Aca demy of Sciences Scientific Survey of Porta leo and the Virgin Istands, 14(2);111-260, 1935, Nakahara, 5. “List of the Coccaidea species (Homoptera) ol the United States Virgin Islands.” U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protec- ten and Quarantine APHIS Publ. No. 81-42, 21. pp September 1983. Beetles Blackwelder, R. “Checklist of the eoleopterous insects of Mexi- co, the Weet Indies, and South America.” Bulletin of the iS, National Museum, 185(1-6):1-1492. 1944-1957. Clavier, M, Ay and L. Lacey. “The Cerambycidae of the Bahama Islands, ritish West Indies (Coleaptera).” Ameri can Museurn Nevitotes, 15KR:1-55, 1952, Chalumeau, F. Coloptéres Scarabucides des Petites Antilles, Paris: Editions LeChevalier. Encyclopedie Entomolagique ALIV, 292 pp: (140 fig.) 1983. Chalimeau, F. and J. Balazue, “Contribution hola fauna des Antilles Francaises, Cicindelidae (Coleoptera: Cerahoidea) ” Neu. Rev. Entomol. S01: 17-26. Loe. Chapin. EA “A revision of ihe West Indian beetles of the scarabaeid subfamily Aphedinag.” Pree, OS, Na flonal Museu, BO(S097)-1-41 (1 table, figs.). 1980. Chernsak. J, A. and E.G. Linskey. "The Longicorn beetles and the amily Disteniidae.” Chacklist of the beetles of Canada, United States, Mexico, Central America and the West Indies, Biological Research Institute of America, Rensselaerville, N¥_ Vol 1, Parl 6. 224 pp. 1975 Johnson, Clarence Dan and John M. Kingsolver. “Checklist of the Bruchidae (Coleoptera) of Canada, United States. Mekico, Central America, and lhe West Indies.” The Cole- opterists’ Bulletin, S5(4):409-442 (biblia,), 1981. O'Brien, Charlas W. and Guillermo J. Wibmer “Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae serie lata) of Marth America, Central America, anc the West Indies (Coleop tera: Curculignuldeal,” Memoirs American Entomological Institute, Ne. 34, Ann Arbor, ML ik + SR2Z pp. LOZ. Butterflies and Moths Brown, F. Martin and Bernard Heineman, Jaminica ond its Gut. tovflies, Londen: E,W. Classey, Lid. xv + 478 pp. 1972, Clench, Harry K. “A synopsis of the West Indian Lycaenidae, with Remarks on their Zoqgeography.” Journal of Me- search on the Lepidoptera, 2(4):247-270, 1963 33. Comstock, W. P. and E. 1, Huntington. “Lycaenidae of the Antilles Lepidaptera, Rhopalocera.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 45:49-130. 1943, Comstock, Willame Phillips. "Nymphalidae of the Artlles (Lep ideptera, Rhopatocera).” Journal af the New York Ento- mological Society, 50:283-288. 1912 Comstock, Wo F. “Insects of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, Rhopalocera or butterflies " New York Acadamy of Ser- ences Sclentifie Survey af Porte Rica and the Virgin Islands, 12/4)-421-622, 94d, Forbes, WoT. M. “Insects of Porto Mieco and the Virgin Islands, Heterocera or Moths excepting the Noctuidae, Geometidae and Pyralidae)” New York Acodemy of Sciences Selensfic Surpey of Porto Rico ond: the: Virgin Istarreis. L201 171, Uigs., 2 pl) 198M) Forbes, W. 7. M. “A Supplementary reporl on Heteracera or moths of Parte Rico.” New York Academy af Scterives Scientific Suey of Porta Rica and the Virgin Isiands, 12:339-394 (suppl) (reprinted from! J. Dept Agr Parte Ries 1514): 389-394) 1981, Hunt, D, and G, Mitchell, “A Recognition Guide to the Insects of St uct 2. Hawkmoths (Lepiduplera: Sphingcidea) ” Oceusenal Publ, St Lucia Naturalists’ Society, 35 pp. 1978. Leck, C.F. “Butterflies of St. Croix.” Journal Research Lepidap- fern TRUK) 161-162. (Sept. 1973.) 1974. Riley, N. B.A Field Guile to the Butterflies of the West Indies, Londen: Wm. Colling Sens & Co. 224 pe., [maps, figs bibliegraphy, color plates.) 1975 Rindge, F. H. “The butterflies of the Bahama Islands, British West Indies (Lepidoptera).” Amercan Museum) Nevitates 1564°1-1H, 1952, Schaus, W. “Insects of Porto Rico and the Viraln Islands. Moths ol the farnily Noctuidae.” New York Acudemy of Sciences Sewentific Survey af Porta Rlea and the Virgin Istirieds L2(2): 177-290. 1940 Schaus, W. “Insectsof Porro Ricovand the Virgin Islands. Moths of the damilies Geometridae and Pyralidae.” New York “cu demy of Sciences Scientific Survey of Porte Hlea and the Virgin Isfands. 12(S:291-417, 1940. True Flies Curran, £2 H. “Insects ef Porto Rico and the Virgin Iskands Dip tera or two-winged fligs,” New York Academy of Sefences Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Isinnds, 11(1);1-118, 1928, Curran, ©. "First supplement to the Diptera of Puerte Mien and the Virgin Itands,” Amencan Museurn Noulates; 756° 1-25 1931. Flemings, Milton B., and Rebert D Walsh. "Mosquitoes of the American Virgin lilands.” Mosquito News, 26(3) 424-426. 1965 34. Porter, J. A. “A checklist of the mosquitecs of the Greater Antilles and ihe Bahama and Virgin lands.” Moseuite: News, 2735-41. 1967, Robinson, A. "“Bredin-Archbold-Srithsonian biological survey of Dominica. The family Dolichopodidae with some related Antilean and Panamanian species.” Smithsonian Coniribu- trons fo Zoelagy, L85:1-141. 1975 Spencer, Kenneth A. and Carl E. Stegmuaier, “Agromyidae ol Herida, with a supplement on species from the Caribbean,” Wal. 7. Arthropods af Floride and Neighboring Lond Areas Gainesville, FL: Florida Dept, af Agreultune Consumer Ser vices; Div. PL Industry, iv + 205 pp, (490 fig., ca, 120 refs). March Ah, TOYS, Wirth, WoW ard FS, Blanton. “The West Indian sand Mies of the genus Culleoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)." U.S, Dept Agriculture, Agric. Research Service Technical Bul- letinn Ne, 1474-98 pp. Januany 1974. Ants and Wasps Heinrich. Gerd EH. “Ilehneumeninae of Plorida and neighbering stales (Hymengpteralehnenumonidae),” Vol, SArthrageds of Florida and Nelghboring Land Areas. Gainesville, FL: Plerida Dept of Aareulture and Consumer Services, Div. Plant Jadusty «x + 350 pp. ffigs., maps, color plates, 140 refs.) December 23, 1977. Pressick, Mob and F, Herbst “Chstribution of anta.en St. dole, Viral islands” Curbbean Journal of Science, 1L3.187-197 1973. Wheeler, Willan: Morton, “The Ants of tha Hahameas. with a Lit cf Known West Indian Species.” Bulletin of the Anwrican Museurr of Natural History, Vol, XML, Article VIL79 135. ifigs,) dune 30, 15405. Publishers’ Addresses William €, Brown Company, 2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, Towa S2001 Doubleday & Company, Ine, 501 Franklin Ave, Garden City. New Jersey 11530 Dover Publications, Ime, 180 Varick St, New York, New York. 10014 Entomological Society of America, 4603 Calvert Rd,, College Park, Maryland 20740) Franzak & Paster Coa, 4012 Bridge Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44113 The Golden Press, Inc.. Western Publishing Co,, Inc., 850 Third Ave., New York New York 10022 Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, Senders Lodge Industrial Estate, Rushden, Northampton, England NNLO 9 RZ Houghton Mifflin, 2 Park St.. Boston, Massachusetts 2107 McGraw-Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10020 Mantor Books, New American Library, Ine,, 1633 Broadway, New York, New York 10019 Random House, 201 East 50th St.. New York, New York 1D022 Saunders College Publishing, Division of CBS Collage Publishing, W Washington So.. Philadelphia, PA 19105 Simon and Schuster, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New ‘York 10020 University of Calilornia Division of Agricultural Sciences, Berkeley, CA 94720 Western Publishing Co., Inc., Dept: M., 1220 Mound Avenue, Racine, Wl 53404 dohn Wiley and Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10158 Woodbridge Press Publishing Company, P.O. Box 6189, Santa Barbara, California 93160 Appendix Diagrams External Anatomy Orthoptera Dermaptera Aneplura Hemiptera Homoptera Coleoptera Lepidaptera Diptera Hymenoptera ean on ewe Internal Anatomy 10. Respiratory system of the grasshopper LL. Circulatory, digestive, and nervous systems of the grasshopper 12. Cross sectional view of the grasshopper Crossword Puzzle of Insect Orders Insect Collection Data Sheet Insert Klentification, Order arid Poison Labels The following diagrams of insects may be used several ways: 1. Teaching — insect identification, type of feeding, anatomy (external, internal) 2, Contests or quizzes # Peoung, — —— ——— DIAGRAM 1 ORDER Orthoptera, grasshoppers, crickels d ‘fa and roaches ty MEANING OF ORDER NAME Straight wings TYPE OF MOUTHPARTS Chewing ‘~~. i } ae I ti LA | | Li i ATs Wag il} Ht | if ee 2 YL ff te fl R NX: re \ wes \\ 11 a x itl io 2 — G Ba ac 1 pee 8 a C LE] 20 14 SE ———— WwW : WV SO 15 2 antenna 7 hindwing 10 eercus (hind sensory 15 tarsus ocellus 8 tympanum structure) 16 tibia (also simple eye) (also ear) 4 ovipositor (egg laying VF famur head 18 trachanter 9 tergite organ) compound eye (dorsal or top 12 claw 19 COxsza pronotum part of body 13 sternite (ventral or 20 palp tegmen segments) bottom part of body Z1 labrum (lip) (also forewing) segment 22 clypeus ({lap attached 14 spiracle to lip) @ 36 DIAGRAM 2 ORDER Dermaptera, earwig MEANING OF ORDER NAME Skin wings TYPE OF MOUTHPARTS Chewing aS — fy glk 13 sa i Te ot Taare | p! / 12?—_——+ 1 _— eee a Corel tan Aes —_—= palp antenna eye head pronoatum forewing hindwing abdomen forceps 10) tarsus 11 tibia Te femur 13 claw a7 DIAGRAM 3 ORDER Anopiura, sucking lice MEANING OF ORDER NAME Unarmed tail TYPE OF MOUTHPAARTS Piercing and sucking NUMBER OF WINGS None ico | a: a ie 10 =f WW VE i. T bo LPS ht ee =e w x 3 SS ara toe ; y a“ RS C =_ So a ey os fir ig ‘@ mouth he antenna head Ki abdomen BOY spiracle claws tarsus tibia femur 10 trochanter 4 coxa 38 ——= DIAGRAM 4 ORDER Hemiptera, true bugs. MEANING OF ORDER NAME Half wings TYPE OF MOUTHPARTS Piercing and sucking oe \A \/ 1é 3 —S ==. ——————— 14 € 4) SEZ, 2 we See i WV > 15 13 Fs E gene re , i pil \-7 12 et VW antenna head compound eye ocellus {also simple eye) 10 pronotum , scutellum 13 clavus (special section of femur forewing, found only in tibia this order) tarsus 14 membrane 10 claws 15 corium (leading edge of forewing) 1 abdamen 16 hemelytra 12 hindwing (also forewing) 39 a — — DIAGRAM 5 ORDER Homoptera, aphids, scales and hoppers MEANING OF ORDER NAME Same wings TYPE OF MOUTHPARTS Piercing and sucking —— | nf th oo: —— ee See —— \ 6 \“ 1 antenna 2 head 3 thorax 4 forewing 5 wing vein 6 hindwing 7 abdomen 8 cauda (tall) 9 cornicle y 40 DIAGRAM 6 ORDER Coleoptera, beetles MEANING OF ORDER NAME Sheath wings TYPE OF MOUTHPARTS Chewing fe —— eee ihe " TYE gly Ae Ceay Tata fed vi aget ies otite fr \ Or a fay ivf iF Pea ri bi fete Maa woe _— ») ee a om ae OS thee my -_ “CA jt | Pee er Pte ee ———- — 1 ie —= =a ro we le at rr ae rs —_ 3 fees ——_————— —_—— antenna palps 1] mandible claws head compound eye pronotum femur i tibla 10 tarsus 11 spiracle Te abdomen 13 vein 14 hindwing 15 forewing (elytron) 4] ORDER Lepidoptera, butterflies and moths DIAGRAM 7 MEANING OF ORDER NAME Seale wings TYPE OF MOUTHPARTS Siphoning aT © © “Rz.@ X Y OG. & sj > le =e #¢ . m= ee a \, «a ¢ \ Re | P) = ty | =, > == U, N am 1 antenna 2 head 3 forewing 4 hindwing 5 thorax 6 abdomen 1 DIAGRAM 6 ORDER Diptera, flies and mosquitoes MEANING OF ORDER NAME Two wings TYPE OF MOUTHPARTS Piercing and sucking NUMBER OF WINGS Two, or one pair Re | at “4 _— Fa ——. ee _— Gz mir cael Pe ———wT ~~" 4} di i ha 1 10 proboscis palp antenna eye head leg thorax wing halter (modified wing which Serves as a balancing organ) 10 abdomen 435 — —=— DIAGRAM 9 ORDER Hymenoptera, bees, wasps and ants MEANING OF ORDER NAME Membdranous wings TYPE OF MOUTHPARTS Chewing i 4) f \ G fre) ee Soe ee ae o- ———6 a = 10 y Tz c 13 1 antenna 2? head 7 pedicle (seqment 3 eye connecting thorax 10 trochanter 4 thorax and abdomen) 17 femur 12 tibla 5 forewing 8 abdomen 6 hindwing 9 coxa 13 tarsus 44 DIAGRAM 10 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF A GRASSHOPPER sy | fo — =, 9 f | 7 te, Pp * CD W WA ! van yy \Z IN SS — | WS Re. eh iA AY —— wns — a Me é = 1 lateral tracheal trunk 4 dorsal tracheal trunk 2? abdominal air sac 5 abdominal spiracla 7 ventral branch 3 dorsal branch 6 ventral tracheal trunk 8 thoracic spiracles DIAGRAM 11 CIRCULATORY, DIGESTIVE AND NERVOUS SYSTEM OF A GRASSHOPPER 5 ——— 9 _—— ~ a 10 - —, ' } i fog ae" A ce ey 1 3 eee! ay ih) pl ee ai a oy die a brain WW 13 aorta 12 esophagus 18 17 1é is (V4 crop 13 pylorus proventriculus B Malpighian tubes 14 verntriculus ("gizzard") {excretory “kidneys”) 15 abdominal ganglion heart 9 colon 16 gastric caeca ostia (small 10 rectal sac 17 nerve cord 17 anus 16 openings or thoracic ganglion valves) 12 lleum 19 mouth 45 a DIAGRAM 12 GROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF A GRASSHOPPER'S CIRCULATORY, DIGESTIVE, NERVOUS AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS 10 Ly VY) [Kl TTS fi ly ry) i) og aon ott yA U |_]—_— ve heart alimentary canal lateral tracheal trunk lateral branch ventral tracheal trunk ganglion spiracie air sac dorsal branch 10 dorsal tracheal trunk 46 ——ast : The Orders of Insects Crassword, by David Eppelheimer (Michigan) Beetle block print by dim Aowe (Calif. &*, es omen em Se wea N fs | x sae a W labels "3 aoe bela = la 2 8 de oe N —_ Saks Were! be Ln artince id 4 Per u BS mee nk ao Eres ee tote ebeae ACROSS DOWN 3 True bugs Stoneflies 5 Antlians, lacewings, dobsonflles True flies 9 Fleas Farwigs 10 Dragonflies and damselflies Caddisflies 12 Scorplonilies Butterflies and moths 14 Silverfish Springtalls and snowfleas 16 Sucking lice 1 Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids 17 Leathoppers, cicadas, scales 13 Ants, bees, wasps 18 Beatias 15 Termites 19 47 Mayftlies 20 Chewing lice mid. Sud ir] Buy aang Su may SLla¥d HLNCW 20 ONIN ir ny fem 1qneg | wey | auag ——i- aiva SSM dO BSBA VIN OL NOUS3TIOD JONVLNOdWI (B}E}33 PUP Pus] ey) ALITWIOT fooayd Saupe 19 [eo jPWUE vO juepel WOes Dal9aT109 qa0HO (18 “Sng 4UnS ‘epeeg satay) SWVN HOWWOD 0319317109 SLOASNI 40 GHOD3H oo =f ee a Par | AN | || | ll 38 00156 2346 INSECT ORDER LABELS INSECT IDENTIFICATION LABELS © ANOPLURA MECOPTERA Sucking Lice Scorpiontiies COLEOPTERA NEUROPTERA Beetles Lacewings COLLEMBOLA ODONATA Dragonflies Springtails Damselflies DERMAPTERA ORTHOPTERA Earwigs Grasshoppers, Roaches, Crickets DIPTERA Flies PLECOPTERA Stoneflies EPHEMEROPTERA Mayflies PSOCOPTERA Book & Bark Lice HEMIPTERA SIPHONAPTERA True Bugs Fleas @ HOMOPTERA STREPSIPTERA Aphids, Scales Twisted-wing Leafhoppers parasites HYMENOPTERA THYSANOPTERA Ants, Bees, Wasps Thrips ISOPTERA Termites THYSANURA Silverfish LEPIDOPTERA TRICHOPTERA Moths, Butterflies Caddisflies MALLOPHAGA INSECT KILLING JAR LABEL Chewing Lice Insect Killing Bottle Cut out and use these labels In your Fria all Pe insect collection. — “ ® POISON POISON POISON ‘LIBRARY 49 UNIVERSITY OF THE VIRGIN ISLAN og ST. CROIX