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Ml 111 litlSiiC'i-""' SiiiliiiB;'; iiiiiii lllilil iiiiiHii llillll ^iiiilii liiiiiiii iiiiliilSP iiiiiiil mMmmmmmMm iiiiiliiii I I i NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES /: SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands VOLUME IX NEW YORK: POBLISHED BT THE ACADEMY 1927 CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX Page Title-page i Contents iii Dates of Publication of Parts iii List of Illustrations iv Mammals of Porto Rico, Living and Extinct—Chiroptera and Insectivora. By H. E. Anthony 1 Mammals of Porto Rico, Living and Extinct—Rodentia and Edentata. By H. E. Anthony *)T The Birds of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands—Colymbiformes to Columbiforms. By Alexander Wetmore 243 The Birds of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands—Psittaciformes to Passeriformes. By Alexander Wetmore 400 Index 57.*) Dates of Publication ok Pahts Part 1, November 27, 1925. Part 2, January 30, 1926. Part 3, November 12, 1927. I»art 4, December 22, 1927. wM (iii) ly ^SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figures Page NoctiUo leporinus mastivus X^/l ; Old Loiza, Porto Rico 14 Chilonijcteris pa7^nelli portoricensls X^?)/! ; adult $ ; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico 19 Chilonycteris fuUginosa infiata X'Vl ; adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico 22 Mormoops hlainvilUi X^/'*> 5 adult $ ; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico 26 Mormoops hlainvilUi X^/l ; adult $ ; Trujillo Alto, Porto Rico 27 Monophyllus po7'toricensls XVI ; adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico 30 Monophyllus frater X-A 5 type ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico 33 Brachyphylla cavernarum X^/l ; adult $ ; Pueblo Tiejo, Porto Rico..... 36 Stenoderma rufus. Skull figures X/Vl ; dentition X^VS ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico. A, crown view of maxillary tooth-row ; B, crown view of mandibular tooth-row 40 ArUhcus jamaicensis jamalccnsis X^/l ; adult $ ; Utuado, Porto Rico... 45 Phyllonycteris major x^/l ; type ; Morovis, Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico 49 Erophylla homhifrons X'Vl; adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico 53 Eptesicus fuscus wetmorci X^/'^'j adult $ ; Pueblo Viejo, Porto Rico 56 Tadarida murina yS/?) ; adult $ ; Utuado, Porto Rico 60 Molossiis fortis x^/l ; adult $ ; Adjuntas, Porto Rico 65 Nesophontcs cdithw. Skulls of adult male and adult female, from Cueva Catedral, Morovis, Porto Rico. X^/l 69 NcHophontes cdithw. Skulls of adult male and adult female, from Cueva Catedral, Porto Rico. X-/1 '^l Ncsophontes cdithw. Crown views of upper dentition. A, and lower denti- tion, B. x^/l '^3 Xesophontcs editliw. Upper dentition in profile. X^/^^ '^4 Ncsophontes cdithw. Right scapula : A, external aspect ; B, anterior aspect ; C, ventral aspect. X^2 76 Nesophones cdithw. Left humerus : A, anterior aspect ; B, internal as- pect ; C, posterior aspect. X*V2 77 Ncsophontes cdithw. Right ulna : A, anterior aspect ; B, external aspect C, posterior aspect ; D, internal aspect. XV2 79 Ncsophontes cdithw. Left radius: A, anterior aspect; B, external aspect; C, posterior aspect. X^/- 80 Ncsophontes cdithw. Sacrum : A, dorsal aspect ; B, lateral aspect. XVl • 82 Ncsophontes cdithw. Right innominate of adult male : A, external aspect B. dorsal aspect ; C, internal aspect. Left innominate of adult female : I), external aspect. X'V2 83 Ncsophontes cdithw. Right femur of adult male : A, anterior aspect ; B, posterior aspect ; C, internal aspect ; I), external aspect. Right femur of adult female : E, anterior aspect. X^/l 85 Ncosphontes cdithw. Right tibia of adult male : A, external aspect. Left tibia and fibula of adult female : B, antero-external aspect ; C, external aspect ; I), posterior aspect. X-/1 87 COyTENTS OF VOLUME JX y l*age Elasmodontomijs ohliquus. Skull, dorsal aspect. Morovis, Torto Rico. XVl 09 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Skull and mandible, laterial aspect. Morovis, Porto Rico. Xl/1 100 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Sktill, lateral aspect. T^tuado, Porto Rico. XVI 101 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Skull, front aspect. Morovis, l*orto Rico. XVl 101 Elasmodontonnys ohliquus. Skull, ventral asi)ect. ^Morovis. Porto Rico. X 1/1 102 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Mandible, dorsal asiiect. Morovis, I*orto Rico. XVl. 103 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, oblicpie aspect of superior incisor; B, oblique anterior aspect of inferior incisor; C, maxillary molar of unworn, maximum length ; I), worn maxillary molar of aged animal, showing base of tooth filled in by cement ; E, unworn mandib- ular molar; F, crown view of mandibular molars of aged animal XVl 107 Amhlyrhiza inundata. Island of Anguilla. G, crown view of tirst two maxillary molars. X 1/1 107 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, external aspect of le.'t scapula; B, internal aspect; C, posterior aspect; 1>, sr)ine of scapula ; E, glenoid surface of left scapula. X VI 110 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of left hu- merus; B, internal aspect; C, posterior aspect; I>, anterior aspect; E. anterior aspect of left clavicle; F, posterior aspect. XVl H- Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect or right ulna ; B, external aspect; C, internal aspect; I), posterior asi)ect. xl/l*. H-^^ Elasmodontomys ohliquus. I*orto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right ra- dius ; B, external aspect ; C, posterior aspect. XVl H'"^ Elasmondontomys ohliquus. I*orto Rico. Sacrum. A, dorsal aspect; B, lateral aspect ; C, ventral aspect. X^/l 1 1 ^ Elasmodontomys ohliquus. I*orto Rico. Innominate. A, dorsal aspect; B, lateral aspect ; C, ventral aspect. Xl/1 Ill) Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of left femur; B, internal aspect; C, posterior aspect; I>, external as])ect. xVl-- 1^1 Elasmodontomys ohliquus. I*orto Bico. A, anterior aspect of left tibia; B, external aspect ; C, internal aspect. XV^ 1-'* Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, external aspect of right fibula; B, posterior aspect; C, internal aspect. Xl/1 125 Elasmondontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of atlas; P», ant-erior aspect; C, lateral aspect of axis; I), anterior aspect. Xl/1- 1--"' Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. A, lateral aspect of tlioracic vertebra ; B, anterior aspect ; C, lateral aspect of lumbar vertebra ; D, dorsal aspect ; E, lateral aspect of caudal vertebra ; F, dorsal as- pect. xl/1 -•-<» Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Porto Rico. Astragulus, calcaneum, two views of ungual phalanx, and metatarsal. XVl • • ^-•'^ vi SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO I'age Ileptaxodon hidefis. Utiiado, Porto Rico. A, B, two views of skull ; C, D, two views of mandible. X^/l- K» crown view of maxillary molar ; F, crown view of mandibular morar. X^/^ • • • • 131 Isolododon porto?Hcensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, B, C, three views of skull. Plagiodontia wdium. San Lorenzo, Santa Domingo. D, view of skull. XVI 135 A, Plagiodontia wdium. San Lorenzo, Santo Domingo. B, Isolohodon portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. X^/l 136 Isolohodon portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, B, C, three views of left mandible. Plagiodontia wdium. San Pedro de Macoris, Santo Domingo. D, E, F, three views of mandible. Xl/1 137 Isolohodon portoricensis. Utuado, Porto Rico. Lateral view of molar tooth to show striations in cement. X^/1 138 Heteropsomys insulans. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, B, C, three views of skull; D, view of mandible. xV^- Homopsomys antillensis. Ciales, Porto Rico. E, view of skull. Xl/1 148 Heteropsomys insulans. Utuado, Porto Rico. Two views of atlas and two views of lumbar vertebra. X^/l 1^2 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVI 156 Acratocnus major. Skull, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVl- 1'^^ Aci^atocnus odontrigonus. Skull and mandibles, lateral aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. X'^/1 160 Acratocnus major. Skull and left mandible, lateral aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. Xl/1 161 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, lateral aspect. Morovis, Porto Rico. XVl 16B Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, ventral aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVl 164 Acratocnus major. Basicranial region of skull. Utuado, Porto Rico. X 1/1 1C5 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Mandible, dorsal asjiect. Utuado, Porto Rico. Xl/3 16^ Acratocnus major. Mandible, dorsal aspect. Utuado, Porto Rico. XVl- 1^^ Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. Right malar. xVl.-.- 1^^ Acratocnus odontrigonus. Porto Rico. Upper and lower incisor, xl/l-* 1^^ Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. Left scapula. A, ex- ternal aspect ; B, glenoid surface. Xl/1 168 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right humerus ; B, external aspect, xVl • 170 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. Posterior aspect of right humerus. Xl/1 • • 1^1 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. Anterior aspect of clavi- cle. Xl/1 173 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. Internal aspect of right ulna. Xl/1 • 1"! Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. Anterior aspect of right ulna; B, internal aspect ; C, posterior aspect, xl/1 175 CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX yji Page Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, I'orto Rico. Anterior aspect of right radius. XVI 17(5 Acratocnus major. Porto Rico. Ribs. yc}/\ 177 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. P^xternal aspect of sternebrax XVI 178 Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. Lateral aspect of left innomi- nate. XVI 178 Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. Portion of expanded ilium. XVI 179 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right femur ; B, internal aspect. xV^ 1^0 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. l*osterior aspect of right femur. X^^/l 181 Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, anterior aspect of right tibia. Xl/1. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. B, anterior aspect of right tibia. X^/l 184 Acratoc7ius odontrigonus. Morovis, Porto Rico. A, external aspect of right tibia ; B, posterior aspect. X^/^ ^85 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, external aspect of left fibula ; B, posterior aspect. XVI 387 Acratocnus major. Utuado, Porto Rico. A, right calcaneum. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Utuado, Porto Rico. B, C, left calcaneum. XVl 188 Acratocnus odontrigonus. Porto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of of left astragu- lus ; B, metatarsal ; C, phalanx ; D, ungual phalanx. Xl/1 100 Acratocnus. Porto Rico. A, dorsal aspect of caudal vertebra ; B, lateral aspect of same vertebra ; C, lateral aspect of thoracic vertebra ; 1), lateral aspect of lumbar vertebra ; E, dorsal aspect of same vertebra ; F, cervical vertebra. XVl 302 The extinct caracara {Polyhorus latchrosus) . Broken right metacarpal (type). Natural size. From cavern depisits near Utuado 825 The extinct caracara {Polyhorus latchrosus) . Right metacarpal (t.vi)e). View of articular face. Natural size 325 The extinct De Booy's rail (Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left tibio-tarsus. In- ternal view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva San Miguel 341 The extinct De Booy's rail {Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left tibio-tarsus. An- terior vievr. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva San Miguel . . ; 341 The extinct De Booy's rail {Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left femur. Anterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Clara 341 The extinct De Booy's rail {Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left humerus. An- terior view. Natural size. From Cueva San Miguel 341 The extin'ct De Booy's rail {Ncsotrochis dchooyi). Left hum'erus. Pos- terior view. Natural size. From Cueva San Miguel 341 The extinct Porto Rican Snipe {Capclla anthonyi). Right humerus (type). Posterior view. About natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Catedral 361 viii SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Page The extinct Porto Kican Snipe {Capella anthonj/i). Right humerous (type). Anterior view. About natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Catedral 3G1 The extinct Porto Rican Snipe {Capellcu anthonyi). Right metatarsus. Anterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Cate- dral 361 The extinct Porto Rican Snipe (Capella anthonyi). Right metatarsus. Posterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Cate- dral 36] The extinct Porto Rican Snipe {Capella anthonyi). Right metatarsus. Distal outline of trochleje. Twice natural size. From Cueva Cate- dral 361 The extinct Porto Rican quail-dove {Oreopelela larva). Left metatarsus (type). Anterior view. Slightly less than natural size. From cav- ern deposits of Cueva Clara 406 Tlie extinct Porto Rican quail-dove {Oy^eopeleia larva). Left metatarsus (type). Proximal view of head. Slightly more than twice natural size 40a The extinct Porto Rican quail-dove (Oreopeleia larva). Left metatarsus (type). Distal outline of trochle<ie. Twice natural size 406 The extinct Porto Rican barn owl (Tyto cavatica). Proximal end of left metatarsus (type). Anterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Toraiio 429 The extinct Porto Rican barn owl {Tyto cavatica). Proximal end of right metatarsus. Internal face. Natural size. From cavern de- posits of Cueva Torafio 429 The extinct lesser Porto Rican crow or solitario {Corvus pumilis) . Right ulnai (type). Inner face. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva San Miguel 482 Maps Map of I*orto Rico, with collecting sites indicated by black circles, .opposite 4 Map of the West Indian region to show Porto Rico in its geographical relation to other islands 239 Contour map of the Caribbean Sea. After Agassiz 240 Mai) showing distribution of the species of the genus Artihcus in the Antilles, Central America and northern South America. After An- derson 241 Map of I*orto Rico and the Virgin Islands, with Dr. A. Wetmore's route of travel indicated opposite 250 CONTENTS OF VOLUME JX Plates (The plates are arranged consecutively at the end of the volume) I. Looking out from Corozal Cave. Limestone hills along road from Utuado to Arecibo. 11. Slopes of Luquillo Mountains. III. Vegetation in Luquillo Mountains. IV. Region about Morovis. V. Along road from Manatee to Morovis. Near Ciales. VI. Near Guayama. Palms near Morovis. VII. Along road from Naguabo to Guayama. River near Coamo. VIII. Rio Grande de Arecibo. IX. High mountainous region near Cayey. Cave interior of unproductive type. X. Piedra de la Cueva. Entrance to Corozal Cave. XI. A large cave near Morovis, the Cave of San Miguel. XII. Interior of Corozal Cave. Small cave near the Cave of San Miguel. XIII. Ncsophontes cdithw. Figs, la, lb, Ic, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4. Skull. Fig. 5. Mandible. XIV. Nesophontes edithw. Figs. CJa, Ob, 6c, 7. Scapula. Figs. 8, 9, 10. Rib. Figs. 11a, lib. Left humerus. Figs. 12a, 12b, 12c. Sacrum. Figs. 13a, 13b, 13c. Right ulna. Mgs. 14a, 14b, 14c. Right radius. Figs. 15a, 15b, 15c, IGa, 1Gb, KJc. Innominate. XV. Nesophontes edithw. Figs. 17a, 17b, 17c, 18a, 38b, 18c. Right femur. Figs. 19a, 19b, 19c, 20a, 20b. Tibia. Fig. 21. Atlas. Fig. 22. Axis. Fig. 23. Thoracic vertebra. Fig. 24. Fifth cervical vertebra. Fig. 25. Lumbar vertebra. Fig. 26. Caudal vertebra. XVI. Elasmodontomys ohUquus. Figs, la, lb. Skull. Fig. 2. Left mandible. XVII. Elasmodontomys ohUquus. Figs. 3, 4a, 4b. Skull. Fig. 5. Maxillary tooth-row. SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO ill CO XVIII. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Figs. 1, 2. Mandible. Ilg. 3. Mandibular tootli-row. Figs. 4, 5. Scapula. XIX. Elasmodontomys ohliquus. Figs. 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 7. Left humerus. XX. Elasmodontomys ohliqiius. Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d. Right ulna. Figs. 9a, 9b. Right radius. XXI. Elasmodontomys oTjliquus. Figs, la, lb, Ic, Id. Left femur. Fig. 2. Left tibia. XXII. Elasm^odontomys ohUquus. Figs. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d. Left tibia. Figs. 4a, 4b. Right fibula. XXIII. Elasmodontomys ohliqnus. Figs, la, lb. Left innominate. XXIV. Elasmodontomys ohUquus. Fig. Ic. Left innominate. Figs. 2a, 2b. Sacrum. XXV. Elasm^odontomys ohUquus, Fig. 3. Atlas. Figs. 4a, 4b. Axis. Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8. Thoracic vertebrae. Figs. 9a, 9b. Caudal vertebra. Fig. 10. Rib. XXVI. Elasmodontomys ohUquus, Mg. 5. Rib. Figs. 6a, 6b. Series of five cervical vertebrn*. Figs. 7a, 7b. Lumbar vertebrae. XXVII. Isolohodon portoricensis. Figs, la, lb, Ic, 2. Skull. XXVIII. Isolohodoil portoricensis. Figs. 3, 4. Skull. Figs. 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a, 6b. Mandible. XXIX. Plagiodontia wdtum. Figs. 7a, 7b, 7d. Skull.. Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c. Mandible. XXX. Isolohodon portoricensis and Elasmodontomys ohUquus, Figs, la, lb. Right scapula, Isolohodon. Figs. 2a, 2b. Acromion process, Elasmodontomys. Figs. 3a, 3b. Left clavicle. Elasmodontomys. Fig. 4. Ribs. Isolohodon. Figs. 5a, 5b, 5c. Right ulna, Isolohodon. XXXI. Isolohodon portoricensis. Figs. 6a, 6b, 6c. Left ulna. Figs. 7a, 7b, 7c. Right humerus. Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c. Left radius. Figs. 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d. Right femur. CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX XI XXXII. Isolol)odon portoricensis. Figs. 10a, 10b, 10c, lOd. Left femur. Figs. 11a, lib. Left tibia. Figs. 12a, 12b, 12c. Left fibula. XXXIII. Isolohodon portoricensis. Figs. 13a, 13b, 18c. Sacrum. Figs. 14a, 14b, 14c. Right imiominate. XXXIV. Heteropsomys insulans. Figs, la, lb, Ic, Id. Skull. Fig. le. Maxillary tooth-row. XXXV. Heteropsomys insulans and Homopsomys antillensis. Fig. If. Mandible, Heteropsomys. Fig. Ig. Mandibular molar series, Heteropsomys. Fig. 2. Palate, Homopsomys. Figs. 3a, 3b. Skull, Homopsomys. Figs. 4a, 4b. Mandible, Homopsomys. XXXVI. Homopsomys antillensis, Heteropsomys insulans and Heptaxo- don Mdens. Fig. 3c. Skull, Homopsomys. Fig. 5. Atlas, Heteropsomys. Fig. 6. Lumbar vertebra, Heteropsomys. Figs. 7a, 7b, 7c. Skull fragment, Heptaxodon. Fig. 7d. Premolar, Heptaxodon. Fig. 8. Left mandible, Heptaxodon. Fig. 9. Crown view of lower premolar, Heptaxodon. XXXVII. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skull, No. 17720, lateral aspect. Right jugal. XXXVIIL XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Mandible, two views. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skulls, No. 17720 and No. 17721, dorsal aspect. Acratocnus odontrigonu*s. Skulls, No. 17715 and No. 17722, dorsal aspect. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Right scapula, two views. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skulls, No. 17715 and No. 17720, \entral aspect. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Skulls, No. 17715, lateral aspect. Acratocnus major. Fig. 1. Mandible. Fig. 2a. Fragment of skull. A (Tfl t ocn n s m ajor. Fig. 2b. I>asicranial region. Fig. 2c. Orbital section. Acratocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Figs. 6a, Ob. Fragment of sacrum, odontrigonus. Fig. 7a. Left innominate, major. :ii SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO XLVII. Acraiocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Figs, la, 31). Right tibia, odontrigonus. Fig. 2. Riglit tibia, major. Fig. ?>. Left tibia, odontrigonus. XliVin. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Figs. 4a, 4b. Left fibula. Figs, oa, 5b. Left radius. XLIX. Acratocnus odontrigoniis and Acratocnus major. Figs. 3a, 3 b, Ic. Riglit Immerus, odontrigonus. Fig. 2a. Right liumerus, major. L. AcTatocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Fig. 2b. Left liumerus, major. Fig. 3. Right humerus, odontrigonus. Figs. 4a, 4b. Left ulna, odontrigonus. Fig. 5. Left ulna, major. LI. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Figs. 3, 2. Right femur. Figs. 3a, 3b. Left femur. LI I. Acratocnus odontrigonus and Acratocnus major. Fig. 3c. Left femur, odontrigonus. Fig. 4. Distal extremity of left femur, major. Figs. 5a, 5b. Left calcaneum, odontrigonus. Fig. 6. Right calcaneum, major. Figs. 7a, Tb. Left astragulus, odontrigonus. LIII. Acratocnus odontrigonus. Caudal series of vertebnie. LIY. Acratocnus. Fig. 2. Public region, odontrigonus. Fig. 3. Ungual phalanges, Acratocnus. Figs. 4a, 4b. Ungual phalanx, odontrigonus. L\'. View of arid scrub on Deseeheo Island. Taken June 34, 3932. (^rove of coconut palms and beach, a typical shore scene. Near Aguadilla, June 31, 3932. LVI, Clump of royal palms, nesting sites for Porto Rican and yellow- shouldered blackbirds. Near Yauco, May 17, 1912. Limestone formation typical of lower foothills of north coast. Near Trujillo Alto, December 26, 3931. liML Mew on El Yunque de Luquillo from an altitude of 800 feet. Taken March 0, 3912. 1^1 Yunque de Luquillo from the village of Mameyes. Taken February 36, 1932. LVI 11. Rolling pastureland, breeding ground of the Porto Rican grass- hopper sparrow. Near Yabucoa, May 10, 1912. Second growth forest in lowlands, with setting of canefield and pasture. On grounds of experiment station at Rio Piedras, December 20, 1933. LIX. lifo Santiago near Yabucoa. Taken May 6, 1912. Llume palms, with backgroimd of cane and low hills. Vieques Island, :March 20, 3912. CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX xiii' LX. Open rolling pastureland typical of Culebra Island. Taken April 9, 1912. Northwestern end of Culebrita Island, Cayo Norte in distance, taken April 15, 1912. LXI. West Indian green heron, or martinete {Butoridcs virescens maculatus) LXII. Bare-legged owl, or mficaro (Gymnasio nudipes rnidlpes). LXIII. Porto Rican tody, or San Pedrito {Todus mcxicamis) LXIV. Gray kingbird, or pitirre {Tyrannus dominicensis dominlcensis\. LXy. Porto Rican blackbird, or mozambique {Holoqulscalus nlgcr hrachyptcrus). Porto Rican tanager, or verdoso {Ncsospingus specuUfcrns). NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands VOLUME IX—Part 4 The Birds of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands Psittaciformes to Passeriformes Alexander Wetmore NEW YORK: POBLISHBO BY THE ACADEMY 1927 THE BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS PSITTACIFORMES TO PaSSERIFORMES By Alexander Wetmore contents Page Order Psittaciformes 412 Family Psittacidae 412 Amazona vittata vittata (Boddaert) 412 Amazona inttata gracilipes Ridgway 414 Aratinga chloroptera maugei (Souanc^) 415 Eupsittula pertinhx pertinax (Linnaeus) 417 Order Cuculiformes 419 Family Cuculidae 419 [Coccyzus eryihropthalmuLs (Wilson) ] 419 Coccyzus americanu8 americunua (Linnaeus) 420 Coccyzus minor teres Peters 421 Saurothera vieilloti Bonaparte 423 Crotophaga am Linnaeus, 425 Order Strigiformes 429 Family Tytonidae 429 Tyto cavatica Wetmore 429 Family Strigidae 430 Oymnasw vrndipes nudipes (Daudln) 430 Gymnasio nudipes newtoni (Lawrence) , 433 Asia portoricensis Ridgway 434 Order Caprimulgiformes 435 Family Caprimulgidae ^. 435 Antrostomus earoUnensis (Gmelin) 435 Antroatomus . noctitherus (Wetmore) 436 Chordeilea minor gundlachii Lawrence 437 Chordeiles minor vicinus Riley 438 Order Micropodilformes , 439 Family Micropodidae • • 439 Nephoecetes ntger niger (Gmelin) 439 Family Trochilidae 440 Orthorhyncus exilis exilis (Gmelin) 440 [ArcMlochns colubris (Linnaeus) ] 443 Ghloroatilhon maugacus ( Audeberfe and VieUlot) . .*. 443 Sericotea holoaericeus holoaericeua (Linnaeus) 445 (409) 410 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Page Anthracothorax viridis (Audebert and Vieillot) 447 Anthracotfiorax aurulentus (Audebert and Vieillot) 449 Order Coraciiformes n 452 Family Alcedinidae 452 Streptocerple alcyon alcyon (Linnaeus) 452 Family Todidae 453 Todus mexicanus Lesson , 453 Order Piciformes. . ... ... 457 Family Plcidae , 457 Melanerpes portoricensis (Daudin) , 457 Sphyrapicus varius varius (Linnaeus) 459 Order Passerifoynes 460 Family Tyrannidae , 460 Tprannus dominicensis dominicensis ( Gmelin ) 460 [Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus) ] 464 Tolmarchtis taylori ( Sclater) ^ 464 Myiarehus antillarum (Bryant) • 467 Blacicus 'blancoi Cabanis 469 Elaenia martinica riisii Sclater 470 Family Hirundinidae , 472 [Iridoprocne Mcolor (Vieillot) ] > 472 Riparia riparia riparia (Linnaeus) , 472 Hirundo erythroyastra Boddaert ^ 473 Petrochelidon fulva poeciloma (Gosse) ., 474 Progne dominicensis (Gmelin) 477 Family Corvldae 479 Corvus leucognaphalus Daudin 479 Corvus pumilis Wetmore 482 Family Mimidae 48.1 Mimus polyylottos orpheus (Linnaeus) 483 [Mimus gilvus gilvus (Vieillot) ] 485 Margarops fuscatus fuscatus (Vieillot) 486 Family Turdidae 489 Mimocichla ardosiacea portoricensis (Bryant) , 489 [Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin) ] , 491 Family Vireonidae 492 Vireo latimeri Baird .' 492 Vireo olivaceus oUvaceus (Linnaeus) 494 [Virco virescens (vieillot] 497 Family CoereMdae , 49^ Coereha portoricensis portoricensis (Bryant) ^ 49> Coereha portoricensis sancti-thomae (Sundevall) •'*'^' Coereha newtoni (Baird) '^^' - Family Mniotiltidae ">" ^ WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 411 Page MnioUlta varia (Linnaeus) 5Q3 Gompsothlypis americana pusilla (Wilson) 504 Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin) 506 Dendroica petechia cruciana Sundevall 507 Dendroica magnolia (Wilson) 511 Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens (Gmelin) 511 Dendroica coronata coronata (Linnaeus) 513 Dendroica virens virens (Gmelin ) 514 Dendroica dominica dominica (Linnaeus) 514 Dendroica adelaidae Baird 515 Dendroica striata (J. R. Forster) 517 Dendroica discolor ( Vieillot) 518 Dendroica palm arum palmarum (Gmelin) 520 Seiurus novehoracensis novehoracensis (Gmelin) 520 Seiurus novehoracensis notaMUs Ridgway 522 Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot) 522 Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus (Linnaeus) 523 Oporomis Philadelphia (Wilson) 525 Geothlypls trichas brachidactyla (Swainson) 525 Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus) 526 Family Ploeeidae 528 Spermestes cucullatus cucullatus Swainson , 528 Estrilda melpoda melpoda (Vieillot) 530 Family Icteridae 532 Dolichonyw oryzivorus (Linnaeus) 532 Agelaius xanthomus ( Sclater ) 532 Icterus portoriccnsis Bryant 535 Icterus icterus ridgwayi (Hartert) 538 Holoquiscalus niger hrachypterus (Cassin) 539 Molothrus atronitens Cabanis 543 Family Thraupidae 543 {Piranga erythromelas Vieillot] 543 Nesospingus speculiferus (Lawrence) 544 Spindalis portoriccnsis (Bryant) 546 Tanagra sclateri ( Sundevall ) 549 Family Fringillidae 552 Tiaris hicolor omissa Jardine 552 Tiaris olivacea hryanti (Ridgway) 555 Loxigilla portoricensis (Daudin) 557 [Spinus cucullatus ( Swainson) ] 559 Ammodramus savannarum horinquensis Peters 560 iMelospiza Uncolmi (Audubon) ] 502 Bibliography 5('2 Index 573 412 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Order PSITTACIFORMES Family Psittacidae Subfamily Pioninae Amazona vittata vittata (Boddaert) Porto Riean PaiTot, Cotorra Psittacus vittatus Boddaert, Tabl. Plan. Enl., 1783, p. 49, (Porto Rico.) Psittacus dfmiinicensis, Ledru, Voy. lies Teneriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 199, 256 (Porto Rico). Psittacus festivusf, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch, ftir Naturg., 1836, p. 389, (Porto Rico). Chrysotis, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 256, (Porto Rico, specimens ) Psittacus vittatus, Sundevall, Ofvers, Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. F(3rh., 1869, p. 599 (Porto Rico, specimens). Chrysotis vittata, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 171 (Porto Rico).—Gundlach, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1874, p. 312 ; Jotirn. ftir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 183-184 ; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 228 (Utuado, Quebradillas ; specimens). Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 62, 147 (Porto Rico, specimens).— Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 458 (Porto Rico). Amazona vittata, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 101, 132 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Auk, 1902, p. 363 (Porto Rico) .—Wetmore, IT. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 55-56 (northeast Porto Rico, specimens). Anmzona vittata vittata, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1916, Pt. 7, p. 264 (Porto Rico). Porto Eico, formerly abundant and widespread (recorded from Isa- bela^ Quebradillas and Utuado definitely), now restricted to mangrove swamps near Mameyes, the eastern slopes of El Yunque de Luquillo and the forested region between Arecibo and Utuado. Moritz^ in 1836, reported great flocks of parrots, and Taylor, in 1864, noted them as common. Gundlach found them at Quebradillas and Utuado, and said that they occurred mainly in the interior, where they often damaged corn in the milky stage. Stahl reports one skin in his collection, with a tendency to xanthochroism, that came from Isabela. Two skins collected by Stahl are preserved in the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology. It appears that until thirty years ago the parrot was a common species in Porto Eico, but now has disappeared except in a few localities, mainl} in the northeastern portion of the island, on the mountain known as i^ '• Yunque de Luquillo and immediately around its base. From Februar 9 to 29, 1912, I found about twenty ranging through the dense swamp; WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 413 forests north of Mameyes (one taken), while perhaps fifty were seen be- tween March 2 and 11 around the west fork of the Eio Mameyes, or were heard calling in the dense forests covering the summit of El Yunque itself. (Eight, all adult, were taken here.) Parrots were said to be still fairly common around Preston^s Ranch, above Naguabo. On the west- ern end of the island they had practically disappeared, though birds were reported from below San Sebastian, and Mr. Leopold B. Strube, of the Hacienda ^'^Jobo,^^ between Arecibo and Utuado, said that during the winter months fifty or sixty were found on his plantation, though none nested there. At Lares I was told that no parrots had been seen for ten years. Near Mameyes they remained in the swamps during the day, coming out to the borders morning and evening to feed, but, when alarmed, flew back inland immediately. Sometimes a small flock was found feeding in company with white-crowned pigeons in the tops of trees, when, due to their green coloration, the parrots were the less conspicuous of the two. Frequently the parrots hid in the trees and remained quiet for half an hour or more, and then flew out in sudden alarm. Around El Yunque the birds were somewhat tamer, as they were not hunted so much, and a few were secured about a large clearing above the Rio Mameyes. The birds were in pairs or small bands during March and were then breeding. During the early morning and evening they fed in the forest and in passing often stopped in high, dead trees that were standing in the clearing. After heavy rains that came at intervals dur- ing the day, they alighted there also, to dry their feathers in the sun. The call-note, given on the wing, was a rapid, strident Icar, Icar, that could easily be heard at the distance of a mile, and served to alarm the entire forest. When they were feeding, low chuckling notes were heard frequently. In the trees the birds went through the characteristic pos- turings of Amazona in captivity, swinging head down and then climbing to an upright position by the aid of their bills, or watched suspiciously to see what I was about. When it rained heavily on the mountain, many birds descended to the warmer valleys, returning when the weather cleared. These birds nest during March and April and it is said lay two eggs, depositing them in a hollow tree. The parrots are greatly sought by the natives, who keep the young as pets and teach them to speak a few vv^ords of Spanish, though most of the captive birds on the island are another species, brought from the island of Haiti. The adults are also bunted as game birds and are prized for their flesh. Formerly parrots 414 BCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO traveled in large bands that damaged cornfields, gonduros and other crops, and men engaged in school work told me that, as late as 1903, chil- dren were frequently kept from school by their parents to drive parrots out of the fields. The handful remaining is, however, too small to do any great damage, and the birds should be protected or they will soon be extinct and one of the most interesting forms will be lost from the avi- fauna of the island. From personal observations and what I was told, it seems that the parrot is almost entirely frugivorous, practically all wild fruits being eaten in season. These birds are fond of the fruits of the wild fig {Ficus) and the jagua {Genipa americana), while in swamps near Mameyes the ground beneath the icaco trees (Ohrysohalanus) was strewn with husks which they had dropped. In eight stomachs examined I found vegetable matter alone, with the seeds of tabonuco (^Daeryodes excelsa) and allied species in the same family (Burseraceae) predominating. A parrot taken near Mameyes had eaten icacos (Chrysohalanus) . In the birds obtained on El Yunque it was common to find the stomach filled predominantly with small seeds, while the crop was distended with larger fruits and drupes. The hard seeds in the gizzard seemed in this case to take the place of the gravel used by many birds as a triturating element. While they served to grind up larger fragments, they were in their turn pulverized and utilized as food. In localities where the par- rots were feeding commonly, the ground was always littered with seeds, bits of pericarp and other waste matter which they had discarded. The plumage of this bird is clear. green, with the outer webs of the primaries bllie, the forehead and lores red, and the bill and feet flesh- color. Aniazona vittata gracilipes Ridgway Culebra Island Parrot, Cotorra Ama^ona vittata gracilipes Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, May 2T. 1915, Vol. XXVIII, p. 106. (Culebra Island.) U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50. 1916, Pt. 7, p. 265 (Culebra).—Wetmore, Auk, 1917, p. 59 (Culebra, ex- tinct) . Papagenen, West, Beytr. Beschr. St. Croix, 1794, p. 268 (Vieques). Parrot?, Knox, Hist. Ace. St. Thomas, W. I., 1852, p. 221 (Havensigt, ^i Thomas). Ama^sona vittata?, Wetmore, Auk, 1916, p. 413 (Vieques, reported). Culebra Island ; now apparently extinct. The only specimens known of the Culebra Island parrot are three ' the U. S. National Museum, two males and a female (including the t} !' WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRaiN ISLANDS 415 of the subspecies)^ secured by A. B. Baker on February 11 and 12, 1899. In his manuscript notes Mr. Baker has stated that the bird at that time appeared to be common and was said to injure plantations and bananas. I did not find it during my collecting on the island in 1912 and it is thought to be extinct. The Culebra Island subspecies is smaller than the form of the main island. In the three specimens available the Aving measures 170 and 175 in the males and 175 mm. in the female. In six males from Porto Eico the wing ranges from 184 to 196 mm.; and in six females, from 173 to 184.5 mm. On Vieques Island, in 1912, I was told that parrots were seen formerly in the heavy forests of the southern part of the island. It was thought that they came from Porto Eico, as they were found in the rainy season. Seiior Jose Barton, a local hunter, was well acquainted with them and told me that they were considered a valuable game bird. I saw none during my work there. It may be mentioned that Hans West (Beytrage Beschr. von St. Croix, 1794, p. 268) remarks on the screaming of green parrots from the trees during his visit to Vieques. Knox, writing of St. Thomas, reports parrots as quite abundant in the hills at Havensigt, on the eastern side of the harbor, in the same locality as that favored by the paroquet. There is nothing further known of true parrots on that island. Subfamily Arinae Aratinga chloroptera maiigei (Souance) Porto Riean Paroquet, Periquito Psittacara maugei Souance, Rev. et Mag. Zool., Ser. 2, 1850, p. 50. (Porto Rico.) Papagey, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 1836, p. 389 (Porto Rico). Psittacus ruflrostris, Ledru, A^oy. lies Ten^riffe, Triuite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto-Rieco, Vol. II, 1810, pp. 200, 256-257. (listed). Vonurus evopsf, Gundlaeh, Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 184 (Mona, frag- mentary specimens) ; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 229 (Mona, Porto Rico; reported).—Stalil, Ornis, 1887, p. 448 (Porto Rico; listed). Conurtis chloropterus, Cory, Auk, 1892, pp. 228-229 (Mona; specimen); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 101, 141 (Mona).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 55 (Porto Rico, Mona; comments).—Schmidt, Field Mus. Nat. Hist, Zool. Ser., 1926, Vol. XII, p. 151 (Mona). ('onurus gundlachi Cabanis, Orn. Centr., 1881, Vol. VI, p. 5. (Described as new from Mona.)—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, p. 62 (Porto Rico, extinct; 416 SCTENTIFIG SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Mona).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 457 ( Mona ) .—Astley , Avic. Mag., 1913, Vol. V, p. 88 (captive specimens from Mona). Conurus maugeif, Bowdisli, Auk, 1903, p. 20 (Porto Rico; reported). Aratmga chloroptera maugei, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1916, Pt. 7, p. 155. (Mona.) Formerly said to have occurred on Porto Eico, but now extinct ; Mona Island. A paroquet was formerly found on the island of Porto Eico, but dis- appeared before the days of modern collectors. According to the Cata- logue of Birds in the British Museum (1891, Vol. XX, p. 189), the type of the present form is preserved in the Paris Museum, while there is a second specimen in Leyden. The locality for these two is not definitely stated; but, since Salvadori gives the range as ^Torto Eico (?) and Mona Island, between Porto Eico and St. Domingo," it may be inferred that they are from Mona. Ledru speaks of paroquets found in large bands, but his records are uncertain. Moritz, in 1836, notes a very small parrot said to live on the northern side of Porto Eico, but did not see it personally. Grundlach heard of it in the seventies in the eastern interior, but Stahl says that in his time the oldest inhabitants knew of it only through their parents. It was reported to Bowdish from mountains near Lares, but this information was certainly erroneous, judging from my own experience. In 1912 I was told by a number of persons that paroquets were still in existence, but alwajs at a distant point that ever receded before me ; so that I never entered what were, according to popu-* lar accounts, their haunts. I saw nimierous paroquets in captivity in Porto Eico, but all were birds imported from either Venezuela or Haiti. From Mona Island Gundlach received through Dr. Block three wings that were described by Cabanis as Conurus gundlachi. Stahl noted the bird from Mona, and Cory received from W. W. Brown, Jr., a skin from Mona taken February 25, 1892. A recent record of living specimens in 1913 in the aviaries of Walter Eothschild and H. D. Astley, in England, is said on investigation to refer to another species. (See Av. Mag., 1913, vol. V, p. 153). The single specimen in the Field Museum (which I have examined) has been the basis for recognition by Mr. Eidgway of a race distinct from the form of Haiti. This one bird differs from a fair series of Aratwfjit chloroptera chloroptera (Souance) in slightly smaller and more darkly colored bill, lighter red of the under primary coverts, and in having tin* lesser coverts of the outside of the wing entirely green. According to m} WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 437 personal records, the wing measures 157.5, tail 159,5 and culmen 20.6 mm. The wing is slightly shorter than in birds from Haiti. Paroquets were reported to Gundlach from Vieques Island, and I was told that they appeared there sometimes in the rainy season from June to August, but this I considered extremely doubtful. Eupsittula pertinax pertinax (Linnaeus) Curagao Paroquet Psittacus pertinax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat, ed. 10, 1758, Vol. I, p. 98. (America.'^) Psittacus tui, Ledru, Voy. Teneriffe, La Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 39 (from "les lies danolses.").—Knox, Hist. Ace. St. Thomas, W. I., 1852, p. 221 (St. Thomas). Conurus, Eggers, Tidsskr. pop. Frepist. Naturvid., 1878, p. 203 (Flag Hill, St. Thomas). Conurus xantholaemus Newton, Psittaci novae Specie! ad Conurum Genus per- tinentis Deseriptio, Aug. 30, 1859, one page (privately printed). (De- scribed as new from St. Thomas.)—Sclater, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, Sept 1859, p. 225. (Described as new from St. Thomas ) .—Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 374 (St. Thomas).—Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 377 (St. Thomas, specimens).—NicoU, Ibis, 1904, p. 576 (St. Thomas). Conurus pertinax, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 101 (St. Thomas). Hartert, Nov. Zool., 1902, Vol. IX, p. 275 (St. Thomas).—Mortensen, Atlanten, 1909, Vol. VI, No. 66, p. 646, Fig. 307 (St Thomas; eastern end). Eupsittula pertinax pertinax, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1916, Pt. 7, p. 165 (St Thomas). Island of St. Thomas ; formerly common, but now said to be rare. Mr. Eidgway finds that the paroquet of St. Thomas is identical with the typical subspecies of Eupsittula pertinax, native to the island of (hragao, and suggests that the bird has been carried from that point to St. Thomas. Though that may well be true, the paroquet has long been established near Charlotte Amalie, as the following will show. Ledru reports paroquets from the Danish Islands, while Knox, in 1852, is more specific, stating that these birds are quite abundant near Havensigt on St. Thomas. The ]N"ewtons, in 1858, found them re- stricted to this locality, which, they inform us, refers to the hills on the 'astern side of the harbor. Swift sent specimens to John Cassin (re- corded in 1860). Baron Eggers, in 1878, reports the bird from Flag ffill. M. J. Mcoll, writing at St. Thomas, February 21 to 24, 1904, ' <^garding the paroquet, says : ^*^Some told me that it was extinct, but one " Though the type locality In the original description is given as "Indlis," In the ^ velfth edition of his work (1766, p. 142) Linnaeus corrected this to America. 418 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO man^ a doctor, informed me that he had occasionally seen a few at the eastern end of the island. . . . During our short visit I did not meet with it. . . . Dr. Lowe, of the S. Y. ^Emerald/ shot one from a small flock at the east end of the island a few weeks before our visit. I have had the pleasure of examining this specimen in Dr. Lowers collection." Mortensen, writing in 1909, says that he saw the paroquet in a valley at the eastern en^ of the island. This is the most recent published reference to the bird, but Dr. Eobert Cushman Murphy informs me that E. H. Beck secured specimens in eastern St. Thomas on August 14, 1916. In the IT. S. National Museum there are two skins from St. Thomas secured from A. H. Eiise, one taken January 19, 1860, and the other without data. A third (No. 26947) is the only remaining skin of a series of eight secured from John Akhurst, formerly a dealer and taxidermist in Brooklyn, N". Y., without other data than the locality, except that they were catalogued • March 2, 1863. A fourth specimen, a male, was collected by F. A. Ober. I was told that a paroquet was found at times on Vieques during the period of summer rains, but considered this doubtful. The fact that Alfred Newton described this bird as Conurus xantliolae- miis, in a paper privately printed under the title Psittaci novae Speciei ad Conurum Genus pertinentis Descriptio, has been generally overlooked. The date of this publication is August 30, 1859 ; so that it appeared at about the same time and apparently prior to P. L. Sclater's description, also as Conurus xantholaemus, in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for September of the same year. Newton^s paper, of which I have a copy, is cited in his bibliography, but reference to his description has not met my eye in any synonymy that I have examined. As the tract is so rare that it is accessible to very few, it is here transcribed in its original form PSITTACI NOVAE SPECIEI AD CONURUM GENUS PERTINENTIS DESCRIPTIO. AUCTORE A. NEWTON, A. M., Coll. S. B. Mar. Magd. x\p. Cant. Soc. S. L. S., &c. SITOMAGI ICENORUM: MDCCCLIX. CONURUS XANTHOLAEMUS. (Sp. nondescr.) WETMORE, BIJRDS OF POFTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 419 Smon:~Psittacti8 tui, LEDRU, Voyage aux lies de Teneriffe, de. torn, ii, p. 39. Dcscr:—Maris. Supra laete viridis, fronte flava, caudae rectricibus et alarum remigibus caeruleo indutis : subtus, gula et genis ochraceo- flavis, collo ejusdem colons sed dilutius sordidiusque, pectore, laterlbus, abdomine et cauda subtus laete flavescenti-vireiitibus rostro et pedlbus fuscis. Long, tota ix poll., alae v, caudae iv —Foeminae. Mari slmilis sed dilutior. Hah :~lns. Sei. Thomae, Antillorum. Mus.—BritRn., P. L. Sclateri et Auctoris. Ohs.'—Conuro aeruginoso G. R. Graii, e Brasilia, aliquanto similis, sed sine gula brunnea; a Ledruio {loco citato) pro Ps. tui Gmelini, ex Amer. Merid., errore eaptus. DIE XXX August!, MDCCCLIX. Finis. Excudebat A. Farr, Sitomagi leenorum. The Curasao paroquet has the plumage in general green, with the forehead, sides of head and neck and a patch on the abdomen orange, and a blue band across the crown between the orange and green that have been mentioned. Order CUCULIFOEMES Suborder CUCULI Family Cuculidae Subfamily Cuculinae [Coccyzus erythropthalmus (Wilson) Black-billed Cuckoo, Pdjaro Bobo Cuculus erythropthalma Wilson, Amer. Orn., 1811, Vol. IV, p. 16, PI. 28, Fig. 2. (Probably near Philadelphia, Pa.) (Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 185; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 18T8, p. 232 (pictured in album of Bello).— Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 56 (of doubtful occur- rence).—Rkl^vvay, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1916, Pt. 7, p. 39 (Porto Rico). The black-billed cuckoo is of doubtful occurrence in Porto Eico. ^mndlach informs us that he saw a drawing of the bird in the album of ^^r. Bello, who had received a specimen from the interior of the island, ^'here is no other report of it; and the only other West Indian record ^eems to be of a specimen taken by Gundlach many years ago near Car- 'enas, Cuba.] 420 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Coecyzus americanus americanus (Linnaeus) Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Pajaro Bobo, Pajaro Bobo de Costa Cuculus americanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, Vol. I, p. 111. (Caro- lina.) Coecyzus americanus, Newton, Ibis, 1859, pp. 149-150 (St. Croix; nesting).— Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 350 (Porto Rico, listed).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 185; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 232 (Maya.^ez, Aguadilla, Arecibo, specimens).— Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 62, 148 (Porto Rico; specimens).— Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 364 (Porto Rico, St. Croix) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 102 (Porto Rico, St. Croix) .—Bowdish, Auk, 1902, p. 364 (Agua- dilla, Mona; specimens ) .—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. .326, 1916, pp. 56-57 (Joyuda, specimen).—Schmidt, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 1926, Vol. XII, p. 151 (Mona). Coecyzus americanus americanus, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1916, Pt. 7, p. 14 (Porto Rico, St. Croix). Mona^ Porto Eico, St. Croix; fairly common. Bowdish shot an adult on Mona Island, August 17, 1901—the only record of the bird for that island (specimen in U. S. N^ational Museum). On Porto Eico the species is of regular though uncommon occur- rence, and thus far has been recorded only on the coastal plain. Gundlach secured one at Mayagliez, one at Aguadilla, and two at Arecibo, but does not give the dates at which these were taken. Stahl secured two speci- mens, and Bowdish shot two at Aguadilla—a female, May 18, and a male, May 20, 1900. On August 27, 1912, I heard one calling in an almendra grove at Joyuda near Cabo Eojo, and on collecting it found it to be an immature female in molt into first fall plumage. Another that I sup- posed to be the same species was heard in this locality on August 31. P. A. Potts records it, June 20, 1921, near Guayama and, July 6, 1923, north of Ponce. It would appear that the species breeds here, but this is not yet certain. On St. Croix the Newtons reported the yellow-billed cuckoo as con- fined to the south side of the island. A female containing a nearly formed egg was taken on June 2, 1858, and June 29 of the same year a nest containing three eggs was found. The species is reported also '*> have bred in Cuba and is said to nest commonly in Jamaica. The yellow-billed cuckoo is distinguished easily from the mangro\»' cuckoo by its white breast. The yellow base of the lower mandible •- characteristic. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 421 Caccyzus minor teres Peters Mangrove Cuckoo, Pajaro Bobo, Pajaro Bobo Menor Caccyzus minor teres Peters, Proe. New England Zool. Club, Vol. IX, June 24, 1927, p. 112. (Sosi'ia, Dominican Republic.) Mangrove Cuckoo, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagliez). Cuculus minor, Ledru, Voy. lies Teneriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et P#rto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 201, 260-261 (listed), Cuculus domvnicus, Ledru, cit. supra, pp. 201, 260 (listed). Coccyzus seniculus, Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 150 (St. Croix; specimen ).--Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1^60, p. 377 (St. Thomas; specimens)! Coccystes seniculus, Sundevall, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Fi'nh., 1869, p. 599 (Porto Rico). Coccyzus nesiotes, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 170 (Porto Rico). Coccyzus minor, Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (listed).—-Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 255 (Porto Rico).—Gundlach, Journ. flir Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 185; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 231 (Porto Rico).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 62, 148 (Porto Rico ) .—Ridgway , Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, Vol. VII, p. 172 (St. Thomas; specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1890, p. 375 (Tortola, Virgin Gorda ; specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 102 (Mona, Porto Rico, St. Croix, Tortola, Virgin Gorda ) .—Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 576 (St. Thomas; specimens). Coccyzus minor dominicae, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 102 (Porto Rico). Coccyzus minor waynardi, Cory, cit. supra, p. 102 (Porto Rico). Coccyzus minor dominicata, Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 72 (Vieques). Coccyzus minor dominicensis, Bowdish, Auk, 1902, p. 364 (Mona, Porto Rico, specimens ) Coccyzus minor nesiotes, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 57-58 (Porto Rico, Vieques); Auk, 1916, p. 413 (Vieques; specimens); Auk, 1917, p. 59 (Culebra, Culebrita, Louis Pena; specimens).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1916, Pt. 7, p. 27 (Porto Rico: Caguas, Porto Real, Luquillo, Mameyes, Utuado, Guayama, Lares, Aibonito, Cayey; Vieques, Mona, Culebra, Culebrita, St. Thomas, St. John, Virgin Gorda, Tortola, St. Croix).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 474 (Porto Rico; coastal plain).— Schmidt, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., ZcxJl. Ser., 1926, Vol. XII, p. 151 (Mona).— Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 91 (Cartagena Lagoon ) Mona, Porto Eico, Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, Louis Pefia, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda; apparently resi- lient; in many localities common. On Mona Island Bowdish found this cuckoo common from August 9 to '1, 1901, and collected six specimens, which are in the U. S. National ^luseum. These appear very slightly paler below than the average from 422 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO other localities, and may with further study represent a local race, though scattered individuals from other regions equal them in this character. On Porto Eico this form of cuckoo is widely distributed wherever there are thickets or forests, from the mangroves of the coasts to the tops of the highest mountains, and from the rain-drenched forests of El Yunque to the dry hills of the southeast coast. In 1912 I recorded it at Bayamon, July 20 to 25; Mameyes (coastal region), February 9 to 29 (specimen, February 14) ; Maunabo, May 11 ; Salinas, April 26 to May 2 ; between Juana Diaz and Coamo, August 22; Lares, June 27 (specimen) ; Caguas, January 5 to 14 (one taken January 8) ; Cayey, January 22 (two taken) ; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5 (one taken, January 27) ; below the summit of El Yunque, March 8. In the U. S. National Museum there are skins collected at Porto Eeal, January 27, 1899, by J. D. Milligan, and at Luquillo, March 5, 1900, by C. W. Kichmond. This cuckoo is found in mangrove swamps, coffee plantations, dense thickets overgrown with vines along streams, or in heavier forests, but is easily overlooked, as it is retiring in habit. Its loud, sonorous calls, simi- lar to those of the yellow-billed cuckoo, are heard more often than the bird itself is seen. It is slow and methodical in movement, seldom flying far in passing from covert to covert/ and often remaining motionless for several minutes on one perch. In early morning it frequently rests on dead limbs in the sun, silent or occasionally calling. Bdwdish notes that a female shot near Mayagiiez in September, 1901, would have deposited an egg the following day. There is no other data available regarding the breeding of these birds, but it would appear to be irregular. From Vieques Island Bowdish reported several in 1900, and C. W, Eichmond secured a female on March 22. From March 16 to April 3, 1912, I found the birds common on the southern side of the island, where they inhabited a Jungle so dense that it was difficult to see them. Their notes came frequently from dense, dry, thorny thickets in the intense heat of the middle of the day, but the birds, working slowly through this cover, usually near the ground, remained securely hidden. Three speci- mens taken March 25 were about to breed. On Culebra Island they were fairly common from April 5 to 21, 191'^. and I secured adult females with ovaries enlarged on April 13, 17 and l-^- The birds were calling on Louis Peiia on April 11, and on April 1 > I heard a number on Culebrita and secured a female. The Newtons report a female shot on St. Croix, March 23, 1858, as tlu only one seen. Specimens from St. Thomas were sent by Eobert Swur WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 423 to Cassin (two skins from this source are in the U. S. National Mu- seum)^ and Benedict and Nye, of the Albatross, secured three here from January 17 to 24, 1884. M. J. Nicoll collected skins of this bird on St. Thomas between February 21 and 24, 1904. There is a specimen in the U. S. National Museum taken on St. John by F. A. Ober, and Cory reports skins from Tortola and Virgin Gorda secured by Winch. Coccyzus m. teres described recently by Peters is distinguished from nesiotes of Jamaica when examined in series by grayer, less rufescent upper breast. Other differences alleged do not appear clear. The two forms are so closely allied that they must be examined in series as indi- viduals are distinguished with difficulty or not at all. The Porto Eican bird is similar to that of Hispaniola. The mangrove cukoo is grayish brown above, and deep buff below, with a black line through the eye and a black tail tipped widely with white. Like the yellow-billed cuckoo, it has the base of the mandible yellow. The bird lives mainly on various forms of Orthoptera, on caterpillars, and on beetles. As is often the case in birds of this genus, a number of the stomachs that I examined were lined with hairs from caterpillars that had been eaten, stuck firmly in the stomach lining. The species is rated as a thoroughly useful bird. Saurothera vieilloti Bonaparte Porto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo, Pdjaro Bobo, P^jaro Bobo Major, P^jaro de Agua Saurothera vieilloti Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1850, Vol. I, p. 97 ('*Antilles"== Porto Rico.) Cuculus vetula, Ledxu, Voy. lies Ten^riffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 201, 259-260 (listed).-—Moritz, Wiegm. Arch, fur Naturg., 1836, p. 387 (Porto Rico). Saurothera, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 350 (Porto Rico). Saurothera vieilloti var. rufescens, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 256 (Porto Rico). Saurothera vieilloti, Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 378 (Vieques; specimen).—Tay- lor, Ibis, 1864, p. 170 (Porto Rico; abundant).—Sundevall, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 599 (Porto Rico; specimens).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. ftir Ornith., pp. 160, 184-185; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 230 (Porto Rico; specimens).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 61, 148 (Porto Rico; specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 363 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. V^est Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 102, 132 (Porto Rico).—Shelley, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., 1891, Vol. XIX, p. 372 (Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas; specimens).—Bowdish, Auk, 1902, p. 364 (Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 58-59 XPorto Rico, Vieques) ; Auk, 1916, p. 413 (Vieques; listed) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 319 (bones from caves, Utuado and 424 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Morovls).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat Mus. Bull. 50, 1916, Pt. 7, p. 62 (Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 474 (Consomo, Maricao, Mayagiiez). Porto Rico; fairly common resident: Vieques, St. Thomas; casual (formerly resident?). Early visitors to Porto Rico recorded the lizard-cuckoo as abundant, but in the last fifty years it has decreased until now only in the hea^^v forests near Maricao may it be said to be common. In 1912 I found it at Quebradillas, July 2 to 6 (adult male taken July 5) ; Manati, July 7 to 11; Rio Piedras, December 18, 1911, and January 4, 1912; Mameyes, February 12 (adult male taken) ; Aiiasco, June 8; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 (three taken May 30 and June 4) ; Lares, June 18 to July 1 (three taken June 21, 22 and 28); Ciales, July 12 to 18; Aibonito, January 30 (adult female) ; and Comerio, July 26 to 31. In the U. S. ISTational Museum there is an adult female shot by B. S. Bowdish, at Mayagiiez, August 2, 1901, and a juvenile male from the same locality secured September 30. The latter is only recently from the nest and has a juvenile dress that differs from the adult plumage in a cinnamon wash on the breast, and cinnamon edgings to the feathers of back and wing coverts. A male was secured at Caguas on January 11, 1899, by J. D. Milligan. The naked space about the eye in this bird is marked as vermilion except for a crescent-shaped white spot below. Struthers recently has found the lizard-cuckoo very common at Maricao and has seen it near Mayagiiez. I identified bones of this species from material collected by H. E. Anthony in caves near Morovis and Utuado. During my own collecting I secured an adult female. May 31, 1912, at Maricao and an adult male, June 22, 1912, in the vicinity of Lares that were near the pairing season, though others taken at the same time showed no indication of breeding. It appears from this that the period of nesting is irregular. Struthers noted a pair nest-building near Con- somo, February 13, 1921. In spite of its large size, this bird is inconspicuous, as its long tail, instead of making it prominent, aids its protective coloration by giving it rather an unbirdlike contour. It is very tame and shows little fear of man. In passing through the trees birds of this species keep to the densest foliage and make long pauses, during which they sit motionless, merely turning the head slightly. In early morning they may come out into dead trees or on exposed limbs to get the sun, where they sit with drooping wings and ruffled feathers. Though seen occasionally on tho ground, they spend most of their time in bushes and trees. The ordinary WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 425 call-notes, which are heard frequently, are cuckoo-like and resemble the syllables cow coiv huh hrrh, usually given disconnectedly. Sometimes one perches in the top of a tree, giving forth a sonorous note that is almost raven-like, and on one occasion I saw a bird standing on a limb with trembling wing&, giving utterance to a low cooing note. In some localities the name pajaro de agua was given these cuckoos, due to the belief that they cailled before an approaching rain—a prophecy that, thanks to the locality of their haunt, usually came true before the lapse of many hours. They were common inland in the coffee planta- tions^ but were encountered in swampy forest near Mameyes and in other localities near the coast. Though the bird consumes insect-eating lizards in quantity, it is not sufficiently common to be of economic injury and should not be molested. The Newtons record a specimen secured by a collector of Apotheker Eiise on Vieques and sent to them for examination, and Shelley has listed a specimen in the British Museum from the island of St. Thomas. There are no other records for the species outside the island of Porto Rico. The lizard-cuckoo is one of the strangest of the indigenous birds of Porto Rico, colored plain grayish brown above, grayish on the breast and tawny on the abdomen and lower tail coverts. The long tail, tipped prominently with black and white, makes up more than one-half of the total length of fifteen or sixteen inches. Subfamily Crotophaginae Crotophaga ani Linnaeus Ani, Black Witch, Judlo Crotophaga ani Lininaeus, Syst. Nat, ed. 10, 1758, Vol. I, p.. 105. (Jamaica.) Ani, Knox, Hist. Ace. St. Thamas, W. I., 1852, p. 220 (St. Thomas).—Dan- forth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayag.u«zi) ; Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Carta- gena Lagoon). Crotophaga, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 1836, p. 381 (Porto Rico). Crotophaga ami, Ledni, Voy. lies T^nerifFe, Trtnite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810^ Vol. II, ^P. ^>1, 264 pisted).—Newton, IMs, 1859, pp., 149-150 (St. €roix,)..—CassiB, Proe. Aicad. Sci, Phmadelphia, Wm, P- 377 (St. Thomas; specimens)..—Taylor, Ibi&, 1864, p^ 170^ (Porto Ri<?0). Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, A^oL X, p. 256 (Porto Rico; specimens).—Sundevall, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. m^ (Porto Rico; spectmens) ; Fello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 350 (listed).— ©undlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. fttr Ornith., 1S78, pp. 160, 185; AiMles Soc. llsp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 23a (Borto Rico; abun- dajit).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Ric(^ 1883, pp. 61, 148 (Porto- Rico; speci- 426 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO mens).—Rldgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, Vol. VII, p. 172 (St. Thomas; specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1890, pp. 374, 375 (Anegada, Tortola, Virgin Gorda; specimens) ; Auk, 1891, p. 48 (St. Croix; specimen) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 104 (Porto Rico, St. Croix, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada).—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 72 (Vieques; specimens); Auk, 1902, p. 363 (Porto Rico; abundant).—Hartert, Nov. ZooL, 1902, Vol. IX, p. 2T9 ( Ponce ).~Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 59-62 (Porto Rico, Culebra) ; Auk, 1916, p. 413 (Vieques; specimens); Auk, 1917, pp. 55, 59 (Culebra, Culebrita).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, Pt. 7, p. 99 <: Porto Rico, St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, St. Croix).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 474 (Porto Rico).—Mortensen, Atlanten, 1909, Vol. VI, No. 66, pp. 642-644 (St. Croix).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 88-91 (Cartagena Lagoon). Porto Eico, Vieques, St. Croix, Culebra, Culebrita, St. Thomas, St. John, Anegada, Tortola, Virgin Gorda; resident and common in most, if not all, of the islands mentioned. In Porto Rico during my work in 1912 the ani was recorded as fol- lows: Manati, July 7 to 11; Eio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912 (specimens taken); Mameyes, February 9 to 20 (specimens); Humacao, September 3 to 9 (specimen); Maunabo, May 11; Salinas, April 26 to May 2; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22 (specimens) ; Yauco, May 16 to 28 (specimens) ; Cabo Rojo, August 24 to 31 ; Aiiasco, June 8 (specimen); Aguadilla, June 9 to 12; Utuado, August 3 to 9 (speci- men); Adjuntas, August 14 and 15; Ciales (along the Rio Manati), July 12 to 18; Aibonito, January 26 to 31; Caguas, January 5 to 14 (specimen) ; and Hacienda Catalina, March 6. Anis are reported from Mayagiiez and Cartagena Lagoon by Danforth; and near Ponce, by Hartert. There is a skin in the U. S. National Museum taken at Arroyo, February 3, 1899, by J. D. Milligan. These strange birds are found in flocks that contain from half a dozen to twenty or more individuals, ranging mainly in pasture-lands, but going also into the cane-fields and orange groves to feed. In pas- tures they remain near the cattle, keeping ahead of them with long hops, in order to get the insects that the cattle scare up. Any intruder is greeted with a querulous call, and the whole flock flies in a straggling line across the fields to perch in a bush or low tree, where they crowd together and peer out curiously, their long tails and arched beaks giving them an odd appearance. In the early morning, when the grass is wet, they frequently sit in the sun with the wings extended in order to dry them or to absorb heat. The wings are small for the size of the birdj and the flight, accomplished by a series of steady wing beats alternatini; with short sails, is not strong. In a heavy wind the birds are almonr WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 427 helpless^ and they seldom rise high from the ground at any time. When on the wing^ the back appears concave from the fact that the head and tail are held on a higher level. In the heat of the day anis usually take refuge in dense clumps of bamboo along streams, remaining quietly out of the intense heat of the sun, and they also roost in these at night, as well as in mangroves around lagoons. The ordinary call-notes are a low Jcur-r-rh and a querulous quee ick, quee ick, varied by low chuckling notes. When the birds are at all wild, they serve to alarm the entire country, as they begin to call on the slightest provocation. They are most abundant on the coastal plain, but range in small numbers in the pastures at higher altitudes. They are birds of the open and never enter dense forests. Formerly they are said to have been more common in Porto Rico than at present, but to have lessened in numbers greatly since the introduction of the mongoose. The breeding season varies considerably with different individuals. A female containing a fully formed egg was taken near Rio Piedras, De- cember 20, and breeding birds or young in first plumage were noted until field work was completed in September, so that anis nest apparently the year round. Although this species often builds a communal nest, this is not always the case. N'ear Cayey, January 22, two anis were seen constructing a nest in a tree about thirty feet above a small stream, the male sitting on a limb above while the female was in the nest, as yet only a loose mass of sticks and weeds. She moved and turned to shape it to her body, with her long tail sticking nearly straight up in the air. Near Bayamon, July 25, a single bird slipped quietly from a bulky nest in a clump of bamboos and only its mate appeared to join it. The nests seen were all large and bulky and were located from six to thirty feet above the ground. Bowdish reports a communal nest found near Aguadilla, August 13, built eight feet from the ground, in a thicket of bushes and trees. This nest contained twenty eggs, placed in layers of four or five, each layer being covered with dead leaves to separate it from the next lot of eggs above. Eight of the eggs were partly incubated and twelve were fresh. In his manuscript notes Bowdish has recorded anis as nest-building near Cataiio on July 21, 1899. On May 20 near Yauco three anis were seen in a tree in which several mozambiques had nests. The anis were very near these nests, and the blackbirds, together with a pair of gray kingbirds, were much excited, but appeared to be unable to drive out the intruders. It was certain that the anis were bent on robbing the nests, and one was shot in the act of 4^8 BCimiTIFIG SURVEY OF PORTO RIOO gulfing down something whidi wm later found to be an egg, 'No other instances of this evii habit were observed. The ani was first reported from Vieques in 1900 by Bowdish, though a skin in the U. S. National Museum was collected on that island by J. B. Miliagan, of the Fish Eamk, on FebnaaTy 7, 1899. I found these birds fairly common there in brushy pastures from March 16 to April 3, 1912^ and necured skins on March 20, t^, "25 and W, A nest found dur- ing the last week in March, six feet from the ground, in thorny bushes, wm a bulky affair of twigs about two feet across, though as yet incom- plete. Bowdish reports young taken January 28, 1900. On CulebTa Island the species was very common fix)m April 5 to 21, 1912, and was found everywhere in the brush-gix)wn pastures in little iioeks. Its com;paratiye abundance was due perhaps to the absence of the mongoose. The bird fr^pented the vicinity of cattle and, as the work bulls browsed along through the grass, the aiiis ran, hopped oj flew in an endeavor to keep just ahead and secure the insects that were disturbed. Anis were seen on Culebrita Island April 15. Knox reported them as conspicuous on St. Thomas in 1E52, and Cassin received numei^ous skins from that island through Eobert Swift, Bene- dict and ISTye .secured three birds from January 17 to 24, 1884, and there are several other skins from St. Thomas in the U. S. IsTational Museum acquired through various sources. The jSFewtons found the species com- .mon on St. Croix, and Alfred I^ewton described a nest containing four- teen eggs^ evidently common property oi a flock, that was observed on June 18, 1857. Cory received skins from Bt, Croix in 1891, and there are two in the Museum of Comparative Zoology taken on St. Croix Sep- tember 14 and lb, 1914, by G. K. Noble. Mortensen says that several birds may incubate simultaneously and records one nest containing one hundred fifty eggs placed in layers. There is a female ani in the TJ. S. National Museum secured by P. A. Ober on St. John, and Winch for- warded specimens to Cory from Tortola, Yirgin Gorda and Anegada. One of the latter, now in the U. S. National Museum, was taken Decem- ber 29, 1S89. From examination of more than forty stomachs I found that the ani feeds extensively on Orthoptera, beetles, caterpillars and bugs, consum- ing many of injurious habit, so that it is of decided benefit to agriculture. Small quantities of drupes are taken. I saw no sign of their having eaten ticks, in spite of popular superstition to cliat effect. Thd ani, with its slender fona, twelve or fourteen inches in length, blaclcish plumage and compressed, highly arched bill, from which it de WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 429 rives its colloquial name of judio, is an unmistakable member of the local avifauna. Order STEIGIFOEMES Family Tytokidae Tyto cavatica Wetmore Porto Rican Barn Owl Tyto cavatica Wetmore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, December 30, 1920, Vol. 33, p. 80, PI. 3, Figs. 3-6. (Utuado, Porto Rico.) Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, pp. 321-323, 3 figs. (Utuado). The extinct Porto Rican barn owl (Tyto cavatica) ^ Fig. 17 (left).—Proximal end of left metatarsus (type). Anterior view. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Torano. Fia. 18 (right).—Proximal end of right metatarsus. Internal face. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva Torano. (These cuts are reproduced by courtesy of The American Museum of Natural History.) Porto Eico; extinct. The Porto Eican barn owl, described from the upper end of a metatarsus (Figs. 17 and 18), is known only from the type, parts of another metatarsus, and two broken tibio-tarsi, secured by Mr. H. B. Anthony from a cave on the property of Don Gervacio Torano near Utuado, in 1916. These indicate a form of small size related to the small West Indian species of the genus. The bones of the barn owl in this cave aid in explaining the abundant remains of small birds and mammals found in various caves in Porto J^ico. Examination of the bird bones from Cueva Catedral in particular ^ed me to infer that the deposits came from pellets regurgitated by owls at their roosts—a belief rendered certain by the discovery first of remains 430 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO of the Mucaro (Gymnasio nudipes nudipes) and then of those of this barn owl. In 1912, while traveling in Porto Eico, I made many inquiries regard- ing the Porto Eican owl, or Miiearo real {Asio portoricensis) , and fomid two stories current concerning it. According to one tale, it was found in grassy places or marshes, the normal haunt of short-eared owls (to which group it belongs). Near Utuado, however, I was informed that it in- habited small eaves amid the hills and appeared mainly at night. At the time I paid little attention to this story, but am now convinced that it related to the barn owl, since such birds are retiring, secretive in habit and adopt just such haunts. It is barely possible that scattered individ- uals of the barn owl may exist in isolated caves in the region in question. Though such possibility is remote, the matter is worthy of investigation by those who may have opportunity to work in that vicinity. The bones that supply our only knowledge of it at present do not seem to have any great antiquity. Family Strigidae Gymnasio nudipes nudipes (Daudin) Bare-legged Owl, Mtlcaro Strix nudipes Daudin, Trait. Orn,, 1800, Vol. II, p. 199. (Porto Rico.)—Ledru, Voy. lies Ten^riffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 202 (Porto Rico). Stria} ferruginea, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 1836, p. 392 (Porto Rico). Noctua nudipes, Hartlanb, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (Porto Rico). Athene nudipes, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (Porto Rico). Oymnoglauiv krugii Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, pp. 310, 315 (Porto Rico). Oymnoglaux nudipes, Gundlach, Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, pp. 158, 164-165; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 166 (Porto Rico).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 58, 137 (Porto Rico, specimens). Gymnasio nudipes, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 100. (Porto Rico).— Bowdish, Auk, 1902, p. 362 (Mayagiiez, specimens).—^Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 320 (remains from caves, Utuado and Morovls).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 192(5, Vol. X, pp. 87-88, Fig. 40 (Mayagiiez). Gymnasio nudipes nudipes, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1914, Pt. 6, i'. 678 (Porto Rico).—-Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 67-0! ». Pis. 5 and 6 (Porto Rico).-—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 475 (Mayaguez). Porto Eico; fairly common resident. From its nocturnal habits, the Mucaro (PI. LXII) is easily overlook*, so that my records of its occurrence in 1912 do not give an adequate i'^ -^ WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 431 of its abundance. I found it at Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (specimeii, February 12) ; Yauco, May 16 to 28 (reported) ; Cabo Rojo^ August 24 to 31; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 (specimens, June 1) ; Lares, June 18 to July 1 (specimens, June 27); Utuado, August 3 to 9; Adjuntas, August 10 to 16 ; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5 (reported) ; Hacienda Catalina, below El Yunque, March 2 to 11 (specimen, March 4). In the IJ. S. ISTational Museum there is a series taken at Mayagiiez by B. S. Bowdish, from May 27 to July 26, 1901, and one shot at Caguas, January 9, 1899, by A. B. Baker. There were many remains of this owl in the cave deposits near Morovis and Utuado, and there is unquestion- able ground for considering casts of this owl as responsible for part of the accumulation of bird and mammal remains found there. On destruction of the original forests the little owl, like the wood- pecker, found a refuge in the groves of trees grown for shade in the coffee plantations. It is most common in the interior and has been re- corded especially in the western part of the island. I found it on the seacoast near Mameyes, but it is not common on the coastal plain, for there little cover is to be found. The miicaro is entirely nocturnal in habit and during the day resorts to thickly leaved trees, dense growths of vines, or small caves, where it remains quietly at rest. The natives capture these owls rather easily by slipping a noose over their heads. On the rare occasions when the birds were flushed, I found their flight swift and entirely noiseless; they se- creted themselves at once in a new cover, where it was difficult to locate them. From IS"ovember to May they are frequently heard calling in early evening—a low, tremulous note like that of a screech owl. Another note, heard when the birds are frightened or excited, is a loud boo boo like that of a burrowing owl, and in fighting they utter a barking call. The small birds of the forest frequently discover the little owl hiding in the leaves and gather with great calling and commotion; the owl is en- tirely passive and remains motionless until they tire and go away. Near Maricao one flew out from a hole in a tree, attracted by the calling of a wing-tipped vireo. The breeding season seems to extend from April to June; At Maricao I found on June 1 a young bird, perhaps a week old, in a hollow in a tree six feet from the ground. The nest was a damp cavity six or eight inches in diameter, with two or three epiphytes growing before the en- trance. At Lares, on June 27, I secured a young individual not quite old enough to leave the nest, and Bowdish, at Mayagiiez, secured young on May 29 and on June 10, 12 and 21, 1901. The last three were birds 432 SaiENTIFIG SURVEY OF PORTO RICO that he had had in captivity since May 16. Gundlach says that the species deposits two eggs. The small bird, about a week old, that I took at Maricao was covered with white down and had down growing on the upper third of the tarsus, as in the adult. The second Juvenal plumage is already showing on the main feather tracts in tMs bird. This second dress is a heavy, downy plumage, grayish white, heavily cross-barred with dusky. It is followed by the adult dress. The species has two dis- tinct color phases: one bright reddish brown and one decidedly duller. Some specimens are heavily mottled on the lower surface, while in others the lower breast and abdomen are white streaked with dusky. The adult is eight or nine inches in length. According to native stories, the little owl is fond of coffee and does much damage to the coffee crop by biting the ripened berries, sucking the juices from the sweet inner skin, and then letting the berry fall. When carefully questioned, most of those making this accusation admitted that no one has ever seen the bird doing this, though occasionally one or an- other insisted that he had witnessed it in the act. The truth of the matter seems to be that the owls are heard calling in the coffee plantations at night, and the next morning the berries are found on the ground; the better informed growers attribute the damage to rats, which are very probably the real culprits. I tested the matter with captive birds, but was unable to get them to touch ripe coffee berries, though they were denied other food for two days at a time. A large green grasshopper or a honey-creeper was, on the other hand, accepted and eaten without hesi- tation. According to Danforth, the experiment has been repeated with the same result by Miss Eosario Brito, of Mayagiiez. The owls were accused, as well, of eating gonduros (Cajanus cajan), a species of legume, but without proof of any kind. In the stomachs of those that I examined I found only animal matter, including large insects, such as Orthoptera (including the changa, or mole cricket), many beetles (of which one bird had eaten eight), cane- weevils, root-borers (Diaprepes), moths, a scorpion, lizards and small birds (a redstart and a Carib grassquit). There was no trace of any vegetable matter and such a diet must be regarded as wholly improbable. The facts in the case are in all likelihood properly represented by a stanza in one of the songs of the gibaros (hill people) that runs as fol- lows: WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 433 "Abre Mucaro los ojos; Otro pS-jaro et engana. Otro espipita el caf6, Y tu trapao en la rama !" Gymna^io nudipes newtani (I>awrence) Newton's Owl Gymnoglauw newtoni Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1860, Vol. VII, p. 259. (St. Croix.) Owl, Knox, Hist. Ace. St Thomas, W. I., 1852, p. 221 (St. Thomas). Scops porto-ricensis, Newton, Ibis, 1860, p. 307 (St. Thomas, specimen). Gymnoglaux nudipes, Newton, Ibis, 1859, pp. 64-66 (St. Croix, specimens) ; Ibis, 1860, p. 307 (St. John, specimens).—Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, pp. 374-375 (St. Thomas, specimens).—Mortensen, Atlanten, 1909, Vol. VI, No. 66, p. 640 (St. Croix). Gpmnasio nudipes, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 100 (St. Thomas, St. John, St. Croix). Gymnasio nudipes newtoni, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1914, Pt. 6, p. 679 (St. Thomas, St. John, St. Croix). St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John ; resident. This eastern form of the bare-legged owl is represented in the U. S. National Museum by two skins from St. Thomas, one taken by A. H. Eiise and the other by Robert Swift. These two differ from ten adults from Porto Eico in being duller and grayer, less rufescent above. Other alleged differences do not hold. The St. Thomas specimens appear simi- lar in size to the bird of Porto Eico. This owl has never been reported in numbers. On St. Croix the Newtons had one young bird from the Great Fountain estate, May 30, 1857, an adult ''a few days after,''^ and a male taken on May 11, 1858, as well as a young bird secured September 1, 1858, from the Estate Allendale. The Newtons were told that the bird was heard calling at the River and Great Fountain estates, but were unable personally to find it. Owls have not been recorded on St. Croix by subsequent collectors and may now be extinct there. On St. Thomas Knox reports an owl as rare. Swift and Eiise both obtained specimens, and the latter brought Alfred N'ewton skins and two eggs from that island, as well as several skins from St. John. One ^*f the latter is said to have been "remarkable for the bright hue of its ] lumage,^^ which suggests that the charaeters supposed to separate new- (oni from typical nudipes may not hold. On Vieques Island, in 1912, Seiior Jose Barton told me that several . '>ars previously he had seen a small owl at close range in the hills at 434: SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO the eastern end of the island. Fo one else knew of owls, so that they must be extremely rare. The record is included under newtoni on basis of probability. Asio portoricensis Ridgway Porto Rican Short-eared Owl, Mficaro Real, Mticaro de Sabana, Mtjcaro de Mel6n, Coruja, Llorona Asio portoricensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, Vol. IV, p. 366. (Porto Rico.) Stria) hrachyotus, Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 18G9, p. 60 (Porto Rico). Brachpotus cassinii, Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 310; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 158, 164; Anales Soc, Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 165 (specimens taken by Blanco and Stahl).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 58, 137 (Porto Rico; 2 specimens) ; Ornis, 1887, p. 450 (Porto Rico). Asio portoricensis, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 468 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 100, 132 (Porto Rico).--Bowdish, Auk, 1902, p. 361 (seen, San Juan Bay).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1914, Pt. 6, p. 668 (Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 67 (Porto Rico. Porto Eico; rare. The Porto Eican short-eared owl is distinguished from the continental species by smaller size^ larger bill and feet, and greater extent of dark- brown color of upper surface. The bird is about fifteen inches in length. The iris is yellow. It has not been common in recent times. Gundlach in the seventies of the last century did not see it except in the form of specimens in the collections of Blanco and Stahl, though the bird was reported to him from Toa Baja, Furnias and Utuado. Bowdish saw this owl near San Juan Bay, February 12, 1900, but did not secure it. In 1912 natives informed me that they saw it at intervals in the grass fields near Eio Piedras, and I' was told of its occurrence at times in the lower foothills above Mameyes, near Salinas, Utuado and Lares. I did not succeed in finding the bird. Near Lares peons said that these owls steal the hats of pedestrians who pass at night and carry them off to serve as nests In the Carnegie Museum is a skin of a young male only recently from the nest, taken at Utuado, May 20, 1912, by W. W. Worthington. Lil-' adults that I have seen, this specimen is very dark on the dorsal surfate. The ear-tuffs are fairly well developed. The latest records for the bird known to me are supplied by Mr. F. *^- Potts, who, under date of May 15, 1921, writes: "In August, 1919, T flushed one in a patch of malojillo grass bordering a cane-field three mi ^ WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 435 south of Jnana Diaz. Also a member of our engineering department has informed me that his men flushed two in a large pasture north of Santa Isabel. The cane guard on the Esperanza estate, two miles west of Aguirre, told me he had shot one and seen others.'^ Under a later date he states that he has seen it near Arroyo and twice between Santa Isabel and Ponce, last on July 5, 1925. More recently still he has for- warded to the National Museum the skin of a female taken near Fortuna, April 8, 1927. This owl rests habitually on the ground in grass or other heavy vege- tation, so that its decrease in numbers is without doubt to be attributed to the mongoose. The U. S. !N'ational Museum has three skins, including the type, and there is one, as noted above, in the Carnegie Museum. There are, in addition, specimens in the Americai. Museum of Natural History and in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. The specimen in the latter insti- tution (received in exchange from the American Museum) is marked "Porto Eico, J. Gundlach,^^ but there is no indication as to how Gundlach secured it. Order CAPEIMULGIFOEMES Suborder CAPEIMULGI Family Caprimulgidae Subfamily Caprimulginae Antrostomus carolinensis (Gmelin) Chuck-will's-widow, Guabairo, Capacho Gaprimulgus carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1789, Vol. I, Ft. 2, p. 1028. (Caro- lina.) Antrostomus carolinensis, Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 172; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 201 (Coamo Springs, Arecibo, speci- mens).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, p. 61 (Porto Rico, migrant).— Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 341 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 105 (Porto Rico).-~Bowdisli, Oologist, 1900, p. 72 (Vieques, specimens); Auk, 1902, p. 365 (Vieques, specimens).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1914, Pt. 6, p. 508 (Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 69 (Porto Rico, specimen; Vieques); Auk, 1916, p. 414 (Vieques). Porto Eico; Vieques; winter visitant, rare. Gundlach informs us that Krug sent him a specimen of chuck-wilFs- 'idow from Coamo Springs, and that he received another from Hjal- 436 ISCIENTIFIG SURVEY OF PORTO RICO marson, taken at Arecibo in February, 1876. Stahl did not possess a specimen and apparently knew of it only through Gundlach^s records. Toward the last of December, 1911, I saw one of these birds in a small second-growth forest above the experiment station at Eio Piedras and on January 11, 1912, Senor Jose T. Monclova, of Eio Piedras^ gave me a fine bird that had been brought in alive by some boys. This proved to be a female. On Vieques Island Bowdish shot two females on Decem- ber 15 and 28, 1899, and reports a number seen. These comprise the only records for the area under consideration. The chuck-wilFs-widow has a loose plumage colored softly with blended brown, black and buff, and is distinguished by its tremendous mouth. It is about eleven, inches in length. The bird is migrant from the United States and is entirely nocturnal; in consequence it is only flushed by chance in the dense growth in which it hides by day. As it rests frequently on the ground, the mongoose must be a serious enemy. Antrostomus noctitherus (Wetmore) Porto Kican Whippoorwill, Guabairo Chico, Guaraiba Setochalcis noctithera Wetmore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, December 31, 1919, Vol. 32, p. 235. (Porto Rico.) Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, pp. 323-324, 1 figure (bones from caves near Morovis). Antrostomus vociferus, Cory, Auk, 1889, p. 279 (Porto Rico, specimen) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 105, 143 (Porto Rico). Antrostomus vociferus vociferus, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1914, Pt. 6, p. 518 (Porto Rico). Porto Eico^ resident; possibly now extinct. While identifying a collection of bones of birds secured by H. E. Anthony, of the American Museum of Natural History, in Porto Kican caves, I came upon several humeri of a whippoorwill of a species distinct from the bird of Forth America. This brought to mind a specimen of whippoorwill collected by Clark P. Streator in Porto Eico and recorded by Cory as Antrostomus vociferus, which had stood for years as the only record of this North American species in the West Indies. On borrowing this specimen from the Field Museum I found that it was in fact my ni) named form, so that I described the species from this skin. The typ«',. and only known skin, a female, differs from the female of Antrostom>J^ V, vociferus (Wilson) in shorter wing, more rufescent, paler marking . heavier black tips on feathers of breast, prominent spots of cartridge bu 1 on breast, and restriction of the light bars on the three outer rectrices. Three humeri and a metacarpal secured by Anthony in Cueva Ch* * WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 437 and Cueva Catedral near Morovis give us the only definite points of oc- currence for the species, since the type skin is merely marked from Porto Rico. In line with the lessened length of wing in noctitherus, the humerus is distinctly shorter than that of vociferus and has characters of form that also serve to distinguish it. The species may still exist in small numhers, for on December 23, 1911, I flushed a small goatsucker that I did not secure in a tract of second-growth forest above the experiment station at Rio Piedras. I was told, too, of a bird that in former times called loudly and continuously by night, but that no one was ever able to see. This bird had not been heard in years. As whippoorwills have a call given regularly during the night hours through the breeding season, it is possible that this night- caller may have been the bird under discussion. The species must have been decimated by the mongoose, since whip- poorwills nest and rest on the ground in dense thickets during the day and are active only at night. Oberholser has separated the whippoorwills from Antrostomus under the generic name Setochalcis. After consideration of the characters now known, I believe that the proposed group has only subgeneric value and here place the Porto Rican whippoorwill in the genus Antrostomus, Subfamily Chordeilinae Chordeiles minor gundlachii Lawrence Cuban Night-hawk, Capacho, Creguete, Querequet^ Chordeiles gundlachii Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, December. 1856, Vol. VI, p. 165. (Cuba.) CapiHmulgus popetue, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (Porto Rico). Chordeiles virginianus, Sundevall, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 600 (Porto Rico, specimen). Chordeiles minor, Gundlach, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 311 (Porto Rico, coll. Hjalmarson and Blanco) ; Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 172-173 (Vega Baja, Dorado, Bayamon, Mayagiiez) ; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 202 (Vega Baja, San Juan).—Stahl, Ornis, 1887, p. 453 (Porto Rico, breeds). Chordeiles virginianus minor, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1914, Pt. 6, p. 576 (Porto Rico).~Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 69-70 (Porto Rico).—Stnithers, Auk, 1923, p. 474 (Cabo Rojo, specimen; Mayagtiez).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 93 (Cartagena Lagoon). Porto Rico, rare. Hjalmarson secured a specimen of a nighthawk near Arecibo, and ^r. Bello had fragments of one from near Mayagiiez. These were ex- 4:38 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO amined by Gundlach, who observed the bird near Vega Baja, Dorado^ Bayamon and San Juan, but does not state that he secured specimens. There is an old skin without data in the U. S. National Museum that represents the subspecies here under discussion. Mr. F. A. Potts, in a letter written August 5, 1923, states that he had- seen nighthawks several times and had recorded sixteen on August 4. He has found the bird from May 26 to August 25. Struthers reports a male taken near the Cabo Eojo lighthouse on August 9, 1921, and one seen August 18, 1921, at Mayagiiez. Danforth has noted single birds jlying at Cartagena Lagoon, May 27, June 7 and 28, 1924. Stahl has re- ported the nighthawk as nesting in Porto Eico, arriving in April and leaving in October. I know of no definite breeding record at this time and am inclined to believe that this nighthawk may be migrant from Cuba, where it nests commonly, but departs in fall for some winter home as yet unknown. These migrants may pass through Porto Eico. The fact that the only two skins I have seen represent respectively the Cuban and Bahaman races renders the allocation of Porto Bican records difficult. They have been included here as a matter of convenience. The nighthawk is easily recognizable; for, though in part crepuscular in habit, it flies regularly by day. It is about nine inches in length, has long wings with a distinct light patch across the primaries, and flies with strong zigzag flight that carries it gracefully across the open fields and pastures. Chordeiles minor vicinus Riley Bahaman Nighthawk Chordeiles virginianus vicimis Riley, Auk, 1903, p. 432. (Long Island, Ba- hama Islands.) Chordeiles minor, Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 66, 146 (Porto Rico, specimen). Porto Eico, migrant; status uncertain. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology there is a mounted nighthawk, a female (No. 29040), taken in Porto Eico by Dr. A. Stahl, but without more definite data; it is supposed to be the female bird that Stahl in hi> work on the fauna of Porto Eico listed as in his collection. This bir'l is in rufescent phase, with preponderance of the paler markings aii'i restriction of the darker ones. It is distinctly lighter than a series ot C. m. gundlachii from Cuba and agrees in color with skins from tl ' Bahama Islands. It measures as follows : wing, 168.5 ; tail, 95.8; culmer. ^yETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 439 5.6 mm. I have identified it as the Bahamaii nighthawk ricinus (in which Mr. 0. Bangs agrees) and consider it a migrant. This race is said to be a summer resident in the Bahama Islands and disappears to an unknown winter home in autumn. Its occurrence in Porto Eico, therefore;, is not to be unexpected. Additional material is needed to establish the status of the two forms of night hawk now recorded from Porto Eico. From the geographic position of the island, the Bahama race should occur regularly in pas- sage in spring and fall. Order MICEOPODIIFOEMES Suborder MICEOPODII Family Micropodidae Subfamily Chaeturinae Nephoecetes niger niger (Gmeliii) Antillean Black Swift, Vencejo, "Golondrina" Hirundo nigra Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1789, Vol. I, Pt. 2, p. 1025. (Santo Do- mingo.) Cypseloides niger, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 105 (Porto Rico). Bowdish, Auk, 1902, p. 366 (Porto Rico, seen). fNephocaetes, Gundlach, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 311 (Porto Rico). Nephocaetes niger, Gundlach, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 172 (Porto Rico, specimen) ; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 200 (Lares, Quebra- dillas, Arecibo, Mayagiiez, Utuado, specimens).—Stalil, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 61, 146 (Porto Rico, specimen). Nephoecetes niger niger, Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 94 (Anegado Lagoon, Filial Amor, Guayanilla, Mayaguez). Nephoecetes niger jamaicensis, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1911, Pt. 5, p. 706 (Porto Rico?)—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 74- 75 (Rio Piedras, Lares; Yabucoa, specimen).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 475 (Gu^nica, Mayaguez, Cartagena Lagoon). Porto Rico; tolerably common. The black swift is one of the resident birds of Porto Eico that is seen only under favorable circumstances. Gundlach observed individuals at Lares, Quebradillas, Arecibo and Mayagiiez, and finally at Utuado en- countered them under such conditions that he was able to collect both adults and young. Bowdish saw them but did not secure skins. On December 16, 1911, I observed one flying over an open field near the experiment station at Rio Piedras. On May 4, 1912, two circled high above the ground over open pastures near Yabucoa/ moving swiftly in 440 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO great circles. By a fortunate shot I secured one ^ the second, after dash- ing past its falling companion twice, disappeared. Single individuals were seen near Lares, June 21, 22 and 26. Mr. F. A. Potts has written me of several encounters with this hird. On April 20, 1919, while he was standing on the bald rock at the summit of El Yunque, five or six were observed flying above the peak. Others were noted that autumn near the Coamo Eiver west of Santa Isabel. On June 8, 1920, Potts saw one near San German, and July 8, 1921, five; July 15 he recorded thirteen near Santa Isabel. He reports the bird common in summer from Guanica to Santa Isabel and has seen one hundred in a flock. S. T. Danforth has noted it as follows: Mayagliez, March 31 to July 28; Filial Amor, May 16; Guayanilla, June 28, and Anegado La- goon, March 29. There is a female in the Carnegie Museum, taken at Utuado, May 17, 1912, by W. W. Worthington. Whether the species is resident or not is still open to question, though my record for December would indicate that some individuals remain for the winter. Other notes now available pertain to the period from the end of March to autumn, so far as they are accompanied by dates. The black swift, though of swallow-like appearance, may be told by its swifter flight and more rapid wing-motion. It is sooty black in color with grayish white markings in front of the eye. Griscom^^ has concluded that the black swifts of the Antilles all be- long to one subspecies, a statement in which I agree after comparison of available material. The female that I secured at Yabucoa resembles others seen from Haiti and Jamaica. It is a fully adult bird, with light edgings on the feathers of the abdomen and with only the faintest in- dication of them on the under tail coverts. Measurements of this speci- men are as follows : wing, 145.3 mm. ; tail, 54.4 mm. ; culmen from base, 6.5 mm.; tarsus, 11.8 mm. The black swift has not been reported as yet from the Virgin Islands. Suborder TEOCHILI Family Trochilidae Subfamily Trochilinae Orthorhyneus exilis exilis (Gmelin) Gilt-crested Hummingbircl, Doctor-Bird, Zumbador Trochilus ewilis Gmelin, Syst, Nat, 1788, Vol. I, Pt. 1, p. 484. (•Gujaiia" ^8Auk, 1924, p. 71. WETMORFl BIRD^ OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDU^ 44I St. Kitts.*^)--Sunde\all, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Fiirh., 18G9, p. 600. (St. Bartholomew.) Bellona exilis, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 357 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Croix) ; Auk, 1889, p. 218 (Porto kico, St. Thomas, St. Croix) ; Auk, 1890, pp. 374, 375 (Anegada, Virgin Gorda, specimens) ; Auk, 1891, p. 48 (St. Croix, specimen) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 107 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, St. Croix ) .—Mortensen, Atlanteu, 1909, Vol. VI, No. 66, p. 644 (St. Croix). Orthorhynchus exilis, Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 141 (St. Croix, St. Thomas; speci- mens).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, p. 182; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 224 (specimen in Hjal- marson collection from St. Bartholomew). Orthorhyncus exilis exilis Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1911, Pt. 5, pp. 659-660 (Virgin Gorda, Anegada, St. Croix, St. Thomas). Microlyssa exilis exilis, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 70 (Vieques, Culebra, Porto Rico?) ; Auk, 1916, p, 414 (Vieques, specimens; Porto Rico?) ; Auk, 1917, pp. 59-60 (Culebra, specimen). Porto Eico (?), Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, probably resident. This beautiful hummer was the first bird that came to my hand when I began the collection of specimens on Vieques Island, March 18, 1912. It was fairly common in suitable localities and was found at blossoms of the muiieco, the cultivated legume known as gonduro (Cajanus cajan) and an acacia known as rallo {Vachellia farnesiana). The birds were sprightly and active and made a loud humming in flight, but otherwise were silent. Among other hummers they were distinguished by their small size. Specimens were taken March 18, 19, 23 and 29. Mr. B. S. Bowdish and Dr. C. W. Richmond both had collected on Vieques previous to my visit, but at an earlier time in the year. N^either reported this hummer, which indicates perhaps that it is migrant here. However, such tiny birds may be overlooked except when conspicuous food plants bring them to oner's attention, and the species may, therefore, have evaded their observation. On Culebra Island I shot a female among mangroves and thought at times that I saw others, but was never certain of their identity. There are four skins from St. Thomas in the collections of the tJ. S. National Museum, and the Newtons record skins from this island. Specimens from this source are noted also in the Catalogue of Birds of tbe British Museum (1892, Vol. XVI, p. 355). Edward Newton shot a female at Southgate Farm, on the north shore ''Designated by Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist, Zotil. ser., 1918, Vol. XIII, Pt. 2, No. 1, l>. 305. 442 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO of the eastern end of St. Croix, June 8, 1858, and saw another here as well as one at Salt Eiver. Cory also obtained a specimen from this island and additional skins from Anegada and Virgin Gorda. One of his skins from Anegada, taken by Cyrns S. Winch on December 26, 1899, is in the F. S. N'ational Museum. Occurrence of the species on Porto Eico proper is somewhat uncertain* The various records cited for that island seem to refer to the account of Sundevall, whose complete statement in his report of Hjalmarson's col> lection is as follows (from reference cited above) : 41. Trochilus (Orthorhynchus) exilia Gould;—Taylor 1. c—Frequens ; 3 speei- mina, d ? allata. Conf. supra, aves ex S:t Barthelemy. 42. Trochilus (Lampornis) holosericeus L.—Plures, $ $, simlllimi illis ex S:t Barthelemy. (A. cl. Taylor in Martinque et Dominica, non in Portorico inventus.) In his introduction Sundevall mentions specimens received through Dr. Goes from St. Bartholomew and lists these in the report. It is evi- dent from his statements that he indicates this species and holosericeus from St. Bartholomew and not from Porto Eico. Two of the skins ex- amined by Sundevall are in the U. S. N'ational Museum; both marked as from HJalmarson, one given as from St. Bartholomew and the other (U. S. ]Sr. M. No. 14913) as from Porto Eico. It is on this last specimen that Porto Eican records are based. I consider the locality marked on it as erroneous. Grundlach^^ has the following comment on this matter : "En mi segundo viaje a Puerto-Rico en 1875-76 volvl a ver con atencion el ejemplar de la coleccion de HJalmarson en Arecibo, y encontre que tenia una tarjeta con la palabra Saint Bartholome, escrita por otra persona y no por HJalmarson, quien preguntado por ml de nuevo, me dijo que no se acordaba si ^1 habia tenido ejemplares muertos en la isla de Puerto-Rico, 6 si los ejem- plares vistos por Sundevall habian provenido de la isla de Saint-Bartholome n otra, y habian dado, como enviados por el, motivo a creerlos puerto-riqueiios. Asi aunque la lista de Sundevall diga frecuentemente tres ejemplares ^ y 9 • y aunque cite a Taylor, hemos creido deber suprimir esta especie del cat^lago puerto-riqueno, porque m^s vale no mencionar una especie como habitant (^ que poner una que no lo es.'^ On the other hand, Mr. P. A. Potts informs me that he saw one of these humming birds, January 11, 1924, southwest of Ponce. "Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 225. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 443 [Archilochus eolubris (Linnaeus) Ruby-throated Hummingbird Trochilus coluhris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, Vol. I, p. 120. (Carolina to New England.)—Gundlaeh, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. ftir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 180; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 221 (pic- tured in album of Blanco).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 353 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 107 (Porto Rico). Archilochis coluhns, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 70 (Porto Rico, hypothetical). Gundlaeh included the ruby-throated hummingbird, a species that breeds in eastern North America and migrates south in winter, in his list of Porto Rican birds on the basis of a drawing seen in the album of Blanco. There is no other record and the species is considered of too doubtful occurrence to be included on this evidence. It is casual on the north coast of Cuba and is reported from Bermuda and the Bahamas, but is onl}' found regularly in winter from Florida, Louisiana and Texas south through Mexico to Panama.] Chlorostilbon maugaeus (Audebert arid Yieillot) Porto Rican Emerald, Fork-tailed Hummingbird, Zumbador, Zumzum, Colibri, Zumbadorcito Trochilus mmigaeus Audebert and Vieillot, Ois. Dor., 1801, Vol. I, pp. 71-79, 80, 93, Pis. 37, 38. (Porto Rico.) Fork-tailed Humming Bird, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 52 (Mayagiiez). Chlorestes gertrudis Gundlaeh, Journ. flir Ornith., 1874, pp. 312, 315. De- scribed as new from Porto Rico.) Trochilus jnatigaei, Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (Porto Rico).—Sundevall, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 600 (listed). Sporadinus maugei, Gundlaeh, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. ftir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 182-183 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 359 (Porto Rico) ; Auk, 1892, p. 229 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. West Jndian Birds, 1892, pp. 107, 132 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Auk, 1902, p. 366 (Mayagiiez, Las Marias). Chlorolampis maugaeus, Gundlaeh, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 225 (Porto Rico).— Stahl, Fauji. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 61, 145 (Porto Rico, specimen). Chlorostilhon maugaei, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1911, Pt. 5, p. 550 (Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 70-71 (Porto Rico).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 475 (Maricao, nesting).—Dan- forth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 94-95 (Cartagena Lagoon, Mayagiiez). 444 .SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Porto Rico; resident, fairly common, particularly in the coffee planta- tions and forested hills of the interior. During 1912 I recorded it as follows: Manati, July 7 to 11; Salinas, April 30 (specimen) ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22 (specimen) ; Yauco, May 16 to 28 (specimens) ; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31 (specimen) ; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 (specimens) ; Lares, June 18 to July 1 (specimens) ; Utuado, August 3 to 9 (specimens) ; AdJuntas, August 10 to 16 (specimens) ; Ciales, July 12 to 18 (specimen) ; Aibonito, January 26 to .February 5 (specimens) ; Hacienda Catalina, March 4 and 6 (specimens), and at 2500 feet altitude on El Yunque, March 8. This hummer is most abundant on the western end of the island beyond Aibonito. It was observed in the coastal region on the north side of the island only at Manati, but on the south side was recorded from Salinas, Juana Diaz, Yauco and Cabo Eojo. There are specimens in the U. S. Rational Museum from Mayagiiez and Ponce. On the eastern portion of the island I found the birds only on El Yunque, where they occurred sparingly up to 2500 feet elevation. The fork-tailed hummer prefers deep shade, and is usually found only where there is forest growth, though on shaded slopes high in the mountains it was sometimes seen feeding in the open among low bushes. The shade of coffee plantations 'is grateful to these birds, and here they use low perches, only going higher on cool, damg mornings to rest on dead limbs in the sun. Many times the humming of their wings was heard when the birds themselves could not be located in the dense shadows. They are very pugnacious and pursue one another with sharp, squeaking notes. The breeding season begins apparently the first of February, and full- grown young were common near Lares in June. Struthers reports a nest containing two eggs at Maricao, March 23, 1921. The adults molt in May and June and regain the full plumage by August 1. These birds were frequently observed working rapidly over and under the limbs of trees and about the leaves and twigs of the coffee, as well as feeding at flowers. Their food consists of tiny insects and , spiders. The species is easily recognized as the smallest of the humming bird? found on Porto Eico proper. The male is shining green throughout, with bluish tail and black wings. The female is light green above and whitish below. The two long outer tail feathers in the male are very loosely affixed and are easily lost. In the male the base of the mandibl* is flesh color and the rest of the bill black. In females the bill I- WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 445 entirely black. In the young males the flesh-colored base of |;he mandible is less sharply defined anteriorly than it is in the adults. ^ Simon^^ includes the Porto Eican species with C. gibsoni of Colombia in a genus Clilorolampis, distinct from Chlorostilbon. I see no justifica- tion for this action. Sericotes holosericeus holoserieeus (Linnaeus) Green Carib, Blue-breasted Hummingbird, Doctor-Bird, Zumbador Trochilus holosericeus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, Vol. I, p. 120. (Amer- ica.) Lampornis holosericeus, Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 312 ; Journ. flir Ornith., 1878, p. 160; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 224 (Manatf and Vega Baja ; specimens taken by Hjalmarson).— Stalil, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, p. 61 (listed on statement of Hjalmarson). Eulampis chlorolaemus, Newton, Ibis, 1859, pp. 138-141 (St. Croix). Enlampis holosericeus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1800, p. 377 (St. Thomas).—Cory, Auk, 1890, pp. 374, 375 (Anegada, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, specimens) ; Auk, 1891, p. 48 (St. Croix, specimen) ; Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 106 (St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, St. Croix).—Hartert, Nov. ZooL, 1902, Vol. IX, p. 276 (St. Thomas, specimen).—NicoU, Ibis, 1904, p. 576 (St. Croix, St. Thomas, specimen). . Sericotes holosericeus, Mortensen, Atlanten, 1909, Vol. VI, No. 66, p. 644 ( St. Croix). Sericotes holosericeus holosericeus, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1911, Pt. 5, p. 475 (St. Croix, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, Tortola, St. John, St. Thomas, Culebra).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 71-72 (Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, Porto Rico) ; Auk, 1916, pp. 414-415 (Vieques, specimens) ; Auk, 1917, pp. 55, 60 (Culebra, Culebrita).—Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zo()l. Ser., 1918, Vol. XIII, Pt. 2, No. 1, pp. 227-228 (Virgin Gorda, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Anegada, specimens). Porto Eico^ found near Fajardo, possibly elsewhere; Vieques, Culebra, ('ulebrita, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, supposed to be resident. In the Carnegie Museum there are three males taken at Fajardo, Porto Kico, on February 19, 24 and 26, 1912, by W. W. Worthington. Gund- lach informs us that in 1873 he examined two skins in the collection of Hjalmarson which the latter informed him had been taken by friends near Manati and Vega Baja. There is territory favorable to the species on the east and south coasts, but its distribution and occurrence in Porto Rico at present are uacertain. ^^ Hist. Nat. Troch., 1921, p. 64. 446 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO On Vieques Island^ from March 15 to April 3^ I found this hiimnier common and collected a series of seven specimens (March 18 and 23). The species had not been observed here previous to my visits and at one time I thought that it might possibly be migrant, but now believe it resident. The birds were seen in forested areas, where they sought shade during the middle of the day, and were most active when the sun was low. They are large and fly swiftly, but seem less adroit on the wing than some other hummers, as they perch frequently while feeding at flowers instead of poising constantly in air. The flowers of the gonduro, a cultivated legume, were especially attractive. Always after a short period of feeding they stop to rest on some twig for a few minutes. Females taken March 23 were feeding young. The species was first collected on Culebra Island on February 9 and 12, 1899, by A. B. Baker, of the Fish Eawk. From April 5 to 21, 1912, I found it common and secured a series of fifteen skins from April 6 to 20. One was taken on Culebrita, April 15. The birds were common everyw^here about tree growth, but were especially abundant in the man- groves bordering the bays and lagoons. They were sprightly and active and came frequently, with apparent curiosity, to watch me close at hand. By April 10 I observed them nest-building in the mangroves and the breeding season was well under way at the time of my departure. As the birds visited their nests without fear, it was a simple matter to find them. On several occasions I was astonished to observe a female going directly to its home within a few feet of my head. The material used for nests was mainly a soft, cottony down from a species of cactus, while the exterior was covered with lichens. Nests were placed on small limbs from ten to thirty feet above the gl:ound. One collected on April 19 contained two heavily incubated white eggs. Others seen at the same time were still empty. Intruding honey-creepers and warblers were driven away through the tree tops with a loud rattle of wings that I heard on many occasions, but always without being able to determine definitely how it was made. The common note was a sharp chewpJ and in ordinary flight the wings made a loud buzzing. The birds were seen flying across from the main island to Louis Pena. The Newtons record this species as the only common hummer on St. Oroix, and found it breeding from the end oJ March to the first of June the nests were placed from five to fifteen feet above the ground and contained two white eggs. Cory received two specimens from St. Croix in 1891, and M. J. Nicoll has reported it as common and the only hum- WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 447 mer seen from February 19 to 21^ 1904. There is a male in the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology taken by G. K. Noble, June 19, 1914. The Newtons report the bird as common on St. Thomas, and Cassin received numerous specimens from there taken by Eobert Swift. The IT. S. National Museum has two from this collector and two remaining from a series of sixteen received from the dealer and taxidermist, John Akhurst (catalogued March 5, 1863). One of these is a young bird just fledged, perhaps taken from the nest, as the tail is less than half an iucli long. It shows no trace as yet of the blue breast spot. Hartert collected a bird of this species near Charlotte Amalie in May, 1892, and Nicoll secured it from February 21 to 24, 1904. Cory records one from St. Thomas in the Field Museum. Dr. Lund reported this species to the Newtons from St. John, and in the U. S. National Museum there are two skins from that island taken by F. A. Ober. Winch forwarded specimens to Cory from Anegada, Tortola and Vir- gin Gorda. The species is -somewhat more than four inches in length, with a long, slightly curved, black bill. It is green, with the tail and a spot on the breast metallic blue. Anthracothorax viridis (Audebert and Vieillot) Green Mango, Zumbador Verde, Zumbador Trochilus viridis Audebert and Vieillot, Ois. Dor., 1801, Vol. I, p. 34, Fl. 15 ("lies de FAmerique Septentrionale''==Porto Rico''*').—Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (listed).—Sundevall, Gfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 600 (Porto Rico). Lampornis viridis, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 169 (Porto Rico).—Gundlach, Journ. fUr Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, p. 160; Anales See. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 222 (Porto Rico).—Stalil, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 61, 145 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 349 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 106, 132 (Porto Rico). Anthracothorax viridis, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mas. Bull. 50, 1011, Pt. 5, p. 472 (Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric.Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 72-73 (Porto Rico).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 475 (Mayagtiez and coastal re- gion).-—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 95 (Cartagena Lagoon). Porto Eico; resident^ common in the interior hills and mountains. The green mango is confined to Porto Eico, where it occurs mainly ^" The description is based on a bird taken by Mauge, which must have come from J'orto Rico. 448 SCIENTIFIC SUlt\EY OF PORTO RICO inland in coffee plantations and forests, living either in the densest growth or at the borders of the woods. During my personal field work in 1911-1912 it was found at Rio Piedras, December 16 to January 4 (male taken December 18) ; Mameyes^ February 9; Mayagiiez, June 6; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 (specimen, June 1) ; Lares, June 18 to July 1 (specimens June 28 and 29); Utuado, August 3 to 9 (specimens August 6 and 8) ; Adjuntas, August 10 to 16 (specimens August 13 and 14) ; Aibonito, January 26 to F-ebruary 5 (specimens January 26 and 29 and February 3) ; Cayey, January 15 to 25 (specimens January 16, 18 and 23), and Caguas, January 5 to 14. There is one skin in the U. S. National Museum from Mayagiiez taken on June 16, 1901, by B. S. Bowdish. The bird was common in the higher hills from Maricao and Lares to Aibonito, but was found in moderate numbers elsewhere. On the coast it was noted only once, near Mameyes, though a few were seen at Eio Piedras. In dry areas it was entirely absent, none being observed along the semi-arid south side of the island, nor in the region between Aguadilla and Camuy. The species is characterized by large size (length, four and one-half inches) and a plumage of shining green, with steel-blue tail, faintly tip- ped with white, black bill and blackish primaries. Male, female and young are alike in color. Even a nestling, a male, barely fledged, taken by Dr. Richmond at Adjuntas, April 14, 1900, has the plumage as in the adult. These birds were active, pugnacious and alert, and pursued one another or other hummers about flowering plants or through the aisles of the forest with dash and vigor, the light reflecting from their brilliantly metallic plumage as they flew rapidly about. When the shrubbery was wet, I noted that they remained inactive until the sun was high in the sky. The emajagua hedges (Paritium tiliaceum), with their large yellow flowers, were favorite hunting grounds for these birds, as were the flowers of various trumpet creepers {Ipomea). They were observed many tinus working over the trunks and large limbs of trees, apparently gleanini^ small insects from the crevices of the bark, and when little clouds of gnats were gathered high in the air above the tree tops, these lane hummers poised with rapidly vibrating wings, changing to one side or the other, or whirling completely around with the greatest celerity wliif* picking up the minute insects. When tired, they came down to sha<l mI perches, rested for a short time and then flew up again to continue tli' ir feeding. Peons working in the tobacco fields at Caguas accused them "t WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 449 eating tobacco seed, but this hardly seems probable, as from stomach examinations I found that their food is entirely animal. Their usual call is a sharp squeak, but at times I heard them utter series of low twittering notes that might be called a song. Gundlach reports fresh eggs in October. Personally I noted them gathering nesting material in December and February, and on February 3 saw one settle on a nest forty feet from the ground in a tall, slender tree in a coffee plantation. The bird was busy arranging the lining in her home and I assumed that no eggs had yet been laid. The food consists of small Homoptera, flies and spiders, and it is my opinion that though the birds feed at flowers, they are attracted more by the small insects that gather there than by the nectar of the blossoms. These birds seem to form the indigestible, chitinous covering of their animal food into pellets, which are ejected from the mouth after the nutriment has been extracted. Several of these, ready to be expelled, were found in stomachs that I examined, where they were compressed into a compact mass two millimeters long by one in width. Anthraeothorax aurulentus (Audebeit and Vieillot) Porto Rican Mango, Doctor-Bird, Zumbador Dorado, Zumbador, Zumzum, Colibri Trochilus aurulentus Audebert and Vieillot, Ois. Dor., 1801, Vol. I, pp. 29, 31, Pis. 12, 13. (Porto Rico.) Trochilus margaritaceus, Ledru, Voy. lies Ten^riffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 206 (listed). Trochilus am-ulentus, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 1836, p. 386 (listed). Trochilus melanogaster, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 350 (Porto Rico).— Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (listed).—Sundevall, <3fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.- Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 600 (Porto Rico, common). Trochilus viridis var. aurulentus, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 350 (listed). Lampornis ellioti Cory, Auk, 3890, p. 374. (Immature, described as new from Anegada.) Lampornis dominicus, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 348 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas?) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 106 (Porto Rico?). Lampornis aurulentus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 377 (St. Thomas, specimens).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. ftir Ornith., 1878, p. 160; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 223 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 61, 145 (Porto Rico, specimens). Lampornis virginalis, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 106 (Porto Rico, Anegada, St. Thomas?)—Bowdish, Auk, 1902, p. 366 (Porto Rico, habits).—Mortensen,.Atlanten, 1909, Vol. VI, No. 66, p. 644 (St. Croix). J^am/pomis dominica intermedia Simon, Hist. Nat. Troch., 1921, pp. 39, 274. (Described as a new form from Porto Rico.) 450 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Lampornis dominica aurulenta, Simon, Hist. Nat. Troch., 1921, pp. 40, 274 (Porto Rico, Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, Culebra, St, John, Anegada). Lampornis viridisf Mortensen, Atlanten, 1909, Vol. VI, No. 66, p. 644 (St Croix). Anthracothorax aurulentus, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1911, Pt. 5, p. 471 (Porto Rico, Culebra, St. Thomas, St. John, Anegada).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 73-74 (Porto Rico, Vieques, Cule- bra) ; Auk, 1916, p. 415 (Vieques); Auk, 1917, p. 60 (Culebra).—Corj Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 1918, Vol. XIII, Pt. 2, No. 1, pp. 224-225 (Porto Rico, Anegada, St. Thomas, specimens).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 475 (Boquer6n, Maricao).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 95-96 (Cartagena, Anegada, Guanica Lagoons, Boqueron, Mayagiiez) . Porto Eico^ Vieques^ Culebra^ St. Thomas, St. John, Anegada; resi- dent. In Porto Eico the species is common in open localities. During my field work I recorded it from Quebradillas, July 2 to 6 (specimen) ; Manati, July 7 to 11 (specimen) ; Bayamon, July 20 to 25 (specimen) ; Martin Pena, January 2 (specimen) ; Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (speci- mens) ; Humacao, September 3 to 9; Patillas, May 12 to 14; Maunabo, May 11; Salinas, April 26 to May 2 (specimens) ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22 (specimens); Yauco, May 16 to 28; Guanica, May 20 (speci- men) ; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31 (specimens) ; Aguadilla, June 9 to 12; Lares, June 25; Comerio, July 26 to 31; Ciales, July 12 to 18 (specimens) ; Aibonito, January 26 and 31 (specimen) ; and Cayey, January 15 to 25. There are specimens in the U. S. JSTational Museum from Anasco, January 21, 1899; Hucares, February 13, 1899; Arroyo, April 2, 1899; and Cataiio, February 13, 1900. Struthers found the birds at Boqueron and Maricao. This is the common hummer of the coast region and, though a few are found in the mountains, as near Cayey and Aibonito, they are not common in high altitudes, and are seldom or never seen in dense forests. They are thus complementary in ecological association to A. viridis. The large flowers of the emajagua (Paritium tiliaceum), which grew in hedges through the pastures, attracted them, and they spent nuicl! time in trees in gleaning over the bark, searching the trunks and twig^ for food. One taken in a grape-fruit grove near Manati had the throat filled with ants. The birds were active and pugnacious and were con- tinually chasing one another, or even driving away the honey-creep<'!'- that were feeding in the same locality. In some places they fed at tb< same plants as A. viridis. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS ^51 Bowdish reports a nest containing two half-grown young near Agua- clilla^ July 21^ 1900, placed on a small limb ten feet from the ground. I shot breeding birds at Salinas, April 30, and at Cabo Eojo, August 27. A fully grown young bird was taken at Ciales, July 13, and at Cabo Rojo grown young were common at the end of August. It is probable that the majority nest in May and June. They utter sharp chipping notes, and Bowdish reports hearing them give a trilling song. On Vieques Island the present species was the most abundant hunnner from March 16 to April 3, 1912, and, in view of this fact, it is strange that it was not reported previous to my visit. The flowers of the molinillo (Leonotis) were attractive to it, though this plant seemed to be seldom visited by other hummers. Specimens were taken on March 18 and 19. Young at this season were fully grown. On Culebra Island the first specimen of this hummer was taken Feb- ruary 11, 1899, by J. D. Milligan. From April 5 to 21, 1912, I found them far from common, but secured specimens on April 6, 10 and 19. The few seen were found in brush-grown pastures. A male taken on April 10 had the sexual organs enlarged, indicating approach of the breeding season. ' Swift forwarded skins from St. Thomas to Cassin, and there are four old skins from this island in the U. S. National Museum received from Swift and Akhurst. A female (U. S. N. M. 81038) was taken on St. John by F. A. Ober. Cory had four speijimens from Anegada, and in 1890 gave these a new name under the impression that they were different from skins from Porto Rico, in which, however, he was mis- taken. The bird has not been recorded from St. Croix ; Mortensen's note of it* must refer to the other islands. The different plumages of this hummer have caused considerable confusion. The adult male has the back, throat and sides green, the breast black with a bluish sheen, the abdomen and under tail-coverts grayish brown and the tibia white. In the immature male there is a large irregular spot of green in the center of the throat, an indication of black on the breast, and the rest of the underparts are mingled gray and white. Adult and immature females are plain grayish white below. The females have been mistaken by many for the female of virldis, which, however, is green like the male. Simon has indicated A. aurulentus as a subspecies of A. dommicus of the adjacent island of Haiti. Females in the two are closely similar except that the Haitian bird is decidedly larger, while males of domin- ^cus, in addition to being larger, are more extensively black below. The 452 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO differences are so decided that there is no reason for not considering dominiciis and aurulentus as distinct species. Simon further has named a form from Porto Eico as ''Lampornis dominica intermedia/' which, however, refers only to highly colored males and must be considered a synonym of aurulentus. This hummer feeds mainly on Homoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera of small or minute size, and occasionally on beetles and spiders. Order CORACIIFOEMES Suborder ALCEDINES Superfamily ALCEDINIDES Family Alcedinidab Subfamily Cerylinae Streptoceryle alcyon alcyon (L|nnaeiis) Belted Kingfisher, Martin Pescador, Pajaro del Rey, Pitirre de Mangle, Matraea, Fraile Miguelete Alcedo alcyon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, Vol. I, p. 115. (North America, ) Kingfisher, Knox, Hist. Ace. St. Thomas, W. I., 1852, p. 221 (St. Thomas). Belted Kingfisher, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, pp. 10, 177 (western Porto Rico). Alcedo alcyon, Ledru, Voy. lies Teneriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto Rieco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 206 (listed).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 255 (Porto Rico) .—Sundevall, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 6(X) (Porto Rico, specimens). Ceryle alcyon, Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 67 (St. Qroix).—Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (Porto Rico).--Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Joiirn. fur Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 180; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 218 (Porto Rico; specimens).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60-61, 145 (Porto Rico; specimens); Ornis, 1887, p. 452 (Porto Rico).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 103 (Mona, Porto Rico, St. Croix).— Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 72 (Vieques; specimens); Auk, 1902, p. 365 (Porto Rico; specimen).—Mortensen, Atlanten, 1909, Vol. VI, No. 66, pp. 646-647 (St. Croix). Ceryle alcyon alcyon, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 66-67 (Porto Rico, Culebra; specimens); Auk, 1916, pp. 413-414 (Vieques; specimen); Auk, 1917, pp. 55, 59 (Culebra, Culebrita).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 475 (Mona, Porto Rico). Streptoceryle alcyon, Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 92 (western Porto Rico). Mona^ Porto Eico, Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, St. Thomas, St. Croix : winter visitant. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 453 The kingfisher is a common winter resident in the vicinity of the coast^ where it is fonnd at the borders of lagoons and bays and along the lower conrses of the large rivers. I observed it at Kio Piedras, December 19 and 22, 1911; Mameyes, February 9 to 29, 1912 (speci- mens taken February 10 and 24) ; and near Caguas, January 10. The species is of somewhat casual occurrence inland, as my only record was along the Eio Caguitos near Caguas, as just stated. Dr. Richmond reported a bird seen by Dr. Stejneger between Utuado and Adjuntas, April 3, 1900, and recorded the kingfisher near Arecibo, April 12. Apparently the bird at times follows the larger streams back among the hills. Struthers reports that the kingfisher arrived in fall on September 23, 1921, and that he saw the last in spring on May 21, 1921. Danforth has noted them from October 14, 1921, to April 11, 1922. Bowdish found one at Aguadilla, October 7, 1900. All of these records pertain to western Porto Rico. Mr. P. A. Potts writes me that near the Central x4Lguirre he has seen them from October 5 to April 14. In my own experience the birds occurred singly and were wild and difficult to approach. They were found most frequently at the border of mangrove swamps. Cory has reported the kingfisher on Mona, and Struthers noted two seen there on July 16, 1921, an unusually early date. • On Vieques Bowdish reports them on December 10 and 12, 1899. I saw them there occasionally from March 16 to April 3, 1912, and shot a male on March 30. They were noted in scattered trees along the beach and about partly dry lagoons. On Culebra Island I saw king- fishers occasionally from April 5 to 21, 1912, along bays and lagoons, and at times in the mangrove swamps. I noted one on Culebrita Island, April 15, and Seiior Guillermo Morris, lighthouse-keeper there, informed me that he saw them now and then through the summer. From St. Thomas the kingfisher has been reported by Knox and Cassin. In the IL S. National Museum there are two skins from this island, one taken by Robert Swift and the other by F. A. Ober. The Newtons record th? kingfisher as a winter visitant on St. Croix, leaving late in April. Superfamily TODI Family Todidae Todus mexicanus Lesson I 'orto Ricaii Tody, San Pedrito, Medio Peso, Papagayo, Barrancolino, Verdadon 'lodus mexicanus Lesson, Ann. Sci. Nat., 2nd ser., 1838, Vol. IX, p. 367 (Vera Cruz and Tampico, Mexieo=Porto Rico.) 454 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Todier, Ledru, Voy. lies Teneriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix el Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 39 (St. Thomas?). Porto Rican Tody, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, p. 10 (Porto Rico) ; Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagiiez) ; Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Todus mridis, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 3836, p. 378 (Porto Rico). Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (listed). Todus poi^toricensis Lesson, Ann. Sci. Nat., 2nd ser., 1838, Vol. IX, p. 167. (Porto Rico.)—Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (listed). Todus hypochondriacus Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 250. (Described from Porto Rico.)—Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 598 (Porto Rico).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 312 ; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 180 ; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 219 (Porto Rico).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 61, 145 (Porto Rico).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 371 (Porto Rico); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 103, 132 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Auk, 1902, p. 364 (Porto Rico).—Hartert, Nov. ZooL, 1902, Vol. IX, p. 279 (Ponce). Todus mewicanus, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 64-66 (Porto Rico).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1914, Pt. 6, p. 449 (Porto Rico).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 474 (Porto Rico).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 91-92 (Porto Rico, habits). Porto Kico; common through the interior of the island and found in small numbers on the coastal plain where there is suitable cover. In 1911 and 1912 I recorded the tody (PL LXIII) from Quebradillas, July 2 io 6 (specimens) ; Manati^ July 7 to 11; Bayamon, July 20 to 25; Toa Alta, August 2; Eio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4^ 1912 (specimen) ; Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (specimen) ; Yabucoa, May 10 (specimen) ; Maunabo, May 11 (specimen) ; Salinas, April 26 to May 2 (specimen) ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22 (specimens) ; Yauco, May 16 to 28 (specimens) ; Guanica, May 20 (specimen) ; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31; Mayagiiez, June 6-; Aguadilla, June 9 to 10; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 (specimens) ; Adjuntas, August 10 to 16 (specimens) Ciales, July 12 to 18 (specimens) ; Comerio, July 26 to 31 (specimen) Aibonito, January 26 to February 5 (specimens) ; Caguas, January >') to 14 (specimens), and Hacienda Catalina, March 2 to 11 (specimens). If there be gnomes and elves in our world of birds, among them are the tiny todies, whose long, spadelike bills, light eyes, brilliant pluma.iit' and peculiar mannerisms make them the dwarfs and hobgoblins of tbc West Indian forests. Though brilliantly colored, they are inconspicuous, for their green. backs blend with the perennial green of the leaves aini<^ which they are found, and even the brilliant red of the throat may 1'^ mistaken for some highly colored berry. Their acquaintance is one '^^ the greatest pleasures that comes to a foreign ornithologist traveling i^' their haunts. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 455 The Porto Rican tody frequents dense forest, either primitive or second growth, or the brush-covered banks of streams. It is not re- stricted to the luxuriant growth of regions of lieavy rainfall, being com- ^ mon also in some localities on the arid southern side of the island, where it inhabits areas of open scrub along dry washes in the low hills. The species is one of the few birds that I found in any number in the gloomy, dripping rain-forest that clothes the higher slopes of the great mountain El Yunque. Mangrove swamps are not attractive to these birds, and in general todies are in greatest abundance in the lulls and uplands above the level coastal plain. The tody sits quietly on some low twig, resting with bill })ointing up at an angle of forty-five degrees, but it is an active flycatcher, as it flies out to capture insects with a loud snap of the bill, or flutters aboxit , the tips of twigs to pick its prey from the underside of leaves. The birds are trustful and have little fear. In fact, during a sudden down- pour of rain, I have had them come confidently to share with me the shelter of the broad leaves of a banana plant, when they rested at ease almost within reach of my hand. As they are so small and remain often quiet on their perches, it frequently happens that comparatively few are seen, and it is only on a warm morning following a day or night of fog and rain that they come into the more open trees above the brush, and one gains a true idea of their numbers. The ordinary note of the tody is a harsh pree or prce-aJi, a sound uttered in a loud tone, entirely out of proportion to the size of the bird. In calling, it raises itself to the full length of its legs, points the bill up as the note is given, and then sinks back to its normal attitude. At irregular intervals the todies fly out with a loud whirring rattle of the wings—a sound that apparently is made by the attenuate outer primary and is under the control of the bird, for in normal flight it is not heard. This strange rattle is made by both sexes mainly during the breeding season, from January to June. One does not appreciate fully the systematic position of the tody, not far from the kingfisher family, until one comes to consideratitni of its nesting. Todies in Porto Rico are said to begin breeding the first week in March, and birds taken then showed earth stains on the plumage. The eggs, however, do not appear to be deposited until May or June, and I found young birds, recently from the nest, common in July. I saw my first nest of this species near Yauco on May 24. A tody flew out from the face of a cut bank in a dry pasture, and on examination the entrance of a nest tunnel was found, a hole about one and one-quarter 456 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO inches in diameter, showing the double path of an occupied home. The tunnel went straight in through the hard earth for ten inches, and then turned at a right angle to go eight inches farther to the terminal chamher, a cavity three inches high, three inches wide and five inches deep. This nest contained three eggs, as large as the end of my little finger, laid on the bare earth. Their size was astonishing, considering the smallness of the bird. Each egg w^as worked into a little hollow in the loose earth, so that it wa^ partly imbedded, but even then it must have been a task for the female to cover her treasures. In color the eggs were a beautiful transparent white, showing* a rosy reflection before blowing, and dull white with a slight gloss afterwards. They are decidedly pointed, with slight difference between the poles, and swollen centrally. They measure 15.9 x 13.3 mm., 15.6 x 13.3 mm., and 15.8 x 13.3 mm., respectively. Another nest, found near Maricao, June 3, in a clay bank, had the entrance hole an inch and a quarter in diameter and eight inches in depth, and beyond was a circular chamber three inches across. This nest contained two eggs, so stained by red clay that they appeared to be densely spotted. Young out of the nest were first seen near Quebradillas, July 5, and from then on were common. They differ from adults in the color of the throat, which at first is grayish white, like the breast. Eed feathers soon appear in a line on either side and rapidly replace the lighter color, until soon the young resemble the adults, except that the bill is shorter. The color of the iris in the tody is grayish white or plain slate, a difference correlated perhaps with sex—a point that I neglected to verify. The food of the tody is made up largely of flies, beetles, small Homop- tera (mainly lantern-flies), earwigs and moths—all of minute size, as would be expected in so small a bird. Occasionally I found that one had eaten a tiny lizard, and we may imagine a strenuous battle between the diminutive bird and an active anolis before the latter could be swallowed. It may be added that all food taken was finely broken, so that detailed examination of the stomachs of these birds, always packed with insects of from fifteen to twenty or more species, was a slow and tedious process. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RWO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 457 Order PICIFOEMES Suborder PICI Family P1CID4E Subfamily Picinae Melanerpes partoricensis (Daudin) Porto Rican Woodpecker, Carpintero Picas portoricensis Daudin,, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., 1803, Vol. II, p. 286, PI. 51. (Porto Rico.) Woodpecker?, Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 150 (St. Croix; reported?). Porto Rican Woodpecker, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagiiez). Picus torquatus, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 1836, p. 378 (Porto Rico). Picus portoricensis, Ledru, Voy. lies Teneriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 200, 258-259 (Porto Rico).— Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 ( listed ) .—Sundevail, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.- Akad, Forh., 1869, p. 599 (Porto Rico; specimens ) .—Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 350 (listed). Centurm portoricensis, Cory, Auk, 1902, p. 229 (Porto Rico; specimens). Melanerpes portoricensis, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 377 (St. Thomas; specimens) .—Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 170 (Porto Rico). Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 256 (Porto Rico; specimens ).--GundlaGh, Journ. flir Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. fur Or- nith., 1878, pp. 160, 183; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 227 (Porto Rico).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 61, 147 (Porto Rico, speci- mens).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 377 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas ) .—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 104, 132 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas).—Bow- dish, Oologist, 1900, pp. 72-73 (Vieques) ; Auk, 1902, p. 365 (Porto Rico, Vieques).—Rid^way, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1914, Pt. 6, p. 47 (Porto Rico, Vieques, and St. Thomas).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 62-64 (Porto Rico, Vieques) ; Auk, 1916, p. 413 (Vieques; speci- mens) ; Auk, 1917, p. 54 (Vieques); Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 320 (bones from cave deposits, Morovis).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 474 (Porto Rico ) .—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 92-93 (Porto Rico, habits). Porto Eico and Vieques ; common : St. Thomas ? In Porto Eico, in 1911 and 1912, I found the carpintero near Que- bradillas, July 2 to 6 (specimen, July 5) ; Manatl, July 7 to 11; Baya- mon, July 20 to 25; Eio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4; Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (4 skins); Maunabo, May 11 (specimen); Salinas, April 26 to May 2; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22; Yauco, May 16 to 28 (2 specimens) ; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31; Mayagiiez, June 6; Aguadilla, June 9 to 12; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 (5 skins); Lares, June to July 1 (2 specimens) ; Utuado, August 3 to 9 (speci- 458 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO men) ; Acljuntas, August 10 to 16 (4 specimens) ; Ciales, July 12 to 18 (specimen) ; Comerio, July 26 to 31; Aibonito^ January 26 to February 5 (5 skins) ; Caguas^ January 5 to 14 (4 specimens) ; Cayey^ January 18 and 24 (specimen) ; Hacienda Catalina^ March 2 to 11 (specimen). This species is represented in the U. S. National Museum by addi- tional skins, as follows: A series of 10 from Mayagiiez^ taken by B. S. Bowdish, May 27 to July 21, 1901; 2 .from Hucares, secured February 15, 1899, by A. B. Baker and Marsh; 4 from Cataiio, taken March 12, April 8 and 22, 1900, by Bowdish; 1 from Lares, January 26, 1899, by A. B. Baker; 2 from Utuado, April 8 and 10, 1900, by C. W. Eichmond; 1 from Adjuntas, April 14, 1900, by C. W. Eichmond; 5 from Caguas, January 8, 9 and 11, 1899, by A. B. Baker and J. D. Milligan; and 1 from Hacienda Catalina, March 2, 1900, by C. W. Eichmond. I found numerous remains of the woodpecker among bones from caves near Morovis (collected by H. E. Anthony). The records that have been given show that the woodpecker has a wide range through the island of Porto Eico. It is confined to wooded sec- tions, but has fared better than many of its avian companions in the utilization of land by the Caucasian, since when its original forest haunts were destroyed, it found a congenial home in the trees grown to furnish shade for coffee plantations. In the coastal region it is comparatively rare, because there is little suitable cover, but on the slopes of the inland hills there are broad areas through which it is common. I saw one or two woodpeckers among trees in the town of Elo Piedras, a few through the dry hills below Yauco, in pasture groves near Cabo Eojo, or in the coconut plantations near Mameyes, but they were most abundant farther inland. In habits the Porto Eican woodpecker strongly re- sembles the red-headed woodpecker or the ant-eating woodpeckers of the United States, and has many of the mannerisms of those birds. The flight is powerful and undulating, like that of most other woodpeckers, and while the birds are not wild, they may be difficult to approach if they notice that they are being followed. They may scold vigorously, but take care to keep concealed on the opposite side of a tree. This is one of the few species that is common in the coffee plantations, as most of the native birds do not frequent them much. The wood- peckers seemed to feed entirely by searching the trunks of trees, for though I saw them frequently resting on commanding stubs in the sun, they appeared to make no attempt to capture passing insects on the wing, as is the custom with many related woodpeckers. In Mameyes complaint was made that they damaged coconut trees by drilling nesting holes in them, in which, as time went on, water WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 459 accumulated and rotted the wood, until finally the tree broke at the point of decay. As it requires five or six years for a coconut tree to come into bearing, the loss of a tree is appreciable. Such destructiveness is, however, local, and is easily corrected by killing the birds concerned. Elsewhere the woodpecker is decidedly beneficial and should be pro- tected. On Vieques Island the woodpecker was reported by Bowdish in 1900, and I found it common from March 16 to April 3, 1912, in regions of forest. At this season all the birds w^re nesting. On March 25 I saw one feeding nearly grown young in a hole in a dead stub twenty feet from the ground. One secured by Bowdish, December 17, 1899, one taken by Eichmond, March 27, 1900, and six that I prepared personally appear identical in color and measurement with birds from Porto Eico. The Newtons report a woodpecker questionably from St. Croix. Cas- sin states that Eobert Swift forwarded several specimens from St. Thomas, but no other naturalist has found them there. Since Swift collected extensively on Porto Eico and was not careful in marking his skins, the St. Thomas* records are open to serious doubt. The woodpecker has the upper surface, including the wings, glossy black; forehead, lores and rump, white; and undersurface suffused with red. In males the throat is red, often with black extending across below it, and in females it is smoky brown, like the flanks. The tips of the secondaries are usually edged with white in females and occasionally so in males. Young, when they leave the nest, are similar to adults, except that the red below is less extensive. From examination of stomachs I found that two-thirds of the food of this bird is made up of insects, largely wood-boring larvae, ants and earwigs. Occasionally one had eaten a little frog or a small lizard. Seeds and small fruits were eaten freely, particularly figs and various berries. Sphyrapicus variti^ varius (Linnaeus) Yellow-bellied Woodpecker Pictis varius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1766. Vol. I, p. 176. (Carolina.) Picus varius, Newton, Ibis, 1860, p. 308 (St. Croix, specimen). Sphyrapicus varius, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 104 (St. Croix). Sphyrapicus varius varius, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1914, Pt. 6, p. 276 (St. Croix). St. Croix; casual in migration. The only record is that of one procured by Professor Keinhardt, and reported by the Newtons in 1860. The species goes with some regularity 460 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO to the Bahamas and Cuba, but is merely a straggler on St. Croix. It has been assumed that this individual was of the eastern subspecies. Order PASSEEIFOEMES Suborder TYEANFI Family Tyrannidae Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis (Gmelin) Gray Kingbird, Pitirre, Chicheri Lanius dominicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1788, Yol. I, Pt. 1, p. 302. (Santo Domingo. ) Gray Kingbird, Danforth, 0()logist, 1922, p. 11 (Porto Rico) ; Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayaguez) ; Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Tyrannus pipiri, Ledru, Voy. lies Teneriffe, Trinite, Saint Tliomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 202, 266-267 (listed). Muscicapa tyrannus, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 1830, p. 387 (Porto Rico). Tyrannus pHseus, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 169 (Porto Rico, very common). Melittarchus griseus, Gundlach, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 170 (Porto Rico) ; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 192 ( abundant ).~Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 59, 140-141 (Porto Rico, specimens). Tyrannus rostratus, Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 575 (St. Croix). Tyrannus dominicensis, Newton, Ibis, 1859, pp. 146-147 (St. Croix).—Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18(>0, p. 375 (St. Thomas, speci- mens ),—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 249 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 599 (Porto Rico).—Bello. Zool. Gart, 1871, p. 349 (Porto Rico).—Ridg- way, l»roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, p. 172 (St. Thomas, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1890, pp. 373, 375 (St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, specimens) ; Auk, 1891, p. 48 (St. Croix, specimen) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 108 (Mona, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, St. Croix).—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 73 (Vieques) ; Auk, 1903, p. 10 (Porto Rico, habits).—Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 324 (bones from caves, Morovis).—Mortensen, Atlanten, 1909, Vol. VI, No. 66, pp. 641-642, Fig. 304 (St. Croix). Tyrannus dominicensis dominicensis, Ridgway, IT. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1907, Pt. 4, p. 708 (Mona, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, St. Croix ) .—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 75-78, pi. 7 (Porto Rico, habits, food) ; Auk, 1916, p. 415 (Vieques) ; Auk, 1917, pp. 55, ()0 (Culebra, Louis Pefia, Culebrita).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 475 (Porto Rico, Mona, specimens).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 96-97. Mona, Porto Eico, Vieques, Culebra, Louis Peiia, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada; so far as known, resident and breeding througliout this range. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 461 Cory has recorded the gray kingbird (PI. LXIV) from Mona, sup- posedly on basis of specimens received from W. W. Brown, Jr., in 1892. There are in the U. S. I^ational Museum three skins taken there by Bowdish (who found the bird common August 9 to 21, 1901), one on August 11 and two on August 16, and Struthers reports a pair shot on July 16, 1923. In Porto Eico the gray kingbird is one of the ecmspicuous resident birds. Taylor, in 1864, remarked upon its abundauce, and it has found modern changes through cultivation favorable, so tbat it has maintained its numbers. During my field work I recorded it as follows: Quebradillas, July 2 to 6; Manati, July 7 to 11; Bayamon, July 20 to 25; Rio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912; Mameyes, February 9 to 29; Humacao, September 3 to 9; Yabucoa, May 3 to 10; Maunabo, May 11; Patillas, May 11 to 13; Sahnas, April 26 to May 2; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22; Yauco, May 16 to 28; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31 ; Mayagiiez, June 6; Ahasco, June 7 to 9; Aguadilla, June 9 to 12; Maricao, June 4; Lares, June 18 to July 1 ; Utuado, August 3 to 9 ; Adjuntas, August 10 to 16; Ciales, July 12 to 18; Comerio, July 26 to 31; Cayey, January 15 to 25; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5; Caguas, January 5 to 14; Hacienda Catalina, below El Yunque, March 2 to 11. Specimens were taken at most of the localities and there are in addition skins in the U. S. ISTational Museum from Arecibo, San Juan and Cataho. The gray kingbird is a species of the open, being found through the })astures, cultivated fields and waste lands from the coast to tlie higher portions of the island, but it is not encountered in dense forest or in extensive coffee plantations. None were seen in the forests on El Yunque, though the bird was common in the clearings about its base, and only two were noted near Maricao, which is in the heart of the coffee district. The native name of "pitirre" is given in imitation of the call-note, which is heard constantly when the birds are near, and which at times is lengthened and softened until it might almost be called a song. The flight is direct, moilerately fast and accomplished by rapidly beating wings. At nightfall these kingbirds gather in small parties along streams, to roost in bamboos or in tlie mangroves surrounding lagoons. In several places they were noted coming in the evening to roost in trees of plazas. The first of these gatherings was observed in Caguas, where kingbirds roosted at niglit in the flame trees. In Adjuntas, as it grew dusk, considerable numbers came flying in to the plaza, singly or in little groups of four or iive. At first they alighted in the tops of rather high, open trees, and from here made sallies after passing insects. 462 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO abundant in the early twilight^ or flew swiftly and rather erratically about^ swooping and diving, apparently merely in pleasure: They were rather silent, calling only occasionally, and as it grew "darker all went down into low, dense trees to roost. At times, when drawn to some area by an abundance of food, this species is almost gregarious. On several occasions five or six individuals were observed flycatching about high breezy points in the mountains and, when they were satisfied, perching together on a dead stub, all facing the wind. Trees loaded with various fruits, as the guaraguou (Trichilia spondiodes) or wild fig (Ficus), drew large numbers. On March 6, along the Eio Mameyes, at the base of El Yunque, dozens had gathered to feed on the fruit of the guaraguou and, when gorged, con- gregated in parties in tops of dead trees to await the process of digestion. Seventeen' were counted within ten feet of one another in one small tree. The laurel berries (Phoebe elongata) are so large that the birds can scarcely swallow them; nevertheless they gulp down all they possibly can hold. In feeding on the wild fig, where the fruit grows on slender twigs, the kingbird flies out and pulls it off, returning to a perch on the larger limbs to swallow it. Quantities of the berries of the balsamo (PaUcourea crocea) and camacey (Miconia racemosa) are taken also. During August the young birds rely largely upon vegetable food, which is easily obtained. As regards the insect food of this species, a few facts worthy of note were gained by observation in the field. On two occasions birds were noted eating the caterpillars of a large sphinx moth. These were beaten on a limb and the juices were then extracted by working the body through the bill, while the skin was discarded. At Caguas, in the tobacco fields, while their services in eating these and other caterpillars w^ere recog- nized, it was said that these kingbirds did a small amount of damage by breaking the leaves of the tobacco plants, either with bill or wing, when flying down to pick off the caterpillars. One bird near Mameyes was seen flying out after a yellow butterfly, but missed it, and another was observed eating a large bee. In Mayagiiez a few of these birds were seen flycatching above the hot, paved streets and perching on wires and housetops. The nesting season appears to extend from April to August, as speci- mens taken during this period had the sexual organs enlarged. Bowdish records a nest ten feet from the ground on the horizontal limb of a mango tree near Aguadilla, which on June 9, 1900, furnished three slightly incubated eggs. One set of fresh eggs and two with incubation begun were taken here on Julv 9. He found the usual set to consist WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 463 of three eggs and secured fresh eggs from June 20 to July 22. The nests are cupped structures of fair size, composed of fine rootlets, creepers and twigs, lined with rootlets. Danforth also reports three eggs as the usual number in a set. On Vieques Island the gray kingbird is a common resident in brush- grown pastures. Several specimens were taken in the course of my work, from March 16 to April 3, 1912. On Culebra Island the species was likewise common, and spread even to Louis Peha and Culebrita. Dozens of the birds roosted in mangroves about Flamenco Lagoon, where they proved the truth of the common statement of the country people, that the gray kingbird is tlie earliest riser among the birds. At the first indication of coming dawn, one or two circled in the air, calling, while others answered from the branches below. For the next hour or more the birds called incessantly, and then began to spread into the hills and pastures for the usual routine of search for food that occupied the day. By April 10 they were in pairs and on x^pril 13 I saw one carrying nesting material. Several specimens were collected. On St. Croix the Newtons reported the gray kingbird as the most common ^nd conspicuous bird. They found it nesting from the end of May to the first week in August, and recorded three eggs as the usual set. M. J. Mcoll found it still one of the commonest birds in 1904. Mortensen, in 1909, remarks on its abundance and notes that it is called chicheri. There are six specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, taken June 19 and September 15, 1914, by G. K. Noble. The species is also common on St. Thomas, where Kobert Swift col- lected it as early as 1860 or earlier. Benedict and Nye forwarded a series of seven, taken January 17 to 24, 1884, to the IJ. S. National Museum. Cory reports it from Tortola and Virgin Gorda. There is a female in the U. S. National Museum collected on Anegada, December 23, 1889, by C. S. Winch, and another secured by F. A. Ober on St. John. The gray kingbird is well named, since it is gray above, with dusky wings and tail, a dusky line through the eye, and grayish white below. There is a concealed patch of orange in the crown that is seldom seen except when the bird is in the hand. The familiar scientific name for this species, dorninicensis, should be replaced, according to Stresemann,^^ by curvirostris of Hermann {Sitta curvirostris, Tab. Afl". Anim., 1783, p. 204). In this, however, he is in (*rror since this name is based on "another sort of Loggerhead'^ in Hans ^Nov. Zool., 1920, Vol. XXVII, p. 329. 464 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Sloane^s Voyage (Vol. 2, 1725, p. 301, pi. 259), which, in my opinion, can not be identified certainly from either description or figure. From examination of a large number of stomachs, I found that three- fourths of the food was animal and one-fourth vegetable. The bird is entirely beneficial and destroys such large numbers of weevils injurious to sugar cane, as well as other noxious insects, that it should be en- couraged everywhere through the cultivated fields. Those who raise bees complain that the pitirre does considerable damage by capturing queen bees during their nupfial flights, as they are large and compara- tively slow-flying and so are easily picked out from the smaller, faster- moving workers and drones, and it may be necessary to kill kingbirds about apiaries when they become too numerous. This complaint should not, however, be made the basis of general destruction, for the bird is highly beneficial. Great swarms of bees about apiaries are attractive to the pitirre, but frequently I found that birds that were flycatching actively confined their captures to other insects even though the air was alive with bees. Wild fruits, particularly those of the royal palm, espino (Xanthoxy- lum), wild figs, euphorbias and moral (Cordia) are eaten regularly, especially by immature birds in late summer. [Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus) Kingbird Lanius tyrannus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, Vol. I, p. 94. (Carolina.)— Hartlaub, isis, LS47, p. 611 (Porto Rico). Tyrannus tyrannus, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 245 (Porto Rico?) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 108 (Porto Rico). The kingbird has been mentioned from Porto Eico by Hartlaub and Cory, but there is no known definite record of its occurrence.] Tolmarchus taylori (Sclater) Porto Rican Petchary, Clerigo Vitangus taylori Sclater, Ibis, 1864, p. 169. (Porto Rico.) Porto Rican Petchary, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, p. 10 (Porto Rico) ; Bird- Lore, 1924, p. 41 (Mayagliez). IHtangus taylon, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 169 (Porto Rico).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 232 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 108, 132 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, O()logist, 1900, p. 73 (Vieques) ; Auk, 1903, p. 10 (Porto Rico). Tyrannus taylon, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 249 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 599 (Porto Rico, one).—Gundlach, Journ. flir Ornith., 1874, WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 465 p. 311 ; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 171 ; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 193 (Porto Rico, common ) .—Stahl, Fami, Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. GO, 141 (Porto Rico, specimens). Tolmarchus taylo7% Ridgwa3% U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1907, Pt. 4, p. 685 (Porto Rico, Vieques).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 78-80 (Porto Rico, Vieques) ; Auk, 1916, p. 415 (Vieques, specimens) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, pp. 324-325 (bones from caves near Morovis) .—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 475 (Porto Rico, Mona).— Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 97-98 (Porto Rico, habits). Tolmarchus caudifasciatus taylori, Hellmayr, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. V, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., Vol. XIII, April 11, 1927, p. 158 (Porto Rico, Vieques). Porto Eico and Vieques Island, common resident; Mona Island, re- ported. Mr. Struthers informs us that in 1921 he recorded ten hirds of this species on Mona, a locality for which there has heen no previous report. As the clerigo is not known to migrate, these must be considered resident birds. In Porto Eico I found this flycatcher at Quebradillas, July 2 to 6 ; Manati, July 7 to 11; Bayamon, July 20 to 25; Toa Alta, xVugust 2; Eio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912; Mameyes, Feb- ruary 9 to 29; Yabucoa, May 3 to 10; Maunabo, May 11; Patillas, May 11 to 13; Salinas, April 26 to May 2; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22; Yauco, May 16 to 28; Cabo Eojo, August 21: to 31; Aguadilla, June 9 to 12 ; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 ; Lares, June 18 to July 1 ; Iltuado, August 3 to 9; Adjuntas, August 10 to 16; Ciales, July 12 to 18; Comerio, July 26 to 31 ; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5 ; Caguas, January 5 to 14; Cayey, January 15 to 25; Hacienda Catalina, below El Yunque, March 2 to 11. A series of skins Wcis taken throughout this range. There are specimens in the U. S. National Museum from Hucares, Pueblo Viejo and Arecibo. The original home of this bird would appear to be in the forests which formerly covered the island ; now it is conmion through the coffee plantations and in second-growth forest. In the low- lands it appears to be changing its habits, as it is spread out through the pastures and fields where there are mango trees or clumps of bamboo. It was seen in extensive mangrove swamps near Mameyes. In the older citrus groves, where there are good-sized trees, it is fairly common. In Rio Piedras it was noted in trees growing in yards in the town. The birds are quiet in their habits and usually perch where they are hidden by clumps of leaves. From these points they fly out after insects, sometimes for considerable distances. Shaded ])erches are 466 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO nearly always chosen^ especially during the heat of the day. They are rather silent^ the call-note being a loud pi ti ti ty, heard most often in the breeding season. Near Cayey, in January^ one was seen bathing by darting down to the surface of a pool and then alighting and shaking its feathers. They are rather pugnacious, but not to such an extent as the gray kingbirds. The breeding season appears to extend from February to June, and after July 1 young birds were common. I took a breeding female at Yabucoa, May 10, and secured young in juvenal dress at Lares on June 28 and at Comerio on July 29. In the dense forests of El Yunque the adults were nesting the first week in March and scolded the crows with harsh notes when the latter alighted above their nests. Bowdish reports nests containing three young each at Aguadilla, June 1 and 3, 1900. Remains of this bird were common in cavern deposits near Morovis. On Vieques Island the species was first reported by Bowdish in 1900. I found it fairly common from March 16 to April 3, 1912, and pre- pared several as specimens. A mated pair was observed on March 28 and a male taken the following day was breeding. Skins secured here are very slightly paler above than the average from Porto Rico, but are exactly like part of the Porto Rican series, so that the difference appears purely individual. The genus reaches its eastern limit on Vieques. The food of the clerigo, like that of the gray kingbird, is composed three-fourths of animal and one-fourth of vegetable material. It eats fewer Hymenoptera and more weevils and Hemiptera than the other species mentioned, and also captures more of the little tree-toads (Eleu- therodactyliLs) , the difference being due to its choice of habitat amid trees. Berries of palms, wild figs and the espino (Xantlioxylum) are most abundantly represented among wild fruits in its food. Though the bird has b^en accused of eating honey-bees, I found no trace of them in stomachs that I examined minutely. The species seems wholly bene- ficial. The clerigo is easily distinguished from the gray kingbird by its dusky brown back and blackish head. The under surface is grayish white and there is a concealed crown patch of bright yellow. The bird is between eight and nine inches in length. Dr. Hellmayr (in the reference cited in synonymy above) has con- sidered the six recognized forms of the genus Tolmarchus as related sub- specifically to one another. Though obviously of similar stock to me it appears that differentiation has proceeded to a point where the Porto Rican bird at least is specifically distinct from all others. It has its WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 4G7 nearest ally in Tohnarchiis gabhii of the adjacent island of Hispaniola, from which it differs abruptly in larger size throughout, there being no intergradation in measurements. Myiarchus antillariim (Bryant) Porto Rican Flycatcher, Antillean Flycatcher, Jul Tfjramius antillariim, Bryant, l*roc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 180(), Vol. X, p. 249. (Porto Rico.) Myiarchus antillariim, Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 599 (Porto Rico, specimen).—Gmidlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, i). 311; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 171; Anales Soc. Bsp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 194 (Porto Rico, specimens ) .—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 141 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 238 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 108, 132 (I»orto Rico).—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 73 (Vieques) ; Auk, 1903, p. 11 (Porto Rico, Vieques).— Ridgway, IT. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1907, Pt. 4, p. 639 (Porto Rico, Vie- ques).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 81-82 (Porto Rico, Vieques) ; Auk, 1916, p. 415 (Vieques, specimens) ; Auk, 1917, p. 60 (Culebra, heard) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 325 (bones from cave at Morovis).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 475 (Porto Rico).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, A^ol. X, p. 98 (Porto Rico, habits). Myiarchus stolidus antillarum, Hellmayr, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. V, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., Vol. XIII, April 11, 1927, p. 169 (Porto Rico, Vieques ) Porto Eico and Vieques; resident, fairly common. Cnlebra, of un- certain status. On Porto Eico this flycatcher is fairly common, being evenly dis- tributed but nowhere abundant. I found it at Quebradillas, July 2 to 6 (specimen); Manati, July 7 to 11: Bayamon, July 25 (specimen): Toa Alta, August 2; Eio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 1, 1912 (specimens) ; Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (specimens) ; Patillas, May V\ (specimen) ; Salinas, April 26 to May 2 (specimen) ; J nan a Diaz, August 17 to 22; Yauco, May 16 to 28 (specimen) ; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to July 1 (specimen) ; Aguadilla, June 9 to 12; Lares, June 18 to eJnly 1 (specimen); Utuado, August 3 to 9; Adjuntas, August 15; Ciales, July 12 to 18; Comerio, July 30; Aibonito, January 26 to February T) (specimens); Caguas, January 5 to 14; Hacienda Catalina, below El Yunque, March 2 to 11. There are specimens in the U. S. National Museum from Mayagliez and Coamo. The jui is mainly an inhabitant of trees and is found in coifee plantations, small areas of second-growth forest, along hedgerows; brush-filled gullies or occasionally along the borders of cane-fields, where other cover is near. IS^ear Bayamon it 408 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO was observed in citrus groves. On the mountain El Yunque it was found up to 1800 feet. In habits these birds are quiet and unassuming and may easily escape notice. They usually choose an open perch, sometimes in a small open- ing in the forest, or again along the border of a coffee plantation, though they often perch in the dense leaves in the tops of the trees. Their food of insects is captured on the wing, the birds either returning to the original perch or to another near by. Their call is a plaintive peer, at times varied to pee pee re, uttered slowly. This, rendered as hwee by the ear of the native, gives the species its common name of jui (pro- nounced htve). To one familiar with the habits and notes of North American birds, the present form is suggestive of the western wood- pewee. During the latter part of April and May these flycatchers were seen inspecting holes in trees which were evidently used for nests. A breed- ing male was taken at Patillas, May 13, and on July 5 along the Kio Guajataca, near Quebradillas, a party of three young, just out of the nest, was observed. After this time young were common. On Vieques Island, from March 16 to April 3, 1912, I found this flycatcher fairly common and preserved seven as specimens. A mated pair was seen March 23. The birds here inhabited brush-grown pastures and often called from perches where they could not be seen. Skins from this island appear identical in color with those from Porto Rico. On April 6 and 20, 1912, I heard the unmistakable call of the jui in dense jungle on Punta Soldado, Culebra Island, but was unable to locate the bird amid the heavy vegetation. The species has not been reported previously from Culebra; it is, therefore, unfortunate that one was not taken. This flycatcher feeds mainly on Hemiptera, weevils, caterpillars and occasional Hymenoptera, but eats such wild fruits as the espino {Xantli- oxylum), moral (Cordia), nightshade {Solannm), and wild fig (Fictis). It is one of the beneficial species of the island. The bird is unassuming in color and in a way seems a small edition of the clerigo, as it is dusky brown above, with light edgings on the feathers of the wings, and grayish white below, lighter on the abdomen. It is seven inches or a little more in length and is slender in form. To the superstitions countryman the note of the jut is an omen, re- garded as the forerunner of news—whether this be good or bad, the bird is credited with prescience in foretelling its arrival. The flycatchers of this genus found in the Bahamas and greater Antilles are listed by Ilellmayr as subspecies of the elamaican M. stolidus. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 469 Differences between them in my estimation are such as to warrant con- tinuance of the more usual treatment of M. antillariun as a distinct species. Blaeieus blancoi Cabanis Porto Rican Wood Pewee, Bobito, Juf, Jul Pequeiio Blaeieus hlaneoi Cabanis, Journ. fur Ornith., 1875, p. 224, (Porto Rico.) Porto Rican Wood Pewee, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayaguez). Contopus hlaneoi, Cory, Auk, 1892, p. 229 (Porto Rico, specimen). Blaeieus hlaneoi, Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornitli., 1874, p. 311 ; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 171; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 195 (Mayaguez and Quetw-adillas).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 141 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 242 (Porto Rico); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 109, 132 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 11 (western Porto Rico, specimens).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1907, Pt. 4, p. 538 (Porto Rico ) .—Wetmore, IT. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 83-84; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 325 (bones from Cueva Catedral near Morovis).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 475 (Mayaguez).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, ]). 98, (Mayaguez). Blaeieus lafirostris hlaneoi Hellmayr, Cat. Birds Americas, Pt. V, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., Vol. XIII, April 11, 1927, p. 206 (Porto Rico). Central and western Porto Eico ; fairly common. I found this species at Salinas, April 26 to May 2, 1912 (specimens) ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22 (specimens) ; Yauco, May 16 to 28 (speci- mens) ; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31 (specimens) ; Mayagiiez, June 6; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 (specimens) ; Lares, June 18 to July 1 (specimens) ; Utuado, August 3 to 9 (specimen) ; Ciales, July 15; and Aibonito, January 26 to February 5 (specimens). In the U. S. Na- tional Museum there is a series from Mayagiiez and skins from Arecibo and Utuado, and in the Museum of Comparative Zoology one from San German. Gundlach reports it from Quebradillas and Mayagiiez. Curi- ously enough, this species is not reported from the eastern half of the ishmd beyond a line passing through Salinas, Aibonito and Ciales, ex- cept for a few recorded by Potts in January, 1922, north of Central Aguirre and for bones that I have identified in cavern material from the Cueva Catedral, near Morovis, taken by Anthony. The wood pewee frequents coffee plantations or small patches of sec- ond-growth and on the south coast is found in brushy pastures. Near (^abo Eojo I encountered it at the borders of mangrove swamps. It is so inconspicuous that it is usually overlooked, with the result that very >*ew of the country people know it or have a name for it. In the coffee I)lantations it is usually found near the heads of small valleys or on the 470 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO middle portion of long, steep slopes. It -usually perches on dead limbs not far above the ground, from which it makes short sallies after insects, returning often to the same perch and seldom flying far. The call-note of the males is a low, tremulous pree-e-e-e, given at times with trembling wings, that cannot be heard more than a hundred yards, and is so ven- triloquial that its direction and the distance from which it comes are difficult to determine. Frequently from a perch not thirty feet away a bird will call for several minutes before it is seen, so still does it sit and so well do its colors harmonize with its background. The females are silent and usually appear suddenly on a limb directly in front of one. Though I found no nests, the breeding season appears to be in May. In July and August the birds were molting badly. On June 27, 1901, near Mayagiiez, Bowdish found a deserted nest that he attributed to this species, hung in the tips of a branch fifteen feet from the ground, in a coffee plantation. The nest was made of fine rootlets and green moss, and was so frail that the addled Qgg that it contained could be seen from below. This ^gg, now in the 13'. S. Na- tional Museum, is white tinged faintly with buff, with a wreath of spots and blotches ranging from pale neutral gray to Army brown, warm sepia and Vandyke brown, with a few spots that are almost black. It measures 17.3 x 13.8 mm. The Porto Rican wood pewee is a true insect-destroyer, as Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and other small insects comprise practically all of its food. As the species is only five and one-half inches long, it is easily identi- fied by its small size. The underparts are rather dull cinnamon-buff and the upper surface dull olive-brown, darker on the head. Distinction between Blacicus blancoi of Porto Rico, and B. hrunneica- pillus and B. latirostris of Dominica and St. Lucia, respectively, is suffi- cient to maintain these as distinct species. They are sufficiently similar to be considered one "Formen-Kreis'^ but should not be made subspecies of latirostris as has been indicated by Hillmayr. Elaenia martinica riisii Sclater Riise's Elaenia, Rulsenor Pequeiio Elainea riisii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, p. 314. (St. Thomas.)— Newton, Ibis, 1860, p. 307 (St. Thomas, specimens). Tyrannula martinica, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 375 (St. Thomas, specimen). Elaenea mariineca, Cory, Auk, 1890, pp. 374, 375 (Anegada, Virgin Gorda, specimens). WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 47 EUinea pagana martinica, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 109 (Tor- tola, Virgin Gorda). Elaenia martinica martinica, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1907, Pt. 4, p. 428 (St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 84-85 (Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, Louis Peiia) ; Auk, 1916, pp. 415-416 (Vieques, specimens) ; Auk, 1917, pp. 60-61 (Culebra, specimens; Louis Pena, Culebrita). Elainca martinica riisii, Peters, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., June 7, 1926, Vol. V, pp. 199, 200 (Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, St. Thomas, Tortola, Anegada). Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, Louis Pena, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, Tortola and Anegada; fairly common. On Vieques Island I secured specimens of this bird on March 25 and 27. They were found in thorny jungle on dry, hot slopes in the eastern and southern parts of the island, in areas where the scrub was almost impenetrable. Their habits differed decidedly from those usual in their family. At times they rested quietly and made sallies after passing insects like any ordinary flycatcher, and again were seen searching and climbing about among limbs like a vireo or titmouse. To collect speci- mens was extremely difficult. When the birds had been located by their calls, it was necessary to cut a trail into the spiny scrub before one could see them, and then to hew a further path to retrieve them when they had been shot. I did not note them until March 25, and for this reason, and since they had not been found by previous collectors, I thought that possibly they were migratory, but in this conclusion I may well have been mistaken. They were about to breed at this season. On Culebra this flycatcher was fairly common from April 5 to 21 in dense growths of cactus and spiny shrubs that covered considerable areas over dry hillsides. They were heard calling on Louis Pena, April 11, and one was taken on Culebrita, April 15. They moved about very little, seldom flying more than a few feet at a time; so that at times I heard their sharply explosive, whistled call-notes for half an hour without being able to catch sight of them in the dense scrub. Twice I heard them singing a sweet, warbling song. Specimens were taken on April 15 and 20, and I noted about twenty individuals during the course of my work. Natives have no special name for the bird, but recognize it as a small mockingbird because of its sweet song. The form is known from St. Thomas through the collections of Salvin, Swift and Biise in the sixties. Two skins dating from this period are in the collections of the TJ. S. National Museum, with a third taken by F. A. Ober. Cory, in 1890, recorded skins from Anegada and Vir-gin Gorda taken by Winch, but in 1892 did Aotm^titi^n Anegada, indicating 472* SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Tortola instead. There is uncertainty as to what he intended. Peters, however^ has recorded specimens from both these islands. In ten stomachs of these birds vegetable food, made up of seeds and drupes, mainly of euphorbias and nightshade, comprised 85 per cent. The animal ' food was composed of spiders, beetles and cater- pillars. The elaenia is about six inches in length, light brownish olive above and grayish white below, with prominent white wing bars and a con- cealed crest spot of white. Peters, the latest authority to revise this species, has indicated that the bird from the Virgin Islands is smaller than typical U. m. martinica, much grayer above, with wider wing bars, and well-defined grayish white tips to the tail. With these specifications the results of my own studies fully agree. Suborder OSCINES Family Hirundinidae [Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot) Tree Swallow Hirundo Ucolor Vieillot, Ois. Amer. Sept., 1807 (1808), Vol. I, p. 61, PI. 31. (Middle eastern United States.) Tree Swallow, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, p. 11 (seen, December). Hirundo Ucolor^ Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 350 (listed). Tachycmeta Mcolor, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 172 ; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 199 (pictured in album of Bello).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, p. 61 (listed). Iridoprocne Ucolor, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 85 (hy- pothetical). On present evidence the tree swallow is placed in the hypothetical list of Porto Hican birds. Gundlach reports a picture of this species in the album of Dr. Bello, but did not see the bird personally. Danforth has reported it in the Oologist as common in December in the vicinity of Mayagiiez, but makes no further comment regarding it. The species passes through Cuba in enormous numbers during spring and fall and may occasionally reach Porto Eico. This, however, remains to be sub- stantiated. The bird is pure white below and steel blue above.] Riparia riparia riparia (Linnaeus) Bank Swallow, Golondrina, Golondrina Riberiega Hirundo riparia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, Vol. I, p. 192. (Sweden.) Bank swallow, Danforth, OSloglst, 1922, p. 177 (western Porto Rico, seen). WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO A.\ D VIRGIN ISLANDS 473 Hirundo riimria, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 350 (listed). CUvicola riparia, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 115 '(Porto Rico). Cotyle riparia, Gundlach, Journ. fllr Ornith., 1874, p. Sll ; Journ. fiir Ornitli., 1878, pp. 159, 172; Anales Soe. Esp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 199 (pictured in album of Dr. Bello ) .—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, p. 61 (rare migrant ) Riparia riparia, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1904, Pt 3, p. 74 (Porto Rico). Riparia riparia riparia, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 85 (hypothetical, Porto Rico) .—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 475 (Anegado Lagoon, specimen).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 112-113 (Cartagena and Anegado Lagoons). Porto Eico ; rare in migration and during winter. Gundlach reported the bank swallow on the basis of a painting seen in the album of Dr. Bello^ but failed to encomiter the species. Inasmuch as some other records from Bello have seemed uncertain, this state- ment, unsupported by other evidence, has been deemed too slight to justify inclusion of the bank swallow in the Porto Eican list. However, Danforth found it at Anegado and Cartagena lagoons from March 4 to April 8, 1922, and from February 19 to April 30, 1924, at Cartagena, and Struthers secured a specimen on February 18, 1922, at Anegado Lagoon. The bank swallow is a species of small size, grayish brown above and white below, with a distinct dark band across the breast. Hirundo erythrogjKSter Boddaert Barn Swallow, Golondrina Hirundo erythrogaster Boddaert, Tabl. Planch. Enl., 1783, p. 45. (Cayenne.) Barn Swallow, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, p. 177 (western Porto Rico, winter). Ghelidon erpthrogastra, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 59 (St. Croix) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 115 (Porto Rico, St. Croix). Hirundo horreorum, Newton, Ibis, 1859, pp. 66-67 (St. Croix).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 172; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 197 (Porto Rico, talsen September).— Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, p. 61 (rare migrant). Hirundo erpthrogastra, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1904, Pt. 3, p. 81 (Porto Rico, St. Croix).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agria Bull. 326, 1916, p. 85 (one seen, Mameyes).—Struthers, Aul£, 1923, p. 475 (Cartagena and Anegado lagoons). Hirundo rustica erythrogaster, Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 112 (Cartagena and Anegado lagoons). Porto Eico, irregularly common migrant, uncommon winter resident; St. Croix, recorded. 474 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Gundlach reported the barn swallow in Porto Rico only in September. Mr. F. A. Potts informs me that he saw a few in company with cliff swallows on December 2 and 7, 1920, at the Coamo Eeservoir, three miles northwest of Santa Isabel, and that in 1921 barn swallows arrived at Central Agnirre, August 24, and were fairly common and at times abundant until the date of his letter, September 18. Nearly one hundred were seen on one occasion. Danforth has reported the species as an uncommon winter resident in 1921-1922, and recorded the last at Carta- gena Lagoon on May 14, 1922, and May 23, 1924, and the first in fall, August 26, 1924. Struthers found barn swallows at Cartagena Lagoon, March 21, August 29 and October 8, 1921, and at Anegado Lagoon, February 18, 1922. In 1912 I saw one individual on the playa at Punta Picua, opposite Mameyes, February 16. ISTewton reports the arrival of the barn swallow on St. Croix on Sep- tember 13, 1858, and noted it daily until observations were terminated on September 28: On one occasion several hundred were seen over a lagoon. The barn swallow has a pleasingly graceful flight that carries it low over the surface of vegetation or high in the air, according to the dis- tribution of its insect food. It is easily told from other species by the deeply forked tail. The upper surface is steel-blue. Males are chestnut- brown below, while females are nearly white. Petrochelidon fulva poeciloina (Gosse) Jamaican Cliff Swallow, Golondrina, Golondrina de Cuevas Hirundo poeciloma Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, p. 64. (Jamaica.) Jamaican Qliff Swallow, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayaguez). Hirundo fulva, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, 1866, Vol. X, p. 252 (Porto Rico).—Sundevall, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forli., 1869, p. 598 (listed from Bryant). Petrochelidon poeciloma, Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 311 (Porto Rico, specimen). Petrochelidon fulva, Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 172 ; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 198 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 61, 146 (Porto Rico, specimens) ; Ornis, 1887, pp. 450, 451, 452 (listed as migrant, leaving in September).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 115 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 15 (Porto Rico, resident).—Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 325 (bones from cave near Morovls). PetrocheUdon fulva poeciloma, Ridfway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1904, Pt. 3, p. 55 (Porto Rico?).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 85-87 (Porto Rico, habits).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 475 (Porto Rico).— Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 111-112 (Cartagena Lagoon). WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 475 Porto Eico, locally common resident; restricted to favorable localities during the breeding season but afterwards wandering. I recorded the cliff swallow as follows: Quebradillas, July 2 to 6, 1912; Manati, July 7 to 11; Bayamon, July 20 to 25; Eio Piedras, December 16, 1911 to January 4, 1912; Mameyes, February 9 to 29; Humacao, September 3 to 9; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22; Yauco, May 16 to 28; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31, and Aguadilla, June 9 to 12. Idland it was noted only at Lares, June 18 to July 1; tJtuado, August 3 to 9, and Ciales, July 12 to 18. The species is most abundant on the western half of Porto Eico and few individuals were noted on the east coast. Mr. F. A. Potts writes me that the species was common east to Guayama after September 5, 1921, and that from November, 1920, to April 14, 1921, flocks were recorded east of Central Aguirre. At the latter date they disappeared. As yet the bird is not known to breed in this southeastern section of the island. The species was generally con- fined to the coast region, being found inland only in the northwestern portion in an area extending from Lares through Utuado to Ciales. This small swallow usually is seen in little parties, feeding on the wing, with light and graceful flight, above pastures, lowlands, meadows or along beaches. The usual call is a soft chu chu; males uttered a chat- tering, twittering song while flying swiftly and directly through the air. This species breeds from April to June, gathering in colonies for the purpose and nesting on the overhanging faces of cliffs or in caves— practice so universally recognized that ''La Cueva de las Golondrinas" is a common appellation given to caverns in Porto Eico. A mud rim made of pellets carried in the mouth is thrown up on the outer edge of small shelves or holes, and behind this a felted mass of plant downs from cactus and other growths is placed to receive the eggs. From fragments of shells examined, these appear to agree closely with the eggs of P. lunifrons, being white, spotted with reddish brown and lilac. North of Aguadilla during the first week in June about forty pairs were nesting in small caves in the cliffs above the ocean, some being located only twenty feet above the waves. Nests found here were in holes where it was difficult to reach them. The birds circled about in a close flock before the entrance to the caverns, calling excitedly and flying up two or three at a time to hover for an instant in front of the nest before dropping back to circle with the others. It would seem that in such situations there must be great mortality among the young, for on leaving the nest they must fly out over the waves, with a consider- able rise necessary to reach the safety of land at the top of the cliff. I collected one nearly fledged bird from a nest on June 10. 476 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO East of Lares, on June 20, in ^^La Cueva Pajita/^ a grotto two hundred feet long and open at both ends, there was a colony of about three hun- dred of these swallows, some of them near the entrance and others so far in the interior that the birds could not be distinguished in the ob- scurity from the large bats that circled about with them. Some of the ledges supporting nests were so narrow that the sitting bird was forced against the wall, greatly abrading the feathers of the sides of the breast. As this wear occurs only on one side, the bird must always have faced the same way while on the nest. Both male and female incubate, for this wear was observed in specimens of both sexes. About this colony immature birds were seen on the wing, following the parents and teasing for food, while other adults were still nest-building. When tired, young birds perched in the leafy tops of the trees. Struthers reports that young on the wing are common in July. Gundlach in the seventies noted that the cliff swallows nested occa- sionally under eaves of buildings, and one instance of this kind came under my observation. In the train shed of the Linea Ferrea del Oeste at Bayamon a small colony was building against the rafters inside and one pair had constructed a nest on a beam in the gable of the hotel across the street. These nests, when finished, were globular in shape, only two being seen with the long bottle neck found in the nest of P. lunifrons, and those two imperfect. The greater part had merely a large circular entrance in the side, rough in outline, and a few were simple platforms of mud. In August these swallows gathered in little bands of twenty- five or thirty, feeding over the lowlands and resting close together in twittering flocks on the telephone wires along the roads. During heavy rainstorms they seemed to have a hard time in keeping up against the downpour, as they continually struggled to rise and were as steadily beaten down. Such storms would, without doubt, prove fatal to many of the young before they became strong on the wing. After careful comparison of a series of twenty-four skins from Porto Eico (taken personally) with ten from Jamaica, I am unable to detect any constant difference between the two groups ; so that the Porto Eican bird is identified as P. /. poeciloma. The cliff swallow lives entirely on animal food—^mainly beetles, flies and true bugs. I found four hundred engraver beetles of the genus Platypus in one bird, which indicates the success of their aerial search for food. The Jamaican cliff swallow is steel blue above, with more or less chestnut on rump, around neck, forehead and underparts, and the abdomen is white. It will be confused only with the barn swallow, from WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 477 which it may be distinguished by the slight notch in the tail instead of the deep fork of the related species. Progne domjnicensis (Gmelin) Caribbean Martin, Golondrina, Golondrina de Iglesias Hirundo dominiccnsis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1789^ Vol. I, Pt. 2, p. 1025. (Santo Domingo. Hirundo purpurea, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 350 (Porto Rico, listed). Hirundo dommicemis, Ledru, Voy. lies T^n^riffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 205 (Porto Rico ) .—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, p. 252 (Porto Rico).—Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 598 (listed). Progne dommicensis, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 166 (Porto Rico) .—Gundlach, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. fur Ornitli., 1878, pp. 159, 172; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 196 (Porto Rico, breeding January to September).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 61, 146 (Porto Rico, specimens) ; Ornis, 1887, pp. 450, 451, 453 (migrant).—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 74 (Vieques) ; Auk, 1903, p. 15 (Mona, Porto Rico, Vieques, migratory).—Ridgway, U, S. Nat Mus. Bull. 50, 1904, Pt. 3, p. 39 (Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 88-89 (Porto Rico, Vieques) ; Auk, 1916, p. 416 (Vieques).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, pp. 475-476 (Porto Rico, summer).—Schmidt, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 1926. Vol. XII, 151 (Mona).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. Ill (Cartagena Lagoon). Mona, Porto Eico, Vieques, common during breeding season; absent in winter. Bowdish reports the Caribbean martin as common on Mona Island from August 9 to 21, 1901 ; he supposed that it nested in crevices in the rock about the mouths of caves. My field notes record the martin from the Kio Guajataca near Que- bradillas, July 2 to 6, 1912; Manati, July 7 to 11; Bayamon, July 20 to 25 ; Mameyes, February 9 to 29 ; Humacao, September 3 to 9 ; Yabu- coa, May 3 to 10; Salinas, April 26 to May 2; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22; Yauco, May 16 to 28; Cabo Rojo, August 24 to 31; Mayagiiez, June 6; Aiiasco, June 7 to 8; Aguadilla, June 9 to 12; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 ; Lares, June 18 to July 1 ; Utuado, August 3 to 9 ; Adjuntas, August 10 to 16; Ciales, July 12 to 18; Comerio, July 26 to 31 ; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5; Caguas, September 2; Cayey, January 23 fco 25; Hacienda Catalina, below El Yunque, March 5 and 6. The Caribbean martin is present only during the breeding season and leaves the island in fall. The first arrivals of the year* were seen at Cayey on January 23, and after this I found them common. Gundlach re- ported them from the first of the year until September, while Dr. Stahl 478 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO says that they arrive regularly from the end of January to the first of February, and gives December 23 as the earliest date in eight years of observation. In the U. S. J^ational Museum there is a specimen taken at San Juan, January 4, 1899, by J. D. Milligan, and one in the Carnegie Museum secured at Loiza, February 16, 1912, by W. W. Worthington. Danforth reports the earliest dates of arrival at Cartagena Lagoon as January 6, 1922, and February 19, 1924, and the latest date of de- parture at Mayagiiez as September 9, 1924. On August 16, 1912, while I was on the summit of the range above Adjuntas, martins were heard continually so high overhead that they could not be seen, whiles occasionally three or four swept down over the mountain slopes and then were away. These were evidently migrant birds, as they were working steadily southward. In some localities birds were still feeding young at this date. Bowdish noted a bird in* San Juan, October 13, 1899, as the only one seen in some time, while Struthers recorded the last one noted at Maya- giiez as of October 8, 1921. At Mameyes natives informed me that in winter the large swallows flew to Africa—a tale evidently dating back to European ancestors! In 1912, immediately on arrival, martins began with much calling and warbling to investigate nesting holes in the church towers and in the eaves of buildings. In the wilder localities a few still adhere to their ancient nesting sites in hollow trees, though the greater number now nest in the towns. Near Mameyes a male was seen disputing possession of a hole in a coconut palm with a woodpecker, and there were quite a number nesting there in such locations. Struthers reports nests in coconut palms in May, 1921. On the estate known as Manantial, north of Guanica, about thirty individuals were nesting in small openings in the sides of an old brick chimney that stood seventy-five feet high, and birds were found occupying holes in trees near the Hacienda Cata- lina and along the Eio Guajataca near Quebradillas, They were ob- served carrying nesting material as early as February 9, but nest-building seemed to be rather a dilatory process, taking some time, and apparently eggs were not deposited until May 1. The first young seen on the wing were observed at Comerio, July 27; others were still feeding fledglings in the eaves of the church at Cabo Eojo the last of August, though some of the earlier-nesting birds appeared then to have left the island. Only one brood seems to be raised. The Caribbean martin is strong and vigorous on the wing, sweeping about in great circles, with much calling and chattering in characteristic martin tone. The greater number of these martins remain in or about WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 479 towns, perching on wires and the roofs of the houses and feeding high overhead. Sometimes parties are found about the mouths of lagoons and rivers, frequently darting swiftly down at a boat in the water, turn- ing abruptly and then rising to repeat the performance. On cold, rainy days they follow cattle in the pastures for the insects that these quadru- peds disturb in passing through vegetation, and on other occasions sweep back and forth along sheltered gullies where food is abundant. At Cabo Eojo the screaming and talking of a parrot hanging in a cage interested the martins greatly. Four or five would gather on a wire above it, peer- ing down, twittering and lifting their wings nervously, until, at some piercing shriek, they left precipitately. On Vieques Island Bowdish found a few at Isabel II early in Feb- ruary. I saw one or .two pairs in the village from March 16 to April 3, 1912, but did not observe them in the surrounding country. The martin feeds entirely upon insects arid so is a beneficial species. In 1912 I saw no indications of artificial nesting boxes, but there is no reason to suppose that the birds would not use such readily if made available. The adult male is steel blue with white abdomen. The female and young male are steel blue above, grayish brown on throat, breast and sides and white on the rest of the lower surface. Family Corvidae Subfamily Corvinae Corvus leuGOgnaphalus Daudin Porto Rican Crow, Cuervo Corvus leucognaphalus Daudin, Trait. d'Om., 1800, Vol. II, p. 231. (Porto Rico.) Coraiv crucirostra Ledru, Voy. lies T^n^riffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 204. (Porto Rico, described from an abnormal specimen.) Comix jamaicensis, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 1836, p. 389 (Porto Rico). Corvus leucognaphalus, Ledru, Voy. lies T6nMffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 204 (Porto Rico).— Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 168 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Sundevall, dfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 598 (listed).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Omith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. ftir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 178-179; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 214 (Lares, Caguana, Quebradillas, specimens).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 144 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 227 (Porto Rico); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 109, 145 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 11 480 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO (Gaguas, reported).—Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1918, Vol. 54, pp. 521-522; Auk, 1925, p. 446 (bones from kitchen midden, St. Croix). Corvus leucoffnaphalus leucognaphalus, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1904, Pt. 3, p. 279 (Porto Rico).~Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 94-95 (El Yunque, specimens). Porto Eico; resident, rare. St. Croix; bones found in midden de- posits. . Formerly the Porto Eican crow was abundant, but at the present time its numbers are few. N'aturalists who visited Porto Eico with Ledru one hundred thirty years ago secured the type of the species for the Paris Museum, and apparently found the bird common, as they report its flesh as good to eat. One specimen that they took had an abnormal bill with crossed mandibles and was described as a distinct species. Moritz, in 1836, reported the crow as living on fruits, and Taylor saw and collected it in 1863 (probably on the Eio Loisa at the estate of George Latimer that was known as Punta). Gundlach found many individuals at the Cueva Pajita near Lares, and in Caguana, in the vicinity of Utuado, and says that it was reported from Quebradillas and the eastern part of the island. Stahl had two specimens. Bowdish did not see it, but heard reports of it, probably incorrect, from near Caguas. These birds have more the nature and the habits of ravens than crows a resemblance borne out by their strange notes. They seem to thrive only where there are extensite growths of natural forest, and when these are cut down the crow disappears. I observed crows only in March, 1912, along the west fork of the Eio Mameyes, where they were breed- ing, nests apparently containing both eggs and well-grown young. All were inaccessible, as they were located in the tops of tall tabanuco trees. The crows kept well concealed in the leaves high above, and only by patiently watching could one locate them. They exhibited considerable curiosity and once, when I was hidden in som^ tall grass at the edge of a clearing, two came down to examine the place. On my second visit to this colony all the birds left, going higher into the mountains, though every half hour or so four or five came circling back, high in the air, and perhaps one or two would alight on some high, dead limb, projecting above the forest, where they croaked and called, lifting the wings ner- vously. Later on a flock of about twenty-five was found near the forks of the Eio Mameyes, but these birds were very wild, keeping entirely to the higher slopes of the hills. On days when it was cold and rainy on the summit of El Yunque, the crows descended into the warmer valleys, and when it cleared rose and circled back to the higher peaks. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 48 The ordinary call-note is a higli-pitched Mooh, or a deep wallougli, varied by any number of indescribable gutturals and gabbling calls, with none of the vociferous cawing of our crows. The natives claim that the crow lives for many years and credit it with great sagacity, including an ability to speak Spanish upon occasion—a belief which forms the basis of several stories current among the hill people. Captive birds, it is said, really learn a few words if captured when young. They are prized as food by the country people and were formerly hunted as game. At times, it is said, they descend to coastal swamps near Mameyes. The iris is bright reddish brown. Of nine stomachs that I examined, one contained remains of a nestling passerine bird and two bones of tree-toads, but 90 per cent of the food was made up of wild berries and drupes, such as those of the tabonuco (Daeryodes excelsa) and a palm. The crows were seen eating wild fruits of several kinds. Mr. Leopold B. Strube, of the Hacienda Jobo, near Utuado, informed me in 1912 that there had formerly been numbers of the birds about Utuado, but that they had disappeared for no apparent reason fL\e or six years before. Bones of this species have come from kitchen middens in two localities on St. Croix: one near the mouth of Salt Eiver, and the other on the Eichmond estate, near Christiansted (identified in material presented to the TJ. S. National Museum by Mrs. Hugo Hark). Apparently the bird sojourned on this island in ancient times, when it was covered with forests, but there are no modern records for living individuals. (It is possible that the bones found in kitchen middens may have come from captive birds brought from Porto Eico by Indians, though I consider this doubtful.) When Mr. Eidgway separated a Haitian form of this bird as Corvus leucognaphalus erythrophthalmus (Wiirttemberg), he had available only a few skins from Porto Eico and from the island of Haiti, a part with sex wrongly indicated. My own collections include nine skins from Porto Eico, while Dr. W. L. Abbott has recently presented to the U. S. National Museum seven from the Dominican Eepublic. A short time ago I compared these critically, at the request of Col. E. Meinertzhagen, for his revision of the genus Corvus, and found that birds from the two islands do not differ appreciably one from another, as they are almost identical in measurements and show no differences in color. My series from Porto Eico—all taken March 4 and 6, 1912, near the Hacienda Catalina, on the slopes of the great mountain El Yunque—have the following measurement (in millimeters) : 482 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Wing Tail Culmen from base Tarsus 3 males 300-312 288-298 192.2-202.5 177.0-193.5 55.7-57.5 52.7-56.5 50,0-53.2 6 females 50:0-54.1 In addition to these, there are two old skins from Porto Kico, without data, in the U. S. National Museum, one from the Bryant collection and one taken by Latimer. The species is distinguished by its large size and totally black color, with white bases on the feathers of the head and lower surface. Corvus pumilis Wetmore Lesser Porto Rican Crow, Solitario Corvus pumilis Wetmore, Proc. Biol. See. Washington, December 30, 1920, p. 81. (Cueva San Miguel, near Morovls, Porto Rico.) Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, pp. 327-328 (further comment). Porto Rico ; now extinct. While traveling in Porto Rico in 1912 I heard occasional rumor of a form of crow smaller than the ordinary cuervo (Corvus leucognaphalus) y distinguished under the name solitario, and said to have been found many years before on the wooded hills below the town of Lares. This apparently mythical story of a species which I did not succeed in finding alive has since been substantiated by the discovery of an ulna (Fig. 19), of a crow much smaller than leucognaphalus in ma- terial collected in July, 1916, by H. E. An- thony in the bone deposits of Cueva San Miguel near Morovis. The ulna that serves as a type for pumilis has a total length of 68 mm., while in four specimens of leucognaphalus this bone meas- ures 75 to 76 mm. C, pumilis was thus smaller than the modern cuervo, but was somewhat larger than C, palmarum. Appar- ently pumilis was about the size of the fish crow of the United States. With the discovery of 0. pumilis there are now known two sizes of crow—one large and one small—on Cuba, Haiti and Porto Rico. Fig. 19.—The extinct lesser Porto Rican crow or solitario (Oorvu8 pumiUa). Eight ulna (type). Inner face. Natural size. From cavern deposits of Cueva San Miguel. (Courtesy of The American Museum of Natural History.) WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 483 Family Mimidae Mimus polyglottos orpheus (Linnaeus) Jamaican Mockingbird, Ruisenor, Sinsonte Turdus orpheus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, Vol. I, p. 169. (Jamaica.) Jamaican Mockingbird, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagtiez) ; Bird- Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Turdus polyglottos, Ledru, Voy. lies T^neriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 203, 270-272 (Porto Rico). Mimus polyglottus, Sundevall, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 595 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Gundlach, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 173 (Porto Rico).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 59, 138 (Porto Rico, specimens). Mimus polyglottos, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 350 (listed).—Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 1922, Vol. XLVI, pp. 325-326 (bones from' caves near Morovls). Mimus polyglottos portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 251. (Described as new from Porto Rico.)—Cory, Auk, 1891, p. 46 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 121, 132 (Porto Rico). Mimus polyglottos orpheus, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 1836, p. 388 (listed).—Gundlach, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 166-167 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 74 (Vieques) ; Auk, 1903, p. 19 (Porto Rico, Vieques).—Ridgway, U. s! Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1907, Pt. 4, p. 232 (Porto Rico ) .—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 90-92 (Porto Rico, Vieques) ; Auk, 1916, p. 416 (Vieques, specimens) ; Auk, 1917, pp. 55, Gl (Culebra, Culebrita).— Griscom, Auk, 1921, p. 46 (St. Thomas, specimens).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 476 (Porto Rico).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 123-124 (western Porto Rico). Porto Eico, Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, St. Thomas; resident. My records indicate the following distribution for the mockingbird in Porto liico: Quebradillas, July 2 to 6, 1912; Manati, July 7 to 11; Toa Alta, August 2; Bayamon, July 20 to 25; Eio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912 (specimens) ; Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (specimens); Humacao, September 3 to 9; Yabucoa, May 3 to 10; Patillas, May 13 (specimen) ; Salinas, April 26 to May 2 (specimen) ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22 (specimen) ; Yauco, May 12 to 28 (speci- mens) ; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31 (specimens) ; Mayagiiez, June 6; Aiiasco, July 7 to 8; Aguadilla, June 9 to 12'; Lares, June 18 to July 1; Utuado, August 3 and 5; Comerio, July 26 to 31 (specimen); Ciales, July 12 to 18; Aibonito, January 26; Caguas, January 5 to 14; Cayey, January 15 to 25, and the Hacienda Catalina below El Yunque, March 2 to 11. In Porto Eico mockers are more common in the lowlands, few 484 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO being seen above a thousand feet elevation; some were found in open pastures near Aibonito, and on Mount Pelado above Cayey, among the higher points visited, but the coffee fincas and forests common in the hills were too dense to^ attract them generally. They seem to thrive best in a dry climate, as they are most abundant along the south coast. They fre« quent tree-dotted pastures, hedges and thickets; near Guanica they are common through the open cane-fields, feeding on the ground in the newly plowed lands, and following the fences through the cane, where there is little or no cover. I found them especially common in the citrus groves around Bayamon and Manati. Bones of this species were obtained from old cavern deposits near Morovis. When hidden in thickets, mockers are shy and secretive ; but the males, singing from the top of some tree or bush, flying up a few feet and then dropping back, and lifting their wings as they sing, are a most con- spicuous feature in the landscape. The period of song extends from January until July, after which they become silent except for their scolding notes. The nesting season extends from January until June. Birds were seen nest-building near Caguas, January 5 ; and near Mameyes in February nearly all the females examined were incubating. Bowdish records a nest at San Juan, March 12, 1899, containing three young, and one at Aguadilla with seven eggs. He describes the nests as similar to those found in the United States. Gundlach reports four to six eggs as the usual set. Mockingbirds were noted as common cage birds, and it was a frequent practice everywhere to take the young from the nest. Usually they were procured when quite young, and hung in cages in the bushes, where the adults could feed them. Fine singers among the males were valued as high as ten or fifteen dollars. In the country districts they were sometimes kept in rude cages made from a large calabash with string laced across the opening to prevent escape. The natives in some sections have a curious belief to the effect that the sex in captives may be told by the form of the tongue, which they say is split in males and entire in females! It would seem that this could be made to suit the needs of unscrupulous venders ! Mockers were observed many times running about on the ground in plowed fields far from any cover, though ordinarily they are inhabitants of thickets. The song of the male, with many rich notes and imitations of other birds, delivered from some conspicuous perch, is one of the finest sounds of the countryside, and the mockingbird is by far the best of songsters found in Porto Bico. The display that is frequent in the breeding season, in which the male flies out with slowly moving wings. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 485 fully spread to display their flashy white markings, is as pleasing as the notes that accompany it. The usual call-note is harsh in tone. Bowdish reported the mockingbird from Vieques Island in 1900, and I found it very common there and secured a series of specimens from March 16 to April 3, 1912. The brush-grown pastures of this relatively dry island seemed well suited to it, and it was distributed everywhere through pastures and fields. The period of my visit marked the height of the breeding season; a nest containing four young nearly a week old was seen on April 3. On Culebra Island the mocker was somewhat less abundant from April 5 to 21, 1912 (several taken). The birds were nesting at this period. The species was observed on Culebrita Island, April 15. Griscom has recorded a series of this form collected on St. Thomas during August and September, 1916, by E. H. Beck. The bird has not been reported previously from that point, and is not known at present from any of the other islands here under discussion. I have carefully compared series from Cuba, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Porto Eico, Vieques and Culebra and find birds from these widely sepa- rated islands so nearly the same in size and coloration that they must be considered representative of one form. The darker coloration at one time supposed to differentiate the bird from Porto Eico does not hold. Griscom reports skins from St. Thomas as belonging to this race. The distribution is anomalous, since the range is interrupted by the oc- currence of the distinct Mimus p. dominicus on the island of Haiti, and one is led to speculate on the possibility of man as an agency in estab- lishing orpheus in the widely separated islands that comprise its range, in view of the fact that he keeps it commonly as a cage bird. This is especially true for St. Thomas, for 1916 seems to be the first recorded date of its occurrence, though apparently it was then common. The mockingbird, nine inches in length, is of slender form, gray above and white below, with prominent white markings in the wings and in the long tail. The young in first plumage have spotted breasts. In this form two-thirds of the food is made up of the fruits of palms, wild figs, and other drupes and berries. The animal food includes cut- worms, injurious weevils and the mole cricket, so that the species is bene- ficial in its relation to agriculture. [Mimus gilvus gtlvus (Vieillot) Guiana Mockingbird Turdm gilvus Vieillot, Ois. Amer. Sept., 1807, Vol. II, p. 15, PI. 68 bis. (Guiana.) 486 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Mimus gilvus, Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, Vol. VII, p. 172 (HI. Thomas, specimen).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 121 (St. Thomas ).-~Griscom, Auk, 1921, p. 461 (St. Thomas, doubtful). Mimu8 gilvus gilvus, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 50, 1907, Pt. 4, p. 235 (St. Thomas). In a collection of birds obtained by Benedict and Nye in 1884 at various points on the shores of the Caribbean Sea during a cruise of the Fisheries Steamer Albatross, there is a single skin of the present bird marked St. Thomas. Mr. L. Griscom, in announcing a series of Mimus p, orpheus from St. Thomas, has cast doubt on this record through information obtained from Dr. Eichmond. On examining the catalog of the collection in question, I find that it includes birds from points within the usual range of gilvus. Further- more, the specimen in question has the original label in a handwriting different from that on other specimens, so that its indication as from St. Thomas is considered erroneous. It would seem to have come from elsewhere and to have been wrongly marked by some person other than the collectors. The form is included here to call attention to the error, since the bird has no place in the avifauna of the Virgin Islands.] Margarops fuscatus fuscatus (Vieillot) Pearly-eyed Thrasher, Zorz^l, Zorzdl Pardo, Zorzal Negro, Zorzal de los Palmares, Truche Turdus fuscatus Vieillot, Otis. Amer. Sept., 1807, Vol. II, p. 1, PI. 57 bis. (Santo Domingo; Porto Rico.)—Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (listed). Thrush, Knox, Hist. Ace. St. Thomas, W. I., 1852, Pt. 220 (St. Thomas). Merula fuscata, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 376 (St. Thomas, specimens). Gidhlherminia fuscata, Newton, Ibis, 1859, pp. 141-142 (St. Croix, St. Thomas).—Cory, Auk, 1891, pp. 43, 48 (Porto Rico, St. Croix, Virgin Gorda, St. Thomas, Tortola).—Mortensen, Atlanten, 1909, Vol. VI, No. 66, p. 646 (St. Croix). Margarops fuscatus, Sundevall, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 595 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 310; Journ ftir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 166; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 172 (Quebradillas, Utuado, specimens).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 59, 138 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1890, pp. 374, 375 (St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, specimens); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 121 (Mona, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda).—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 74 (Vieques); Auk, 1903, p. 20 (Mona, Vieques, Desecheo). ^Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 325 (bones from caves near Morovls). Margarops fuscatus fuscatus, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1907, Pt. 4, p. 266 (Mona, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda).— WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 487 Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 89-90 (Porto Rico and smaller Islands) ; Auk, 1916, p. 416 (Vieques, specimens) ; Auk, 1917, pp. 55, 61 (Culebra, specimens; Louis Peiia, Culebrita) ; Auk, 1918, p. 339- 340 (Desecheo, specimens).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 476 (Maricao, Rinc6n, Mayagiiez ) .—Schmidt, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 1926, Vol. XII, p. 151 (Moria).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 124-125 (Cartagena Lagoon; Ensenada to Cabo Rojo Light- house, Mayaguez). Mona, Desecheo, Porto Eico, Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda; resident. Bowdish reported the pearly-eyed thrasher as more abundant on Mona Island than any other land bird, from August 9 to 21, 1901. Ten skins that he collected for the U. S. National Museum are all in worn plumage. He found the bulky nests of twigs on shelves and crevices in the rocks near small caves. Bowdish also secured four specimens on Desecheo Island, July 6 and 9, 1900. This thrasher is the only resident land bird now known from this bit of land, where it is so common that, from June 13 to 16, 1912, I estimated that there were perhaps 1200 individuals on the island. In the dense brush it was difficult to see them, but their notes were heard on every hand. Fishermen who visited the island from time to time had made a tiny pool on a broad rock exposure to catch rain water and I saw the thrashers often drinking this supply. I knew of no other available fresh water and wondered how the birds maintained themselves under ordinary circumstances, as in dry seasons they must subsist with- out a definite water supply. A pair of these birds had built a nest in a crevice in the roof of the little cave that constituted my only shelter, and apparently at this time the female was incubating eggs. I was not able to reach the nest, but it was seemingly a bulky structure, because grass and twigs projected from the openings leading into the crevice in which it was located. I^oddy terns fought the two thrashers constantly, but were always worsted in the encounters. At evening the male sang his somewhat labored song from a cactus stalk above the cave entrance, con- tinuing his calls until deep dusk. On Porto Eico this thrasher is far from abundant in most localities, and from its habits few are seen. I found it at Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (specimens February 12, 21 and 26) ; Yauco, May 21 (a pair taken) ; near Guanica, May 24; Aibonito, January 31 (specimens); Caguas, January 11 (specimen) ; Hacienda Catalina below El Yunque, March 4 and 10. In the U. S. National Museum is a skin taken at Caguas, January 9, 1899, by A. B. Baker. Gundlach reports one taken at Quebradillas in November, and a pair at Utuado in July. Worthing- 488 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO ton secured birds for the Carnegie Museum at Santa Isabel on March 22 and at Adjuntas on March 27, 1912. Struthers found them quite common at Maricao, December 29, 1921, and collected two. He reports the species once from Rincon and once near Mayagiiez. Mr. F. A. Potts writes me that it is quite plentiful in the upper Toro Negro Valley. I noted many of its bones in cavern material collected by Anthony near Morovis. Danforth has found it fairly common near Cartagena Lagoon, and between Ensenada and Cabo Eojo Lighthouse, and has heard it near Mayagiiez. In habits and appearance the truche resembles the shyer thrushes. It inhabits dense thickets and keeps so well under cover that, except in the drier regions, where the scrub is fairly open, it is seldom seen. The song resembles the syllables wheur, tel leur, tsee, given brokenly with many variations; so that, while the notes themselves are pleasing, the whole effect is disconnected and rambling. The birds sing by the hour, and the monotony and persistency of the sounds may in time become unpleasant. In singing they choose elevated perches amid leaves, and rest with wings and tail hanging loosely. At such times with care they may be approached and observed, but at any disturbance they dart at once into thick cover below. The flight is swift and direct, like that of a robin. In the dense thickets on Vieques Island the pearly-eyed thrasher was common, and from March 16 to April 3, 1912, I secured a series of thirteen, all males. I found that here they had much curiosity, so that it was easy to decoy them from their cover to positions where they could be seen. They were noted especially in dry creek beds and ravines. A breeding male was taken on March 21, but others showed no signs of sexual activity. The thrashers were common on Culebra Island from April 5 to 21, 1912, where I collected additional specimens. I found them also on Louis Pena and Culebrita islands. Eobert Swift collected this species on St. Thomas for Cassin, and Winch sent specimens from there to Cory. JSTewton remarks that the species is common on that island, and in the U. S. N*ational Museum there are two skins taken at St. Thomas by P. A. Ober, and a third re- ceived from the Academy of Natural Sciences. The Newtons found the pearly-eyed thrasher common on St. Croix and say that it breeds there from the end of May to the first part of July. The eggs number from four to six and are blue green, deeper in color and larger in size than those of the American robin. Cory re- ceived skins from StI Croix, and there are six females in the Museum of Comparative Zoology taken on September 15, 1912, by G. K. Noble. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 489 C. S. Winch collected the bird on Tortola and Virgin Gorda, and there are two specimens in the U. S. National Museum obtained by Ober on St. John. This species feeds mainly on wild drupes and berries, though large insects, spiders, fiddler crabs, tree-toads and lizards are eaten occa- sionally. These birds are a little more than eleven inches in length and have a dull-brown plumage, variegated with white below, and a white abdo- men. The eye is light in color. Family Turdidae Mimociehla ardosiacea portorlcensis (Bryant) Porto Rican Thrush, Zorzai, Zorz^l Azul, Zorz^l de Patas Coloradas Turdus ardosiaceus portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Boston See. Nat. Hist., 1867, Vol. XI, p. 93. (Porto Rico.) Turdus plumbeus, Ledru, Voy. lies T^n6riffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto-Rlcco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 203 (Porto Rico).—Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (listed).—Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 350 (listed). Mimociehla plumhea, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 166 (Porto Rico). Turdus ardosiacea, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 251 (Porto Rico).—Sundevail, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 595 (Porto Rico, specimens). Mimociehla ardosiacea, Gundlach, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 310; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 165-166; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 171 (Porto Rico, common).—Stahl, Faun. Porto Rico, 1883, pp. 58-59, 138 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 6 (Porto Rico); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 122 (Porto Rico ) .—Hartert, Nov. Zool., 1902, Vol. IX, p. 278 (San Juan, specimen).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 20 (Porto Rico).—Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 1922, Vol. XLVI, pp. 326-327 (bones from caves, Morovis and Utuado). Mimociehla ardosiacea portoricensis, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1907, Pt. 4, p. 81 (Porto Rico ) .—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1926, pp. 92-93 (Porto Rico).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 476 (Porto Rico).— Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 125-126 (Cartagena Lagoon, Mayaguez). Porto Eico; fairly common resident. I found this thrush at Quebradillas, July 2 to 6, 1912 ; Manati, July 7 to 11; Trujillo Alto, December 26; Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (speci- mens) ; Yabucoa, May 10; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22; Yauco, May 16 to 28 (specimens) ; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31 (specimens) ; Maya- giiez, June 6; Anasco, June 7 to 8; Aguadilla, June 9 to 21; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 (specimens) ; Utuado, August 3 to 9 (specimens) ; Adjuntas, August 10 to 16; Ciales, July 12 to 18 (specimen) ; Comerio, 490 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO July 26 to 31; Cidra, July 30; Caguas, January 5 to 14 (specimen) ; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5 (specimen) ; Las Cruces, January 15; Hacienda Catalina below El Yunque^ March 2 to 11 (specimens). The Porto Eican thrush is distributed over the entire island, though it is less common in the dry region of the south coast. The species inhabits dense brush or forest; in the hills it is common in the coffee plantations. Regions of small streams fringed with trees and running through brushy pastures form an especially favorable haunt for these birds. In general appearance they suggest gray-colored robins, but are shyer in habit. At times they run about on the ground in the open, but when frightened take refuge in thickets, and in general remain under cover except when undisturbed. In singing they mount to the top of a tree and perch in the thick leaves, where they utter a song composed of a series of disconnected notes, some of which are quite musical. As a whole, the song is not unpleasing, though repetition causes it to become monotonous. The call-note is a low wheur-a like the note of a thrasher. The birds* were decoyed readily by ^'^squeaking'-' or by a whistled imitation of their notes. The breeding season extends from the end of January to June, varying somewhat in different parts of the island. Kear Mameyes in February the birds were seen performing a mating display in which male and female ran about on the ground with heads drawn in and the widely spread tails thrown forward over the back so that the white tips w^ere prominent. Gundlach reports that they lay from three to six eggs, in color greenish white spotted with dark reddish brown. Danforth reports a nest, April 30, 1924, at Mayagiiez placed among upright shoots growl- ing from a guanabano tree nine feet from the ground. The nest was built of shreds of bark, fine twigs, a small piece of partly rotted burlap, some string, bits of fern leaf and some feathers, lined with shredded bark. The open cup of the nest contained one egg with '^a. putty-colored back- ground^' mottled with rufous-brown. It measured 33 x 22 mm. I found young birds common in June and July. Taylor has described the bill, eyelids, legs and feet as bright yellow, but this does not hold in a considerable number of specimens that I examined in the flesh, as these parts were near flame scarlet (Ridgway), becoming more orange in June specimens, when the birds were in molt. Birds in full molt were taken at Maricao, June 3, while skins from Ciales, July 15, indicate that the birds were just completing the wing molt. These thrushes are very handsome, with their dark-gray plumage, white abdomen and white throat streaked heavily with black. The young in Juvenal dress has the breast washed with dull buff and barred faintly with dusky. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 49I About two-thirds of the food of this species is composed of drupes of the laurel, morale wild ^g, royal palm and similar fruits of the forest, while in the animal food I found the mole cricket, weevils destructive to cane, cutworms, ants, snails, lizards and tree-toads. As a species, Mimocichla ardosiacea is found on Haiti, Porto Eico and the island of Dominica, indicating that it may have extended through other islands at one time, or that possibly it has been transported by aboriginal man in his wandering. Distinction between the typical form of the island of Haiti and the subspecies portoricensis of Porto Rico is very slight. The Porto Rican form in series is faintly more slaty gray above, while the Haitian bird has a bluer tinge. Many from the two regions are indistinguishable in color. In its dimensions the Porto Rican form is slightly larger, the difference being most evident in the bill and tail. Measurements of a series indicate, however, how little difference there is between the two. Wing Tail Culmen from base Tarsus Mimocichla a. ardosiacea: Average of 10 males . . Average of 9 females . . Mimocichla a. portoricensis: Average of 15 males. . Average of 4 females . . 125.5 121.3 129.6 125.8 108.0 101.0 117.5 112.2 23.2 23.3 25.2 25.0 38.9 38.4 39.0 37.9 [Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin) Wood Thrush Turdus mustelmus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1789, Vol. I, Pt. 2, p. 817. (New York.)—Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 350 (listed).—Gundlach, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1874, p. 310; Journ. ftir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 165; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 170 (figured in album of Bello).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, p. 58 (listed).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 122 (Porto Rico). Hylocichla mustelina, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1907, Pt. 4, p. 38 (Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric, Bull. 326, 1916, p. 94 (of doubtful occurrence). Gundlach found a drawing that he identified as this species in the album of Dr. Bello, who had taken it from a specimen in the collection of Don Celedonio Carbonell. There is no other record for the bird, which is here placed in the hypothetical list, since its occurrence is not suffi- ciently certain. 492 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO The wood thrush migrates from its summer home, in eastern Korth America, south into eastern Mexico and Central America, and is found casually in Cuba and the Bahamas. It is a bird of plump form with a short tail colored above bright reddish brown on head and back, duller brown on tail, and below creamy white, spotted heavily with black.] Family Vireonidae Subfamily Yireoninae Vireo latimeri Baird Latimer's Vireo, Julian Ohivi Vireo latimeri Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, May, 1866, p. 364. (Porto Rico, north side.) Latimer's Vireo, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagiiez). Vireo latimeri, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, p. 252 (listed). Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 596 (specimen). Gundlach, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 310; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 158, 165; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 167 (Porto Rico, speci- mens).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 58, 137 (Porto Rico, speci- mens).—-Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 187 (listed); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 116, 132 (listed).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 16 (San Juan, Maya- giiez ) .—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1904, Pt. 3, p. 210 (Porto Rico).~Wetmore, U. S Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 95-96 (Porto Rico).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 476 (common).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 114-115 (Cartagena and Anegado lagoons, Ensenadf, Cabo Rojo Lighthouse, between Utuado and Arecibo). Porto Eico ; fairly common resident. In 1912 I noted this species at Quebradillas, July 2 to 6 (specimens) ; Manati, July 7 to 11 (specimen) ; Toa Alta, August 2; Bayamon, July 20 to 25; Rio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912 (speci- mens) ; Trujillo Alto, December 26, 1911; Patillas, May 13 (specimen) ; Salinas, April 26 to May 2 (specimens) ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22 (specimens) ; Yauco, May 16 to 18 (specimen) ; Cabo Rojo, August 26; Mayagiiez, June 6; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 (specimens); Lares, June 18 to July 1 (specimens); Utuado, August 3 to 9; Ciales, July 12 to 18 (specimen) ; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5 (specimens) ; Comerio, July 26 to 31 ; Cayey, January 22 (specimen) ; and Caguas, January 5 to 14 (specimens). Bowdish secured skins for the U. S. National Museum at Catano and Mayagiiez, and Richmond obtained one at Adjuntas (April 14, 1900). Danforth reports the species near Carta- gena and Anegado lagoons, Ensenada, Cabo Rojo Lighthouse and be- tween XTtuado and Arecibo. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 493 The present species is another form that is seemingly restricted in range to the western portions of Porto Eico, since to the present time it has not been recorded east of Trujillo Alto, Cagiias and Patillas. It is decidedly local in occurrence throughout its range. Latimer^s vireo frequents the coffee plantations to some extent, but is most common in the dense brush, matted with creepers, that covers the limestone hills which are a prominent feature of the landscape on the north side of the island. The birds are common in the dry hills of the south coast also, and I found them almost abundant in the forest growth along the Rio de la Lapa, back of Salinas. They work industriously through the brush, sometimes high up in the trees, but more often near the ground, search-^ ing systematically through the tangles for food. They exhibited some curiosity, and once one came out and scolded with a wrenlike chatter for several minutes, until the brush about me was full of peering grassquits, honey-creepers and spindalis. Females of Latimer's vireo seem to be almost silent, but the males sing incessantly, a sharply accented song, in imitation of which it gets its native name of Julian chi-vi. ^There are two distinct strains in this song and the bird may change abruptly from one to the other. The couplets are uttered from twenty-two to twenty-three times a minute and frequently may continue without ap- preciable break for an hour. The scolding note may be rendered as chee chee chur chwr chur. Latimer's vireo nests in April and May. Young birds were seen July 5 following their parents with soft call-notes ; Bowdish records im- mature birds taken in October. Gundlach says that the nest is suspended in a fork of a small branch and is a basket of soft materials, such as plant down, spider web and pliant fibers. He describes the eggs as three in number, white, spotted with lilac and dull brown. In May the males sang constantly, often remaining on one perch for half an hour or so, but by the middle of. June they were mainly silent. The bulk of the food of Latimer's vireo consists of small insects and includes many little beetles, true bugs and even the nymphs of the mole cricket. About one-eighth of its sustenance comes from small wild berries and fruits, such as those of the camacey (Miconia prasina) and espino. Most of the vegetable food is eaten in autumn. Latimer's vireo is slightly less than five inches in length, but is plump and robust. The back is bright olive-green, the crown grayish, throat whitish and breast and underparts yellow. 494 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Virea olivaceus olivaceus (Linnaeus) Jamaican Vireo, Bien-te-veo Muscicupa olivacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. 12, 1766, Vol. I, p. 327. (Jamaica.) Sylvicola altiloqua, Hartlaub, Isis, 1874, p. 611 (listed). Vireo altiloquus, Sundevall, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 595 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Bello, Zool. Gart, 1871, p. 349 (listed). Phyllomanes calidHs, Gundlach, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1874, p. 310; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 158, 165; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 168 (Porto Rico, abundant).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, p. 58 (Porto Rico, specimens) ; Ornis, 1887, pp. 451, 453 (migrant). Vireo calidris, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 115, 152-153 (Porto Rico, St. Croix).—BSwdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 74 (Vieques); Auk, 1903, p. 16 (Porto Rico, abundant). Vireosylva altiloqua, Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 145 (St. Croix).—Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, pp. 375-376 (St. Thomas, specimens). Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 166 (Porto Rico, common). Vireosylva caUdris calidris, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1904, Pt. 3, p. 138 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Croix).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 97-98 (Porto Rico) ; Auk, 1916, p. 416 (Vieques, specimens) ; Auk, 1917, pp. 54, 61 (Louis Peiia, Culebrita).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 476 (Porto Rico, summer).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 113-114 (Porto Rico, records). Vireosylva calidris, Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, 3f>p. 328-329 (bones from cave deposits, near Morovls). Porto Rico, Vieques, Louis Pefia, Culebrita, St. Croix, St. Thomas; a summer visitant that comes to breed, but spends the winter elsewhere. In Porto Rico the Jamaican vireo is a common summer visitant that I recorded as follows : Quebradillas, July 2 to 6 ; Manati, July 7 to 11 ; Toa Alta, August 2; Bayamon, July 20 to 25; Mameyes, February 14 to 29 ; Yabucoa, May 3 to 10 ; Maunabo, May 11 ; Patillas, May 12 to 13 ; Salinas, April 26 to May 2 ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22 ; Yauco, May 16 to 28; Cabo Rojo, August 24 to 31; Mayagiiez, June 6; Anasco, June 7 and 8; Aguadilla, June 9 to 12; Maricao, May 29 to June 5; Lares, June 18 to July 1; Utuado, August 3 to 9; Adjuntas, August 10 to 16; Ciales, July 12 to 18; Comerio, July 26 to 31; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5; Hacienda Catalina, below El Yunque, March 2 to 11. The species is migrant, coming in February and leaving the island in September. I saw the first one near Mameyes, February 14, 1912, and immediately after that the species became common. Struthers reports the earliest arrival as February 12, 1921. The birds seem to arrive in a group and rapidly cover the entire island. Gundlach says that they come on February 14, while Stahl in 1887 noted one on February 5* WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 495 which is the earliest date of arrival known at present. In the TJ. S. National Museum is a specimen taken February 13, 1899, at Hucares, by Mr. A. B. Baker. The following year Eichmond collected one on the lower slopes of El Yunque, February 22. The Jamaican vireo is found throughout Porto Eico wherever there are trees, and, though most common in the forested hills, is found in brushy thickets in pastures, or in shade trees about houses. The coffee plantations, with their extensive stretches of tall trees to protect the coffee from the sun, are especially favorable to them. In the spring of 1912 males seemed to arrive first, as no female was actually taken until April 11, after which this sex was common. On March 9, near the Hacienda Catalina, there was a wave of migration on the part of the vireos, for in early morning the coffee plantations were full of their songs, whereas next day they were gone. In fall these birds had completed the molt by the first week in August and were restless, working rapidly through the tops of the trees. By August 16 their numbers had suddenly decreased, and after that they were evidently migrating, the last one being observed on August 31 at Cabo Eojo. Danforth records the last at Mayagiiez, September 8, 1924. Gundlach reports them as leaving in August, while Stahl says that they are present until September. Migration among such birds as this vireo and the martin that nest in Porto Eico and then migrate elsewhere to winter is difficult to explain. Climate can hardly account for it, as the seasons in Porto Eico are fairly uniform. It may possibly be due to an in- stinct to withdraw, after breeding, to the ancestral home for winter. Two specimens have been recorded from Masinga Vieja, in the Santa Marta region of Colombia, August 19 and September 7, which indicates that they winter in northern South America. ^ The Jamaican vireo is slow and leisurely in habit, examining care- fully twigs and leaves for food. It peers about in characteristic vireo fashion, sometimes pausing to sing for several minutes. It has little fear of man. The song, given constantly through the day in the breed- ing season, is a series of couplets closely resembling the song of the red- eyed vireo. It also utters the usual scolding note of vireos of this type. The breeding season begins early in May and lasts through June. I found no nests, but at Lares, June 29, a boy brought me a nestling and described the nest as built in a banana plant. A juvenile female in the U. S. ISTational Museum was taken at Mayagiiez, May 30, 1901, by Mr. Bowdish. Bowdish describes a nest found, May 1, 1900, near Aguadilla as a "2 See Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 1922, Vol. XIV, pp. 434-435. 496 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO well-made basket hung in the fork of a limb seven feet from the ground. It was made of fibers and cottony substance and was very handsome. Another nest found on June 9 contained two eggs similar to those of Vireo oUvaceus, These eggs^ now in the U. S. National Museum^ are dull white in color. One is spotted sparingly with small spots of blackish brown, while the other is unmarked. They measure 21.8 x 15.9 mm. and 21.7 X 16.7 mm., respectively. A third nest, suspended over a road, was twelve feet from the ground. Danforth reports a nest containing three eggs at Cartagena Lagoon on July 2, 1924. Throughout July I found young birds common, either shifting for themselves or still following their parents with soft insistent calls, while the adults answered with low plaintive notes. Two seemed to be the usual number in a brood. During the breeding season each pair has a very circumscribed range, as may be determined from the singing of the male hour after hour throughout the day from the same group of trees. In August they sang seldom. Because of their leisurely movement, it is often difficult to see them amid thick leaves, particularly when these are disturbed by wind. The iris of this species is rather a bright reddish brown in color. I found bones of this species in material from cave deposits near Morovis. Bowdish recorded the Jamaican bird on Vieques Island, and from March 16 to April 3 I found it fairly common there and secured speci- mens. It seemed local in distribution. I observed it in several localities on the south coast, but on the north side of the island encountered it only along one small gully. One specimen was taken on Louis Pena, April 11, where I found sev- eral vireos in dense mangroves, and tjiey were observed on Culebrita, April 15. ISTone were found on Culebra Island proper, though they undoubtedly occur there. The Newtons report them as common on St. Croix, but very local in occurrence, ranging mainly in the south part of the island. A nest found on June 5, 1858, in a manchineel contained three eggs. They stated that the bird was undoubtedly resident, and there is little doubt that it is migrant throughout its breeding range. There are two males in the Museum of Comparative Zoology taken on St. Croix, June 19 and 21, 1914, by G. K. Noble. Cassin reports several specimens foi:warded from St. Thomas by Eobert Swift. The bird has not yet been reported from the other islands considered in this report. Bangs and Penard (Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, Vol. 67, 1925, pp. 205- 206) have shown that the specific name oKvaceus must be transferred to WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 497 the present species, replacing the current appellation calidris, while the red-eyed viro formerly called olivaceus will become Vireo vlrescem. A large series that I secured in Porto Eico are all referable to the present form, and I see no distinction between these and skins from Jamaica. It is probable that Yireo olivaceus larbatida, which nests in Cuba, Florida and the Bahamas, may come occasionlly to Porto Eico in migration, for it also is migrant and winters in Colombia, but it has not yet been taken. It is distinguished from typical olivaceus by whiter breast, greener back, grayer crown, lighter, more whitish superciliary, and paler sides of head. The Jamaican vireo is a bird of slender form, greenish above, with duller, grayer head, whitish below with a yellowish green wash on sides and under tail coverts, a prominent light superciliary and a blackish malar stripe. It is about six inches in length. The food of this vireo is made up of almost equal parts of animal and vegetable matter. Small Orthoptera, bugs, weevils, other beetles, quan- tities of caterpillars, spiders and little tree-toads were found in the animal food. Small fruits of the wild fig, espino (Xanthoxylum), guara- guou (Guarea tnchilioides), adelia (Adelia) and aji (Capsicum) are indicative of its preferences among wild fruits and berries. Indigestible seeds or hard fragments of insects are regurgitated after digestion of the softer portions has taken place. [Vireo virescens (Vieillot) Red-eyed Vireo Vireo virescens Vieillot, Ois. Amer. Sept., 1807, Vol. I, p. 84, PI. 83. (Pennsyl- vania. ) Vireo olivaceus, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 390 (listed).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 190 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 116 (Porto Rico). Phyllomanes olivaceus, Gundlaeh, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 310; Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, p. 158; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 169 (figured in album of Bello). Vireosylva oUvacea, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1904, Pt. 3, p. 148 (Porto Rico?).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 96 (hy- pothetical). The red-eyed vireo was recorded by Gundlaeh on the basis of a draw- ing made by Bello from a specimen seen in the collection of Don Cele- donio Carbonell, of Cabo Eojo. This record is considered indefinite and the species is here included as hypothetical. It is distinguished from the Jamaican vireo by the lack of the dusky streak on the malar region.] 498 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Family Coerebidae Subfamily Coerebinae Coereba portoric^sis portaricensis (Bryant) Porto Rican Honey-creeper, Reinita, Reina, Gusanero Certhiola flaveola portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, A^ol. X, p. 252. (Northern side of Porto Rico.) Porto Rican Honey Creeper, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, p. 10 (Porto Rico) ; Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagtiez) ; Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Certhia flaveola Ledru, Voy. lies T^n^riflfe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 205, 206 (listed). Nectarinia flaveola, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 1836, p. 387 (listed.)—Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (listed). Certhiola flaveola, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 166 (Porto Rico).—Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 598 (specimens). Certhiola portoricensis, Gundlach, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1874, p. 812; Journ, flir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 179-180; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 216 (abundant).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 144 (specimens).— Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 48 (part, Porto Rico) ; Auk, 1891, p. 38 (part, Porto Rico) ; C^t. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 116 (part, Porto Rico) ; Auk, 1892, p. 229 (specimens).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 115-116 (Porto Rico, habits). Coerel)a portoricensis ^ Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 17 (habits).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p: 413 (part, Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, 109-111 (habits, economic status) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XL VI, pp. 329-330 (bone from cavern; Morovis).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 477 (habits, nesting). Porto Eico. The most abundant and widely distributed species of bird. The honey-creeper is without question the most abundant bird of the island, as it is found wherever there is cover for it : in mangroves lining the lagoons and bays, along maya hedges through the cane-fields, in mango trees in pastures, in coffee plantations, thickets and forests. Seemingly it " is able to adapt itself to all conditions. It is the only common bird of the dense, humid rain forests that clothe the higher slopes of El Yunque, and it is equally common in arid districts on the dry southern coast where rains come seldom. The species is one of the few common birds of the coffee plantations and outnumbers all other birds to be found in such situations. It not infrequently penetrates the cane-fields from the shelter of the maya hedges. Honey-creepers are tame and trusting, coming about houses to search the eaves for spiders and even entering open doors and windows familiarly. In the little cafetins in the barrios it is a common practice to place syrup for then WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 499 in a little dish on the counter. A pair of honey-creepers with a family near by will visit this daily, bringing their young with them as soon as they are out of the nest in order to feed them. In country hotels it is not unusual to have a honey-creeper fly in at meal time to perch on the edge of the sugar bowl and help itself, unmindful of guests at the table. On one occasion, while I was shaking down some wild oranges, a bird, attracted by the motion of the limbs, alighted in the tree just above my head and refused to leave, though I was jarring the tree violently. The song of the honey-creeper is heard incessantly through the day, an insect-like trill that may be likened to the syllables zee-e-e-e siuees se tee, the first part given slowly, in a thin, high tone, and the last more rapidly. The call-note is a sharp, chipping note, heard usually when the birds are alarmed about their nests. Sometimes, while singing, the male remains for several minutes on one perch, but usually the song is given while he is hunting for food. In the dark forests on the upper slopes of El Yunque, the note of the honey-creeper was the only song heard, though in the obscure light that filtered through the thickly interlaced branches the birds were seldom seen. ISTothing appears to daunt them. After a cloudburst near Adjuntas, when torrents of rain were accom- panied by violent, shifting winds, honey-creepers began singing cheer- fully the instant that the heaviest part of the downpour was over. The young birds sing as soon as they are fully feathered, and frequently are breeding before they have lost the juvenal plumage, at which time they cannot be more than six or seven months old. The nesting season appears to extend without definite break through- out the year, though occupied nests are most abundant from February to June. Several broods are raised; how many can be told only by extended observations on one pair. The nests are round, globular affairs, placed in a semipendant fashion at the tips of limbs, from five to thirty feet from the ground. They are built of weeds, leaves and grasses, lined with finer material. The opening is always below, so that the birds go in from underneath. Dr. George 'N. Walcott, under date of May 30, 1920, sent me a nest found near Point Cangrejos that contained in its material a large number of egg clusters of a spider of the genus Gasteracantha. Both sexes assist in building, bring straws and other material and ^x them in place, at first forming merely a rounded mass, with a semblance of the opening in one side, which later is molded into its proper form. Although the male is allowed to assist, he brings material only when the female is absent, for when she catches him in the nest, she immediately drives him out. The nests, when empty, are used as sleeping quarters. These birds sleep late, not coming out in the morning until 500 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO half an hour after other birds have become active. The usual number of young is two or three. The nests are often built without attempt at concealment. They should be protected rigidly, as hundreds of eggs are destroyed wantonly by boys. There are three sets of eggs of the honey-creeper in the U. S. National Museum, the first consisting of one egg taken at Luquillo, Porto Eico, March 3, 1900, by C. W. Eichmond, the second of two eggs, secured at Fajardq, March 13, 1900, by the same collector, and the third of three eggs collected at Mayagiiez, Porto Eico, by B. S. Bowdish on May 25, 1901. These have the ground color white. The set of two eggs is marked with fairly well-defined fine spots of army and natal brown, distributed over the entire egg, but most abundant, almost confluent, at the large end. The remaining eggs have the brown markings present more as a wash that is fainter, less defined into spots, and in two forms a wreath about the larger end. The single egg has little of the ground color visible through the brown. The eggs of these sets measure 18.5 x 12.4 mm. ; 17.3 X 12.5 mm. and 17.2 x 12.3 mm. ; 18.2 x 13.4 mm., 17.0 x 13.3 mm. and 17.2 x 13.6 mm. In their quest for food, honey-creepers search all flowering plants, but of these the molinillo (Leonotis) is perhaps visited most frequently. The birds cling to the rounded flower heads and probe each one in turn. The muneco (Cordia collococca) and bucare (Eryihrina) when in blos- som are also a great attraction. When the flower of the banana opens, it contains a great deal of nectar and is visited repeatedly. Honey-creepers, it is said, occasionally pierce ripe bananas; but, as the bunches are cut for human consumption while green, the birds do not deprive man of the fruits they injure. A honey-creeper that I shot near Cayey, Jan- uary 17, 1912, had the throat filled with the pulp of red raspberries (Eubus rosifolius) and it was not unusual to find clear nectar in the esophagus. Near Elo Piedras one visited a ripe guanabano (Anona muricata) that had been torn open by a spindalis, and ate for nearly five minutes, hanging head down from a twig above and pulling and nibbling at the inside of the fruit. Undamaged fruit in the same tree was not touched, even after the guanabano that was already open was removed. There is some complaint among fruit-growers that this species pricks ripe oranges and destroys them, but personally I observed nothing of the kind, the nearest approach to it being when fully ripe fruit had been opened by other agencies and the honey-creepers thereupon came to sip the Juice. Birds taken in the citrus groves were invariably feeding on insects. A large part of the food of the honey-creeper is composed of small spiders and tiny insects, such as lantern flies, small beetles, cater- WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 501 pillars, flies and Hymenoptera. The species seems in general beneficial to agriculture. The reinita is so universally known to Porto Kicans that a description seems almost superfluous. It is a tiny bird, only four and one-half inches long, with curved bill, yellow breast and rump, gray throat, sooty black upper surface, with a white spot on the wing and a white line over the eye. The young are duller in color and have the superciliary stripe dull yellow. The type specimen of this bird in the U. S. National Museum, taken by George Latimer, is marked ^Torto Kico, N. side.^^ Coereba port«riceiisis sancti-thamae (Sundevall) Virgin Island Honey-Creeper, Sugar-bird Certhiala S:ti Tliomae Sundevall, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 621. (St. Thomas.') Oerthiola sancti-thomae Ridgway, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 28. (De- scribed as new from St. Thomas.) Oerthiola flaveola, Cassin, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 377 (St. Thomas, specimens). Oerthiola portoricensis, Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, p. 172 (St. Thomas, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 48 (part, St. Tliomas).—Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 576 (St. Thomas, specimen). Coereba dominicensis, Cory, Auk, 1890, p. 374 (Anegada). Goereha portoricensis, Cory, Auk, 1890, pp. 374, 375 ( St. Thomas, Anegada, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Culebra) ; Auk, 1891, p. 38 (part, Culebra, Ane- gada, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, St. Thomas, St. John) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 116 (part, Culebra, Anegada, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, St. Thomas, St. John ) .—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 74 (Vieques).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 413 (part, Vieques, Culebra, Anegada, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, St. Thomas, St. John).—Auk, 1916, pp. 418-419 (Vieques, specimens) ; Auk, 1917, pp. 55, 62 (Culebra, Culebrita, Louis Pena, specimens). Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, Louis Peiia, St. Thomas, St. John, Virgin Gorda, Tortola, Anegada; resident. On careful comparison of a large series I find that the honey-creeper of the Virgin Islands (except St. Croix, which is inhabited by a distinct species, Coereba newtoni) is distinguished from the bird of Porto Kico by the brighter, clearer yellow of the under surface and the paler colora- tion of the flanks. The difference is constant in a large series from Vieques and Culebra and in a smaller number from St. Thomas and St. John. It is assumed to hold for individuals from Virgin Gorda, Tortola and Anegada, from which I have not seen specimens. Mr. Eidgway noted this distinction in 1885, and curiously enough 502 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO described the bird from Saint Thomas as C. sancti-thomae, not recogniz- ing that Sundevall earlier had bestowed upon it the same name. Lowe ^ has also observed differences in color between Porto Rican and Virgin Island birds, but did not recognize them by name. The Virgin Island form is easily evident and merits separation. On Vieques Island the honey-creeper is common, but is relatively less abundant than on Porto Pico. It is found in forests, through scattered groves of trees, or in maya hedges bordering cane-fields, but is rarely associated in numbers. It is common about the flowers of the muiieco (Cordia collococcd) , from whose blossoms it obtains nectar, small spiders and insects. In 1912 it came familiarly about houses, and in the little hotel where I stopped in Isabel II one entered daily to search the blos- soms of cut flowers placed in vases in the parlor. A large mirror was a never-ending attraction and the bird frequently perched before it, puzzled by its own reflection and that of the room beyond, which it always attempted to enter. As it fluttered before the glass, the bird on the opposite side rose always to meet it, and after several attempts to evade the reflection, first on one side and then on the other, it would drop down, baflied, to its perch before the glass and scold its image sharply with quickly flitting wings. From March 16 to April 3 several young in juvenile plumage were taken, while adults were preparing for another brood. On Culebra Island the honey-creeper was also common wherever there was cover for it. In April it was busily engaged in nest-building, ap- parently beginning a new breeding season. It was seen on .Louis Pena and Culebrita islands, and on the latter there was a nest constructed of cotton which was highly conspicuous because of the white material. In the U. S. National Museum there are specimens taken on St. Thomas by Robert Swift and by Benedict and Nye. One of the latter is the type of Ridgway's Certhiola sanctae-thomae, McoU shot speci- mens here between February 21 and 24, 1904. Two taken on St. John by F. A. Ober are also in the U. S. National Museum, and Cory had specimens from Tortola, Virgin Gorda and Anegada collected by Winch. Coereba newtoni (Baird) St. Croix Honey-Creeper, Sugarbird Certhiola newtoni Baird, Amer. Nat., 1873, Vol. VII, p. 611. (St. Croix.) Nlcoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 575. (St. Croix.) Certhiola flaveola, Newton, Ibis, 1859, pp. 67-69 (St. Croix, common).—Mor- tensen, Atlanten, June, 1909, Vol. VI, No. 66, pp. 644-645 (St. Croix). 23 Ibis, 1912. pp. 512-513. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 503 Coereha newtoni, Cory, Auk, 1891, pp. 39, 48 (St. Croix) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 116 (St. Croix).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 417 (St. Croix). St. Croix ; said to be fairly common. The Newtons state that the honey-creeper of St. Croix breeds from March to August. NicoU found it fairly common in February, 1904, but reports that it frequented thick brush, where it was difficult to locate. Mortensen says that it is known as the sugar-bird from its habit of entering refinery buildings to eat sugar. There are thirteen specimens in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, taken June 19 and September 14 and 15, 1914, by G. K. Xoble. This form is notable for being confined to the single island of St. Croix. It is very similar to the Porto Eican bird, but is distinguished by darker throat and somewhat ligliter 3^ellow of breast. Family Mniotiltidae Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus) Black and White Warbler, Reinita, Gusanero, Trepadora Motacilla vaii^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1766, Vol. I, p. 333. (Santo Domingo.) Black and White Warbler, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagtiez) ; Oologist, 1922, pp. 11, 177-178 (western Porto Rico) ; Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Mniotilta varia, Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 143 (St. ,Croix, winter).—Bello, Zool. Gart, 3871, p. 349 (listed).—Gundlaeh, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 167 ; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 177 (Porto Rico, winter).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 59, 1^9 (Porto Rico, specimen); Ornis, 1887, p. 451 (migration).—Cory, Auk, 1891, p. 48 (St. Croix) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 117 (Mona, Porto Rico, St. Croix).—Bpwdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 74 (Vieques); Auk, 1903, p. 17 (Porto Rico, Vieques).—NicoU, Ibis, 1904, pp. 575, 576 (St. Croix, St. Thomas, specimens).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 108 (Porto Rico, Vieques, Culebra) ; Auk, 1916, p. 418 (Vieques) ; Auk, 1917, p. 62 (Culebra, specimen) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 329 (bone from cave near Morovis).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 477 (Porto Rico, winter).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 116 (Cartagena Lagoon, Mayagtiez). Mona, Porto Eico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, St. Thomas; winter visitant. The black and white warbler is listed from Mona by Cory, presumably on the basis of record m^de by W. W. Brown, Jr., though Cory makes no statement regarding it. 501 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO On Porto Rico this species is a regular winter visitant that at times, usually during migration, appears quite common. The species is easily distinguished from other warblers by its plain black and white plumage, in which the color is arranged in longitudinal streaks, and by its habit o£ creeping quickly up the trunks or around and under the limbs of trees. It is found universally wherever there is tree or forest growth. In 1912 I observed it at Rio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912 (specimen, December 21); Mameyes, February 23; Fajardo, December 30, 1911 (specimen) ; Salinas, April 30; Caguas, one between January 5 and 14, 1912; Cayey, January 23; and Aibonito, January 26, 27 (specimen), 30 (specimen), and February 1. Bowdish found it at Mayagiiez, October 10, 1901, and Danforth notes it October 12, 1924. Both Stahl and Struthers have recorded it as arriving from the north in August, Richmond reported it from Arecibo, April 1, and from Utuado, April 7 and 11, 1900. F. A. Potts, writing from Central Aguirre, noted the last on April 6, 1921, while Struthers in western Porto Rico observed it until April 18 of the same year. Danforth reported the last in 1922 as April 29 (which coincides closely with my date of iVpril 30, 1912, at Salinas) and the last in 1924 as April 21. I identified a bone of this species from cavern deposits near Morovis. On Vieques Island Bowdish secured one on January 30, 1900. In 1912 I saw one near Porto Ferro on March 27, and again on March 29. On Culebra Island I shot one from a flock of warblers in migration on April 9, and recorded another on April 12. The Newtons report the species in winter on St. Croix; Cory had specimens from that island, and NicoU records two taken there between February 19 and 21, 1904, when he reports the species as common. There are skins in the U. S. National Museum from St, Thomas secured by Robert Swift and F. A. Ober, and Nieoll collected the bird there between February 21 and 24, 1904, Compsothlypis americana pusilla {Wilson) Northern Parula Warbler, Reinlta, Pecho de Oro Sylvia pusitla Wilson, Amer. Ornith., 1811, Vol. IV, p. 71, PL 28, Fig. 3. ( Eastern Pennsylvania . ) Northern Parula Warbler, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, pp. 11, 178 (western Porto Rico) ; Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagiiez) ; Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Motacilla Ludoviciana, Ledru, Voy. lies Ten^riffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 205, 269 (listed). Sylvicola americana, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 250 (listed). WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS Mo Parula umericana, Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 143 (St. Crodx).—Ca^sin, Prac. Acad. Kat. Sci. Philadelphia, I860, p. 376 (St. Thomas, specimen). Bello, Zool Gart, 1871, p» 34S (listed).~Gundlacli, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 311,; Journ. ftir Ornitli., 1878, pp. 159, 161 ; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 176 (Porto Rico, winter ) .—Stahl, Fami. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 59, 139 (Porto Rico, specimens) ; Ornis, 1887, pp. 449, 451 (arrive in August).— NicoU, Ibis, 1904, pp. 575, 576 (St. Croix, St. Thomas, specimens). Compsothlupis americana, Sundevall, dfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 596 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1890, pp. 374, 375 (St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, specimens).—Auk, 1891, p. 48 (St. Croix) ; C^t. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 116 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Tortola, Tirgin Gorda, St. Croix) .—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 74 (Vie- ques) ; Auk, 1903, p. 18 (Porto Rico, Vieques). Oompsothlypis americana nsneae, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 107-108 (Porto Rico, specimens) ; Auk, 1916, p. 418 (Vieques, speci- mens) ; Auk, 1917, pp. 55, 62 (Culebra, Louis Pefia, specimens).— Strutliers, Auk, 1923, p. 477 (Porto Rico, migration records).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 116-117 (western Porto Rico). Porto BicO;, Vieques, Culebra, Lcmis Pem, St. Croix, St. Tluomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda; winter Tisitant, common. The parula warbler is the most common of the migrant warblers that come to Porto Eioo and the Virgin Islands for the period of the northern winter. Stahl reported that this form arrives in Porto Rico in Augu^, which coincides with the earliest authentic date available, that of Augiast 10, 1921, recorded by Struthers. Eiichmond, in 19(^0, noted it at Ut^aado, April 11, :and Ponce, April 16. I shot a specimen ,on the Rio de la Lapa near Salinas, April 30, 191^. F. A. Potts writes me that he saw the Mrd last May 2, and Struthers observed it until May 7, 1921. Danforth reports tiie last at Mayagiie^ on April 15, 1-922, and the last at Oartegena Lagoon on May 2, 1924. The bird is tiniversally dis- tributed wherever there are trees, from the mangrove swamps of iilie coast to the forests at the highest altitudes. The shade of mango trees growing in the (©pern is attractive to them. In my own field work I found it at Rio Piedras from December 16, 1911, to J«inuary 4, 191^ (speciiaajens) ; Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (specimeaas) ; Salinas, April 30 (specimens^ ; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5 (specimens) ; Cayey, January X5 to 2^ (specimens) ; Caguas, January 11 (Bpeeimea) ; and El Yunque de liuquillo, March 2 to 11 (specimens). On Ma^ch 8 one was observed at 3000 feet elevation on El Yunque. In the forests parula warhlers are the most vociferous members of the groups of birds that gather to scold an intruder, and are always active, working quickly tJirougii the limbs in their in^eessant search for food. 506 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Migratory movement was evident among them as early as February 14. After this date they were very restless, especially during the early morn- ing, and there was a tendency among them while feeding to travel from east to west. In March and April I observed distinct waves of migration among them. By the last of March all were in fresh plumage, the feathers showing a beautiful sheen. After the beginning of April males began their songs and from then on sang continually, sometimes in the merest whisper, but usually as loudly as in the North. On Vieques Island parula warblers are common winter visitants. Bowdish reported them in 1900, and Eichmond recorded them there on March 24, 1900. During my stay there, from March 16 to April 3, 1912, spring migration was in force, so that parula warblers, passing through the island from east to west towards Porto Eico, outnumbered all others of their family. The blossoms of the muneco tree (Cordia collococca), with their hosts of tiny, buzzing insects, were especially attractive to them at this season. The birds remained common here until my de- parture. On Culebra they were also abundant from April 5 to 19, exceeding in numbers other migrant warblers and appearing in little waves of migration, so that their numbers fluctuated from day to day. They began to sing on April 11. Two were taken on April 9, and the birds were last observed on April 19, two days previous to my departure. I found them on Louis Peiia Island on April 11. The JSTewtons found the parula warbler in winter on St. Croix, and noted that most of these birds departed in March, though one was seen on May 6, 1858. Cory recorded it from St. Croix in 1891, and NicoU shot an adult male there between February 19 and 21, 1904, when he found the species common. It was forwarded from St. Thomas to Cassin by Eobert Swift, and there are skins from the same source in the TJ. S. ISTational Museum. Cory received it from Winch, and NicoU collected it on St. Thomas between February 21 and 24, 1904. Winch secured specimens, reported by Cory, on Tortola and Virgin Gorda. It has not yet been secured on St. John, but must occur there. The parula warbler is less than five inches in length, with the upper parts grayish blue and a greenish yellow patch on the back. The throat and breast are yellow with a blackish band, sometimes mingled with rufous, the abdomen is white and there are two white wing bars. Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin) Cape May Warbler, Reinita, Bijirita de Costa Motadlla tigHna, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1789, Vol. I, Pt. 2, p. 985. (Canada.) Cape May Warbler, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, p. 178 (western Porto Rico). WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 507 Perissoglossa tigrma, Gundlach, Journ. flir Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 167; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 178 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 59, 139 (Porto Rico, specimen). Dendroica tignna, Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 144 (St. Croix).—Sundevall, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 596 (Porto Rico, specimens).— Cory, Auk, 1891, p. 48 (St. Croix, specimen) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 117 (Porto Rico, St. Croix).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 538 (Porto Rico, St. Croix).—Bowdisli, Auk, 1903, p. 18 (Mayagtiez) ; Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 105 (Porto Rico, Vieques); Auk, 1917, p. 418 (Vieques, seen) .—Struthers,. Auk, 1923, p. 477 (Mayagtiez, Boquer6n).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 117 (Cartagena Lagoon, Mayagtiez). Porto Eico, Vieques, St. Croix, St. Thomas ; uncommon winter visitant. The Cape May warbler may at times be common in Porto Sico, as Sundevall notes that he received a number from Hjalmarson, and Gund- lach reports it as seen often in winter. Bowdish noted one in Mayagiiez, October 30, 1900, and Danforth has said that it is a rare winter visitant in western Porto Rico. He observed one at Cartagena Lagoon on April 8, 1922, and others at Mayagtiez, February 19 and March 17, 1922. Struthers recorded it on January 14, 20 and 22 and November 24, 1921, near Mayagtiez, and on February 26, 1922, south of Boqueron. There are two specimens in the Carnegie Museum taken at Guayama, March 7 and 9, 1912, by W. W. Worthington. Potts saw one at Santa Rita, near Guanica, January 29, 1924. On April 4, 1912, I saw a fine male of this species in a flame-tree in the town of Isabel II, Vieques. It was leisurely in its movements, so that I was able to watch it at short range for several minutes. The Newtons found it an uncommon winter visitant in St. Croix, and Cory has recorded a specimen sent to him from that island. There is a skin in the U. S. National Museum collected on St. Thomas by Eobert Swift. The male is easily told from other warblers by the chestnut-brown patch on the cheeks. Females and young are identified with some diffi- culty by one not an expert. Dendroica petechia cruciana Sundevall Porto Rican Golden Warbler, Yellow Neck, Wild Canary, Canario, Canario del Manglar, Reinita Dendroeca petechia cruciana Sundevall, 0fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forb., 1869, p. 608. (St. Croix.) Motacilla aestiva, Ledru, Voy. lies T^n^riffe, Trlnite, Saint Thomas, Siiinte- Croix, et Porto-Rlcco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 205, 268-269 (Porto Rico). 508 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Mmtacella pensUis, Knox, Hist. Ace. St. Thomas, W. I., 1852, p. 22# (St. Thomas). Bendreica aestwor, Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 14S (St. Ortxix, resident).—^Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (listed).—Mortensen, Atlan^ten, June, 1909, Vol. VI, No. m, p. 646* (St. Croix). Dendrmcxi petechm^ Cassln, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, I860, p. 376 (St. Thomas^ ^eeiiaena).—Taylor, IMs, 1864, p. 166 (Porto Rico, speci- mens).—Gun^ach, Joum. fwc Ornith., 1874, p. 311;. Josirn. ftir Ornith., 1878^ pp. 159, 167;, Anales Soe. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 182 (Porto Rico, comiM)n resident).—Stahl, Faim. Pnerto Rico, 1883^ pp. 59, 139 (Porto Rico) ; Ornis, 1887, p. 451 (resident).—RMgway,, Proe. II. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, p. 172 (St Thomas, specimen). Dendroica ruficapilla^ Cory, Auk, 1890, pp. 374, 375 (Anegada, Virgin; Gorda, specimens) ; Auk, 1891, p. 48 (St. Croix). Dendrmea peteehm ruflcapilla, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 31 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, St. Croix). Dewdrcdea hairthQlemiea, Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, pp. 575, 576^ (St. Thomas, speci- mens). Dendroica petechia portoricensis Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad, Forh., 1869, p. 596 (nomen nudum). Dendiroica petechia T)artholeimca, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 519 (Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, St. Croix).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 18 (Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agri€, Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 105-106 (Porto Rico) ; Auk, 1916, pw 418 (Vieques, specimens); Auk, 1917, pp» 55, ^2 (Culebra, Culebrita, Louis Peiia, specimens).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 477 (Porto Rico).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 117-119, Fig, 44 (Porto Rico, habits). Porto EicQ^ Vieques, Cialebra, Culebrita, Louis Peiia, St. Croix, St* TkoiBas^ Virgin Go-rda, Anegada; resident. DnriBig my field work the golden warbler was noted as follows : (Jue- bradillas,. July % to 6, 1912; Manati,. July 7 to 11 (specimens) ; Baya- mon, July 20 to 25 (specimen) ; Martin Peiia, January 2 (specimens) ; Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (specim?ens) ; Humaeao, September 3 to 9; Yabucoa, May 3 to 10 (specimen) ; Maunabo, May 11; Patillas, May 13 ; Salinas, April W to May 2 (specimens) ; Juana Diaz^ August 17 to 22 (specimens) ; Yauco, May 16 to 28 (specimens) ; Cabo Pojo, August 24 to 31 (specimens); Aguadilla, June 9 to 12 (specimens). There are in the U. S. National Museum specimens shot at Luquillo, March 4, 1900; Arecibo, April 1 to a, 1900, and Pueblo Viejo, February 17, 1900, by C. W. Eichmond; at Ponce, January 31, 1889, and Hucares, Feb- ruary 15, 1899, by A. B. Baker; and at Arroyo,. February 3 and 4, by A. B. Baker and J. D. Miiligan. In Porto Eico the resident golden warbler is confined entirety to* the coastal plain, ranging inland along WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 509 the courses of the rivers to the base of the foothills, but never going farther. The highest point at which they were noted was at Qnebradillas, where the birds were distributed over high flats, three dr four hundred feet above the sea. In December and January, in the region about San Juan, I found these birds were confined mainly to mangroves and narrow bands of bush back of the beaches. Later, after the first of February, I saw them farther inland, where about Eio Piedras they were common in shade trees near houses. It would seem that they spread out for the breeding season—a supposition that must be checked by further observations before it is accepted as certain. At Bayamon they were found in scanty growths of grass and weeds growing on gravel bars in the Bayamon Eiver. At the Laguna de Guanica, where there were no bushes or mangroves, they frequented reeds and clumps of marsh grass The dense growths of sea grape, or uvas de playa (Coccolohis), on sandy beaches form good cover for them. In all the coast towns one or two pairs nested in the plazas, where there were suitable trees. These warblers are quick and active and, in spite of their bright coloration, are hard to see in the trees, where the movement of the leaves .in the steady trade winds helps to hide them. They are seen at their best in mangrove growths bordering bays or lagoons. Here they show litile fear, feeding about close at hand. The song of this warbler is loud and cheery, as in the yellow warbler of the United States (Dendroka aestiva). The call-note is a sharp chip. From February to June, which corresponds to the breeding season, males sing the whole day long, and an intruder in their haunts is greeted with loud expostulations. I saw no nests, but birds taken at Salinas on April 29, Yabucoa on May 6, and Yauco on May 18, 1912, were breeding. July 8, at Manati, a young bird just from the nest was taken, and after this date young were common. The adults may remain paired throughout the year, for at Cabo Rojo, late in August, at a season when they were in full molt, male and female w^e invariably seen together. Danforth found that three eggs constituted the normal set and noted a few nests built in cat-tails at Cartagena Lagoon. The eggs are greenish white, spotted with rufous. On Vieques Island the golden warbler is a common resident and is found in brushy pastures wherever trees or bushes afford shelter. Scat- tered trees growing in upland pastures, with the lower branches trimmed by browsing cattle to a uniform height above the ground, were favorite haunts, and in addition I found many of these warblers in the shade trees bordering the streets in the town of Isabel II. I secured a number of specimens between March 16 and April 3, 1912, and noted that the breeding season had not yet begun. Bowdish did not report this species 510 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO from Vieques^ but Richmond collected a series there from March 25 to 28, 1900. On Cnlebra Island I found golden warblers abundant from April 5 to 21, 1912, and collected a number. They ranged in mangroves border- ing the lagoons, in trees in the dry pastures, or in heavy growths of sea grape on the beaches. They were paired and were about to begin nest- ing at this season. On St. Croix the species is said to be common. The N'ewtons report that it builds in a low shrub, usually not more than six feet from the ground. They describe the nest as cup-shaped, softly lined with cotton or wool, and the eggs as three in number. Cory received specimens from St. Croix and Mcoll collected one there between February 19 and 21, 1904. Mortensen states that the species is known there as the wild canary. There are three skins in the Museum of Comparative Zoology taken on St. Croix, September 14 and 16, 1914, by G. K. Noble. On St. Tliomas in 1852 Knox describes the golden warbler as destruc- *tive to grapes. Eobert Swift forwarded specimens to Cassin from that island, and in the TJ. S. National Museum are skins from the same collector. A specimen was taken at St. Thomas by Benedict and Nye between January 17 and 24, 1884, and Nicoll secured the form between February 21 tod 24, 1904. Cyrus S. Winch sent specimens to Cory from Virgin Gorda and Anegada; a skin in the U. S. National Museum was secured by this collector on the island last named December 26, 1889. Peters ^* has indicated that the golden warblers of Porto Eico and the Virgin Islands should be known as Dendroica petechia cruciana. They are closely similar to D. p, hartholemica, which, in my opinion, ranges in the Lesser Antilles from the Anegada Channel south to Antigua, but are distinguished by slightly brighter, yellower hue of the dorsal surface, particularly in the males. Specimens from St. Thomas and St. John ai^ intermediate, but it seems best to allocate them with cruciana, which makes the Anegada Channel a dividing line between the two forms. T}ie yellow, or golden, warbler of Porto Eico is bright greenish yellow above, becoming bright yellowish orange or even deep orange on the forehead and bright yellow below, streaked more or less distinctly with bright chestnut brown. Females are duller and lack the streaks below or have them only faintly indicated. Young in nestling plumage are grayish above ind grayish white below. 2^ Peters, J. L., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, March 5, 1927, vol. 40, pp. 35-37. This author places the golden warbler of St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda and Anegada with D. p. hartholemica in which I do not agree. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 511 Dendraica magnolia (Wilson) Magnolia Warbler, Reinita, Bijirita Manchada Sylvia magnolia Wilson, Amer. Orn., 1811, Vol. Ill, p. 63, PI. 23, Fig. 2. (Little Miami, near its junction with the Ohio; in magnolias near Fort Adams, on the Mississippi; near Philadelphia, Pa.) Magnolia Warbler, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, p. 178 (Porto Rico, rare). Dendroica maculosa, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (Porto Rico, listed).—- Gundlach, Joum. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. flir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 167; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 18;^ (Porto Rico, pictured in album of Bello).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, p. 59 (listed).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Porto Rico).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 535 (Porto Rico) .—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 18 (San Juan, Mayagiiez). Dendroica magnolia, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 105 (listed).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 120 (Cartagena Lagoon, Mayagiiez). Porto Eico; rare in winter. Bello includes the magnolia warbler in his list of Porto Kican birds without comment and it is doubtful whether he secured specimens. Gundlach knew it only from its inclusion in an album of paintings by Bello. Bowdish saw one in the city of San Juan on September 26, 1899, and shot one in Mayagiiez, December 26, 1900. Danforth has recorded it as rare in western Porto Kico; he reports it at Cartagena Lagoon, ISTovember 30, 1923, and at Mayagiiez from March 25 to April 3, 1922, and on December 3, 1923. The species is apparently irregular in oc- currence. The species is distinguished from other warblers by the broad band of white across the middle of the tail, followed by a broad tip of black. The adult male has the crown gray, cheeks and back black, rump and under surface yellow, with breast and sides streaked with black. Im- mature birds are duller, with olive-green back, but are distinguished by the peculiar tail-marking. Dendroica eaerulescens caerulescens (Gmelin) Black-throated Green Warbler, Reinita, Bijirita Aplomada Motacilla caerulescens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1789, Vol. I, Pt. 2, p. 960. (Santo Domingo. ) Black-throated Blue Warbler, Danforth, Ooiogist, 1922, p. 178 (Porto Rico). Dendroica caerulescens, Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. flir Ornith., 1878, p. 159; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 179 (Porto Rico).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 59, 139 (Porto Rico, speci- men) ; Ornis, 1887, p. 451 (Porto Rico, migrant).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, p. 118 (Porto Rico). 51^ SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 543 (Porto Rico ) .—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 104-105 (Porto Rico, Viequ'es) ; Auk, 1916, p. 417 (Vieques, seen). Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 477 (Maricao, specimens). Porto Eico, rather rare in winter ; Vieques, casual. The black-throated blue warbler was reported by Gundlach from a painting made by Bello and a specimen in the collection of Blanco. Stahl recorded a male in his collection. I secured a specimen at Rio Piedras, December 23, 1911, noted adult males in the hills above Cayey, January 18 and 24, 1912, and found the bird common about Aibonito from January 26 to February 5 (adult female taken January 29, adult males January 30 and February 2.) At the Hacienda Catalina above Mameyes I observed three warblers on March 2 and 4, and on March 8 found them fairly common in the higher forests of El Yunque, where two females were taken, one at an altitude of 3100 feet. In the U. S. National Museum are two specimens taken by C. W. Richmond on El Yunque, February 26 and March 2, 1900. Mr. F. A. Potts writes me that he saw a few black-throated blue warblers on March 21, 1921, in a coffee plantation near the Toro Kegro dam, seven miles northwest of Villalba. Struthers secured specimens above Maricao on December 27 and 30, 1921, and Danforth in 1922 reported the birds as locally common near Mayagiiez up to April 15. Three males in the collections of the Carnegie Museum were secured near Adjuntas by W. W. Worthington on April 4, 9 and 11, 1912. This warbler appears to seek the forests of the interior hills and mountains during its winter residence in Porto Rico, and there ranges to the highest altitudes. Comparatively few of these birds are seen below an elevation of 500 feet above the sea, which may account for the small number of records for the species. The birds are active, like all other warblers, but frequent the shelter of trees, where they may be overlooked. On Vieques Island, March 27, 1912, I observed several in migrating flocks of other warblers, but did not collect specimens. The black-throated blue warbler is distingu;isbed in all plumages by the prominent white spot across the center of the outer primaries in a wing otherwise plain in color. Males are grayish blue above, black on sides of head, throat and sides, and white on breast and abdomen. Fe- males are greenish olive above g-nd yellowish olive below. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLAND8 513 Dendlroiea coronata coronata (Linnaeus) Myrtle Warbler, Reinita, Bijirita Coronada Motacilla coronata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat, ed. 12, 1766, Vol. I, p. 333. (Near Philadelphia, Pa.) Myrtle Warbler, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, p. 178 (western Porto Rico, win- ter) ; Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Mofacma umhrict, Ledrn, Yoy. lies T^neriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Crofx et Porto-Rlcco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 205 (Porto Rleo). SwMcola coronata, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol, X, p. 251 (Porto Rico). Dendrraica coronata^ Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Fork., 1869, p. 596 (Porto Rico, specimens > .—Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (listed).— Gundlach, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, p. 159; Anales Soe. Bsp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 180 (Porto Rico, winter).— Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico-, 1883, p. 59 (Porto Rico, migrant).—Cory, Cat West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Porto Rico>.~Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 74 (VieQttes^ specimens).—^Ridg:way, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt 2, p. 548 (Porto pico).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903,^ p. 18 (Vieques, speci- mens).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 104 (Porto Rico, Vieques) ; Auk, 1916, p. 417 (Vieques) ; Auk, 1917, p. 62 (Culebra) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 329 (bones from cave, Morovfs).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 477 (Gu^nica Valley).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926^, Vol. X, p. 120 (Cartagena Lagoon, Mayaigtiea) Porto Eico and Vieques^ fairly eommon in winter; Culebra, one record. Bryant must have found this species in Porto Eico in some Biamber, for in 1866 he wrote that the "southern migration of this bird is" more abnndant than I had snpposed.^^ There is in the II. S. National Museum a skin taken on Porto Eico by Eobert Swift, and Hjalmarson sent speci- msens to SundcTall in the sixties. Gundlach found it common, and states that the bird is the last of the migrants to arrive in fall, white it leaves for the north in March. During my work in 1912 I noted the first arrival in Caguas on January 5, and recorded the birds daily in the flame-trees of the plaza until Jan^ai^y 14. At Cayey I found them- in trees bordering the roads from January 15 to 25 (specimen taken Jan- uary 19), and at Aibonito saw one, February 2, in a tree standing in a pasture. Near Mameyes a few were noted in the swamps at Punta Picua, or in small trees in the town, from February 9 to 29 (specimen, February 12). On March 8> as I reached the bare rock marking the summit of the great mountain El Yunque, a myrtle warbler—^a com- panion adventurer irom North America—circled about me several times and finally disappeared in the forest below. 514 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Danforth reported the myrtle warbler as fairly common in western Porto Eico, becoming more abundant toward spring, and saw the last on April 8, 1922, and April 1, 1924. He recorded the earliest arrival on December 14, 1923, and noted twelve at Cartagena Lagoon, December 22 of that year. Strnthers found the bird very common in winter among low bushes near the lagoons of Guanica Valley. I have ideniifled re- mains of this species from cavern deposits at Morovis. In the Carnegie Museum are specimens collected in 1912 by W. Worthington, as follows : two at Loiza, February 9 and 15; five at Guayama, March 1 to 9, and two from Santa Isabel, March 19 and 21. On Vieques Island Bowdish collected specimens January 12 and 30, 1900. I saw one in the town of Isabel II on April 1. There is in the U. S. National Museum a specimen taken by A. B. Baker on Culebra Island on February 9, 1899. The myrtle warbler has a somewhat nondescript, streaked plumage, but may be identified always by the yellow spots on crown, rump, and either side of the breast—four in all. Its call is a low chip that is characteristic when once learned. Dendraiea vir^ns virens (Gmelin) Black-throated Green Warbler Motacilla virens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1789, Vol. I, Pt. 2, p. 985. (Philadelphia, Pa.) Dendroica virens virens, Todd, Auk, 1925, p. 282 (Adjuntas, specimen). Porto Bico, casual in winter. Tlie only record for the black-throated green warbler is that of a specimen in the Carnegie Museum secured at Adjuntas, Porto Eico, on April 5, 1912. This warbler is somewhat smaller than the average for its genus, and is distinguished by the extensively yellow cheeks and large amount of white in the tail. It is bright olive-green above and white on the ab- domen, with sides streaked with black. Adult males have the throat and breast extensively black, while in females and immature birds this area is more or less obscured by yellowish.. Dendroica dominica dominica (Linnaeus) Yellow-throated Warbler, Reinita, Bijirita Dominica Motacilla dominica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1766, Vol. I, p. 334. (Santo Domingo.) Yellow-throated Warbler, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, pp, 11, 178 (western Porto Rico). WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 515 Matacilla pensilisf Ledru, Voy. lies T6n§riffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 39 (St. Thomas). Sylvia pensilis, Ledru, idem., p. 205 (Porto Rico). Sylvicola pensilis, Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (Porto Rico). Dendroica pensilis, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (listed). Dendroica dominica, Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 596 (Porto Rico, specimen).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 811; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 167; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 184 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, p. 59 (Porto Rico, listed).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Porto Rico). Dendroica dominica dominica^ Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 580 (Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 104 (Porto Rico, listed).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 476 (Aguirre Central, seen). Porto Eico; winter visitant. Sundevall received a specimen of the yellow-throated warbler from Hjalmarson. Gundlach reported it in Hjalmarson's collection and said that the bird occurred in Porto Eico in winter from September to March. He indicates that he collected specimens. Danforth has re- ported it in N'ovember, and on December 31, 1921, in western Porto Eico; Struthers notes one seen January 29, 1922, in shade trees at Aguirre Central, and Potts reports that the bird last mentioned was present for six weeks during January and February. Ledru has recorded the species from St. Thomas, but his record is dubious. The yellow-throated warbler, similar in size to the myrtle warbler, is gray above, with forehead blackish, a yellow line in front of the eye, and a white superciliary streak. The cheeks and sides of the throat are black, the throat and breast yellow, belly white, and sides streaked with black. Dendroica adelaidae Baird Adelaide's Warbler, Reinita, Bijirita Adelaida, Bijirita Mariposera Dendroica adelaidae Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, April, 1865, p. 212. (Porto Rico.) Adelaide's Warbler, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagiiez). Dendroica canadensis, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (Porto Rico, listed). Dendroica adelaidae, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 25 (listed).—Sundevall, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 596 (specimen in spirits).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 167-168; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 185 (Mayagtiez, Lares, Gu^nica, Aguadilla, Quebradillas, Arecibo, Vega Baja).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 37; Oat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 516 SOIEMTIFIG SURVEY OF PORTO RICO 118, 132 (Porto Rico).—Stahl, Fami, Puerto Rieo, 1883, pp. 59, 189 (Porto Rico, specimens); Omis, 1887, p. 451 (listed).—Hartert, Nov. Zool., 1902, Vol. IX, p. 279 (near Ponce).—Kidgway, U. S. Nat. Mas. BtiU. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p; 587 (Porto Rico).—Bowdlsh, Auk, 1903, p. 18 (AgoadlUa, specimens). Welfcm^re, IIT. S. Bept. Agric. BuU. :326, 1916, pp. 102-104 (Porto Rico, Vieques) ; Auk, 1916, p. 417 (Vieques, specimens) ; Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 329 (borne from 'cave, Morovis).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 476 (Porto Rico).—Dsanf^orth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol, X, pp. 119-120 (Porto Ei€o, distribu- tion, habits). Porto Eico and Vieques; resident, locally common, Adelaide's warbler was noted as follows during personal field work late in 1911 and 1912: Qu-ebradillas, Jnly 2 to 6 (specimens) ; Manati, July 7 to 11; Eio Piedras, December 16 to January 4 (specimens); Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (specimens); Maunabo^ May 11; Patillas, May 13; S-alinas, April 26 to May 2 (specimens) ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22 (specimens) ; Yauco, May 16 to 28 (specimens) ; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31; Aguadilla, June 9 to 12; Cayey, January 22. Speci- mens in the U. S. I^ational Museum taken by Bowdish come from Agua- dilla, which is the only point where he saw these warblers, Gundlach recorded them at Mayagiiez, Lares, Guanica, Arecibo and Vega Baja, in addition to points that have been mentioned. Hartert found them at Ponce, and in the Carnegie Museum is a skin taken at Loiza, February 7, 1912, Danforth found them in the limestone hills from Ponce to Boqueron and near Quebradillas. I have identified a bone of this species from cavern deposits near Morovis. Adelaide's warblers are found mainly in low hills bordering th^ coastal plain, but do not penetrate far into the interior. I observed them near Cayey at an altitude of 1200 feet, but did not record them elsewhere above an altitude of 500 feet. On the north side of Porto Eico I found them in second-growth forest that was tangled with vines and creepers, and as this association oc- curred mainly on steep-faced limestone hills in such regions, the warbler was encountered most commonly in such locations. Near Mameyes the birds were observed in d^nse growths bordering the coastal swamps as well as amid the hills farther inland. The dry open scrubs of the south coast were favored haraits ; along th-e Eio de la Lapa at Salinas I found them abundant. They are quick and active in habit, feeding rapidly through the tips of twigs, tumbling after escaping moths, or darting out to seize insects that they have aroused. The dense eo\^r that they affect conceals them well, BO that they are often betrayed only by their aotive movements or their calls. Males sing at short intervals during forenoon and evening. WETMORE, BIRD^ OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 517 or occasionally during the middle of the day. The song is a sudden, loud trill consisting of one note rapidly repeated, and is quite similar in sound and character to the song of Grace's warbler (Dendroica gmciae). I heard also a low tsee tsee, somewhat like the notes of a gnat- catcher, and likewise a louder, scolding call. The breeding season came in May and June. Struthers has recorded nesting birds in May, 1921. A nest that I found near Yauco on May 22, 1912, was in a forked limb of a bush growing in a thicket, at an elevation of four feet from the ground. Externally this nest was com- posed of gray moss, while the lining was line grass. It was empty. Bowdish secured, on June 15, 1900, a Juvenile recently from the nest. Immature birds in first faE plumage were seen on July 3, 1912, near Quebradillas, and from that date on were noted frequently. Adults were in molt in August. From Vieques Island Adelaide's warbler was not known until my visit in 1912. I found the birds locally common in the brush-grown valleys of the northern side of the island and in the dry scrubs of the south coast. They were breeding here in the latter part of March. Specimens taken on March 20, 21 and 25 do not differ in any way from skins from Porto Rico. The species was named by Baird in honor of Miss Adelaide Swift, daughter of Eobert Swift, who collected the type specimen in Porto Rico. The bird is gray above, with yellow on eyelids and superciliary stripe, and bright yellow below. There are two white wing bars. This warbler feeds on small insects, mainly on leaf-hoppers and re- lated forms, although weevils, caterpillars, moths and other insects are taken. It is a beneficial species. Dendroica striata (J. R. Forster) Black-poll Warbler, Iteliiita, Bijlrita Estriada, Bijirita Rayada Muscicapu striata J. R. Forster, Phil. Trans., 1772, Vol. LXII, pp. 406, 428. (Fort Severn, West Coast of Hudson Bay.) Dendroica striata, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (listed).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornitli., 1874, p. 311 (specimen) ; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 150, 107 (taken in September) ; Anales See. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 181 (Agua- dilla, Bayamon).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 59, 1*39 (six-cimeu, Porto Rico) ; Ornis, 1887, pp. 449, 451 (arrives middle of August).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Bird«, 1892, p. 118 (Porto Rico).—Rldgwaj, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 597 (Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 102 (listed).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 476 (Maricao). Porto Eico; rare in migration. 518 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Gundlach states in one reference that he secured a black-poll warbler in September, but in another place says that he observed the species in Aguadilla in September and saw one that had been killed in Bayamon. The latter is probably the bird listed by Stahl as in his collection. Stahl states that the black-poll arrives in migration the middle of August, but this is doubtful, as the time indicated is too early to enable this bird to arrive from its northern home. Struthers reports seeing the species near Maricao on N^ovember 11 and 12, 1921. Fall individuals of this species are obscurely marked, being olive-green above, streaked with black, and yellowish white below, streaked with black or dusky. There are two white wing-bars. Adult males have the crown black, the lower surface white, and the black streaks more sharply defined. DendroiVa discalor (Vieillot) Prairie Warbler, Reinita, Bijirita Galana Sylvia discolor VieiHot, Ois. Amer. Sept., 1807, Vol. II, (1809?) p. 37, PL 98. (Eastern United States or Greater Antilles.) Prairie Warbler, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagtiez) ; Oologlst, 1922, pp. 11, 178 (Porto Rico). Sylvicola discolor, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 251 (listed). Dendroica discolor, Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 144 (St. Croix).—Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 596 (Porto Rico, specimens).— Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (listed).—Gundlach, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. fur Ornitb., 1878, pp. 159, 167; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 1^ (Porto Rico, specimens).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 18^, pp. 59, 139 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1890, p. 375 (Tortola, Virgin Gorda, specimens) ; Auk, 1891, p. 48 (St. Croix, speci- men) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Mona, Porto Rico, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, St. Croix).—Bowdish, Oologlst, 1900, p. 74 (Vieques) ; " Auk, 1903, p. 19 (Porto Rico ) .—Ridgway , U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 609 (Porto Rico, Mona, Culebra, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, St. Croix ) .—Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, pp. 575, 576 (St. Croix, St. Thomas, specimen ) .—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 102 (Porto Rico, Vieques, Culebra) ; Auk, 1917, p. 417 (Vieques, specimens) ; Auk, 1917, p. 61 (Culebra).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 121 (Cartagena Lagoon, Mayagtiez). Mona, Porto Eico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Tortola, Virgin Gorda; winter visitant. The prairie warbler is listed by Cory for Mona Island, it is presumed on the basis of data secured by W. W. Brown, Jr., who collected for him on that island. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 519 The species is common on Porto Eico, where it occurs in thickets, low bushes or hedges throughout the island, but it is not found where forest growth is heavy. Mr. F. A. Potts reports its arrival from the north on September 5, 1921, at Central Aguirre, and noted the last in spring on April 20. Danforth recorded the first on September 20, 1924, and the last at Cartagena Lagoon on April 22, 1922. There is in the U. S. National Museum a skin taken at Caguas, January 8, 1899, by A. B. Baker. On December 29, 1911, I collected a specimen at Fajardo, and on January 2, 1912, I found the birds fairly common in bushes back of the beach at Punta Maria, opposite Martin Pena, and secured two. One was taken at Cayey, January 17, and one at an elevation of 2000 feet, near Aibonito, on January 30. Danforth reports three near Maya- giiez, December 18, 1921. The species seems more common during the period of migration, but remains in fair numbers through the winter. Bowdish found the prairie warblers common on Vieques Island, and secured specimens on January 27, 1900. Eichmond in his notes recorded one on March 24, 1900. I found the species common from March 16 to April 3, 1912, and secured specimens on March 19 and 25. Migrant swarms of these and other warblers passed from March 19 to 27, during which there was marked diurnal movement among them toward the west. On Culebra Island a prairie warbler was collected on February 9, 1899, by A. B. Baker, while I secured two on April 9 and 10, 1912. The birds were noted on April 6, 7, 9 and 10, and on April 9, during a wave of migrant warblers, several were noted. One that I shot on April 6 was so fat that grease soaked the entire plumage almost in- stantly. The JSTewtons found the prairie warbler rather common on St. Croix in winter, noting its arrival on September 10, 1858, and the last on March 27 (year not given). Cory reports it from St. Croix in his collection, and N'icoll in 1904 found it abundant there from February 19 to 21. There is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology one taken on St. Croix by G. K. Noble, September 14, 1914. The Smithsonian Institution received a specimen from St. Thomas through the taxi- dermist and dealer John Akhurst in 1863, and Nicoll reports the species as taken there between February 21 and 24, 1904 Winch secured speci- mens for Cory on Tortola and Virgin Gorda. During winter the birds are active in their search for food on the ground or among bushes, but keep in such cover that often it is difficult to see them clearly. They may be distinguished by their small size (smaller than that of the golden warbler), bright yellow underparts and the white displayed prominently in the tail. Adult males have distinct 520 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO black marks through and below the eye, black streaks on the sides and a partly concealed patch of bright brown in the back—markings that are obscured or lacking in females and young. All are bright yellowish green above. Dendroiea palmarum fialmamm (Gmelin) Palm Warbler, Reinita, Bijirita de Palmas, Bijirita,Palmera Mofacilla palmarum Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1789, Vol. I, Pt. 2, p. 951. (Santo Domingo. ) Sylvia palm^irum, Ledru, Voy. lies T^neriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 205 (listed). Dendroiea palmarum, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (listed).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornitli., 1874, p. 311; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 167; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat, 1878, p. 183 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 59, 139 (Porto Rico, specimens) ; Ornis, 1887, p. 451 (migrant).—Cory, dat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 118 (Porto Rico).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 613 (Porto Rico) .—Bowdlsh, Auk, 1903, pp. 18-19 (Porto Rico, winter).— Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 101 (Mameyes, specimen). Porto Kico, rare winter visitant. Gundlach and Stahl report specimens of the palm warbler, and Bow- dish secured three in a mangrove swamp near San Juan on February 12, March 10, and April 8, 1900, respectively. A. B. Baker collected one at Caguas, January 8, 1899, and Eichmond and Stejneger saw several and collected one near the beach at Arecibo on April 4, 1900. I shot a female in a mangrove swamp near Mameyes on February 16, 1912, and there is in the Carnegie Museum a further specimen taken at Santa Isabel, March 23, 1912, by W. W. Worthington. The palm warbler usually feeds on the ground, where it walks about with steadily tilting tail, but is found at times among bushes or at the margins of thickets. It is gray washed faintly with yellow below, yellow on the under tail coverts, brownish gray above, with more or less chestnut on the crown, yellowish green on the rump, and prominent white spots in the tail. 8euirui» n&veboraeensis novebaracensis (Gmelin) Water-thrush, Plzpita de Mangle, Plzpita Chica Motacilla novehoracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1789, Vol. I, Pt. 2, p. 958. (Louisiana and New York.) Water-thrush, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagiiez). Motadlla novehoracensis, Ledru, Voy. lies Teneriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 205 (listed). Seiurus novehoracensis, Newton, Ibis, 1859, pp. 142-143 (St. Croix).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Omith., 1874, .p. 311; Journ. fttr Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 167; WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 521 Asales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 175 (B>rtG Rico, taken).—StaM, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 59, 138 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1891, p. 48 (St. Croix, specimen); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 119 (Mona, Porto Rico, St. Croix).—Bowdishi, Auk, 1903, p. 19 (Porto Rico, specimens). Seiurus noveJ)oracensi8 novel)oracensis, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 32^, 1916, pp. 9^100 (Porto Rico, Culebra, Louis Pena) ; Auk, 1917, pp. 55, 61 (Culebra, specimen; Louis Pena).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 476 (coastal region, Porto Rico).—Schmidt, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 1926, Vol. XII, p. 151 ( Mona ) .—Danforth, j€>urn. Dept. Agric, 1926, Vol. X, p. 122 (Porto Rico, distribution). Mona, Porto Eico, St. Croix, Culebra, Louis Pena; winter visitant from ISTorth America, fairly common. Cory in 1892 lists this water-thrush from Mona Island presumably on the basis of specimens taken by W. W. Brown, Jr. (The bird re- ported by Bowdish from Mona is Seiurus motacilla.) This is probably a record from a migrant, since Mona appears too dry to provide a suit- able winter home for this bird. On Porto Rico the water-thrush is of regular occurrence in the coastal region, where it is fairly common in suitable localities. At Mameyes from February 9 to 29, 1912, I found it fairly abundant along the coast. One was seen at Cabo Rojo, August 30. Bowdish reports one taken at Mayagiiez, November 30, 1900, and Richmond shot a bird at Arecibo, April 1, 1900, that I find represents this subspecies. Mr. F. A. Potts writes me that he saw the last water-thrush for the spring at Central Aguirre on April 17, 1921, while Struthers records the last in spring in western Porto Rico on April 23, 1921, and the first in fall on September 23, 1921. Danforth has recorded the water-thrush as common at Cartagena Lagoon, arriving September 3, 19^4, and leaving April 30, 19.24. On Culebra Island, from April 5 to 21, 1912, water-thrushes were evidently in migration, as the number seen varied from day to day. I>uring this period they were common. Both subspecies were represented, but females of the typical form were taken on April 6 and 12. I saw water-thrushes on Louis Peiia, April 11. The N'ewtons note the water-thrush as fairly common on St Croix and Cory reports a specimen taken on that island. It is probable that some of the records cited above may refer to Grin- nelFs water-thrush, which in life cannot be distinguished from the typical form. In my field work in Porto Rico I found water-thrushes only in the mangrove swamps of the coastal region. Here they walk about over 522 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO the mud or along the arching mangrove roots, often where the light is so dull that the birds would be almost indistinguishable were it not for the constantly wagging tail whose motion betrays them. Their sharp call- notes indicate their presence in many cases, although the birds be hidden in the dense growth of roots and stems. The water-thrush is dull olive above and light yellow below streaked with dusky. There is a prominent buffy streak over the eye. Seiunis noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway Grinnell's Water-thrush, Pizpita de Mangle, Pizpita Chica Seiurus naevius notahilis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, Vol. Ill, p. 12. (Shores of Como Lake, Carbon Co., Wyoming.) Sekirus novehoracensis notahilis, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 100 (Mameyes and Culebra Island, specimens) ; Auk, 1917, p. 60 (Culebra, specimen). Porto Eico, Culebra Island ; winter visitant and migrant. On February 14, 1912, I shot an adult male of this form in the man- grove swamps at Punta Picua on the coast opposite Mameyes, and on April 12 secured another near Playa Sardine on Culebra Island. As the subspecies differs from the water-thrush S. n. noveboracensis only in slightly larger size and in faintly grayer dorsal coloration, it may be distinguished only with specimens in hand. Its abundance and occur- rence are uncertain. In habits it does not differ from the typical form. Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot) Louisiana Water-thrush, Pizpita Chica Turdus motacilla Vieillot, Ois. Amer. Sept., 1807 (1808?), Vol. II, p. 9, pi. 65. (Kentucky.) Louisiana Water-thrush, Danforth, Bird~Ix)re, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagiiez) ; Oologist, 1922, p. 178 (western Porto Rico) ; Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon ) Seiurus motacilla, Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 74 (Vieques, specimens). Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 640 (Porto Rico).— Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 19 (Vieques, Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 100 (Porto Rico) ; Auk, 1916, p. 417 (Vieques).— Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 122-123, Fig. 45 (Cartagena Lagoon). Seiurus noveboracensis Bowdish (part). Auk, 1903, p. 19 (Mona, specimen). Porto Eico and Vieques Island, fairly common winter visitant; Mona Island, accidental. , The specimen of water-thrush secured by Bowdish on Mona Island on August 18, 1901, which is preserved in the F. S. National Museum, WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 523 though reported as S, noveboracensis, proves on examination to be 8. motacilla. The species must be only casual there in migration., In 1912 I found the Louisiana water-thrush at Mameyes, February 9 to 29; Cayey, January 17 to 25 (three specimens January 17 and 22) ; Aibonito, January 29 (specimen) and February 1 and 2; and near the Hacienda Catalina, below El Yunque, March 4 and 7. Early writers have probably confused this bird with the true water-thrush, since the first record for the present species is that of Bowdish based on a speci- men taken at Mayagiiez, November 30, 1900. Struthers in 1921 found it near Mayagiiez in spring until March 25, and reports the earliest arrival from the north in fall on August 31, 1921. Danforth saw it near Cartagena Lagoon, arriving September 6, 1924, and recorded the last for the spring on April 10, 1924, and April 22, 1922. I found Louisiana water-thrushes in the mangrove swamps of the coast, but noted them also inland, where they followed the gravelly beds of rapid little streams that ran through coffee and banana plantations. They differ thus from Seiurus novel oracensis, which does not seem to frequent inland localities. Attention is always drawn to them by their sharp notes, which are higher pitched than those of the related species, and the steadily wagging tail instantly catches the eye as they walk along on the ground. Bowdish found this species on Vieques Island and reports three speci- mens. One of these, in the U. S. ISTational Museum, was taken on Jan- uary 29, 1900, the other two on December 27, 1899, and January 22, 1900, respectively. There is another in the U. S. jSTational Museum secured on Vieques by A. B. Baker on February 7, 1899. My records report the presence of this water-thrush until March 27, 1912. The Louisiana water-thrush differs from the preceding species in whiter underparts tinged faintly with cream-buff on the flanks, larger bill, and entire lack of streaks on the throat. Seiurus aurocapiUus aurocapillus (Linnaeus) -^ Ovenbird, Pizpita Dorada Motacilla mirocapilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1766, Vol. I, p. 334. (Near Philadelphia, Pa.) Ovenbird, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, p. 178 (western Porto Rico). Turdus auro-capillus, Ledru, Voy. lies Teneriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. 11, pp. 203, 269-270 (listed). Ilenicocichla aurocapillus, Sundevall, ot'vers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 596 (listed). 25 Mr. Batchelder in Proc. New England Zool. Club, February 6, 1^18, Vol. VI, p. 81, has described the ovenbird of Newfoundland as a distinct subspecies, S. a. furvior. 524 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF FORTO RICO Siurus aurocapUlus^ Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 142 (St. Croix). Seiurus auraca^pillus, Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (listM).—Belio, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (listed) .—Gundlach, Journ. ftir Ornitli., 1874, p. 311 ; Journ. ftir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 167^ Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 175 (Porto Rico, specimens ).~Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 59, 138 (Porto Rico, specimen) ; Ornis, 1887, p. 451 (migrant).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 119 (Porto Rico, St. Croix).—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 74 (Vieques Island, specimen) ; Auk, 1903, p. 19 (Porto Rico, Vieques). Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 636 (Porto Rico, St. Croix ).~Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agrie. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 101 (Porto Rico, Vieques) ; Auk, 1916, p. 417 (Vieques, specimen) ; Auk, 1917, p. 61 (Culebra Island, specimen).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 476 (Porto Rico, frequent).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 121 (Cartagena Lagoon, Mayagiiez). Porto Eico^ Vieques^ Culebra^ St. Croix^ St. Thomas; winter visitant. In Porto Kico the ovenbird is fairly common in winter. Gundlach states that it arrives from the north in October; Bowdish noted October 14 as the earliest date of arrival at Mayagiiez in 1901, and Struthers indicated October 18 as the earliest date of arrival in 1921, and April 18 as the last date of departure. Mr. F. A. Potts writes me that his latest record for Central Aguirre is April 18, 1921, while Danforth reports seeing the last at Mayagiiez on April 20, 1922, and April 10^ 1924^ and the first arrival on September 24^ 1924. During my field work I found the species at Kio Piedras from December 21, 1911 (specimen taken) to January 4, 1912; Cayey, January 19 (speci- men) ; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5 (specimen^ January 27) ; Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (specimen, February 23) ; Hacienda Cata- lina, below El Yunque, March 4 and 10. There is a skin in the U. S. National Museum taken by J. D. Milligan at Hucares, February 13, 1899, and C. W. Richmond noted the species at Utuado on April 6, 7 and 8, in 1900, securing a specimen on the last of the dates mentioned. Worth- ington, collecting for the Carnegie Museum, obtained specimens near Adjuntas on April 1, 4, 5, 8 and 10, in 1912. On the coastal plain I found ovenbirds at times walking between the rows in th^e cane-fields and also noted them with water-thrushes in man- grove swamps. In other sections they were found in thickeis or second- growth forests. On the slopes of El Yunque I observed them in the forests to an elevation of 900 feet, while at Aibonito they were found 1900 feet above the sea. They walk quietly about on the ground with wagging tails, and, when frightened, fly up to rest for a time on some sloping limb until their alarm has passed, and then drop back again to the ground. In their winter homes these birds are silent. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 525 On Vieques Island Bowdish observed several and collected one on January 16, 1900. Eichmond, during the same year, saw one on March 24 and shot a specimen on March 28. In 1912 I found the birds fairly common from March 16 to 27 and secured skins on March 19 and 20. They occurred in sheltered areas in the dry thickets. On March 19 and again on March 27 they appeared in numbers in migration, indicating a considerable flight in fall beyond this point. An ovenbird was secured on Culebra Island, February 11, 1899, by A. B. Baker, and there is a skin in the U. S. National Museum sent from St. Thomas by Eobert Swift. The Kewtons report the ovenbird on St. Croix as not common and say that it leaves for the north in April. The ovenbird resembles the water-thrushes in form, in its habit of wagging the tail, and in the hght underparts streaked with black, but is greenish olive above, with a partly concealed crown patch of cinnamon- buff bordered by indefinite streaks of black. Oporornis Philadelphia (Wilson) Mourning Warbler Sylvia Philadelphia Wilson, Amer. Orn., 1810, Vol. II, p. 101, PI. 34, Fig. 6. (Near Philadelphia, Pa.) Oporornis Philadelphia, Todd, Auk, 1925, p. 282 (Santa Isabel, Porto Rico, specimen). Porto Eico, casual. A female collected at Santa Isabel, Porto Rico, March 21, 1912, by W. W. Worthington and reported by Todd is the only record known for this bird in the West Indies. The species breeds in the eastern portion of the United States and Canada and normally winters from Nicaragua to Ecuador. Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swainson) Northern Yellowthroat, Pica-tierra, Relnita Trichas hrachidactylus Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 3838, p. 295. (Northern Provinces of United States.) Maryland yellowthroat. Potts, Auk, 1927, p. 120 (Central Aguirre). Motacilla mistacea, Ledni, Voy. lies Teneriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 205 (listed). Sylvid trichas, Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (listed). Geothlypis trichas, Sundevall, 5fvers. Kongl. V€tensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 596 ( listed ).—Gundlaeh, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. ftir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 167; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist Nat., 1878, p. 187 (Porto Rico, rare).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, p. 59 (listed).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 119 (listed). 526 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO JIICO Oeothlypis trichas drachidactyla, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 665 (Porto Rico?).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 99 (listed).—Danforth, Auk, 1925, p. 563 (Desengaiio, seen). Porto Eico; apparently very rare visitant in winter. Gnndlach says of the yellowthroat merely that he killed a bird of this species. Mr. F. A. Potts writes nnder date of May 15, 1921, that, on January 6, 1921, he saw a female and two males in mangroves three miles west of Central Aguirre. Danforth has recorded a male seen April 18, 1924, at Cartagena Lagoon. The yellowthroat inhabits thick cover in swamps and marshes, where it may easily be overlooked as it feeds and moves under heavy cover. It is a small warbler, yellowish below and yellowish olive above, with a broad band of black like a veritable mask, extending from the eyes across the front of the head in the male. In the female this prominent identi- fication mark is lacking. Assumption that the bird that comes to Porto Eico as a winter migrant is G. t. hrachidactyla and not typical G. t. trichas is based on probability, for the former is the bird that goes regu- larly to Cuba and has been found in Jamaica. Specimens should be collected in Porto Eico when practicable. Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus) Redstart, Reinlta, Candelita, Coli Rubio Motacilla ruticilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, Vol. I, p. 186. (Virginia.) Redstart, Danforth, feird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagtiez) ; Oologist, 1922, pp. 11, 178 (western Porto Rico) ; Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Muscicapa ruticilla, Ledru, Voy. lies Tenerilfe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 202, 268 (listed). Setophaga ruticilla, Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (listed).—Newton, Ibis, 1859, pp. 144-145 (St. Croix).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, 1866, Vol. X, p. 251 (listed).—Sundevall, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 596 (Porto Rico, specimen).—Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (listed).— Gnndlach, Journ. fUr Ornith., 1874, p. 311; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 167; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 187 (Porto Rico, winter).— Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 59, 139 (Porto Rico, specimens); Ornis, 1887, pp. 449, 451 (migrant).—Cory, Auk, 1890, p. 379 (Tortola, Virgin Gorda, specimens) ; Auk, 1891, p. 48 (St. Croix) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 120 (Porto Rico, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, St. Croix).—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 74 (Vieques, specimens) ; Auk, 1903, p. 19 (Porto Rico, Vieques).—NicoU, Ibis, 1904, p. 576 (St. Thomas, specimen).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 98-99 (Porto Rico, Culebra, winter) ; Auk, 1916, p. 417 (Vieques) ; Auk, 1917, pp. 55, 61 (Culebra, Louis Pena).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 46 (western Porto Rico, winter) .—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric, 1926, Vol. X, p. 123 (west- ern Porto Rico). WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 521 Porto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, Louis Pena, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda ; found during winter. On Porto Rico the redstart is common through the season of winter wherever there are trees. I noted these birds alike in mangroves, forests, coffee plantations and shade trees about houses. Stahl stated that they arrived from the north the middle of August, but others do not record them until September. Bowdish noted the first comers at Mayagliez on September 24, 1900, and Danforth at the same point reports the first for 1921 on September 23. Mr. Potts saw the first one at Central Aguirre, September 18, 1921. The birds remain on the island until April. Richmond noted one at Ponce on April 16, 1900 ; Struthers reports the last one at Mayagliez on April 9, 1921, and F. A. Potts writes me that his latest record is of one seen April 29. Danforth saw the last on April 26, 1924, near Cabo Rojo Lighthouse. During my field work I saw the redstart at Rio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912; Mameyes, February 9 to 29; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5; Cayey, January 15 to 25; Caguas, January 5 to 14, and on the lower slopes of El Yunque, above the Hacienda Catalina, March 2 and 4. The greater number of those seen were im- mature birds and females, though occasionally fully plumaged males were observed. The redstart is the very essence of restless energy and in its active search for insects is seemingly never still. Li the dense forests on El Yunque redstarts were seen up to 1500 feet, and elsewhere, in more open localities, were found at the highest altitudes. Xext to the parula warbler, this is the most common of the wintering warblers. On Vieques Island Bowdish found it November 30, 1899, and Richmond recorded an adult male on March 24, 1900. From March 16 to April 4, 1912, these warblers were noted regularly and seemed to be in migration ; they were found in especial numbers "on March 27. On Culebra, in April, they were fairly common in company with other migrant warblers. Several adult males were seen, but most of those recorded were females or immature males. I found them, April 11, on Louis Peiia Island and recorded the last one on Culebra, April 19. The Newtons report the redstart as a winter visitant to St. Croix that is common in spring. They found it very numerous at the end of April, 1857, but in 1858 the greater part departed in March, though one was seen on May 1. The first to arrive in fall was recorded on September 6, 1858. Cory reports the species taken on St. Croix in 1891. There are now four skins in the U. S. National Museum taken on St. 528 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Thomas by Eobert Swift, and in early days the Smithsonian Institution received one from that island through John Akhurst. M. J. McoU reports it taken on St. Thomas from February 21 to 24, 1904. Cyrus S. Winch secured specimens for Cory on Tortola and A^irgin Gorda. The male redstart is a gorgeous creature with upperparts, throat and breast shining black, belly white and large patches of salmon red in wings and tail. In females and young males the black is replaced by grayish or ashy above and by white below, with wing and tail patches of dull yellow. The species feeds entirely upon small insects and is a bird of con- siderable economic importance, destroying, as it does, many injurious forms. Family Plooeidae Subfamily Estrildinae Spennestes cucuUatus cucullatus Swainson Hooded Weaver-finch, Diablito, Chupador de Arroz, Gorri6n Spermestes cucullatus Swainson, Birds West. Africa, 1837, Vol. I, p. 201. ( Senegambia. ) Hooded Weaver-finch, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagliez). Lowia cucullata, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.^ 1866, Vol. X, p. 254 (Porto Rico, specimens). Spermestes cucullatus, Gundlaeh, Journ. fur Ornith., 1874, p. 312 ; Journ. ftir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 174; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 206 (Mayagtiez, Lares, Quebradillas, Vega Baja).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 142 (Porto Rico, specimens).-—Oory, Auk, 1886, p. 214 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. Ill (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 13 (Porto Rico, locally common). Spermestes cucullata, Sundevall, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 597 (Porto Rico, specimens ) .—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1907, Pt. 4, p. 285 (Porto Rico).—AVetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 111-112 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 477 (Mayagtiez). Spermestes cucullatus cucuUatus, Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 108-109 (western Porto Rico). Porto Eico, locally common; introduced from western Africa. The hooded weaver-finch seems to have been long established in Porto Eico, since Bryant obtained specimens which he recorded in 1866; Sundevall received a number from Hjalmarson, and Gundlaeh in the seventies reported the species from MayagHez^ Lares^ Quebradillas and Vega BaJa. There is in the U. S. National Museum a skin collected by WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 529 Eobert Swift in the winter of 1864-1865, one of three taken at that time. How the species came to be introduced is wholly unknown, though as a hypothesis we may suppose that it was brought in during the period when slave-ships with their human freight sailed from the west coast of Africa to Porto Eico. The present species, the scarlet- cheeked weaver, and the guinea fowl are believed to have become nat- uralized from this source. The hooded weaver-finch is a common resident through the coastal plain to an altitude of 600 feet, and above that elevation I noted it only at Cayey (1275 feet) and Adjuntas (1550 feet). It was found at Manati, July 7 to 11, 1912; Bayamon, July 20 to 25; Humacao, Septem- ber 3 to 9 ; Yabucoa, May 3 to 10 ; Juana Diaz, August 24 to 31 ; Yauco, May 16 to 28; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31; Mayagiiez, June 6; and Anasco, June 7 to 9. Eecords for the interior are as follows : XJtuado, August 3 to 9; Adjuntas, August 13 and 14; Ciales, July 12 to 18; Comerio, July 26 to 31; Cayey, January 15 to 25; and Caguas, January 5 to 14. A series of specimens was collected. The birds are usually found in small flocks of from ten to twenty- five near the open banks of streams, borders of fields or in grass-grown pastures. Near Cabo Eojo, where they were very common, flocks of several hundred were encountered. These tiny birds feed close together, clustering on the ripening heads of malojillo (Panicum) to eat the seeds. When feeding on the ground, they shift continually, so that the flocks are in continual movement. When flushed, they rise in a close flock, with low churring notes, and fly a short distance into some tree, where the flock divides into twos and threes, the birds sidling along the limbs until they are as close to each other as possible, to remain con- tentedly until it is time to feed again. In August the young were gathered in large flocks and were roosting at night in dense mango trees. In May they were breeding. A nest found near Yabucoa, May 10, was built in a small tree on a steep slope, where there was no concealment whatever, and as a result the structure was visible on all sides. The nest was located about six feet from the ground, and was constructed of grass stems, in lengths of eight or ten inches, thatched so as to make a close structure, but with the ends projecting crisscross in every direction. The top was arched over, but the nest had no finished entrance, one whole side being open, giying it a very untidy appearance. It contained one young bird about three days old, and three eggs on the point of hatching. The eggs were opaque white in color and elongate elliptical in shape. An- other nest, found near Yauco on May 22, resembled this one, but was not 530 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO yet finished. Like the first one, it was bulky, loosely roofed over, and had a slovenly appearance, due to the projecting straws. It was placed in a thinly leaved tree, with no attempt at concealment. N'ear Cabo Eojo the last of August these birds were preparing to raise a second brood, as the earlier nestlings were by this time old enough to care for them- selves Seeds of various grasses and a few of sedges constitute the entire food. These seeds are nearly always shelled before being swallowed. On comparison of a good series of skins, I find that the hooded weaver-finch of Porto Eico is Spermestes c. cucullatus from western Africa ; it shows no approach to 8. c. scutatus. The adult bird is black, with a metallic sheen on crown, sides of head, throat, upper breast and tail, brownish gray on back and wings, white below, with sides, under tail coverts and rump barred with black, and a distinct spot of dark metallic green on either side. Immature individuals are plain brown, grayer above and brighter below. The bill is thick and heavy, and the bird is approximately three and one-half inches long. Estrilda melpoda melpoda (VieiUot) Scarlet-cheeked Weaver-finch, Gorrion Fringilla melpoda Viemot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 1817, Vol. XII, p. 177. (Angola.26) Scarlet-cheeked weaver-finch, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Gorri6n, Gundlach, Journ. fllr Ornith., 1874, p. 312 (specimen). Hahropyga melpoda, Gundlach, Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 174; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 206 (Anasco, Mayagiiez, Caho Rojo, speci- mens ) .—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 142 (Porto Rico, speci- mens).—Qory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 113 (Porto Rico) ; Auk, 1892, p. 229 (Porto Rico, specimens). Sporaeginthus melpoda, Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 13 (Mayagiiez, Cabo Rojo Lighthouse). EstHlda melpoda, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1907, Pt. 4, p. 28S (Porto Rico). EstHlda melpoda melpoda, Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 109-110 (Porto Rico). Amandava melpoda, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 477 (Mayagiiez to Yauco).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 477 (Cabo Rojo, Anasco). Southwestern Porto Kico from Anasco to Santa Isabel^ locally com- mon; introduced from western Africa. The scarlet-cheeked weaver-finch may have been introduced in the "« According to Grote .Toiirn. fiir Ornith., 1022, p, 483. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 531 same manner as has been suggested for the hooded species. The first published record for it is that of Gundlach in 1874, who found it established on the coastal plain of Porto Kico from Anasco to Mayagiiez and Cabo Eojo. There it is found today, and in addition extends beyond Yauco. In 1912 I secured specimens at Yauco from May 16 to 28, and at Cabo Eojo from August 24 to 31. The bird was seen at Mayagiiez, June 6. There are in the TJ. S. ISTational Museum two skins taken by Bowdish, July 23, 1901, "between Mayagiiez and Cabo Rojo.^^ A speci- men in the Museum of Comparative Zoology received from A. Stahl and catalogued in the museum catalog in February, 1880, is marked Baya- mon—a locality that, I believe, indicates merely StahFs home and not the place of origin of this particular specimen. Potts reports the species east to Santa Isabel. These tiny birds frequent marshes, dense, thorny thickets of the acacia known as rallo, and cane-fields. They are spirited little creatures, with quick, nervous movements, and, when alarmed, call continually. They are very active and climb through the bushes like titmice, their long tails adding to this resemblance. When feeding, they spread out some- what, but, when excited, congregate closely, peering through the limbs before moving away, keeping well under cover. In the heat of the day they feed on the ground in patches of shade under the bushes. In the cane-fields they flush with quick calls, fly a few yards and then drop back out of sight. On the wing the long tail and short wings give them a quick, tilting flight, and they seldom fly far. The ordinary call-note is a low tsee tsee tsee, or a low chattering call. Near Cabo Eojo, August 30, one female was seen feeding nearly grown young, regurgitating softened grass seeds from her throat for them. Bowdish noted breeding birds taken May 23 and 30, presumably at Mayagiiez. This weaver is brown above and gray below, with bright red cheeks, and a wash of darker red on rump and abdomen. The difference in habit of life in the two weaver-finches established in Porto Eico may explain their present difference in distribution. The hooded species feeds in little companies in a manner suggestive of Ameri- can goldfinches, and flies about openly through the country. It has thus become distributed through the lowlands of the entire island. The scarlet-cheeked weaver, on the other hand, is more secretive, and at any alarm disappears in the densest cover available. Its timidity prevents its wandering, except where suitable coverts are closely contiguous, and it has therefore covered in its range only a small part of the territory open to it. 532 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Specimens that I collected are slightly darker in color than a series in the U. S. Fational Museum from Fernan-Vaz and have the red of the cheeks less intense. Grote ^^ says that the bird from the vicinity of Lake Chad is paler above than the typical form, and has named it Estrilda melpoda tschadensis (type locality, Andali, north Adamawa). He states also that birds from "Lower Guinea^^ are darker than those from '^^Upper Guinea/'' The faintly darker color of the Porto Kican series when compared with specimens from Fernan-Yaz (which may represent the area called by Grote *^^Upper Guinea^^) is dne possibly to the origin of the Porto Eican stock somewhere in .Angola. The Porto Eican bird is identified as typical melpoda. Family Icteridae Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus) Bobolink, Chambergo Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, Pt. 1, p. 179. (Cuba.) DoUchonyw oryzivorus, Pelzeln, Ornith. Brasiliens, 1870, Pt. 3, p. 199 (speci- men from Porto Rico in Paris Museum).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Bir^s, 1892, p. 110 (Vieques).—Gundlach, Ornitb. Cubana, 1893, p. 118 (A^e- ques).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 371 (Vieques).— Wetmore, TJ. S. Dept. BulL 326, 1916, p. 113 (Porto Rico, Vieques). Porto Eico, Vieques; casual in migration. Pelzeln states that in the Paris Museum there is a specimen of the bobolink from Porto Rico and Cory and Gundlach record the species from Vieques. It is only casual in occurrence there in passage between its summer home in the north and its winter range in South America. In ordinary migrant plumage the bobolink is olive-buff above streaked with blacky and yellowish or buffy below. Males in breeding plumage are black with a cream-buff patch on the back of the neck^ and the scapu- lars, lower back and upper tail coverts grayish white. The bird is about seven inches in length and has the tail feathers sharply pointed. Agelaius xanthomus (Sclater) Yellow-shouldered Blackbird, Mariquita, Capit&n Icterus xanthomus Sclater, Cat. American Birds, 1862, p. 131. ("Mexico"= Porto Rico.) Yellow-shouldered Blackbird, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagiiez). Cassicus phoeniceus, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 1836, pp. 381-387 (Porto Rico). 27Journ. fiir Ornith., 1922, p. 483 WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 533 Icterus ceanthomus, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 168 (Porto Rico).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 254 (Porto Rico, specimens).— Sundevall, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forli., 1869, p. 5D8 (Porto Rico). Agelaius chrysopterus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 1819, Vol. XXXIV, p. 539 (St. Thomas, description).—Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 597 (Porto Rico, specimens) .—Gundlacli, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 177; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist Nat., 1878, p. 211 (Porto Rico, common).— Stalil, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 143 (Porto Rico, specimens). Agelaius xmithomus, Cory, Auk, 1880, p. 221 (Porto Rico) ; Auk, 1892, p. 229 (Mona, Porto Rico, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 110, 132 (Porto Rico, Mona).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 12 (Porto Rico, Mona).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 344 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas?).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 113- 115 (Mona, Porto Rico) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 330 (bones from cave, Morovis).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 47 (Porto Rico).—Schmidt, Meld Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., August 10, 1926, Vol. XII, p. 151 (Mona).—^Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 99-100 (Cartagena Lagoon, Mayagliez). Porto Eico^ common resident; Mona, apparently resident. Cory received two skins from Mona Island collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., in 1892, and considered these as stragglers from Porto Rico. Since Bowdish found the species common there from August 9 to 21, 1901, it appears that if is resident. Two skins in the U. S. N^ational Museum were taken by Bowdish, August 7 and 15. These (in worn plumage) do not seem to differ in any particular from skins from Porto Eico. The yellow-shouldered blackbird is described by Taylor in 18G4 as '^excessively abundant/^ In 1912 I noted it as follows: Quebradillas, July 2 to 6; Manatr, July 7 to 11; Bayamon, July 20 to 2b; Eio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912; Mameyes, February 9 to 29; Humacao, September 3 to 9 ; Yabucoa, May 3 to 10 ; Salinas, April 26 to May 2 ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22; Yauco, May 16 to 28; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31; Mayagiiez, June 6; Anasco, June 7 to 9, and Aguadilla, June 9 to 12. In the interior it was found at Lares, June 18 to July 1 ; IJtuado, August 9; Ciales, July 12 to 18; Comerio, July 26 to 31; Caguas, January 5 to 14; and Hacienda Catalina, below El Yunque, March 2 to 11. I col- lected a series, and there are in the U. S. National Museum skins taken by Eichmond at Arecibo, April 1 and 3, 1900, and at Utuado, April 10. In Porto Eico this blackbird is most abundant in the coastal region, extending inland along the open valleys of the larger streams. In the main it is found below an altitude of 800 feet. Lares (1200 feet) was the highest point at which it was observed, none being seen in the high 534 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO central mountain range. In fall^ winter and spring, this species as- sociates in small flocks, which travel over the country, returning at night- fall to some clump of trees or mangroves to roost. Morning and evening flights to or from these roosts are a common sight. The flocks pass with direct, though undulating flight, with an occasional flash of yellow showing in the wing. In mangrove swamps it is common to find a small group feeding in close array on the wet ground, or to encounter single individuals clambering through the branches, absorbed in their search for food. Often they are seen climbing actively up and down the long fronds of the coconut palms in oriole fashion, or walking sedately along on the ground among the cattle in the pastures. The common call-note is a sharp chick, indistinguishable from that of the Porto Eican oriole ; a low chuch is often heard. About their nests they give the sharp, staccato, scolding notes of the red-winged blackbird of the north, as they circle and wheel overhead. The males do not appear to sing a great deal, though odd, wheezy or reedlike notes, resembling those of the yellow-headed blackbird, are sometimes heard. The breeding season is in May or June, the young being out of the nest by the end of the latter month; sometimes they nest as early as March. The nests of this species appear to be built usually in coconut or royal palms (PL LVI), as noted years ago by Moritz, the birds nesting, as a rule, in small colonies, though single pairs are sometimes found. When the nest is in a royal palm, the male spends much time resting on the tall projecting spike in the crown, where he postures with droop- ing wings and spread tail, but sings very little. When alarm.ed, the female flies up and clings to the side of the spike, just below him, while both scold vigorously at any intruder. All of the nests that I observed were in the axils of the long leaves. Gundlach says that the birds lay four eggs. In the breeding season they feed usually near the site of the nest, walking about on the ground, sometimes wading in the shallow water of the small streams or in drainage ditches. As soon as the young are on the wing, all gather in small flocks, remaining at first near the nesting colony, but going farther afield as they get stronger on the wing. They avoid the intense heat of the middle of the day by frequenting coffee plantations, clumps of bamboo and shaded perches of all kinds. In mixed flocks with the Porto Eican grackle this blackbird feeds in newly plowed fields, following the plow for the grubs and insects ex- posed; it frequents cane-fields while the growth is small. In this way it does much good. Around Manati large flocks of old and young fre- quented citrus groves, feeding on the ground and flying up to perch WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 535 in close flocks among the branches of the trees, preferably on dead limbs. In spring, with the other blackbirds, they frequent the bucare trees {Erythrina sp.) to probe the handsome blossoms for their nectar. Koughly estimated, nine-tenths of the food of this bird is animal and one-tenth vegetable. Numbers of harmful insects are destroyed. In- jurious weevils are favorite food, cutworms are much relished, and a host of other insects, with a few spiders, make up the remainder. Of vegetable matter a little more than one-half is composed of corn taken from the ear when still in the milk. For the entire year this is a small amount, but during June some damage is done locally. In some in- stances it was found that the birds, though flocking in the cornfields, were not touching the grain. Throughout the season, as a whole, this blackbird is a beneficial species and should be allowed a small toll of grain grown by man as part payment for its usefulness throughout the rest of the year. Care should be taken not to confuse the work of black- birds in the cornfields with that of rats, which are in some cases very destructive to the grain in localities frequented by the blackbirds. The blackbird merely pecks open the end of the ear and pulls off the kernel, while the rat gnaws off the husks, dropping a pile of refuse to the ground below and frequently destroying half the ear. Male and female of the yellow-shouldered blackbird are identical in color, being black with yellow shoulder patches. Young in juvenile plumage resemble adults but are duller-colored. Vieillot reported this species from St. Thomas, but I believe this record to be erroneous, as no one since has found the bird living on that island. The specimen in question must have been taken by Mauge, and so in all probability came from Porto Eico. Icterus portoricensis Bryant Porto Rican Oriole, Calandra, Calandria Icterus dommicensis portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 254. (Porto Rico. )—Sundevall, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 597 (Porto Rico, specimens). Porto Rican Oriole, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagtiez) ; Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Oriolus dominicensis, Ledru, Voy. lies Ten^riffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Rieco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 203, 273-274 (Porto Rico). Icterus domimcensis, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 167 (Porto Rico). Icterus wagleri, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (listed). Xanthornus portoricensis, Gundlach, Journ. flir Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. flir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 176^177; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 210 (Porto Rico).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1«83, pp. 60, 143 (Porto Rico, specimens). 536 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Icterus portoricensis, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 217 (Porto Rico) ; Auk, 1892, p. 229 (Porto Rico, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 110, 132 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 73 (not seen on Vieques) ; Auk, 1903, p. 12 (Porto Rico, Vieques?).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, pp. 272-273 (Porto Rico) .—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 115-117 (Porto Rico, habits, food) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 330 (bones from caves, Morovis).— Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 477 (frequent).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 100-101 (Porto Rico, habits). Porto Eico, common resident. The Porto Eican oriole is universally distributed throughout the island where there is tree growth suitable as feeding ground, shelter for its nests and protection from its few enemies. N^ear the coast it is common in the long fronds of the coconut palms, where these grow in plantations, while inland it frequents coffee plantations or tracts of second-growth forest. It is found also in citrus groves, amid trees in some of the town plazas and in the shade trees of suburban homes. Bones of the oriole were noted in cavern deposits near Morovis. As indication of the general distribution of the oriole, I may mention that in 1912 I found it at Quebradillas, July 2 to 6; Manati, July 7 to 11; Bayamon, July 20 to 25; Eio Piedras, December 11, 1911, to January 4, 1912; Mameyes, February 9 to 29; Humacao, September 3 to 9; Yabucoa, May 3 to 10; Maunabo, May 11; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22; Salinas, April 26 to May 2; Yauco, May 16 to 28; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31; Mayagiiez, June 6; Anasco, June 7 and 8, and Aguadilla, June 9 to 12. In the interior the oriole was noted at Lares, June 18 to July 1; Maricao, May 29 to June 5; Utuado, August 3 to 9; Adjuntas, August 10 to 16; Ciales, July 12 to 18; Comerio, July 26 to 31; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5; Caguas, January 5 to 14; Cayey, January 15 to 25; and the Hacienda Catalina, below El Yunque, March 2 to 11; Bowdish in one account has recorded it as found on Vieques, but in an earlier statement says that it does not occur there. There is no definite record of it outside of Porto Eico proper. The oriole is at times rather wild and keeps well concealed, but again comes into shade trees about houses. It feeds slowly through the tips of limbs, examining the leaves carefully, especially those that are curled for caterpillars, at need swinging head down to reach some desired point. This bird has the most beautiful song of any Porto Eican species— clear whistle of several notes, pitched rather high in the scale. Its notes are uttered mainly morning and evening, and are among the few bird sounds to be heard by those afoot at dawn. The ordinary call is an WETMO RE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 537 oriole-like chick or chuck, but these birds also utter a thin, high note like pe-ee, that resembles the call-note of a goldfinch or siskin. The breeding season for the oriole extends from the beginning of May to the middle of July, and after the middle of June young in first plu- mage are common. The adults then begin to molt. This species breeds while in immature dress. The only nest found was in a grove of coconut palms^ north of Manati, on July 8, swung from the underside of one of the long leaves, the nest being supported under the center of the rib by four radiating straps that attached it firmly, leaving only a small space between it and the underside of the midrib to serve as an entrance. It appeared to be woven strongly of fibrous materials. Bowdish describes a nest seen at Aguadilla as woven from fibrous strips of palm leaf. Gundlach reports that the oriole lays three eggs. The oriole is fond of the sweet flower juices of plants and trees, the bucare (Erythrina) being visited frequently when in blossom, while the abundant nectar of the banana is a great attraction, several birds visiting the same flower in rapid succession. Near Aibonito the oriole was seen eating the pulp and juice of over-ripe wild sweet oranges (chinas), and had opened half a dozen on one tree. As the fruit in the cultivated groves is picked long before it reaches this stage, the bird could do no damage to the citrus industry. Its food, as shown by stomach examina- tion, consists mainly of animal matter, and it consumes many grass- hoppers, roaches, caterpillars and weevils. It is considered a highly beneficial species. The adult Porto Eican oriole is between seven and eight inches in length, black with yellow epaulettes, rump and under tail coverts. Male and female are alike in color. The immature bird is rich orange-brown throughout, brighter below. Individuals in transition plumage to the adult dress are common. The first, or juvenal plumage, is browner than the first fall dress. It is my belief that the birds keep the immature stage until they are a year old—as I saw breeding individuals in this plumage—and then molt into adult feather. The change seems to come irregularly as regards season, since I have seen molting birds from March to July. The dark feathers appear first on head and throat and extend gradually back over breast and back. This species is closely allied to the oriole of Santo Domingo. 538 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Icterus icterus ridgwayi (Hartert) Troupial Xanthornus icterus ridgwayi Hartert, Nov. ZooL, 1902, Vol. IX, p. 299. (Aruba, Dutch West Indies.) Aus den Wanderj. eines Naturf., 1902, p. 279 (reprint of above; bird mentioned from St. Thomas). Icterus cayennensisf, Ledru, Voy. lies T^neriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, p. 39 (Danish Islands). Icterus vulgaris, Gundlach, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1874, p. 312 ; Journ. fur Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 176; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 209 ( Quebradillas, introduced).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 143 (Porto Rico, specimen).—Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, Vol. VII, p. 172 (St. Thomas, specimen)—Hartert, Nov. Zool., 1902, Vol. IX, p. 275 (St. Thomas, mentioned). Icterus icterus Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 219 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas, introduced) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 110, 146 (Porto Rico; St. Thoruas, specimens).—Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 298 (St. Thomas ) .—Ridgway , U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 624. (Porto Rico, St. Thomas, intro- duced).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 12 (Porto Rico, listed).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 116-117 (Aibonito). Icterus icterus harterti Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Ornith. Ser., October, 1909, Vol. I, No. 5, p. 201. (Described as new from St. Thomas.) Porto Eico, St. Thomas; said to have been introduced. Gundlach states that he found the troupial established and breeding in fair numbers iii the vicinity of Quebradillas. As the species was kept commonly as a cage-bird, he assumed that the original stock had escaped or had been released from captivity. Stahl had a specimen from Porto Eico and states that the species came originally from Venezuela. On January 5, 1912^ below Aibonito, I saw an oriole that was not Icterus portoricemis and that I assumed to he the species here under discussion. Unfortunately, this bird was not collected. The species is well known as a resident of St. Thomas. Benedict and Nye collected one there between January 17 and 24, 1884, and Cory had several specimens from that island. There are two in the U. S. Na- tional Museum, and one in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, taken on St. Thomas by F. A. Ober. The bird is mentioned from that island by Hartert. Through the kindness of Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd I have borrowed from the Carnegie Museum eight skins of Icterus i. icterus and I. i. ridgwayi The last mentioned is distinguished from typical icterus by longer bill and paler coloration, the culmen from base in icterus (irrespective of sex) ranging from 26.0 to 29.0 mm., and in ridgwayi from 31.5 to 33.2 mm. The three measured from St. Thomas have the culmen from base WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 539 33.2, 32.0 and 33.6 mm. respectively, and so resemble ridgwayi. They are, however, decidedly lighter yellow, less orange, throughout. The dif- ference, if constant, is sufficient to warrant separation of the bird from St. Thomas as a distinct form—for which Cory (see synonymy above) has proposed the name I. i, harterti—and throws some doubt on the belief that the troupial has been introduced on that island. The matter of subspeciiic recognition of the St. Thomas bird is left in abeyance pending further examination of specimens. A skin from Jamaica with the culmen 31.0 mm. long is also pale in color. It is identified as ridgwayi on the basis of size. No skins have been seen from Porto Eico; records from that island are, therefore, included under ridgwayi merely as a matter of conven- ience. The troupial in both sexes has the head and entire throat, back, wings and tail black, breast, abdomen, a broad band around the hindneck, lower back and rump, yellow or orange yellow, and a broad band on the wing white. Holoquiscalus niger brachypterus (Cassin) Porto Rican Grackle, Porto Rican Blackbird, Mozambique, Chango, Pichon Prieto Quiscalus hrachypterus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866, Vol. XVIII, p. 406. (North side of Porto Rico.28)—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 224 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. Ill, 132, 147 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 73 (Vieques, common); Auk, 1903, p. 12 (Porto Rico, habits). Porto Rican Blackbird, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, p. 10 (mention) ; Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayaguez) ; Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Cassicus quiscula, Moritz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 183G, p. 381 (Porto Rico). Quiscalus harita, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 168 (Porto Rico, abundant). Quiscalus crassirostris, Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1860, p. 598 (listed).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 255 (listed). Chalcophanes luguhris, Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad, Forh., 1869, p. 598 (Porto Rico, specimens). Chalcophanes hrachypterus, Gundlach, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1874, p. 312 ; Journ. filr Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 177-178; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 213 (Porto Rico, abundant).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 143 (Porto Rico, specimens). 28 There Is no indication of type locality in the original description other than Porto Ulco. Tlje statement above has been made by Peters from the fact that Cassin de- scribed this species from sixteen specimens in the Smithsonian Institution (and one without label in the Philadelphia Academy), these being from the north side of the island. 540 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Holoquiscalus hrachypterus, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Miis. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 229 (Porto Rico).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 117- 120, Pis. 8-9 (Porto Rico, habits, economic status) ; Auk, 1916, p. 419 (Vieques, specimens) ; Auk, 1917, p. 62 (Culebra, questionable occur- rence) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 331 (bone from cave, Morovfs).- Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 477 (Porto Rico, nesting). Holoquiscalus niger hrachppterus, Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 1916, Vol. X, p. 280 (Porto Rico).—Peters, Auk, 1921, pp. 445-446 (Porto Rico, Vieques, Culebra).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 102-104, Fig. 41 (Porto Rico, habits). Porto Eico and Vieques^ common resident. Of questionable record for Culebra. The grackle (PI. LXV) is one of the most characteristic birds of the cultivated fields of Porto Eico and is distributed in suitable country over the entire island. In the lowland fields, below five hundred feet altitude, it is the most common species of bird; at higher points individuals are encountered in small numbers. I found it at Quebradillas, July 2 to 6 Manati, July 7 to 12; Bayamon, July 7 to 11; Eio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912; Mameyes, February 9 to 29; Humacao, September 3 to 9; Yabucoa, May 3 to 10; Maunabo, May 11; Patillas, May 12 to 13 ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22 ; Salinas, April 26 to May 2 Yauco, May 16 to 28; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31; Mayagiiez, June 6 and 7 ; Anasco, June 8 and 9 ; Aguadilla, June 10 to 12. In the interior single birds were seen at Maricao, May 29 to June 5. Grrackles were tolerably common at Lares, June 18 to July 1 ; Utuado, August 3 to 9 Adjuntas, August 10 to 16; Ciales, July 12 to 18; Caguas, January 5 to 14; Cayey, January 15 to 25; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5; Comerio, July 26 to 31; Cayey, January 15 to 25; and Caguas, January 5 to 14. There are specimens in the U. S. jSTational Museum from San Juan, Hucares, Arecibo, Ponce and Luquillo. The grackle is usually found in small flocks, that may include from three or four to twenty-five individuals, feeding on the ground in pastures or cultivated fields. Males strut about holding head and tail high as they call squeakily, while females walk back and forth seemingly pre- occupied with a busy search for food. The tail is deeply V-shaped, a conformation that is much exaggerated in flight, when the birds seem almost deformed. In rising from the ground the tail appears at times a hindrance. Thus in flying up into a palm they may fly out past the tree, and then return, because they do not appear to be able to rise at as sharp an angle as other birds of their size. The royal and coconut palms are favorite trees, in which they spend much time either in walking up and down the broad leaf-stems or in sitting quietly in the shade. Their WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 54I ordinary call-note is a grackle-like chuck, or a thin, high tee tee tee; the song may be represented by the syllable ¥ nee ah-ah-h, a wheezy effort given with spread wings and deeply V-shaped tail. The main breeding season extends from April until August, the birds usually nesting in colonies in the royal or coconut palm (PL LVI), though at times choosing an isolated Jobo {Spondms niomhin) or other tree. Struthers found occupied nests at Anegado Lagoon, December 3, 1921. In the palms the nests are constructed in the large seed clusters and at the bases of the long leaves, often in close proximity to one another. Bowdish describes a nest examined at Aguadilla on July 24, 1900, as composed of grasses and bits of wild cotton, lined with rootlets and one feather. Taylor says that the egg is similar to that of other grackles, and Gundlach reports that from four to six eggs compose a set. Danforth found colonies breeding in the cat-tails at Cartagena Lagoon, building nests of grass and roots, with some mud and laying four to five eggs. These are variable in color, "but most of them have a putty- colored background marked with brownish red scrawls and blotches." The birds are very active about their nesting colonies, continually flying back and forth, calling, singing and posturing, making a scene of the greatest animation. The work of nest-construction is carried on by the females, though the males always accompany them, strutting about on the ground as they search for material, and driving intruding males from the chosen nesting site on returning to the tree. Incubation, too, falls to the lot of the female, her spouse seemingly always following her on her expeditions for food, but when the young are hatched, both sexes care for them. After the middle of June it is a common sight to see the brownish black young following their parents, teasing for food with trembling wings, and when unnoticed protesting vigorously. In August these family parties join in small flocks that remain together until the next breeding season. These bands feed in the cultivated fields, pastures or sometimes on gravel bars in streams, where they may wade in the shallow water, turning over the leaves for aquatic insects, or, stand- ing in water up to their bodies, splash and flutter while bathing. Dan- forth describes a roost of these birds in coconut palms at Peiia Cortada, near Mayagtiez, and says that in October, 1924, it was used nightly by 3000 birds. The present species is widely recognized as the one most beneficial to agriculture in Porto Eico, and by good fortune it is also one of the most common. While cane and tobacco fields are being prepared for the crop, flocks of grackles follow the plow or feed in the overturned furrows, 542 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO eating the insects which are exposed. On the ground the grackles walk rapidly along^ peering from side to side and following the working peons closely. Even when the cane is well grown, they may follow the rows while they are being cultivated, not only to obtain insects as food for themselves, but also for their young—at times far-distant. In the breeding season it is a common sight to see three or four flying from low-lying fields inland into the foothills with a white grub shining in each bill. After the breeding season old and young feed much on different wild fruits, such as the icaco (Chrysohalanus) , sapalo {Palicourea ri'pana) and moral (Cordia nitida). In spring they were seen taking the nectar from the bueare (Erythrina) and muneco {Cordia coUococca). Fre- quently birds had the throat full of this honey and the feathers of the head yellow with pollen. The fruit of the manzanillo (Hippomane rnanchinella) also was eaten to some extent. Though the grackle eats fewer mole crickets than popular belief at- tributes to it, such large amounts of weevils, directly injurious to cane and other crops, are consumed that it still maintains its place in the foremost rank of the beneficial birds of Porto Eico. Nearly one-fifth of the food is composed of Orthoptera and many injurious bugs are de- stroyed. May beetles and white grubs are eaten voraciously and cut- worms are a favorite food. Two of the birds that I examined had eaten cattle ticks, and the birds were observed on several occasions searching the cattle for their food. Considerable numbers of lizards and am- phibians are eaten and with corn form the elements in the food that one would like to see spared. Most of the grain taken is secured in the month of July, and at least one-third of it is waste grain. The grackles frequent cornfields as they do cane for the shade offered from the heat of the sun, and so may not do damage even when present in numbers. 'No instance of damage of any extent came to my notice, depredations being confined to a few ears of corn—a toll justified by their services in de- stroying harmful pests which would do much more injury if unchecked. In general, the blackbird is a beneficial bird and the protection accorded it is well merited. Mr. Bowdish speaks of the grackle on Vieques as present in large flocks, but in March, 1912, I found it only fairly common and j rather local in its distribution. On Culebra Island Don Pedro Marques in- formed me that at times he saw the mozambique near PIaya Brava— record that should be substantiated before it is accepted. I saw none during my work. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 543 The mozambique is from nine and one-half to eleven inches in length and is black with bluish or greenish sheen. The eye appears almost white. Molothnis atronitens Cabanis Glossy Cowbird Molothrus atronitens Cabanis, in Schombnrgk, Reis. Britisch Guiana, 1848, Vol. Ill, p. 682. (Coast region, British Guiana.) Molothrus sericeus, Newton^ Ibis, 1860, p. 308 (Vieques, specimen). Molothrus honariensis, Cory, Aulc, 1886, p. 220 (Vieques) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 124 (Vieques). Molothrus atronitens, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 212 (Vieques).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agrie. Bull. 326, 1916, p. 120 (Vie- ques) ; Auk, 1916, p. 419 (Vieques). Vieques Island; accidental. Newton records a specimen of this cowbird obtained by Eiise on Vieques Island^ apparently in 1859 or 1860. The species is resident from northern Brazil and Guiana to the island of Carriacou, and recently lias been naturalized in Barbados, where it lias been noted by Dr. Casey Wood. Family Thraupidae Subfamily Thraupinae LPiranga erythromelas Vieillot 29 Scarlet Tanager Pyranga erythromelas Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 1819, Vol. XXVIII, p. 293. (Eastern North America.) Piranga erythromelas, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 114 (Tortola). Tortola, of uncertain record. In the Auk for 1891, p. 47, Cory listed the scarlet tanager as collected by Winch on the island of Antigua, in the Lesser Antilles. In his Catalog of West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 114, he does not include Antigua in his references, but does list Tortola as a place of occurrence for the species. In the Catalog Mr. Cory, for his reference to West Indian Islands, adopted three series of numbers : one for the Bahama Islands, running ^Dr. Oberholser (Auk, 1919, pp. 575-5T6) has proposed to use Tanagra olivacea OmeUn (Syst. Nat, 1789, Vol. I, Pt. 2, p. 889) for the scarlet tanager on the basis of an analysis of original references to Pennant and Latham, as given by Gmelin, which cover a bird from New York, possibly a scarlet tanager. Since Gmelin also cites as his first reference Buffon, who describes a bird from Cayenne which should not be a scarlet tanager if the locality is correct, the name olivacea appears to be a composite of ^uch uncertain identity that I hesitate to accept it for use. 544 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO from 1 to 34; one for the Greater Antilles, from 1 to 17, and one for the Lesser Antilles, from 1 to 34. In assigning West Indian ranges, the three sets are distinguished by the group prefixed before each set of numbers. Under the scarlet tanger we find '^Bahamas, 6, 7; Greater Antilles, 1, 6, 14, 33,^'' which, translated by means of the numerical code indicated, reads : "Bahamas, islands of New Providence, Andros ; Greater Antilles, islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Tortola,^^ with, however, no reference for 33, since the Greater Antillean numbers stop at 17. If we consider that the numbers 14 and 33 refer to the Lesser Antilles, we may translate them as Antigua and Barbados, for both of which there are records for the species. I believe, therefore, that Cory omitted to write "Lesser Antilles'^ before the two numbers in question, and that Tortola is thus not in- tended.] Nesospingus speculiferus (Lawrence) Porto Rican Tanager, Lloron, Verdoso, Verdedon de Especulo ChJorospingus speculiferus Lawrence, Ibis, July, 1875, p. 383, PL 9, Fig. l.^'^ (Porto Rico.)—Gundlach, Journ. flir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 168-169; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 190 (listed) ; Journ. fur Ornith., 1882, p. 161 (nest and eggs).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 140 (Porto Rico, specimens). Nesospingus speculiferus, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 199 (Porto Rico) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 114, 132 (Porto Rico ) .—Ridgway , U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 157 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 14 (listed).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 120-121, Pi. 10 (El Yunque, Cayey, Maricao) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, pp. 331-332 (bones from caves, Morovis).—Strutliers, Auk, 1923, p. 477 (Maricao). Porto Eico, resident; fairly common on the middle slopes of El Yunque, and near Maricao, formerly of wider range, but now seemingly restricted to these localities. The Porto Eican tanager (PL LXV) was described by George N. Law- rence in 1875 from a specimen obtained through Gundlach, who, how- ever, says that he has no remembrance of handling the bird. The type skin, which is in the U. S. National Museum, bears on the original label the data, ^Torto-Eico, Dr. Gundlach,'^ in Gundlach^s own handwriting. Gundlach believed that the skin was one of a lot obtained by his friend and student Blanco, near x^guas Buenas and sent to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. Though today the Porto Eican tanager is considered one of the rarer 3<> The description was published in July, but the plate was issued with the October number. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 545 birds of the island and is so restricted in range that few bird-lovers have found it in life, it seems formerly to have been quite common, since its bones outnumber the remains of all other birds in the accumulations of bird and mammal remains, supposed to have come from owl pellets, that are found in the cavern deposits near Morovis. It is my belief that the large number of Nesospingus in these pellet remains may be explained when it is remembered that this tanager gathers in flocks at nightfall to roost in clumps of palms, where the birds find shelter in seed clumps, axils of leaves, and the spathes surrounding seed heads or the central spike. In such situations they are easy prey for night-feeding owls. An owl might return nightly to such a roost, and inroads of this kind may have had a decided effect in reducing the numbers of the tanager. From March 2 to 11, 1912, I found the Porto Eican tanager fairly common on the eastern and northern slopes of El Yunque above the Hacienda Catalina, ranging from the thickets and coffee plantations at seven hundred feet to the dense, dimly lighted forests at the summit of the mountain. Later, from May 29 to June 5, I noted these birds as common also about Maricao, this being the first record of the species for the western end of the island. Struthers reports them as still common at Maricao in 1923. Richmond in manuscript notes records one seen on April 12, 1900, between Utuado and Adjuntas, and I believe a small bird seen indistinctly in January, 1912, on the slopes of Mount Pelado above Cayey to have been this form. Dr. C. W. Richmond secured eight speci- mens on El Yunque from February 22 to March 2, 1900, while Stahl had two in his collection and sent a third to P. L. Sclater, which is now in the British Museum. In my own investigations I secured a fine series of skins and made many observations on habits. Though in their haunts these tanagers were fairly common, to secure them was often difficult. The ordinary call-note is a sharp cliewp chewp, repeated vigorously while the bird remains concealed in a growth of vines or in dense brush. Another note, heard less often, was a robin-like tsweep tsweep. As we passed along the trails, our attention was attracted by the call of one or two of these birds at a distance, or a tanager would appear suddenly in the bushes near by, scolding vigorously, but when they were silent, they were very hard to find. The few natives that are acquainted with them refer to them as ''the crying birds,'' from their loud notes, but many living in their haunts know nothing of them. On El Yunque during the day the tanagers were spread out through the brush singly, or occasionally in flocks of a dozen or more. At night, however, they gather^ in bands and resorted to certain places to roost. Above the Hacienda Catalina they used as their nocturnal retreats three 546 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO or four royal palms that grew near the summit of a ridge. Until nearly dark there would be no sign of them here. Then suddenly the thickets and patches of gonduros {Cajanus cajan) would be alive with the birds coming up the slopes, calling and scolding. From this low cover they went up into the palms, and, with much chattering, fighting and flying about, proceeded to settle for the night. The sexual organs in specimens that I dissected indicated that the breeding season was near. Near Maricao, in June, all were breeding, and no flocks were seen. Here they frequented the coffee plantations almost entirely, working actively through the trees above the coffee, flying and fluttering through the twigs, to examine the leaves and undersides of the limbs, and occa- sionally breaking out into their loud, scolding notes. Several times I heard them singing a sweet warbling song that included many running trills. Their flight is strong and undulating, but they seldom fly for long distances, preferring to seek cover in the brush. Xo nests were seen, though the birds were breeding. Gundlach reports that Stahl found in a small tree, five meters from the ground, a cup-shaped nest, beautifully formed from grass and feathers loosely placed together and lined with fine grass. The egg was white with a bluish cast, spotted with brown, especially about the larger end, the brown disappearing toward the middle of the egg, and also with spots and streaks of black. The egg measured 26 by 18.5 mm. Three-fifths of the food of this tanager is composed of Orthoptera, weevils, bugs, moths, caterpillars and spiders with an occasional lizard or tree-toad. It also eats many wild fruits and berries and a few hard grass seeds, which perhaps are taken to aid in digestion, since no sand or gravel is eaten. This tanager is dark olive-brown above, grayer on the head, grayish white below, with olive brown under tail coverts and a small white spot in the wing at the base of the outer primaries. Male and female are similar, except that the latter is smaller and has the base of the lower mandible little, if any, paler than the rest of the bill. In the male the base of the lower mandible is distinctly whitish. Spindalis portoricensis (Bryant) Porto Rican Spindalis, Relna Mora, Tomate, Llorosa, Relnona, Llorona Tanagra portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 252. (Porto Rico.)-—Sundevall, 5fvers, Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 596 (listed). Porto Rican Spindalis, Danfortli, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagiiez). WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 547 Tanagra dominica, Ledru, Voy. lies l^encriffe, Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto-Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 203, 273 (listed). Spindalis portoricensis, Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornith., 1874, p. 159; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, pp. 188-189 (abundant, Mayagiiez, Aguadilla, Quebradillas, Aguas Buenas).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 140 (Porto Rico, specimens ) .—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 197 (Porto Rico) ; * Auk, 1892, p. 229 (Porto Rico, specimens) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 114, 132 (Porto Rico).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 67 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 14 (Aguadilla, Mayagiiez, Las Marias).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 121-123 (Porto Rico, food, habits) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 332 (bones from caws, Morovls).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 478 (Boqueron).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 108 (Porto Rico, habits). Porto Eico, common resident; generally distributed wherever there is tree growth, but less abundant in the lowlands than in the wooded hills of the interior. I found spindalis at Quebradillas, July 2 to 6 (specimens) ; Manati, July 7 to 11; Eio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912 (specimens) ; above Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (specimens) ; Yabucoa, May 4; Patillas, May 12 to 13 (specimens) ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22 (specimens) ; Salinas, April 26 to May 2 (specimen) ; Yauco, May 16 to 28 (specimens); Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31; Mayagiiez, June 6; Aguadilla, June 9 to 12; Lares, June 18 to July 1; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 (specimens) ; Ciales, July 12 to 18 (specimen) ; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5 (specimens) ; Caguas^ fairly common, January 5 to 14; IJtuado, August 3 to 9; Adjuntas, Auguet 10 to 16 (specimens) ; Comerio, July 26 to 31; Hacienda Catalina, below El Yunque, March 2 to 11; Cayey, January 15 to 25 (specimens). There are skins in the U. S. N^ational Museum from Ponce, Fajardo and Coamo. The birds may waAder about somewhat with changing season and shifting food supply, for I saw them at points where Gundlach states explicitly that he did not find them. The spindalis frequent patches of second-growth forests as well as the borders of coffee plantations or hedges and are seen occasionally in citrus groves. They are often unsuspicious and may alight near at hand to peer curiously out from the shelter of leaves, or again are wary and take alarm at persons seen at a distance. Where food is abundant, they are often found in flocks. Their flight is strong and undulating, the birds sweeping along in graceful curves, perhaps alight- ing for a minute or two and then passing on. In this manner they cover considerable ground in their search for food. The call-note is a faint tseet, and males give a low chattering note. I heard no song from them, 548 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO but Danforth has recorded a weak though sprightly effort heard very rarely. The breeding season extends from the end of January to the middle of June^ and occasional pairs may breed later. I found young birds recently grown very common during June and July^ but took them occasionally throughout the year. . Bowdish has described two nests found on June 9, 1900, near Agua- dilla in trees growing in small clumps near a cleared plantation. These nests were placed about ten feet from the ground^ in forks of small mango trees, and were frail, saucer-like structures^ similar to those of the rose-breasted grosbeak, and built of bits of fine vines and tendrils. They contained two and three eggs respectively and incubation had begun. The set of two, now in the U. S. ISTational Museum, has the ground color apparently dull white, almost entirely obscured by the merging of abun- dant blotches and washes of walnut brown. These eggs measure 23.7 x 18.2 mm. and 34.2 x 18.0 mm. The food of the spindalis is almost entirely vegetable and it is, without doubt, the greatest agency for the distribution of seeds in the island. The species is roving in habit and covers considerable territory, appear- ing wherever there is food to satisfy its voracious appetite and then pass- ing on. That the birds do not always confine their attacks to fruit and seeds is testified by the fact that, on at least two occasions, they were seen stripping climbing vines (Ipomea) of their tender green leaves and eating them. At Eio Piedras two came into a guanabano tree {Anona muricafa), and in less than half an hour had almost entirely consumed two of the rough, prickly-skinned fruits, ten inches long and five inches in diameter. Near Cayey a male was seen opening a ripe wild orange (china) and eating the pulp and juice. On half a dozen wild trees near here about thirty oranges had been attacked in the same way. In culti- vated groves the bird occurs, but was not seen doing any damage. Its work is unmistakable, as it tears a large opening in the fruit from which to extract the pulp, choosing only the ripest fruit. The spindalis is frequently infested with a species of parasitic grub, which, though often present in numbers, in most cases does not appear to affect the vitality of the bird seriously. These grubs (the young stage of some fly) are found usually on the breast, lying just under the skin, and may occur on the abdomen and underside of the wings. One bird that I examined had about thirty of the parasites, but this was exceptional, two or three being the usual number. The fruits and berries of the pomarosa (Jamiosa jamhos), camacey (Miconm racemosa)^ palo de perico {Cordia cortjrahosa) , palo moro WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 549 (Psychotria hrachiata), a wild fig {Ficus laevigata), and a parcha (Pdssiflora sexflora) are foods favored by this species. The spindalis is not at present known to be injurious. It is a bird of sparrow-like form, from six to six and a half inches in length. Males have the back green and the breast and throat yellow, with an orange spot on the lower throat and an orange circle aroimd the hindneck. The head is black, with a white line over the eye and a white streak on the jaw. Females and young are dull greenish above and whitish below, streaked with dusky. Subfamily Tanagrinae Tanagra sclateri (Sundevall) Porto Rican Euphonia, Jilguero, Jilguero del Pats, Canario del Pals, Canario Criollo Euphonia sclateri Smidevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Fork., 18G9, p. 596. (Porto Rico.)—Oundlach, Journ. flir Ornitli., 1874, p. 311; Jourii. flir Ornith., 1878, pp. 159, 169-170; Anales Soc, Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 191 (Porto Rico, habits, nest).—Stalil, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 140 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Gory, Auk, 1886, p. 194 (listed); Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 113, 132 (Porto Rico).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1902, Pt. 2, p. 15 (Porto Rico) .—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 14 (Ponce, Mayagiiez). Euphone mtisica, Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (listed).—Bello, Zool. Cart., 1871, p. 349 (listed). Tanagra sclateri, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 123-124 (Porto Rico, habits); Auk, 1916, p. 419 (Vieques, attempt at introduc- tion).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 478 (Mayagiiez). Porto Eico ; fairly common resident. The euphonia in Porto Rico is apparently confined mainly to hilly regions and seldom comes into the level lowland stretches of the coastal plain. It has such specialized habits that a number of naturalists who have visited Porto Rico have failed to see it. Gundlach reported it as common, and in the U. S. National Museum there is one skin taken by him, with several from the Bryant collection. Bowdish during extensive field work obtained only one bird, which was killed by a boy on August 35, 1901, and given to him. A. B. Baker shot one at Caguas, January 13, 1899. Richmond did not see this species. During 1912 I found it at Quebradillas, July 2 to 6- (specimens) ; Toa Alta, August 2; above Mameyes, February 23; Maunabo, May 11; Salinas, April 26 to May 2 (specimens) ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22 (specimens) ; Yauco, May 16 to 28 (specimens) ; Cabo Eojo, August 24 550 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO to 3; MaricaO;, May 29 to June 5 (specimens) ; Lares, June 18 to July 1; Utuado, August 3 to 9 (specimens) ; Adjuntas, August 10 to 16 (speci- mens) ; Aibonito-, January 26 to February 5 (specimens) ; Ciales, July 15 and 17; slopes of El Yunque near the Hacienda Catalina, March 2 to 11 (specimen). The euphonias are found in pairs or small flocks in natural forests and in the shade trees above the coffee plantations. They are rather active and hop quickly about, calling wheur or chit—it, the first being a whistle and the second a scolding call. The whistle is somewhat ven- triloquial in character, but, when I heard it, I found it a safe rule to search the nearest clumps of mistletoe or capitana (Phoradendron) , the seeds of which form the food of the euphonia, and here the birds were usually discovered. Growths of this parasite bearing an abundance of ripe berries are visited time after time. The birds usually keep in the thickest parts of the clumps and are hard to distinguish from the ever- present honey-creepers. They are at times rather shy, but usually re- spond readily to a whistled imitation of their notes, calling and hopping about excitedly. Their flight is bounding. In January euphonias were in pairs and were nesting by the end of February. Gundlach found a nest with young in April, placed in the branches of a mango tree, and says that it was built like the nest of other small birds. I took young birds. May 17, near Yauco and noted them as common until the first week in July. By August 10 many of the adults had completed the molt, though some did not gain their full plumage until later. The males have a low song consisting of the rapid repetition of a single metallic phrase, preceded by louder explosive notes, with twitter- ing interpolations. For this and their bright colors they are prized greatly as cage birds, and about Ponce and Juana Diaz bird-catching is a regular occupation of the boys. In 1912 the birds were offered in the markets for five and ten cents apiece. In 1923 Struthers reports that they sold in Mayagiiez for fifty cents each. To catch the birds a euphonia, usually a female, is shut up in a wicker cage, and a convenient perch or the top of the cage smeared with a sort of bird lime. The cage is then placed in a bush, where the captive whistles loudly, calling down others that are at freedom; or the bird-catcher holds the cage in his hand, up toward the trees, where the free birds hop about excitedly, call- ing and whistling loudly. The crate is then moved rapidly back and forth or carried away, the boy running quickly, when the notes of the captive, as it is jolted back and forth inside, prove too much for the others, and WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 55 1 they come flying down. Once they alight, their fate is sealed, and in a few minutes they are inside the cage, captives themselves. In captivity the food is almost entirely ripe bananas. The birds appear to thrive on this diet, but do not live long. In the late fall of 1910 Mr. Eeed, then Presbyterian minister at Isabel II, made an attempt, apparently unsuccessful, to introduce the euphonia into Vieques Island. Forty birds were purchased in Ponce, and of these a dozen got away on the playa as they were being landed on Vieques. The others were confined in an outbuilding and during the next few months escaped a few at a time. They remained around Mr. Eeed's house for some time, as three months later a party of twelve were seen, but then disappeared. In the stomachs of fifty-one of these birds I found the food to consist of the berries of mistletoe, known as capitana, of several species, from tw^o to twenty seeds being present in each stomach. These seeds are small and are enclosed by an outer envelope in a thick, transparent, viscous fluid. In feeding the berry is broken and the inner portion swallowed without the outer covering. In dissecting the euphonias I found the seeds and viscous matter in the lower part of the intestines in the same condition apparently as those which still remained in the throat, though the nutri- tive matter had been removed by digestion. The birds act as distributors of their favorite food, as the gelatinous, stringy mucous surrounding the seeds, after passing through the alimentary canal, catches and lodges on the limbs of trees, where the seeds germinate and produce new plants. It is noticeable that the mistletoe is very abundant in the dry region of the south coast, as the seeds there are less liable to be washed to the ground by rains before the mucous dries and' fastens them to the limbs than they are in regions of copious rainfall. Though mistletoe is considered in- jurious in some regions where it is abundant enough to kill trees so unfortunate as to act as hosts, no complaint was made of it in Porto Rico nor was any damage seen that could be attributed to it. Mistletoe was common in the trees grown as shade for the coffee, but no attempt was made to cut it out or keep it down, and infested trees were apparently healthy. The euphonia is one of the most strikingly marked of Porto Eican birds. In the adult male the forehead, underparts, lower back and rump are deep rich yellow, the crown and hindneck bright blue, and the sides of the head, back, wings and tail metallic steel blue. Females have the yellow distinctly greenish and the steel blue replaced by dull green. 552 SCft]NTlFW SURVEY OF rORTO RICO Family Fringillidae Subfamily Eichmondeninae Tiaris bicolor omissa Jardine Oarib Grassquit, Parson, Parson Sparrow, Otiamorro, Gorrion, Chamorro Bicolor Tiaris omissa Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 1847, Vol. XX, p. 332. (Tobago.) Qarib Grassquit, Danforth, Oologist, 1922, p. 10 (Porto Rico) ; Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagiiez) ; Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Spcrmophila Hcolm% Knox, Hist. Ace. St. Thomas, W. I., 1852, p. 220 (St. Thomas). Fringilla zena portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 254. (Porto Rico.) Phonipara omissa, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 167 (Porto Rico). Phonipara Imolor, Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 147 (St. Croix).—Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, pp. 376-377 (St. Thomas, specimens). Sundevall, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 596 (Porto Rico, specimens in spirits).—Mortensen, Atlanten, June, 1909, Vol. VI, No. 66, p. 645 (St. Croix). Phonipara zena, Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, Vol. VII,, p. 172 (St. Thomas, specimens). Euethia 'bicolor, Gundlach, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1874, p. 312 ; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 173-174; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 205 (Porto Rico, habits).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 141 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Auk, 1890, pp. 374, 375 (St. Thomas, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, specimens) ; Auk, 1891, p. 48 (St. Croix) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 113, 150-151 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, St. Croix).—Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, pp. 73-74 (Vieques). Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 576 (St. Thomas). Euethia Ucolor omissa, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1901, Pt. 1, p. 539 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas, St. John, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, St. Croix). - Bowdish, Osprey, 1902, pp. 45-48 (nesting, habits). Tiaris hleolor omissa, Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 14 (Porto Rico, abundant). Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 125-126 (Porto Rico, habits, food) ; Auk, 1916, p. 419 (Vieques, specimens) ; Auk, 1917, pp. 55, 62 (Culebra, Culebrita, specimens).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 478 (Porto Rico, nesting).—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 106-107 (Cartagena Lagoon). Porto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, Culebrita, St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Virgin Gorda, Anegada; resident, common. The Carib grassquit is an abundant resident in Porto Eico, and in most localities outnumbers the other species of the genus found in com- pany with it. It was recorded in 1912 at Quebradillas, July 2 to 6; Manati, July 7 to 11; Bayamon, July 20 to 25; Rio Piedras, December WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 553 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912; Mameyes, February 9 to 29; Yabucoa, May 3 to 10; Maunabo, May 11; Patillas, May 12 and 13; Humacao, September 3 to 9 ; Salinas, April 26 to May 2 ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22; Yauco, May 16 to 28; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31; Aiiasco, June 7 and 8; Aguadilla, June 9 to 12. Inland birds were noted at Maricao, May 29 to June 5; Lares, June 18 to July 1; Utuado, August 3 to 9 Adjuntas, August 10 to 16 ; Ciales, July 12 to 18 ; Comerio, July 26 to 31 Caguas, January 5 to 14; Cayey, January 15 to 25; Aibonito, January 26 to February 5; and at the Hacienda Catalina, below El Yunque, March 2 to 11. It is distributed almost universally except in the heaviest forest and occurs wherever there is cover in growing cane, along maya hedges, or in thickets, coffee plantations and second-growth forest. The grassquits are tame, unsuspicious little birds, found in pairs or in small flocks, that fly out with a quick up and down flight to alight in plain sight or under cover in bushes. As one rides through the cane- fields at dusk, they continually flutter along ahead, so that the cane is full of their rustlings. Though common in the open fields, they are at home in dense second-growth forest. Here they work through the trees, searching the limbs like honey-creepers. The breeding season of this species appears to extend well through the year; fully-fledged young were observed from January to June in 1912, and breeding birds were taken in every month in which I collected. Loose flocks, mainly of young birds, were encountered all through the year, while the adults were in pairs and nesting. The nests found were located in maya hedges or bushes, only a foot or so from the ground, always concealed from view. One found in a coffee plantation near Yauco, May 21, was in the midst of a thick bush, about three feet from the ground, and was made of grass and weed stalks, arched over, with a rough opening at one side. The cup within, that contained the eggs, was made of very soft, fine grasses, and the eggs themselves were four in number, whitish, heavily marked with cinnamon, lined somewhat with black. Bowdish states that he has found nests from ten inches to fifteen feet from the ground and says that the opening in the side may be large or so small as barely to permit passage of the bird. In twenty-seven com- plete sets he noted two containing two eggs, twenty with three eggs, two with four eggs, and three with five eggs. Three eggs in a set in the IT. S. National Museum collected by Bowdish, February 25, 1901, have the ground color white, spotted and washed with walnut brown, mainly about the large end. They measure 16.0x13.0 mm., 16.0x12.6 mm. and 16.0 X 12.9 mm. 554: SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Males sing constantly all day long from a post, weed, telephone wire or some other open perch. Theirs is a harsh, emphatic little song that reminded me of that of a dickcissel. In flight they frequently changed to a slow, direct wing beat, with trembling wings and head thrown back, and sang until another perch was reached. The call-note is a low tseet. The food of this species is almost entirely vegetable. Seeds of all kinds of grasses and sedges and various weeds are taken eagerly and are usually swallowed entire and ground up in the muscular gizzard with the sand which is eaten for that purpose, but may occasionally be hulled neatly before being swallowed. The grassquit was recorded by Bowdish from Vieques Island, and there are a number of specimens in the U. S. ISTational Museum taken on that island by Eichmond. From March 16 to April 3, 1912, I found it com- mon, at times in sheltered gullies, but more often in the little grass- grown openings amid the brush. Birds taken were about to breed. On Culebra Island from April 5 to 21, 1912, they were especially common and specimens were collected near the lighthouse on Culebrita. At this time some were breeding, but others gathered in loose flocks containing several hundred individuals. Half a dozen pairs were nesting in the tall grass about one water-hole. In addition to a series that I secured here, there are in the U. S. National Museum two obtained by A. B. Baker on February 9, 1899. The species, it is said, is very common on St. Croix, where Mortensen states that it is known as the ^''parson^^ because of its sober dress. The ISTewtons note that it nested from the middle of May to the end of July. The latest record for it is that of a male in the Museum of Comparative Zoology taken September 14, 1914, by G. K. Noble. The species is said to be common on St. Thomas, where it has been noted by a number of visiting naturalists and where numbers of speci- mens have been taken. Knox reported it here as early as 1852, under the name of "parson sparrow^^; Cassin received specimens from Robert Swif-t; a bird from the same source is in the U. S. National Museum with others collected by Benedict and Nye from February 21 to 24, 1904, and the species was sent from there to Cory by Winch. Winch also col- lected the species on Virgin Gorda and Anegada. A specimen in the U. S. National Museum from the island last named was taken Decem- ber 23, 1889. Another in the same collection was shot on St. John by F. A. Ober. The male Carib grassquit is grayish olive-green, with sides of head and underparts back to the abdomen black. Females and young males are plain brownish olive-green, whitish on the abdomen. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 555 Specimens of this species from the islands from Porto Rico to the is- land of Tobago have been credited to the subspecies omissa, I believe, however, that careful study of a proper series will show that there are two or more subspecies in this range. The birds show seasonal variation with wear in plumage that renders comparison difficult, as it leads to much confusion in the characters displayed. Particularly does confusion result from the fact that the seasons on the different islands vary so that birds shot in one month in one part of their range may not be actually compar- able with specimens taken at the same time elsewhere. Tiaris olivacea bryanti (Ridgway) Bryant's Grassquit, Gorrion, Chamorro, Chamorro Bello Euethia hryanti Ridgway, Auk, 1898, p. 322. (Porto Rico.) Bryant's Grassquit, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagtiez). Einberiza olivacea, Ledru, Voy. lies Teneriffe, Trinite, Saint Tliomas, Sainte- Croix et Porto-Rico, 1810, Vol. II, p. 204 (listed).—Mori tz, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 1836, p. 381 (listed). Fasserina olivacea, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1873, p. 349 (listed). Euethia lepida, Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. FOrli., 1869, p. 597 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Gundlach, Journ. fiir Ornitli., 1874, p. 311; Journ. flir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 173; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 204 (Porto Rico, habits).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 141- 142 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 113, 151 (Porto Rico). Euethia Ijrijectita, Bowdish, Oologist, 1900, p. 74 (Vieciues; misprint for hryanti) Euethia olivacea, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 208 (Porto Rico). Euethia olivacea hryanti, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1901, Pt. 1, p. 533 (Porto Rico). Tiaris olivacea, Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 333 (bones in cave, Morovis). Tiaris olivacea hryanti, Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 14 (Porto Rico, Vieques). Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 126-127 (Porto Rico, Vieques, Culebra ) .—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 478 (Maricao, nesting).— Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 107 (Cartagena Lagoon). Porto Eico, Vieques, Culebra ; resident. In Porto Eico Bryant^s grassquit is common, but is less abundant tban the related species. It is found entirely in the open, in pastures and cultivated fields, where it frequents the maya hedges or scanty growths of bushes, never living in dense thickets as the other grassquit frequently does. Small marshes covered with high grass are localities favored by it, as are brushy pastures where the grass is long. During my field work it 556 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO was found at Manati, July 7 to 11; Bayamon, July 20 to 25 (speci- mens); Eio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912 (speci- mens) ; Mameyes, February 9 to 29 (specimens) ; Humacao, September 3 to 9 (specimen) ; Yabucoa, May 3 to 10 (specimen) ; Maunabo, May 11; Patillas, May 10 to 13 (specimen); Salinas, April 26 to May 2 (specimens) ; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22; Yauco, May 16 to 28; Cabo Eojo, August 24 to 31 (specimens) ; Anasco, June 7 and 8; Aguadilla, June 9 to 12; Maricao, May 29 to June 5 (specimen) ; Lares, June 18 to July 1; Utuado, August 3 to 9; Adjuntas, August 10 to 16; Ciales, July 12 to 18; Comerio, July 26 to 31; Aibonito, January 26 to Feb- ruary 5; Caguas, January 5 to 14 (specimens) ; Cayey, January 15 to 25 (specimens) ; and Hacienda Catalina, below El Yunque, March 2 to 11. There ^re skins in the U. S. National Museum from San Juan, Catano, Luquillo and Arroyo. From their choice of open haunt these grassquits are more common in the lowlands and foothill regions than in the higher hills of the interior, which have too much cover to suit their needs. Through the year they occur in small flocks that may comprise a family group or again may include fifteen or twenty individuals. When flushed, they fly with undulating flight to the nearest maya hedge or thicket, and then work rapidly away or, if not disturbed, drop down again to the ground to continue feeding. In the cane-fields as the laborers advance in cutting the crop, the grassquits retreat to adjacent pastures and hedges, ready to spread out again through the cane when the new growth is tall enough to shelter them. Gundlach says that in his time they came about the crude sugar mills then in operation to eat the sugar as it was manufactured. Males sing constantly all day long, from some elevated perch, an insect-like trill which cannot be heard very far. The ordinary call-note is a faint tseep. The breeding season apparently extends through the entire year. Most of the nests are placed low, usually in the grass bordering a ditch or other depression, or in fields where the grass is tall. They are formed like balls of fine grasses, with an entrance in the side. One found near Hacienda Catalina, on the lower slopes of El Yunque, on March 4, 1912, contained three eggs, white with a greenish tinge, spotted with cinnamon brown, the spots forming a slight wreath about the large end of the egg. Gundlach reports from two to three eggs in a set. Struthers found a nest containing eggs at Maricao on November 22, 1921. Bones of this species were identified in cavern deposits near Morovls. The bulk of the food of this species consists of grass seeds, as crab grass {Syntherisma WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 557 sanguinalis) and other common species of grasses, with occasionally a few seeds of sedge (Fimbristylis) or star grass (Ilypoxis). On Vieques Island Bowdish found this species in 1899, and specimens were collected there by A. B. Baker, February 7, 1899, and by C. W. Eichmond, March 22, 1900. From March 16 to April 3, 1912, I found this grassquit common and collected a number. I saw a few along roads running through the cane-fields, but found most of them in the pastures in mixed flocks with the Carib grassquit. None of those taken were breeding. Bowdish reports a laying female shot on November 30, 1899. On Culebra Island I collected a male on April 8, 1912, which was the only one seen, though search was made for others. Bryant^s grassquit is only slightly more than four inches in length. Males are greenish olive above and grayish olive below, with the throat and a stripe over the eye bright yellow and the forehead, cheeks and breast black. Females are paler, with a yellow line over the eye and a faint suggestion of yellow on the throat and black on the foreneck. Young in first plumage are often similar to Tiaris h. omissa, but are paler and slightly smaller. Subfamily Caeduelinae Loxigrilla partoricensis (Daudin) Porto Rican Grosbeak, Gallito, Churri, Qapitan, Come Gandul Loxia portoricensis Daudin, Trait. Orn., 1809, Vol. II, p. 411. (Porto Rico.)— Ledru, Voy. lies Ten^riffe, Trlnite, Saint Thomas, Sainte-Croix et Porto- Ricco, 1810, Vol. II, pp. 203-204 (Porto Rico).—Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 254 (Porto Rico).—Sundevall, 5fvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 587 (listed). Porto Rican Grosbeak, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1922, p. 41 (Mayagiiez). Pitylus portoricensis, Hartlaub, Isis, 1847, p. 611 (listed). Scotospiza portoricensis, Sundevall, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 597 (listed). Pyrrhula portoricensis, Bello, Zool. Gart., 1871, p. 349 (listed). Pprrhulugra portoricensis, Gundlach, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1874, p. 312; Journ. fiir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 175-176 •, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, pp. 208-209 (Furnias, Quebradillas, between Arecibo and Utuado, Jayuya, Aguas Buenas).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 142 (Porto Rico, specimens).—Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, pp. 112, 132, 149 (Porto Rico).—Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mns. Bull. 50, 1901, Pt 1, p. 550 (Porto Rico). Loxigilla portw^icensis, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 205 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 13 (Porto Rico, common).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 123-125 (Porto Rico, habits, food) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, 1922, Vol. XliVI, p. 332 (bones from cave, Morovfs).—Struthers, Auk, 558 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO 1923, p. 478 (Porto Rico ) .—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, pp. 107-108 (Porto Rico, habits). Porto Eico, common resident. The Porto Eiean grosbeak is an inhabitant of thickets that is found on the coastal plain where there is suitable cover^ but through force of cir- cumstances it is more common in the hilly interior of the island, since extensive regions suited for its habitation are there available. Gundlach noted it at Puriiias, Quebradillas, between Arecibo and Utuado, Jayuya and Aguas Buenas. In 1912 I found it at Quebradillas, July 2 to 6; Manati, July 7 to 11; Rio Piedras, December 16, 1911, to January 4, 1912; Salinas, April 26 to May 2; Juana Diaz, August 17 to 22; Yauco, May 16 to 28; Cabo Rojo, August 24 to 31; Mayagiiez, June 6; Agua- dilla, June 9 to 12; Maricao, May 29 to June 5; Lares, 'June 18 to July 1 ; Utuado, August 3 to 9 ; Ciales, July 12 to 18 ; Comerio, July 26 to 31; and Aibonito, January 26 to February 5. There are in the U. S. National Museum specimens from Mayaguez, Aguadilla, Las Marias, Lares and El Yunque. The bird is seemingly rare in the eastern third of the island, as the only record is that of one taken on El Yunque by Richmond, February 25, 1900. The grosbeak frequents coffee plantations or thickets, where it feeds on the ground and, w^hen alarmed, slips rapidly away through the bushes, keeping well under cover. Only occasionally, in little-frequented localities, does it feed in the open. The flight is quick and tilting, and the birds are often seen dodging across from one patch of cover to the next. Males fly up into the tops of the trees and, keeping concealed in the leaves, sing a loud cardinal-like song. But for the number heard, one would consider them rather rare birds, so well do they keep hidden. This is ojie of the few birds of the island that sings constantly. The ordinary call-note is a low tseet. The grosbeak nests rather irregularly throughout the year, the main period falling between February and the end of June. Struthers reports a nest from Mayagiiez containing three eggs on March 18, 1921. One nest seen near Salinas was placed on a horizontal limb about thirty feet from the ground. One found, June 26, near Lares was in the top of a bent-over coffee tree, about five feet from the ground and, though large and bulky, was almost entirely concealed. The foundation was of dried banana leaves, above which sticks, grass and weed stems were built up to form a deep cup, lined with grass and rootlets. This nest contained three eggs. Bowdish describes a nest found, June 15, 1900, near Agua- dilla. It was placed in a clump of twigs, eight feet from the ground, against the trunk of a small tree growing in a mass of bushes. The WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 559 nest was of weed and vine stems and dead leaves and was domed. The three eggs, now in the U. S. National Museum, have the ground color white with a faint cast of dull green, and are marked finely with lilac and walnut brown over the entire surface, the marking having a faint ten- dency to be drawn in short, fine lines more or less longitudinal to the long axis of the egg. These eggs measure 22.9 x 17.0 mm., 22.6 x 16.8 mm. and 22.6 x 17.0 mm. respectively. Young are most abundant in July and August, when the adults are in molt, and males almost cease to sing. The young of this species pair when they are full-grown, often before they are in fully adult plumage. At Lares it was claimed by some that this bird was responsible for damage to the coffee crop by stripping the berries for the sweet pulp surrounding them, but this I did not observe. In dense shrubbery I noted individuals sometimes scratching in the leaves to uncover food. It was surprising to see how well the black color of the males protected them in the dense shadows; only when in motion could their forms be made out, even though they were only a few feet away. They were observed eating various wild fruits, such as the icaco (Chnjsohalanus) man- zanillo (Hippomane mancMnella) , pomarosa {Jamhosa jarnhos) , and sapalo (Palicourea riparia). In their stomachs I found weevils and other insects and many seeds. This species is about six and one-half inches in length. Adults are black, with chestnut-brown throat and foreneck, crown and under tail coverts. The young are brownish olive, with rufous under tail coverts. [Spiniis cucuUatus (Swainson) Red Siskin, Dominiquito Carduells cucullata Swainson Zool. lUustr., November, 1820, Vol. I, 1*1. 7. (Spanish Main=nortli coast of Venezuela.^^)—Sundevall, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Alvad. Forli., 1869, p. 597 (listed). Pyrrhomitris cucullata, Gundlacli, Joiim. flir Ornitli., 1874, pp. 306, 312; Journ. flir Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 174-175; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 207 (specimen in coll. Hjalmarson; cage-bird).—Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 207 (Porto Rico, listed) ; Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. Ill (Porto Rico, listed). Spinus cucuUatus, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1901, Pt. 1, pp. 104-105 (Porto Rico, introduced?).—Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1926, p. 129 (Porto Rico, hypothetical). Sundevall received a specimen of this South American species from Hjalmarson and included it as from Porto Rico. Gundlach informs us, 31 See Toclcl. W. E. C, Ann. Carnegie Mus.. Vol. XVII, 102G, p. 41. 560 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO however, that this was a cage-bird. The red siskin has no valid standing in the Porto Eican list, since all records refer to this one individual.] Subfamily Emberizinae Ammodramus savannariim borinquensis Peters Porto Rican Grasshopper Sparrow, Gorrion, Chamorro Ammodramus savannarum Tjorinquensis Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, May 23, 1917, Vol. 30, p. 95. (Cabo Rojo, Porto Rico.)—Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 1926, Vol. X, p. 105, Fig. 42 (Cartagena and Gu^nica lagoons). Santo Domingan Grasshopper Sparrow, Danforth, Bird-Lore, 1924, p. 52 (Cartagena Lagoon). Fringilla passerina, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1866, Vol. X, p. 254 (Porto Rico).—Sundevall, ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p, 597 (listed). Ammodramus savannarum, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 112 (Porto Rico).—Bowdish, Auk, 1903, p. 13 (San Juan, Aguadilla, Mayagiiez). Ammodramus savannarum passerinus, Cory, Cat. West Indian Birds, 1892, p. 112 (Porto Rico). Coturniculus passerinus, Gundlach, Journ. ftir Ornith., 1874, p. 311 ; Journ. filr Ornith., 1878, pp. 160, 173; Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1878, p. 203 (Bayamon).—Stahl, Faun. Puerto Rico, 1883, pp. 60, 141 (Porto Rico, specimens). Coturniculus savannarum, Wetmore, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1922, Vol. XLVI, p. 333 (bones from cave, Morovis). Coturniculus savannarum savannarum, Ridgway, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 50, 1901, Pt. 1, pp. 206-207 (Porto Rico). Coturniculus savannarum intrieatus, Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, 1916, pp. 127-129 (Porto Rico, food, habits).—Struthers, Auk, 1923, p. 478 (Manatl). Porto Eico; resident, of local distribution, confined principally to the coastal plain. Gundlach secured a specimen of the grasshopper sparrow near Baya- mon in July, Bowdish recorded it from San Juan, Aguadilla and Maya- giiez, and in the II. S. N"ational Museum is a skin taken near Caguas, January 12, 1899, by A. B. Baker. In 1912 I found a colony near Yabucoa on May 10 and collected a small series. From July 20 to 25 I found the species common in the extensive pastures bordering the Bayamon Eiver, near Bayamon, and from August 24 to 31 noted it as fairly common near Cabo Eojo. Struthers records it near Manati, Jan- uary 14, 1922; Danforth, at Cartagena and Guanica lagoons; Potts, at various localities from Arroyo to Ponce. I have identified bones of this species from cavern deposits near Morovis. WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 5G1 The grasshopper sparrow in Porto Rico, as in the United States, is so quiet and inconspicnons that it is not readily noted. It frequents pastures or waste land (PL LVIII), where gras& and weeds furnish low cover, and has been restricted in range in recent years through increase in the land area put under cultivation; as it does not adjust itself readily to changes in its chosen haunts. As one passes through these haunts, the birds usually skulk to one side in the grass or fly with weak flight for a short distance only to drop again into cover. On the ground they creep along through the grass where it is open, or hop about, stretching up their heads to peer about and flirting their tails nervously. The song of the males, a weak effort that may be represented by the syllables tsiclc tsee~ee—ee—ee, is an insect- like succession of sounds, with the first syllables sharp and quick. When known, it usually attracts attention to the birds, which otherwise would be overlooked. The song is ventriloquial, the first part seeming to come from one side and the last from another. As a result, it is usually some time before the birds are located. They sing from a weed or other perch a foot or so above the ground, where their light-colored breasts betray their presence. The grasshopper sparrow seems to nest from May to August, and it would appear that two broods are raised. Breeding birds were taken at Yabucoa in May^ and young in juvenile dress were shot at Bayamon in July and near Cabo Eojo in August. Bowdish describes a nest noted near San Juan Bay as placed in a depression in a clump of grass, built of fine grasses with a domed top. It contained three eggs similar to those of the grasshopper sparrow of the United States. He took another set of three fresh eggs near Aguadilla, June 16, 1900. Danforth found a nest containing eggs at Cartagena Lagoon, May 23, 1924. Adults in July and August were in worn plumage, some having the rectrices much abraded or even broken, but were not yet molting. Males were still singing and varied their usual effort with another song, a series of low, twittering notes even harder to locate than the usual effort. Their call-note is a low tsip. Two-thirds of the food of the grasshopper sparrow is composed of Orthoptera, small beetles and other insects, and the remainder of grass, sedge and other small seeds. The grasshopper sparrow is about four and three-fourths inches in length, with whitish throat and abdomen and a buffy breast. The crown is blackish with a distinct median stripe of buffy, and the upper parts are blackish, with a mingling of buff and rusty brown that is especially 562 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO prominent on the hindneck. The young in first plumage have the breast finely streaked with dusky and lack the mixture of rusty brown above. In 1916 I listed the grasshopper sparrow of Porto Eico under the name intricatus, a form described by Hartert from Haiti. I did this on the basis of probability, though no specimens from Haiti were available at the time for comparison. Peters, with comparable material at hand, has shown that the Porto Eican birds are distinct from those of Haiti, being more similar to those of Jamaica, from which they differ in smaller size and darker buif. Birds from all localities are darker buff in fresh fall plumage than in the breeding season. [Melospiza lincolnii (Audubon) Lincoln's Sparrow Fringilla lincolnii Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), 1834, Vol. II, PI. 193. (Near mouth of Natastiquan River, Quebec.) Melospim Uncolni lincolni, Danforth, Auk, 1925, p. 562 (La Plata, seen). The Lincoln's sparrow is listed by Danforth, who states that he saw one, December 14, 1923, in a brush pile near La Plata, Porto Eico. The record is unusual, because Porto Eico is far from the normal winter range of this North American species. As it was not collected, the bird is in- cluded here in brackets—a treatment in which Mr. Danforth concurs.] BIBLIOGRAPHY The list of titles that follow include those that have been of importance in the preparation of the present account. There has been no attempt to cite many works that contain random references to the subject in hand. The authors' names are arranged alphabetically ; where more than one title appears under the name of a writer the papers are given in chronological sequence. Bello (y EspiNosA), Domingo 1871. Zoologische Notizen aus Puerto Rico. Der Zoologische Garten, pp. 348-351. (List of sixty-four species of birds without annota- tions ) BOWDISH, B. S. 1899. From Porto Rico—An Old Friend in a New Place. Oologist, Vol. XVI, pp. 113-114, August. (An account of a day's outing near Cataiio, March 27, 1899.) 1900. Some V^inter Birds of the Island of Vieques. Oologist, Vol. XVII, pp. 71-74, May. (An annotated list of thirty-five species found on the Island November, 1899, to February, 1900.) 1900. A Day on De Oicheo Island. Oologist, Vol. XVII, 1900, pp. 117-120. 1901. Loxgilla portorice7isis. Oologist, Vol. XVIII, pp. 74-75, May (Description of habits, song, nest. Noted from Cataiio, Baya- mon, Aguadilla and Mayagtiez.) WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 563 1902. The Carib Grassquit {Evethia hicolor omissa). The Osprey, Vol. I (new series), pp. 45-48. (Habits as observed in Porto Rico and Vieques Island. Much data on nesting.) 1902. The Porto Rican Pewee {Blucicus hlancoi). The Osprey, Vol. I (new series), p. 79. (Habits, and description of supposed nest.) 1902- Birds of Porto Rico. Auk, 1902, pp. 356-36G, and 1903, pp. 10-23. 1903. (Notes and records of ninety-one species, with an appended list of seventy others and a short bibliography.) 1903. Food Habits of Some West Indian Birds. Auk, pp. 193-195. (De- tailed examinations of stomachs of Melanerpes portotHcemis, Tyrannus domvnicensiSj Myiarchus antillarum, Blacicus hlancoi, Vireo calidris and Vireo latimeri.) 1904. An abnormal bill of Melanerpes portoricensis. Auk, pp. 53-55 (with plate). Bryant, Henry 1866. A List of Birds from Porto Rico presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Messrs. Robert Swift and George Latimer, with descriptions of new species or varieties. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, pp. 248-257. [A list of forty-one species, eight of which are described as new, viz: Tyrannus antillarxim (p. 249), Todus hypochondriacm (p. 250), Mimus polyglottus var. portoricensis (p. 251), Certhiola flaveola var. portoricensis (p. 252), Tanagra pm^toricensis (p. 252), Fringilla zena var. portoricensis (p. 254), Icterus dominicensis var. portoricensis (p. 254), Saurothera Vieillotii var. rufcscens (p. 256).] 18G6. Vogel von Porto Rico. Journ. fllr Ornith., pp. 181-191. (German translation of previous article.) Cassin, John 1860. Catalogue of Birds from the Island of St. Thomas, West Indies, collected and presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences by Mr. Robert Swift, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 374-379. (A list of twenty-seven species.) Catesby, Mark 1743. The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands: Containing the figures of Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, In- sects and Plants: Vol. II. (Title not complete.) Clark, A. H. 1905. The Greater Antillean Macaws. Auk, pp. 345-348). 1905. The West Indian Parrots. Auk, pp. 337-344. 1905. The Greater Antillean Macaws. Auk, pp. 345-348). Cook, O. F., and Collins, G. N. 1903. Economic Plants of Porto Rico. Contributions from United States National Herbarium, Vol. VIII, Pt. 2, 269 pp., 38 pis. Cooke, W. W. 1906. Distribution and Migration of North American Ducks, Geese and Swans. Biological Survey Bulletin No. 26, 90 pp. 1913. Distribution and Migration of North American Herons and their Allies. Biological Survey Bulletin No. 45, 70 pp. 564 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO CoBY, Chables B. 1886- The Birds of the West Indies, including the Bahama Islands, 1888. the Greater and the Lesser Antilles, excepting the Islands of Tobago and Trinidad. Auk, 1886, pp. 1-59, 187-245, 337-381, 454-472; 1887, pp. 37-51, 108-120, 223-232, 311-328; 1888, pp. 48-82, 155-159. 1889. Notes on West Indian Birds. Auk, pp. 218-219. (Discussion of Bellona). 1889. The Birds of the West Indies. Roy. Svo. 324 pp. 1890. On a Collection of Birds made during the winter of 1889-90, by Cyrus S. Winch, in the Islands of St. Thomas, Tortola, Anegada and Virgin Gorda, West Indies. Auk, pp. 373-375. {Lampornis ellioti described as new from Anegada ; seven species listed from St. Thomas, twenty-two from Anegada, fifteen from Tortola, twenty-four from Virgin Gorda.) 1891. On the West Indian Species of the Genus Certhiola or Coereha. Auk, pp. 37-41. 1891. Notes on West Indian Birds. Auk, pp. 41-46. 1891. A List of the Birds collected in the Islands of St. Croix and St. Kitts, West Indies, during March and April, and in Guadeloupe during August, September and October, 1890. Auk, pp. 47-49. (Twenty-four species from St. Croix.) 1892. Catalogue of West Indian Birds, containing a list of all species known to occur in the Bahama Islands, the Greater Antilles, the Caymans, and the Lesser Antilles, excepting the Islands of Tobago and Trinidad. Boston, 163 pp. 1892. Remarks on a Collection of Birds made by Wilmot W. Brown, Jr., on Mona and Porto Rico during February and a part of March, 1892. Auk, pp. 228-229. (Brief remarks on Connrus, Phaeton, Sula and Agelaius from Mona.) Danforth, R. E. and S. T. 1922. Ciliristmas Bird Census. Mayagiiez, Porto Rico. Bird-Lore, p. 41. Danforth, S. T. 1922. Some Impressions of Porto Rican Bird Life. Oologist, pp. 10-11. 1922. North American Migrants seen during a winter in Porto Rico. Oologist, pp. 176-178. (Observations made in western Porto Rico, near Quebradillas, Mayagiiez, Maricao and Lajas.) 1924. Christmas Bird Census. Cartagena Lagoon, southwestern Porto Rico. Bird-Lore, p. 52. (Thirty-seven species recorded December 22, 1923.) 1925. Birds seen between Porto Rico and New York. Wilson Bulletin, pp. 76-77. 1925. New Birds for Porto Rico. Auk, pp. 558-563. {Erismatura alleni, Oallinula chloropus portoricensis and Fulica carihaea major de- scribed as new; GelocheUdon nilotica, Phalacrocoraw vigua mexi- canus, Ereunetes mauri, Circus hudsonius, Mclospiza I. lincolni and Oeothlypis trichas hracMdactyla first recorded for island.) WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 565 1926. Birds of the Cartagena Lagoon, Porto Rico. Joum. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, Vol. X, pp. 1-136, 45 figs., January. Published in December, 1926. (Annotated list of one hundred and five species, with many observations on habits, nesting and food). EoGERS, H. F. A., Baron 1878. Naturen paa de dansk-vestindiske oer. Ill, Plante-og Dyrelivet. Tidsskrlft populaere Fremstillinger Naturvidenskaben, pp. 202- 203. (Account of a few birds.) Elliot, D. G. 1872. The Hummingbirds of the West Indies. Ibis, pp. 345-357. FiNSCH, O. 1871. Monographic der Gattung Certhiola. Verh. K. K. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, Vol. XXI, pp. 739-790, with plate. Griscom, L. 1921. The Mockingbird of St. ThomaJf West Indies. Auk, p. 461. 1924. A Review of the West Indian Black Swifts. Auk, pp. 68-71. (Con- siders all West Indian specimens referable to Nephoecetes n. niger.) GuNDLACH, Jean 1874. Beitrag zur Ornithologie der Insel Portorico. Journ. fur Ornith., pp. 304-315. [An account of the Birds of Porto Rico based on information gathered during the six months following June 4, 1873. Gives a list of 116 species which were certain, most of them being taken by the author, and in addition three seen flying, eleven pictured by Dr. Bello, two from Hartlaub's list, and one from that of Taylor, six exotic species and six others reported by hunters—^a total of 145 ascribed to the island. Gynmoglaua! krugii (pp. 310 and 315). Chlorestes gertrudis (pp. 312 and 315) and Blacicus hlancoi (p. 311) are given as new. Latter is here a nomen nudum.] 1878. Neue Beitrage zur Ornithologie der Insel Portorico. Journ. fiir Ornith., pp. 157-194. (A revision of the list of 1874, with addi- tions based on further field work.) 1878. Apuntes para la Fauna Puerto-Riqueua. Aves. Anales de la Sociedad Esp. Hist. Nat., Madrid, Vol. VII, pp. 141-234, 343-422. (Gives 153 species.) 1881. Nachtrage zur Ornithologie Portorico's. Journ. ftir Ornith., p. 401. (Taking of Actiturus longicaudatus and Qreciscus (sic) ja- maicensis. ) 1882. Briefliches zur Fortpflanzungsgeschichte des Chlorospingus specu- liferus. Journ. fiir Ornith., p. 161. (Description of nest and egg.) Hartert, Ernst 1902. Aus den Wanderjahren eines Naturforschers. Pt. 3, St. Thomas, Porto Rico, etc., Nov. Zool., Vol. IX, pp. 274-279. (Account of brief stops at St. Thomas, and at San Juan and Ponce, Porto Rico, with casual notes on birds collected and observed.) (Re- printed as a separate work under title Aus den WanderJahren 566 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO eines Naturforschers, 1901-1902, where the above is found on pp. 254-259.) Hartlaub, G. 1847. Ueber den Heutigeu Zustand unserer Kenntnisse von Westindiens Ornithologie. Isis, pp. 604-G15. (On Porto Rico, p. 611. Two paragraphs giving a brief synopsis of species after Lesson and Vieillot. Twenty-five species are mentioned from Porto Rico. A few notes on St. Thomas follow.) Inigo, Abbad 1788. Historia Geografica Civil y Politica de la Isla des Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico. Madrid, pp. 403. (Aves, pp. 329-335.) Knox, John P. 1852. A Historical Account of St. Thomas, W. I., with . . . inci- dental notices of St. Croix and St. Johns, etc. New York, pp. 1-271. (A brief list eft the birds of St. Thomas on pp. 220-221.) Labat, R. p. Jean P. 1842. Nouveau Voyage aux isles de TAmerique, contenant I'Histoire Naturelle de ces Pays, rOriij;ine, les Moeurs, la Religion and le Gouvernement des Habitans anciens and modernes. New edition, 8 vols. Paris. (Mention of birds on Vieques and St. Croix in Vol. VII.) Lawrence, George N. 1875. Descriptions of Five New Species of American Birds. Ibis, pp. 383- 387, PI. 9. {Chlorospingus specuUferus on p. 383, described and figured.) 1878. On the Members of the Genus Gymnoglaux. Ibis, pp. 184-187. (Cf. Ann. New York Lyceum Nat. Hist., VIII, p. 258, PL 1.) (Discussion and description of O. nudipes and newtoni.) Ledru, Andr^-Pierbe 1810. Voyage aux lies de Teneriffe, La Trinite, Saint Thomas, Sainte Croix et Porto-Ricco execute par ordre du Gouvernement frangais depuis le 30 Septembre 1796 jusqu'au 7 Juin 1798, sous la Direction du Capitaine Baudin, pour faire des Recherches et des Collections relatives k I'Histoire Naturelle ; contenant Des Observations sur le Climat, le Sol, la Population, I'Agriculture, les Productions de ces lies, le Caract^re, les Moeurs et le Com- merce de leurs Habitants. Par Andr6-Pierre Ledru, I'un des Naturalistes de I'Expedition . . . Ouvrage Accompagne de Notes et d'Additions par M. Sonnini Avec une tres-belle Carte ... A Paris Chez Arthur Bertrand, Libraire, rue Haute Feuille, no. 23, 2 vols., 8vo. Birds of Porto Rico, Vol. II, pp. 199-209, 256-274. (Eighty-three species of birds listed, a large number of which never occurred in the island; except historically, the list has little value.) (A German translation in 1811-12 and one in Spanish in 1863.) Lowe, P. R. 1908. On the Ground-Dove of Porto Rico, with notes on the other species of ChamaepeUa. Ibis, pp. 107-115. (Chamaepelia portorieensis on p. 108 described as new species, type locality Gudnica, P. K WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 557 February, 190T. On page 115 are given notes on ChamaepeUa exigua Riley from Mona Island.) 1912. Observations on the Genus Coercha, together with an annotated list of the species. Ibis, pp. 489-528, with map and one colored plate. (Coereba portoricensis on p. 512 is given from I*orto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Thomas and the Virgin Islands; slight differences between Porto Rican and Virgin Island birds are noted.) Maynard, C. J. 1898. A Catalogue of the Birds of the West Indies which do not occur elsewhere in North America north of Mexico. Newtonville, 1898 (actual date of issue, December 1, 1903), small 8vo., pp. 1-40. (A nominal check-list printed on one side of the page.) MORITZ, 0. 1836. Notizen zur Fauna der Insel Puertorico. Wiegmann's Arch, fiir Naturg., pp. 373-392. (Short notes on various birds.) MORTENSEN, TH. 1909. Dyrelivet [Dansk Vestindien]. Atlanten, Medlemsblad for Forenin- gen "I)e Danske Atlanterhavsoer," Vol. V, No. G(5-(I7, pp. 039-()51, June and July. (General account of birds, mainly of St. Croix.) 1909. Fuglelivet paa de Dansk-Vestindiske Oer. Dansk Ornithologisk Forenings Tidsskrift, Vol. III. pp. 151-161, September. (Re- print of article in Atlanten on same subject.) 1910. Jagt [Dansk Vestindien]. Atlanten, Medlemsblad for Foreningen "De Danske Atlanterhavsoer,'' Vol. VII, No. 76, pp. 764-765, April. (Account of hunting doves and golden plover.) Newton, Alfred and Edward 1859. Observations on the Birds of St. Croix, West Indies, made, be- tween February 20th and August Gth, 1857 by Alfred Newton, and, between March 4th and September 28th, 1858 by Edward Newton. Ibis, pp. 59-69, 138-150, 252-264, 365-379. Newton, A. 1859. Psittaci novae Speciei ad Conurum Genus pertinentis descriptio. Privately printed. (Description in Latin of Conurus xantholae- mu8, new species from St. Thomas.) 1860. Letter from (on birds from the Virgin Islands). Ibis, pp. 307-308. (Records from St. John, St. Thomas, Vieques and St. Croix.) 1861. Letter from (on the Ortyx of St. Thomas). Ibis, pp. 114-115. Nichols, J. T. 1916. Limicolae at Porto Rico in July. Auk, pp. 320-321. (Notes Sterna antillarum, Totanus flavipes, T. melanoleucus, Pisohia minutiUa, and Ereunetes pusillus at the Laguna de Guilnica, July 27, 1914. ) NiCOLL, M. J. 1904. On a Collection of Birds made during the cruise of the "Valhalla," R. Y. S., in the West Indies (1903-4). Ibis, pp. 555-591. (In- cludes notes on a few species from St. Croix and St. Thomas.) Oberholser, H. C. 1912. A Revision of the Subspecies of the Green Heron {ButoHdes 5(38 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO vircscem [Limmeus]). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, Vol. 42, pp. 529-577, August 29. 1012. A Revision of the Forms of the Great Blue Heron (Ardea Jicrodias Linnaeus). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 43, pp. 531-559, Decem- ber 12. Pelzeln, August von 1871. Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens, Resultate von Johann Nattererh Reisen in den Jahren 1817 bis 1835 rlargestelt von August von Pelzeln, W^ien. 462 pp. Peters, J. L. 1917. The Porto Rican Grasshopper Sparrow. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, Vol. 30, pp. 95-96, May 23. (Description of Ammodramus savannarum horinquensis.) 1921. A Review of the Grackles of the genus Holoquiscalus, Auk, pp. 435-453. {Holoquiscalus niger hrachypterus from Porto Rico, Vieques and Culebra.) 1925. A Review of the Limpkins {Aramus Vieillot). Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, pp. 141-144, January 30. {Aramus pictus elucus, type locality Sostia, Santo Domingo ; described for Porto Rico and Santo Domingo.) 1926. A Review of the Races of Elaenia martinica (Linne). Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, pp. 197-202, June 7. Potts, F. A. 1927. Notes on Porto Rican Birds. Auk, pp. 120-121. Pratt, G. B. 1899. Puerto Rico Honey Creeper. Auk, p. 361. (Note on nesting.) Richmond, C. W. 1902. Tiaris instead of Euethia, Auk, p. 87. RiDGWAY, Robert 1882. Description of a new owl from Porto Rico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, pp. 36Q-371. [Asio portoricensis (p. 366).] 1884. On a Collection of Birds made by Messrs. J. E. Benedict and W. Nye, of the United States Fish Commission Steamer *'Albatross." I. Island of St. Thomas, West Indies (January 17-24, 1884). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VII, p. 172. (Ten species listed.) 1884. Description of a New Species of Coot from the West Indies. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VII, p. 358. {Fulica caribaea from Guadeloupe and St. John.) 1885. Description of three supposed new honey creepers from the Lesser Antilles, with a synopsis of the species of the genus Certhiola. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VIII, pp. 25-30. 1885. A Review of the American "Golden Warblers." Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. VIII, pp. 348-350. 1898. New Species, etc., of American Birds—II. Fringillidae. Auk, pp. 319-324. {Euethia hryanti (p. 322) described.) 1905. Descriptions of Some New Genera of Tyrannidae, Pipridae and Cotingidae. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. XVIII, pp. 207- 210, September 2. {Tolmarchus, p. 209, type, Pitangus taylori). WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND ^ IRGIN ISLANDS 5G9 11)(H. The Birds of North and Middle America. Bull. V. S. Nat. :Miis., No. lull). 50, 1901, Ft. 1, pp. 1-715, 20 pis.; 1902, Ft. 2, pp. 1-S:U, 22 pis.; 1904, Ft. 3, pp. 1-801, 19 pis.; 1907, Ft. 4, pp. 1-J>7a, 24 pis.; 1011, Ft. 5, pp. 1-859, 33 pis. ; 1914, Ft. 6, pp. 1-882, 36 pis. ; 1916, Ft. 7, pp. 1-543, 24 pis. ; 1910, Ft. 8, pp. 1-S52, 34 pis. Riley, J. H. 1903. Description of a New Quail-Dove from the West Indies. l*roe. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. XVI, pp. 13-14, February 21. (Records G. mystacea from Culebra Island.) 1904. Note on the Generic names Bcllona, Orthorhjpichus, Chrysolampis, and Eulampis. Auk, pp. 485-486. 1904. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds from Barbuda and Antigua, British W^est Indies. Smiths. Misc. Col. (Quart. Iss.). Vol. 47, Ft. 2, pp. 277-291, November 9. * {Ccrchncis sparveria loquacnla, p. 284, Vieques Island named. Remarks on Dcndroica p. cruciana and CoGcyzus.) 1905. A New Subspecies of Ground Dove from Mona Island, Forto Rico. Froc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIX, pp. 171-172, September 30. ( Columhigallina passerina ex/igua. ) 1908. Notes on the Broad-winged Hawks of the West Indies, with d(^- scription of a new form. Auk, pp. 268-276. 1909. On the Name of the Antillean Killdeer. Froc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, Vol. XXII, p. 88, April 17. (Oxi/echus t-ocifcruH riMdus.) 1910. On the Name and Synonymy of the Antillean Shari)-shinned Hawk. Froc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. XXIII, pp. 77-78, May 4. Rothschild, Walter 1905. Notes on Extinct Farrots from the West Indies. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, Vol. XVI, No. CXVIII, pp. 13-15, November 1. {Amaztma vittata and Conwus maugci mentioned as living species.) SCLATER, F. L. 1857. Notes on an Unnamed Farrot from the Island of St. Domingo, now living in the Society's Gardens and on some other species of the same family. Froc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 224-226. (Mentions ChrysoUs vittata as living in the gardens and speaks of Conurus maugei.) 1859. A Synopsis of the Thrushes (Turdidae) of the New World. Froc. Zool. Soc. London, pj). 321-347. (Gives Mimocichla, Margaropa and Mimus from Porto Rico.) 1860. Description of a New Tyrant-bird of the Genus Elamea from the Island of Saint Thomas, West Indies. Froc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 313-314. (Original description of Elainea riisii.) 1864. On the Species of the American genus Coccyzus. Froc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 119-122. 1870. Further Notes on the Cuckoos of the genus Coccyzus. Froc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 165-169. 1872. Observations on the Systematic Position of the Genera Peltops, Eurylaemus and Todus. Ibis, pp. 177-180, April. 570 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO 1885. On Some Little Known Species of Tanagers. Ibis, pp. 271-^' July. (NesospinguSy p. 273, is proposed as a new genus i Ghlorospinffus speculiferus Lawr.) Schmidt, K. P. 1926. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Mona Island, West Indies. F Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., Vol. XII, No. 12, p. 151, August . . (List of twenty-two species of birds.) Sennett, G. B. 1889. The Clapper Rails of the United States and' West Indies compared with Rallus longirostris of South America. Auk, pp. 161-166. Shabpe, R. Bowdler 1874. On the Genus Todus. Ibis, pp. 344-355, pi. 13. Stahl, a. 1883. 1^'auna de Puerto-Rico. Clasificacion sistem^tica de los Animales que corresponden a esta Fauna y Cat^ogo del Gabinete Zoologico del Doctor A. Stahl en Bayamon. Puerto Rico. Imprenta del "Boletin Mercantil" 37 Calle de la Fortaleza. (The inside title page is dated 1882.) Birds, pp. 47-66, 136-157. (One hundred fifty-six species of birds are given, of which six are domestic. Under each species are brief notes as to its occurrence.) 1887. Beitrag zur Vogelfauna von Portorico. Ornis, Vol. Ill, pp. 448- 453. (A brief review of the bird life of the island attributing 154 species to Porto Rico.) Stbuthers, Pabke H. 1923. Observations on the Bird Life of Porto Rico. Auk, pp. 469-47 (Records for a period of eighteen months from Western Porte Rico, Mona and Desecheo.) SUNDEVALL, CARL J. 1869. Foglarne pa on Portorico, efter Hr Hjalmarsons insamlingar framstallda. ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens For- ' handlingar. Tjugondespette Argangen, pp. 593-603. (In Hjal- marson's collection were contained seventy-three species while the annotated list following totals ninety species. Dendroica petechia portoricensis and Euphonia sclateri are given as new.) 1869. 5fversigt af fogelslagtet Dendroeca. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps- Akad. Forhandlingar, pp. 605-618. 1869. 5fversigt af Slagtet Certhiola. ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps- Akad. Forhandlingar, pp. 619-625. Taylor, E. Cavendish 1864. Five Months in the West Indies. Part II, Martinique, Dominica,* and Porto Rico. Ibis, pp. 157-173. (Notes on forty-eight species, including references to thirty-one observed in Porto Rico.) Todd, W. E. 0. 1925. Two New Birds for Porto Rico. Auk, p. 282. (First record for Dendroica v. virens and Oporomis Philadelphia.) West, Hans 1794. Beytrage zur Beschreibung von St. Croix. Nebst einer kurzen Uebersicht der benachbarten Inseln, St. Thomas, St. Jean WETMORE, BIRDS OF PORTO RICO AND VIRGIN ISLANDS 57I Tortola, Spanishtown uiid Krabbeneyland. From the Danish. ^ Kopenhagen, pp. 1-274. (Records little blue heron and Florida gallinule from St. Croix, and flamingo, parrot, and dove from Vieques. ) ^TMORE, Alexander 1916. Birds of Porto Rico. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 326, pp. 1-140, 10 pis. (colored frontispiece), March 24. (A discussion of the economic status of the species known to occur on Porto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, Mona and Desecheo.) 1916. The Birds of Vieques Island, Porto Rico, Auk, pp. 403-419. (A list of the birds known at present from Vieques Island.) 1917. The Birds of Culebra Island, Porto Rico. Auk, pp. 51-62. 1918. The Birds of Desecheo Island, Porto Rico. Auk, pp. 333-340. 1918. Bones of Birds collected by Theodoor de Booy from Kitchen Midden Deposits in the Islands of St. Thomas and St. Croix. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 54, pp. 513-522, 1 pL, November 21. (Description of Nesatrochis dehooyi.) 1919. Description of a Whippoorwill from Porto Rico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 32, pp. 235-237, December 31. (Description of Setochalcis noetithera.) 1920. Five New Species of Birds from Cave Deposits in Porto Rico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. 33, pp. 77-82, 2 pis., December 30. (Oreopeleia larva, Polyhorus latebrosus, GaUinaga anthonyi, Tyto cavatica, Corvus pumilis described as new.) 1922. Bird Remains from the Caves of Porto Rico. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XLVI, pp. 297-333, 25 text figures, May 22. (Report of a collection made by H. E. Anthony.) 1923. An additional record for the extinct Porto Rican Quail-dove. Auk, p. 324. (From midden deposit near Mayagiiez.) 1925. Another Record for the Genus Corvus in St. Croix. Auk, p. 446. (Bones from kitchen midden on Richmon<l estate, near Chris- tiansted, St. Croix.) : IX. I'LATK LXU ¥1 h V ',y ; IX. Pkatk LXIV IX. I'l^ATK I,XV INDEX FOR VOLUME IX Mammals Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia, 24 Achatillo, cave, 9 Aoratocntis, 155-179, 193, 194 major, 159-194 odontrigonua, 155-194 Adjuntas, 5, 59, 60, 64, 67 aedium, Plagiodontia, 136, 139, 141, 144, 145 Agassiz, A., submarine topography, 203 Agiiadilla, 6 Agiias Biienas. 45 Aguti, 198 Albonito, 64 Allen, Dr. G. M.. 7 expedition, 6 work of, 12 Allen, Dr. J. A., 7, 13 Alterodon, 202 Amhlyrhisa, 129, 198, 202, 204 Anthony, Edith I., 8 Anthony, H. E.. woric of, 13 Antillean fauna, derivation of, 222 antillensis, Homopsomys, 149-155 ant illalarum, ^adarida, 62 ApliaetraeuSy 202 aquaticus, Scalopus, 93 Arawaks, 10, 12, 198 ArdopSf 44, 214 Arecibo, 6 AritetiSj 44 Armadillo, 198 Artiheus, 17, 18, 38, 47, 48 jamaicensis jamaicensis, 13, 38, 44-48 jamaicensis parvipes, 48 perspicillatus, 12, 44 undatum, 43 Artifacts, human. 12 hahamensis, Tadarida, 62 Barbour, T., distribution of reptiles and amphibians in Antillean area, 217, 218 Barn-owl, 12 Barrio de las Torrecillas, 7 Bat guano, 10, 11 Bats, 11, 12 Basal Eocene, 93, 95, 201 Bayamon, 6, 30, 32, 52 Bequflert. Dr. J., 18 hidens, Heptaxodon, 130-134 hlainvillii, Mormoops, 12, 13, 25-29 Blarina, 81. 84 hrerioauda, 93 Boaz, Dr. Franz, work of, 4 homhifronss Erophylla, 13, 5^-55 Phyllonycteria, 52 Bonner, Judge, 7 hoothi, Chilottycteris parnellii, 21 Boromys, 198, 202 Brachyphylla, 38, 39, 47 cavernaruni, 13, 35-39, 44, 47 BradypuSj 158 hranickii, Dinomys, 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124 hrasiliensis, Nyctinomtis, 02 hrevicauda, Blarina, 93 Britton, Dr. N. L., endemic flora of West Indies, 222 Brotomys, 198, 202 hroivnii, Capromys, 147, 204 Cabo Kojo, 5, 9, 12, 59, 60, 136 Caguana, caves of, 9 Capromys, 109, 136, 140, 141. 142. 143, 144, 145, 146, 152, 202, 204 hroivnii, 147, 204 melanura, 136 mclanurus, 141, 146 piloridea, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 153. 202 thoracatus, 141, 204 Caribs, 12 Carnivora, 199. 200 list of, found in licsser Antilles, 212 Castoraides, 129 Catedral, cave, 9, 11, 21, 32, 33, 39. 58,^70 ravernartim, Brachyphylla, 35-39, 44, 47 Caves, list of localities where found, 7, Cayey, 6, 9, 19. 30, 32, 35, 45 eeiba, cave, 9, 136, 147, 155 Centetes, 76, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 88, 89, 91, 92 ^ ecaudatus, 93 Centetoldea, 88. 90, 92, 93 Chapln, Dr. James P., 8 Chapman, Dr. F. M., avifauna endemic to West Indies, 215, 216 Chilonycterlnae, 18 Chilonycteris, 21, 24, 25, 29 fuliginosa, 24 . . . . ftiliffinosa infata, 13, 21-25 macleayii, 12, 21, 24 macleayii grisea, 24 macleayii inflata, 21 parnellii hoothi, 21 parnellii portoricensis, 13, 18-21, 23 torrei, 24 Chinchlllldae, 129 Chiroptera, 10, 12, 223 list of. found In Greater Antillean area, 208 list of, found in Lesser Antilles, .212 (573) 574. SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO ChrysocMoria, 86 trevelyani, 93 Ciales, 99, 131, 136, 151, 153, 156 clnnamomea, Mormoops 'blainvilUi, 25, 28 cinnamomeum, Lohoatoma^ 25 Clara, cave, 9, 70, 130 claudi, Rhynchooyon^ 93 CUdomys, 129, 198, 202 clinedaphus, Monophyllus^ 35 Coamo, 6 Comerio, 45 Corozal, 9, 35, 45 Oorynorhinus, 59 coypu, Myopotamus, 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122. 123, 124 Crampton, Dr. H. E., 7 Crocidura, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 89, 91, 92, 96 nyansae kivu, 77, 86, 93 ruhicunda, 93 cuhanuSy MonophylluSj 32 cuhensis, Eptesicus fuscua, 58 Cimiculldae, 134 Daayprocta, 152, 154, 203 Dasyproctidae, 152, 154, 155 Deer, 198, 199 Deamodua rufua^ 44 Didelphya, 203 Dilambdodonta, 95, 96 Dlnomyidae, 98, 129, 134 Dinomya, 109, 118, 129, 202 hranickii. 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124 dohaoni, Microgale, 93 dDraatua, Erethizon, 111. 113. 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124 Drytomomya, 129 Dutcher, Major Basil Hicks, 7 Igchimyldae, 104, 134, 147, 154 Echimyinae, 134, 154, 202 ecaudatua, Centetea^ 93 Edentata, 10, 155, 199, 205, 214, 223 list of, found in Greater Antillean area, 206 list of, found in Lesser Antilles, 211 edithaCf Neaophontea, 68-93 Eigenmann, G. H., origin of fresh-water fishes of Cuba, 219 Blaamodontomya, 11, 98, 104, 107, 109, 116, 118, 128, 129, 130, 133, 198, 202 ohliquua, 98-130 El Yunque, 5, 8 Endemic genera, 13 ** species, 13 Bntrerian, 202 Eocene, 92, 94. 95, 201, 202 Epteaicua, 6 fuacua cuhenaiaj 58 Epteaicua fuacua miradorenaia, 58 fuacua wetmorei, 13, 55-59 Erethizon, 129. 130 doraatua, 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124 Ericulua telfairi palleacena^ 93 Erinaceidae, 82 Erinaceua, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 86, 89, 91 eiiropaeua, 93 Erophylla, 52, 55 homhifrona, 13, 52-55 aezekorniy 52 Eucholoeopa, 194 europaea, Talpa, 93 europaeua, Erinaceiia, 93 Fari, cave, 9, 19, 21, 22, 25, 30, 32, 35, 52, 55 Forests, 9 fortia, Moloaaua, 13, 62, 64-68 Fossils, probable age of, 9 frater, Monophyllua, 13, 32, 3^-35, 44 fuliginoaa, Chilonyoteria, 24 geayi, Procapromya, 202 Geocapromya, 202 thoracatua, 146, 204 Glossophaginae, 29 Golondrinos, cave, 9 grandia, Loncherea, 155 Granger, Mr. Walter, 7 Gregory, Dr. W. K., work of, 93, 95 griaea, Chilonycteria macleayii, 24 Ground-sloth, 4, 7, 11 Guanica, 6 Guano, bat, 10, 11 Gundlach, Dr. Juan, work of, 6, 12, 25 Qymnura, 77, 78, 80, 81, 89, 91 raffteaii, 93 Habits of, Artiheua, 48 Chilonycteria fuUginoaa inflata, 25 Moloaaua fortia, 67 Monophyllua portoricenaia, 32 Mormoopa hlainvillii, 29 Noctilio leporinua maativu8j 17 Tadarida murina, 63 Hacienda Catalina, 45 Jobo, 5. 9, 70, 147, 155 Hapalopa, 155, 194 Hemicentetea, 78, 80, 82, 84, S8 aemispinoaua, 93 Heptancodon, 130, 132, 133, 134, 202 hidena, 130-134 Heptaxodontidae, 130, 134 Heptaxodontinae, 130 Heteropsomyinae, 154 INDEX FOR VOLUME IX 575 Heteropsomys, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 202 insulans, 147-149, 151 Hill, R. T., stratigraphy of Jamaica, 196 Homopsomys, 149, 151, 152, 154, 155, 202 antillenais, 149-155 Hydrochoerus, 109 Hystricoidea, 154 inflata, Chilonycteris fuliginosa, 13, 21-25 Chilonyoteris macleayii, 21 Insectivora, 10, 68, 84, 88, 89, 94, 96, 199, 201, 205. 214, 223 list of, found in Greater Antillean area, 207 msulans, Heteropsomys, 147-149, 151 Isolohodon, 9, 10, 12, 134, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 202 portoricensiSj 13, 134-147 Ithydontia, 202 jamaicensis, Artiheus jamaicensis, 13, 38, 44-48 Kitchen-middens, 5, 198 kivUy Grocidura nyansae, 77, 86, 93 Lago, jDon Sexto, cave on property of, 9 Lagomorphs, 199 Lares, 5, 6, 9, 25, 45, 58, 67 leporinus, NoctiliOj 15, 17 Leptictidae, 92 Lohostoma cinnamomeum, 25 Lonclierea, 155 grandiSj 155 longirostriSy Nesophontes, 74 Lucas, Dr. F. A., 8 Lucera, cave, 9 luciae, Monophyllus, 35 Luquillo, 64 Lutz, Dr. P. E., origin of spiders of West Indies, 220 Maceira, Seiior R. F., collection of, 6 macleayii, Chilonycteris, 12, 21, 24 Macroacelides, 86 rozeti, 93 macroti8, Nyctinomus, 62 Tadarida, 62 major, Acratocntis, 159-194 PhyllonycteriSy 13, 32, 44, 48-52 Mameyes, 64 Manatf, 5, 6, 59, 136 Maricao, 55 Marmosa, 203 Marsupialla, list of, found in Lesser An- tilles, 211 mastivus, Noctilio leporinus, 13, 14-18, 38 Vespertilio, 14 Matthew, Dr. W, D., acknowledgment to, 7 worb: of, 94, 95, 200 maugeij Vespertilio, 59 Mayagiiez, 22, 24, 25 Megalocnusj 155, 157, 182, 194 Megalomys, 202, 203, 214 Megalonichidae, 155, 194 Megamys, 129, 202 melanura, Capromys, 136, 146 melanurus, Capromys, 141 Menotyphyla, 91 Microchiroptera, 12 Microgale, 84 doJisoni, 93 micrus, Nesophontes, 74 Miller, Gerrit S., Jr., 7 Miocene, 134, 201 miradorensis, Eptesious fuscus, 58 Molossidae, 13, 59, 64 Molossus, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68 fortis, 13, 62, 64-68 ohscurus, 12, 64 rufus, 44 Mona Island, 15 Monophyllus, 21, 29, 32, 34, 35 clinedaphus, 35 cuhanus, 32 frater, 13, 32, 33-35, 44 luciae, 35 plethodon, 35 portoricensis, 13, 29-32, 34, 35, 55 Monte Grande, cave, 9 Morenia, 134 Mormoops, 12, 21, 29 Uainvillii, 12, 13, 25-29 MaintilHi cinnamomea, 25, 28 Morovis, 5, 9, 11, 33, 45, 49, 70, 99, 131, 147, 156 moschata, Myogale, 93 Mountain ranges, 8 Mungos, 205 murina, Tadarida, 13, 59-64, 66, 67 murinus, Nyctinomus, 59, 62 muscula, Tadarida, 59 musculus, Nyctinomus, 59, 62 Nyctinomus hrasiliensis, 59 Museum of Comparative Zoology, expedi- tion, 6 Myoca^tor, 129, 130 Myogale, moschata, 93 Myopotamus coypu. 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 122, 123, 124 Naguabo, 5, 67 Necrolestes, 201 Nesophontes, 11, 29, 44, 52, 68, 70, 74. 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 198, 201 edithae, 68-93 576 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF FORTO RICO jS'esophontes longirostris, 74 micruSf 74 Nesophontidae, 68, 90, 02, 93, 95, 06 New York Academy of Sciences, expedi- tion, 6 Noctilio, 9, 17 leporinuSy 17 leporiniis mastivus, 13, 14-18, 38 Noctilionidae, 13, 14 North coast, 17, 25, 38 Nt/ctinomu€, 62 hrasiliensis^ 62 macroUsJ 62 murinus, 50, 62 musculuSj 59, 62 ohllquus, Elasmodontomys, 98-130 ohscurusy M0I088U8, 12, 64 Odocoileus, 204, 205 odontrigoniis, Acratocnus, 155-194 Old Loiza. 9. 15, 17, 45 Oligocene, 201. 202 Opossum, 198 Origin of Mammalia, 194 Ortman, A. E., distribution of decapods of West Indies, 221 Oryzomys, 202, 204, 214 Oryzoryctes tetradactylus, 93 Owls, 12 Palaeoryctes, 93. 94. 201 pallescens, EHculus telfairi, 93 Pajita, cave, 9 paradoxus, Solenodon, 93 Parasite of Brachyphylla, 39 of Noctilio, 18 Pellets, owl, 12 Peiios Lejos, caves at, 9 personatuSj Sorex^ 93 perspicillatns, Artihe is, 12, 44 Phyllonycterinae, 48 Phyllonyoteris, 29, 52 bomhifrons, 52 major, 13, 32, 44, 48-52 poeyi, 49, 50, 52 Phyllopa, 44 Phyllostomidae, 13. 18 Physiography, 8 Piedra de la Cueva, 9, 17 pilorides, Capromys, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 153. 202 Plagiodontia, 140, 141, 143, 145, 146, 202 acdium_, 136, 139, 141, 144, 145 Plecotus, 59 Pleistocene, 10, 92 plcthodon, MonophylluSj 35 poeyi, PhyUonycteris, 49, 50, 52 Ponce, 6 portoriccnsis, Chilonycteris parnellii, 13, 18-21 portorivensis, Isolohodoti, 13, 134-147 Monophylliis, 13, 29-32, 34, 35, 55 Potamogale, 80, 84 velox, 93 Preston ranch, 5, 07 Primates, 199, 200 Procapromys geayi, 202 Procyon, 203 ProechimySj 104, 155 Pueblo Viejo, 9, 22, 30, 35, 45, 52, 58 Quebradillas, 5, 6, 9, 45 Raccoon, 198 rafflesii, Oymniira, 93 Rhynchocyon, 86 claudi, 93 Rlce-rat, 198 -Rio Piedras, 6 Rodentia, 4, 10, 98, 199, 202, 204, 214, 223 list of, found in Greater Antillean area, 206 list of, found in Lesser Antilles, 211 rozeti, Macrosc elides, 93 rubicunda, Crocidura, 93 riiftim, Stenoderma, 39 rufus, Desmodus, 44 Molossus, 44 Stenoderma, 13, 39-44, 52 Salinas, 136 San German, 5, 9, 45, 55, 58, 59, 60, 64, 136 San Juan, 4. 5, 9, 24 San Miguel, cave, 9 San Sebastian, 5 Scalopus, 86 aquatiGus, 93 Scharff, R. F., origin of West Indian fauna, 222 semispinosus, Hemicentetes, 93 sezekorni, Erophylla, 52 Shanton, Colonel. 7 Shell-heaps, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 146 Simpson, C. T., distribution of land mol- lusks on the Antilles, 220 Sloth, 11, 182 Solenodon, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 198, 201 paradoxus, 93 Sorex personatus, 93 Soricldae, 78, 82, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96 Soricoidea, 92, 95, 96 speciosa, Tupaia, 93 spectrum, Vampyrum, 17 Speoxenus, 129, 202 Spirodontomys, 129. 202 Stejneger, L., relations and origin of herpetological fauna of Porto Rico, 219 Stenoderma, 29, 43. 44 INDEX FOR VOLUME IX 577 Stenoderma rufum, 39 rufiis, 18, 39-44, 52 Stenoderminae, 35, 44 Stone, Dr. Witmer, 7 Striibe, Mr. Leopoldo, 7 Surveys, previous, 6 Tadarida, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67 antillularum, 62 bahamensis, 62 macrotis, 62 murina, 13, 59-64, 66, 67 muscula, 59 Talpa, 91, 96 enopaeuj, 93 TalirifJae, 78, 91, 93, 95, 96 Tertiary. 96, 195, 197, 198, 202, 204 limestones, fossil-bearing, 5 tetradactylHSy Oryzoryctes, 93 Tctrastyhis, 129, 202 thoracatus, Gapromys, 141, 204 Geocapromys, 146 Toa Alta. 45 Torafio, Don Gervacio, cave on property of, 9, 11, 151. 159 torreij Ghilonycteris, 24 trevelyaniy Ghrysochloria, 93 Trujillo Alto, 9, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 35. 45 Tiipaia, 11, 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 90, 91 speciosa, 93 vndatum, Artiheiis^ 43 Ungulates, 199, 200 Utuado, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 45, 59, 60. 64, 70, 99, 130, 136, 147, 151, 155, 159 Yampyrops, 43 Vampyrum spectrum, 17 Vaughn, Dr. T. W., submarine -topography of West Indies, 197 Vega Ba.1a, 6 relax, Potamogale, 93 Vcspertilio maugei, 59 Vespertilionidae, 13, 55 Wetmore, Dr. Alex., 6, 7 uetmorei, Eptesicus fuscusj 13, 55 Willis B., submarine topography of West Indies, 197 Yager, Governor, of Porto Rico, 7 Zalambdodonta, 78, 80, 82, 84. 91. 93, 95, 96 Ziska, Mrs. Helen von, 8 Birds Acripitcr striatus venator, 320 Acknowledgments, 269-270 Actitis macnlaria, 362 Actiturus longioaudus, 362 Actodromas maculata, 370 miniitiUa, 369 tcilsoni, 369 acupavida, Sterna, 384 Sterna sandvicensis, 384 acuflavidus, Thalasseus^ 384 Thnlasftens sandvicensis, 384 acuta, Dafilaj 309 acuta tzitzilioa, Dafila, 309 adelaidae, Dendroica, 515 Adelaide's warbler, 515 adoxa, Ardea herodias, 288 Aegialeiis melodus, 350 semipahnatus, 351, Aegialitis meloda, 350 semipalmata, 351 voviferiis, 353, 354 Wilson ia ruflmicha, 352 icilsoniuSj 352 Aesalon antillarumy 327 aestiva, Dendroica, 508. Motacilla, 507 AestreUita species, 276 acthereus, Phaethon, 278, 279 amnis, Aythya, 313 Fuligula, 312 Fulix, 313 Marila, 313 Kyroca, 312 Agelaius chrysopterus, 533 xanthomus, 532 aguila marina, 323 Akhurst, John, work of, 264 alba, Gasmerodius, 290 Grocethia, 374 Guara, 305 Scolopax, 305 Trynga, 374 alhcolaj Anas, 314 Gharitonetta^ 314 albifrons anttUarum, Sterna, 382 rtibMs egretta, Casmcrodiiis, 290 Eudooimus, 305 alcatraz, 280 Alcedo alcyon, 452 ulcyon, Alcedo, 452 C'en/Ze, 452 Geryle alcyon, 452 Streptoceryle alcyon, 452 Allen, Glover M., work of, 260. 578 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO allenij Erismatura, 315 altiloqua, Sylvicola^ 494 Yireo, 494 altiloquus, Vireo, 494 amaMUSj Zenaida^ 394 Amandava melpoda, 530 Amazona vittata, 414 vittata graoiUpea, 414 vittata vittata, 412 American bittern, 302 black-bellied plover, 356 coot, 346 egret, 290 golden plover, 355 wigeon, 308 americana. Anas, 308 Compsothlypis, 505 Fulica, 346, 348 Fulica americana, 346 Mareca, 308 Parula, 505 Sylvicola, 504 americana piisilla, Compsothlypis, 504 usneae, Compsothlypis, 505 americanu8, Charadrius pluvialis, 355 Coccyzus americanua, 420 Cuculus, 420 Phaethon, 278 Ammodramus savannarum, 560 savannarum horinquensis, 560 savannarum passerinus, 560 anaetheta melanoptera, Sterna, 380 recognita, Sterna, 381 anaethetus, Sterna, 380 Ana« albeola, 314 americana, 308 arftorea, 307 hahamensis, 309 clypeata, 312 collaris, 313 disoors^ 311 dominica, 317 jamaicensis, 314 spinosa, 317 tzitzihoa, 309 anatum, Falco, 325 Foico peregrinus, 325 Anegada, description of, 252 anl, 425 ani^ Crotophaga, 425 AnoUs stoUdus stoUdus, 385 Anthony, H. E., work of, 259, 261 anthonyi, Capella, 360 Anthracothorax aurulentus, 449 viridis, 447 antillarum, Aesalon, 327 FoZco, 322 Foico piscator, 324 Myiarchus, 467 Myiarohus stoUdus, 467, 468 antillarum, Podilymhus podiceps, 272-275 Sterna, 383 Sterna alMfrom, 382 Sternula, 382 Tyrannus, 467 Antillean black swift, 439 flycatcher, 467 gallinule, 343 grebe, 272 sparrow hawk, 327 Antrostomus carolinensis, 435 noctitherus, 436 vociferus, 436 aquila, Fregata, 286 aquilus, Tachypetes, 286 Aramus giganteus, 334 piotus elucus, 333 aranea, Oelochelidon nilotica, 379 Sterna, 379 Aratinga chloroptera chloroptera, 416 chloroptera maugei, 415 arhorea. Anas, 307 Dendrocygna, 307 Archilochus coluhris, 443 Arcfea caerulea^ 293 oaerulescens, 293 (iJancrophagus), 296 candidissima, 291 egretta, 290 ea?iZi«j 303 herodias, 288 herodias adoxa, 288 lentiginosa, 302 ludoviciana, 296 naevia, 299 nycticorax, 299 occidentalis, 289 T/ittia, 291 tricolor ruflcolUs, 293 violacea, 300 virescens, 295, 296 viridis, 296 iirefeffa exilis, 303 ardosiacea, Mimocichla, 489 portoricensis, Mimocichla, 489 Turdtis, 489 arenaria, Calidris, 374 Arenaria interpres, 357 interpres morinella, 357 arenero, 374 A«io portoricensis, 434 Athene nudipes, 430 atlantica, Chen, 306 atricilla, Chroicocephalus, 376 Larus, 376 Larus atricilla, 377 megalopterus, Larus, 378 atronitens, Molothrus, 543 AMdwbowm occidentalis, 289 Audubon's shearwater, 275 INDEX FOB VOLUME IX 579 Aura, 318 aura, Cathartes aura, 318 Vultur, 318 Aura tiiiosa, 318 aureus, Charadrius, 355 aurita, Columda, 398 Zenaida, 398 aurocapilla, Motacilla, 523 aurocapillus, Henicocichla, 523 Seiurus, 524 Seiurus aurocapillus, 523 Siurus, 524 auro-capillus, Turdus, 523 aurulenta, Lampornis dominica, 450 aurulentusj Anthracothoraic, 449 Lampornis, 449 Trochilus, 449 Trochilus viridis, 449 autumnalis, Dendrocygna, 307 Plegadis, 305 Avifauna, discussion of, 265-269 J-t-is tropicorum, 277 Aythya collaris, 314 a/T^wis, 313 Bahama duck, 309 pintail, 309 Bahaman nighthawk, 438 bahamensis. Anas, 309 Dafila hahamensis, 309 Poecilonetta, 309 Baker, A. B., work of, 258-259, 262 Baldpate, 308 Band-tailed pigeon, Jamaican, 392 Bank swallow, 472 Barbequejo, 404 Bare-eyed pigeon, 394 Bare-legged owl, 430 Barga, 360, 374 harita, Quiscalus, 539 Barn owl, Porto Rican, 429 swallow, 473 Barrancolino, 453 hartholemica, Dendroica, 508 Dendroica petechia, 508 Bartramia longicauda, 362 Becaslna, 358 Beck, R. H., work of, 264 Bellona exilis, 441 Belted kingfisher, 452 Benedict, J. E., work of, 264 Bibliography, 562 hicolor, Euethiaj 552 Hirundo, 472 Iridoprocne, 472 Phonipara, 552 Spermophila, 552 Tachycineta, 472 hicolor omissa, Euethia, 552 omissa, Tiaris, 552 Bien-te-veo, 494 Bijirita Adelaida, 515 aplomada, 511 coronada, 513 de costa, 506 de palmas, 520 Dominica, 514 estriada, 517 galana; 518 manchada, 511 mariposera, 515 palmera, 520 rayada, 517 Bittern, American, 302 least, 303 Blacicus hlancoi, 469 latirostris hlancoi, 469, 470 Black and white warbler, 503 Black-bellied tree-duck, 307 Black-billed cuckoo, 419 Blackbird, Porto Rican, 539 yellow-shouldered, 532 Black-capped petrel, 276 Black-crowned night heron, 299 Black-necked stilt, 375 Black-poll warbler, 517 Black rail, 339 skimmer, 387 swift, Antillean, 439 tern, 385 witch, 425 Black-throated blue warbler, 511 green warbler, 511, 514 Blanco, Tomas, work of, 258 hlancoi, Blacicus, 469 Blacicus latirostris, 469, 470 Contopus, 469 Blue-breasted hummingbird, 445 Blue pigeon, 393 warbler, black-throated, 511 Blue-winged teal, 311 Boblto, 469 Bobolink, 532 Bob-white, 330 honariensis, Molothrus, 543 Booby, brown, 281 red-footed, 284 borealia, Buteo, 321 Numenius, 360 Phaeopus, 360 Scolopax, 360 horealis jamaicensis, Buteo, 320 horinquensis^ Ammodramus savannarum, 560 Botaurus lentiginosus, 302 Bowdish, B. S., work of, 259, 261, 262 Boyero, 402 580 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO hrachidactyla, Qeothlppis trichas, 525 hrachidactplus, Trichas, 525 Brachyotus caasiniij 434 hrachyotus, Strix, 434 IrachypteruSj Chalcophanes, 539 HoloquiscaluSj 540 Holoquiscalus niger, 539 QuiscaluSj 539 Bridled quail-dove, 405 tern, 380 hrijectita, Eiitthia, 555 Broad-winged hawk, 322 Brown boobj^ 281 pelican, 280 Brown, Jr., W. W., work of, 258, 261 bryanti, Euethta, 555 Euethia oUvacea^ 555 Tiaris oUvacea, 555 Bryant, Henry, work of, 257 Bryant's grassquit, 555 Buby, 281 Buck Island, description of, 252 Bufflehead, 314 Buguere, 281 Buteo borealia, 321 horealis jamaicensis, 320 Iati88imu8, 323 pennsylvanicus, 323 platypterus platypterus, 322 tropicaUa, 322 huteo, Falco, 320 IJutorides virescena, 296 firestens cuhanua, 296 virescens maculatus, 296 lirescens virescens, 295 Caballero, 366 chillon, 368 cabanensis, CoHrius, 331 Cabot's tern, 384 cachinnans, GaUinula chloropus, 345 caerulea, Ardea, 293 Florida, 293, 294 caerulea caerulescens, Florida, 293, 294 caerulescens, Ardea, 293 Dendroica caerulescens, 511 Florida caerulea, 293, 294 Motacilla, 511 Calandra, 535 Calandria, 535 Calidris arenaria, 374 leucophaea, 374 calidris, Phyllomanes, 494 Vireo, 494 Fireos2/rta, 494 Vireosylva calidris, 494 * canadensis, Dendroica, 515 Canario, 507 criolla, 549 Canario del pais, 549 del manglq^, 507 Cancroma maculata, 296 (Cancrophagus), Ardea, 296 Candelita, 526 candidissima, Ardea, 291 Egretta candidissima, 291 Garzetta, 291 candidus, Phaethon aethereus og, 278 Capacho, 435, 437 Capella anthonyi, 360 delicata, 358 gallinago delicata, 359 Cape May warbler, 506 Capitan, 532, 557 Caprimulgus, caroUnensis, 435 popetue, 437 Caracara, Porto Rican, 325 Carbo mexicanus, 285 Carduelis cucullata, 559 caribaea, Chloroenas, 392 Columba, 392 Fulica, 346 caribaea major, Fulica, 346 caribaearum, Falco, 327 Falco sparverius, 327 Tinnunculus, 328 caribaeus, Rallus longirostris, 335 Caribbean clapper rail, 335 coot, 346 martin, 477 Carib grassquit, 552 green, 445 Carolina, Forzana, 337 caroUnensis, Antrostomus, 435 Caprimulgus, 435 Columba, 395 Faico, 323 Pandion, 324 Pandion haliactiis, 323 Podiceps, 272 caroUnus, Rallus, 337 coronata, Dendroica, 513 Carpictero, 457 Carrao, 333 Casmerodius alba, 290 aibws egretta, 290 egretta, 290 Cassicus phoeniceus, 532 quiscula, 539 cassinii, Brachyotus, 434 castanea, Zenaida, 398 catesbyi, Phaethon lepturus, 277 Cathartes aura aura, 318 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus longicaudis, 366 semipalmatus semipalmatus, 366 caudifasciatus taylori, Tolmarchus, 465 466 INDEX FOR VOLUME IX 581 cavaticu, Tyto, 429 cayana, Sterna, 383 cayennensis. Icterus, 538 Nyctanassa violacea, 301 Centurus portoricensis^ 457 cerceris, Gallinula ohloropus, 345 Cerchneis sparveria, 328 sparveria loquaeula, 328 Certhia flaveola, 498, 501, 502 Certhiola flaveola portoricensis, 408 newtoni, 502 portoricensis^ 498, 501 sancti-thomae, 501 '/S'.-^i Thomac, 501 Cei-vera, 385 Oenjle alcyon, 452 a leyon alcyon^ 452 Chaemepelia passerina exigua, 402 passerina troohila, 398 Clialcoplianes hrachjjpterus, 539 liiguhris, 539 Chamaepelia portoricensis, 399 Chambergo, 532 Chamorro, 552, 555, 560 bello, 555 bicolor, 552 Chango, 539 Charadrius aureus, 355 dominica dominica, 356 dominicnSj 355 dominicus dominicus, 356 melodus, 350 memoanus, 375 pluvialis amerioanus, 355 semipalmatus, 351 squatarola, 356 virginious, 356 vociferus, 353, 354 wilsonia, 352 Charitonetta albeola, 314 Chelidon erythrogastra, 473 0/ie»i atlanticaj 306 hyperhoreus, 306 hyperhoreus nivalis, 306 Chicheri, 460 Chirlria, 307 Chirre, 383 de altura, 277 Clilidonias nigra surinamensis, 385 Vhlorestes gertrudiSj 443 Vhloroenas caribaea, 392 inornata exsuly 393 chlorolaemus, Eulampis, 445 Chlfirolampis maugaeus, 443 chloroptera, Aratinga chloroptera, 410 vhloroptera maugei, Aratinga, 415 ohloropterus, Conurus, 415 ohloropus Fulica, 343 Oallinulaj 344 Hydrogallina, 343 chloropus cachinnans, Gallinula, 345 cerceris, Gallinula, 345 portoricensis, Gallinula, 343 Chlorospingus speculiferus, 544 Chlorostilbon maugaeus, 443 Chordeiles gundlaohii, 437 minor, 438 minor gundlachii, 437 minor vicinus, 438 virginionus, 437, 438 virginianus minor, 437 Chorllto, 355 Chorlo, 360, 366, 368, 374 Chroicocephalus atricilla, 376 chrysia, Geotrygon, 404 Oreopeleia, 404 chrysopterus, Agelaius, 533 Chrysotis, 412 vittata, 412 Chuck-will' s-widow, 435 Chupador de arroz, 528 Churri, 557 Cichlherminia fuscata, 486 Circus hudsonius, 323 Cl^rigo, 464 Cliff swallow, Jamaican, 474 Clivicola riparia, 473 elypeata. Anas, S12 r Spatula, 312 Goccyzus americanus americanus, 420 erythropthalmus, 419 minor, 421 minor dominicae, 421 minor dominicata, 421 minor dominicensis, 421 minor maynardi, 421 minor nesiotes, 421, 423 minor teres, 421 nesiotes, 421 seniculus, 421 Cockroach Island, description of, 252 Coco, 304 bianco, 305 oscuro, 304 prieto, 304 codornlz, 331 Coereba dominicensis, 501 newtoni, 502 portoricensis, 498, 501 portoricensis portoricensis, 498 portoricensis sancti-thomae, 501 Colibri, 443, 449 Colinus cabanensis, 331 eubanensis, 331 virginianus eubanensis, 331 virginianus virginianus, 330 Coli riibio, 526 collaris. Anas, 313 Aythya, 314 FKi?>, 314 582 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO collariSf Marila, 314 Nproca^ 313 coluhris, ArchilochuSj 443 Troohilus, 443 Columha aurita, 398 carihaea, 392 carolinensis, 395 corensts, 389 inornata exsul, 393 gymnophtalmos, 394 lamprauchen, 392 leucocephala^ 387 martinica^ 404 montana^ 402 mystaoea, 405 passerina, 398 passeria, 398 portoricensis, 389 squamosa, 389 zenaida^ 394 columharius, Falco columharius, 326 HypotriorchiSj 326 Columhigallina passerina, 398 passerina, 402 Colpmhus dominicus dominicus, 271-272 podicepSj 272 thomensiSj 271 Come gandul, 557 Common tern, 379 Compsothlypis americana, 505 americana pusilla, 504 amerioana usneae, 505 Congo Cay, description of, 252 Contopus hlancoij 469 Conurus, 417 chloropteruSj 415 evops, 415 gundlachi, 415 maugeij 416 pertinax^ 417 xantholaemus, 417, 418 Coot, 348 American, 346 Caribbean, 346 Coracolero, 349 Corax crucirostra, 479 corensiSj Columba, 389 Patagioenas, 389 Cormorant, fresh-water, 285 Mexican, 285 . Corniw jamaicensis, 479 coronata, Dendroica coronata, 513 Motacilla, 513 Splvicola, 513 Corredor, 352 Cotumiculua savannarum savannarum, 560 Corua, 285 Coriija, 434 Corvus leucognaphaliis erythrophthalmus, 481 leucognaphalus leucognaphalus, 480 pumiliSy 482 cor2/i, >8'«?a, 284 Cotorra, 412, 414 Coturniculus passerinus, 560 savannarum, 560 savannarum intrieatus, 560 Cotyle riparia, 473 Cowbird, glossy, 543 crassirostris, Quiscalus, 539 Creciscus jamaicensis jamaicensiSj 339 Creguet^, 437 crepitans^ Rallus, 335 Crested quail, 331 Crocethia alha, 374 Crossophthalmus gymnophtalmos^ 394 Cr.otophaga, 425 ani 425 Crow, lesser Porto Rican, 482 Porto Rican, 479 crucianay Dendroica petechia, 507 crucirostra, Corax, 479 Cryhastus gossei, 338 Cuban green heron, 296 quail, 331 night-hawk, 437 cuhanensiSj Colinus, 331 Colinus virginianus, 331 Ortto, 331 Ort2/a?, 331 Ortyx virginianus, 331 cuhanus, Butorides virescens, 296 Cuckoo, black-billed, 419 mangrove, 421 yellow-billed, 420 cucullata, Carduelis, 559 Loxia, 528 Pyrrhomitris, 559 cucullata, SpermesteSj 528 cucullatuSy Spermestes, 528 Spermestes cucullatus, 528 Spinus, 559 cucullatus scutatus, Spermestes, 530 Cuculus americanuSj 420 dominicus, 421 erythropthalma, 419 minor, 421 vetula, 423 Cuervo, 479 Culebra Island, description of, 251 Culebra Island parrot, 414 Curacao paroquet, 417 Curlew, Eskimo, 360 Hudsonian, 360 Curlis, 360 curvirostris, 8itta, 463 Tyrannus, 463 * INDEX FOR VOLUME IX 583 cynosurae, Squatarola squatarola^ 356 Cypseloides niger, 439 Dafila acuta, 309 acuta tzitzihoa, 309 hahamensis hahamensis, 309 spinicauda, 311 Dagareta, 342, 343 negra, 346 Dagaretilla, 337 Danforth, Stuart T., work of, 260-261 de Booy, Theodoor, work of, 263, 264 de Booy's Rail, 340 dehooyi, Nesotrochis, 340 delicata, Capella, 358 Capella gallinago, 359 GalUnago, 359 Scolopax, 358 Demiegretta ruflcollis, 292 Dendrocygna arhorea, 307 autumnalis, 307 Dendroeca petechia cruciana^ 507 Dendroica adelaidae, 515 aestiva, 508 'bartholemica, 508 caerulescens caerulescens, 511 canadensis, 515 coronata coronata, 513 discolor, 518 dominica dominica, 514 maculosa, 511 magnolia, 511 palmarum palmarum, 520 pensilis, 515 petechia, 508 petechia bartholemica, 508 petechia cruciana, 507 petechia portoricensis, 508 petechia ruflcapilla, 508 ruflcapilla, 508 striata, 517 tigrina, 506 virens virens, 514 Desecheo Island, description of, 249 Biablito, 528 discolor, Dendroica, 518 /8'2/Zt?ia, 518 Sylvicola, 518 diacors. Anas, 311 Querquedula, 311 Doctor-bird, 440, 445, 449 DoUchonyx oryzivorus, 532 dominica, Anas, 317 Oharadrius dominica, 356 Dendroica, 515 Dendroica dominica, 514 Erismatura, 314, 318 Motacilla, 514 Tanagra, 547 dominica aurulenta^ Lampornis, 450 intermedia, Lampornis, 449, 452 dominicae, Coccyzus minor, 421 Dominican grebe, 271 dominicata, Coccyzus minor, 421 dominicensis, Coccyzus minor, 421 Coereha, 501 Faico^ 328 Hirundo^ 477 Lanius, 460 Oriolus, 535 Progne, 477 Psittacus, 412 Tinnunculus, 328 Tyrannus dominicensis, 460 dominicensis portoricensis. Icterus, 535 dominions, Charadrius, 355 Charadrius dominicus, 356 Colymhus dominicus, 271-272 Cuculus, 421 Lampornis, 449 Nomonyx, 314, 317 Pluvialis dominicus, 355 Podiceps, 271 Podilymhus, 272 Dominiquito, 559 dougaUii, Sterna dougallii, 379 Dove, Martinique, 398 Mona ground, 402 Porto Rican ground, 398 Zenaida, 394 Dowitcher, long-billed, 371 Duck, Bahama, 309 lesser scaup, 312 masked, 317 ring-necked, 313 West Indian ruddy, 314 Duck hawk, 325 Dysporns fiber, 281 SMla^ 281 Egret, 290 American, 290 snowy, 291 egretta, Ardea, 290 Casmerodius, 290 Casmerodius albus, 290 Herodias, 290 Egretta candidissima candidissima, 291 ruflcollis, 292 f/iMla thula, 291 Elaenea martineca, 470 Elaenia martinica martinica, 471 martinica riisii, 470, 471 Elainea pagana martinica, 471 . riisii^ 470 elHoti, Lampornis, 449 elucus, Aramus pictus, 333 Emberiza olivacea, 555 584 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Emerald, Porto Rican, 443 Erennctes hUnantopus, 372 matirij 373 petrifitatus, 372 pnsilliiSj, 372 Erimiatura alleni, 315 dominica, 314, 318 jainaU ensis jamauensls, 314 janiaitensis ruhida, 317 riihida, 314 erpthrofjastfyr, Hirundo^ 473 Hirundo rust it a, 473 eruthrofjaf^tra, Chelidon, 473 eri/thromelas, Piranga, 543 Pyranga, 543 eri/thropthahna, Goeulus, 419 erpthropthalmus, Coccyztisj 419 Cor V us leucognaphalus, 481 crf/throrhgncha, Paecilonetta, 311 erythrorhynchosj Peletanus, 281 Eskimo curlew, 360 Kstrilda melpoda, 530 melpoda melpoda^ 530 melpoda tsehadensls, 532 Einlofimus alhuSj, 305 Eutthia hicolor, 552 hivolor omisaa, 552 hrijectita, 555 hryantij 555 lepida, 555 oHvaceuj 555 olivacea hryanti, 555 Eulampis chlorolaemus, 445 holo^ericeus, 445 Euphone muska, 549 Euphonia, Porto Hican, 549 Euphonia 8('latcri, 549 Eupoda wilsonia ruflnuvha, 352 Eupsittiila pertinax pertinax, 417 EupHyvhortyx sonnini sonnini, 331 eiops, Conurus, 415 cxiguu, Vhaemepelia passerina, 402 exilis, Arden, 303 Ardetta, 303 Bellona, 441 Ixohrychua exills, 303 MivrolyHsa exilis, 441 Orthorhyncus exiUs, 440 Trovhilus, 440, 442 exstd, Chloroenas inornafn, 393 Columha inornatUj 393 fdUineUus, Urn, 304 Plcgadis falcineHns, 304 Tantalus, 304 FalvinellKS ordii, 305 Fali'o anatnm, 325 .antillarum, 322 5«fco^ 320 Falco carihaearum, 327 carolinensis, 323 columharius colu^nharius, 326 dominicensis, 328 hudsonius, 323 jamaicensis, 320 peregrimis anatiim, 325 piscator antillarum, 324 sparverius, 328 sparierius carihaearum, 327 sparverius loquacula, 328 fedoa, Limosa, 374 i^colopax, 374 T efo?c7, 374 ferniginea, Strix, 430 fe^tirus, Psittacus, 412 ;^?;er, Dysporus, 281 fissipes, Hydroihelidon, 385 Flamenco, 305 Flimingo, 305 flareola, Certhia, 498 CertUola, 501. 502 Nectariniaj 498 pavcola portoricensis. Certhiola, 498 ' pavipes, Oanihetta, 366. Seolojmx, 366 Totanus, 366 pavirostris. Phaeton^ 278 favirenier, Porzana flaviventer, 339 ffavirenter gossH, Porzana, 339 hendersoni, Porzana, 338 Florida caerulea, 293, 294 . caerulea oaerule'i( ens, 203, 294 Florida gallinule, 343 Flycatcher, Antillean, 467 Porto Rican, 467 Fork-tailed hummingbird, 443 Frailecillo cabez6n, 352 mel6dico, 350 sabanero, 354 Fraile miguelete, 452 Fregata aquila, 286 magniflvens, 286 magnipeens rothschildi, 286 minor magnip ens, 286 Fresh-water cormorant, 285 Frigate-bird, 286 Friiigilla lincolnii, 562 melpoda, 530 oryziroraj 532 passerina, 560 ce/tw portoricensis, 552 FnlUa amerkana amerkana, 346 earihaea, 346 earihaea major, 346 ohloropas, 343 martin k a J, 342 Sterna, 382 fttVginosa, Haliphina^ 382 INDEX FOR VOLUME IX 585 fiflif/iiiosus, Onijriwprion, 882 FuUgula affinis, 312 Fnlix affinis^ 313 collariSj, 314 fulra^ Hirunclo, 474 Pctrocheliilon, 474 fulra poeciloma, PetrovheUdon, 474 fusva, Siila, 281, 284 fnHCHita, Cichlherminia, 486 Merula, 486 Sterna fuscata, 381 fifseatus, Margarops fuscatus, 480 Turtlus, 486 fifscicollisj Pisohia, 371 Tringa, 371 fitscus, PelecanuSy 280 gahipagensis, Paccilonetta, 311 galeata, Gallinula^ 343 Gallinula galeata, 344 Nnmida, 332 GHlIarcta, 342, 346 chiquita, 337, 338 de agiia, 343 de cienaga, 337 Martiniqiiefia, 342 platanera, 342 Gallaretilla, 338, 339 Galk'go, 376 Gallina de guinea. 332 GalUnago delicata, 350 tvilsonii, 358 galUnago dclicata, Capvlla, 351) gallina go, SvolopaXy 358 Gallina za, 343 Gallinazo, 346 f?allinuela, 337 Gallinnla chloropuSj 344 chloropus cachinnans, 345 chloropus cerceriSj 345 chloropus portoricensis, 34.'? galeata galeata^ 344 martinica, 342 Galliniile, Antillean, 343 Florida, 343 Gallito, 340, 557 Gamhetta ffavipes, 366 melanolenca^ 368 Ganga, 362 gardeni, Nifctiardea^ 200 Gaiiing, 206 Garza, 202, 203 azul, 203 blanca, 201, 203 de cuello rojo, 202 de vlentre blancii, 202 pinta, 203 real, 200 Garzetta eandidissima, 201 Garzon bianco, 280, 200 ceniciento, 288 cenizo, 288 Gavilfm, 325, 326 Gaviota, 376, 370. 380, 383, 384. 385 Antillana, 382 boba, 376 ceniza, 385 de pieo agndo, 384 del paraiso, 370 forastera, 370 negra, 385 oscura, 381 prieta, 385 regia, 383 Gelochelidon nilotha, 370 nilotica aranea, 370 Geothlypis trichas, 525 trivhas hradiidactglfi, 525 Gcotrygon cJirijma, 404 martinica, 404 montana^ 402 mystaoea^ 40i> gertrudis^ Chlorestes, 443 gigantetis, AramuSj 334 Gilt-crested hummingbird, 440 gilrus, MimuH, 486 Mimas gilvus, 485 Titrdus, 485 Ginger Island, description of, 252 (Jlossy Cowbird, 543 ibis, 304 Godwit, marbled, 374 Golden plover, American, 355 warbler, l*orto Itican, 507 Golondrina, 430, 472, 473, 474, 477 de cuevas, 474 de iglesias, 477 riberiega, 472 Goose, greater snow, 306 (iorrfon, 528, 530, 552, 555, 5(>0 gossei, Cryhastus, 338 Laterirallus, 338 gossii, Porzana ffavir cuter, 330 gracilipes, Amazona vittata, 414 • Grackle, Porto Kican, 530 Grasshopper sparrow, I'orto lUcan, 5(i0 Grassquit, Bryant's, 555 Carib, 552 Gray kingbird, 460 (Jreat white heron, 280 Greater snow goose, 306 .vel low-legs, 368 Grebe, Antillean, 272 Dominican, 271 least, 271 Green Garib, 445 gaulin, 206 mango, 447 586 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Green warbler, black-throated, 514 Grinnell's water-thrush, 522 . griseus, Melittarchus, 460 Tyrannus, 460 griseus scolopaceus, Limnodromus, 371 Ground dove, Mona, 402 Porto Rican, 398 Grosbeak, Porto Rican, 557 Guabairo, 435 chico, 436 Guanaba, 300 Guara alha^ 305 Guaraguou, 320 de la Sierra, 320 de sabana, 322 Guaralba, 43^ Guareao, 333 Guiana mockingbird, 485 Gulncho, 323 Guinea, 332 Guinea hen, 332 Gull-billed tern, 379 Gull, laughing, 376 Gundlach, Juan, work of, 257-258 gundlachi, Conurus, 415 gundlachii, Chordeiles, 437 Ghordeilea minor, 437 Gusanero, 498, 503 Oymnasio nudipes, 430, 433 nudipes nudipes, 430 nudipea newtoni, 433 • Opmnoglaux krugii, 430 newtoni, 433 nudipes, 430, 433 gymnophtalmosy Columha, 394 Cro88ophthalmu8, 394 * Hahropyga melpoda, 530 Haematopus palliatus palliatuSy 340 Halc6n, 320, 327 de patos, 325 haliaetus, Pandion, 324 haliaetus carolinenais, Pandion, 323 Haliplana fuliginosa, 382 Hark, Mrs. Hugo, work of, 263 Hartert, E., work of, 258, 264 harterti. Icterus icterus, 538 Hartlaub, work of, 256 haaitata, Procellaria, 276 Pterodroma, 276 Hawk, Antillean sparrow, 327 broad-winged, 322 duck, 325 marsh, 323 pigeon, 326 Porto Rican sharp-shinned, 320 West Indian red-tailed, 320 Helodromas aoUtaHua aolitariua, 365 helvetica, Squatarola, 356 hendersoni, Porzana flaviventer, 338 Henicocichla aurocapillus, 523 herodias adoxa, Ardea, 288 herodias, Ardea, 288 Herodias egretta, 290 Heron, black-crowned night, 299 Cuban green, 296 great white, 289 little blue, 293 little green, 295 Louisiana, 292 snowy, 291 West Indian great blue, 288 West Indian green, 296 yellow-crowned night, 300 Hians scolopaceus, 334 Hiaticula vocifera, 354 wilsoni, 352 himantopus, Ereunetes,- 372 Micropalama, 371 Tringa, 371 Himantopua mexicanus, 375 nigricollis, 375 Ilirundo Mcolor, 472 dominicensis, 477 erythrogaster, 473 fulva, 474 horreorum, 473 nigra, 439 poeciloma, 474 purpurea, 477 riparia, 472 ruatica erythrogaster, 473 hirundo. Sterna hirundo, 379 Hjalmarson, Justus, work of, 257 Iloloquiscalua hrachypterus, 540 niger hrachypterua, 539 holosericeua, Eulampis, 445 Lampornis, 445 Sericotea holoaericeua, 445 Trochilus, 445 Honey-creeper, Porto Rican, 498 St. Croix, 502 Virgin Island, 501 Hooded weaver-finch, 528 horreorum, Hirundo, 473 Hudsonian curlew, 360 hudaonicua, Numenius, 360 Phaeopus, 360 hudaoniua, drcua, 323 Falco, 323 Hummingbird, blue-breasted, 445 fork-tailed, 443 gilt-crested, 440 ruby-throated, 443 Hurricane bird, 286 Hydranassa tricolor ruficollia, 292 Hydrochelidon flaaipes, 385 nigra Surinam ensis, SS5 INDEX FOR VOLUME IX 587 Hydrogallina chloropusj 343 Martinica, 342 Hylocichla mnstelina, 491 hyperljoreus, Chen, 306 hyperhoreus nivaliSy Chen, 306 hypochondriacus, Todus, 454 Hypotriorchis columhariiis, 326 IMs falcinelluSj 304 Ibis, glossy, 304 white, 305 Icterus cayennensis, 538 dominicensis portoricensiSj 535 icterus, 538 icterus harterti, 538 icterus ridgwayi, 538 portoricensis, 535 vulgaris, 538 wagleri, 535 xanthomus, 532 » icterus ridgwayi, Icterus, 538 Xanthornus, 538 inornata exsulj Chloroenas, 393 Columha, 393 intermedia, Lampornis dominica, 449, 452 interpres, Arenaria, 357 Strepsilas, 357 interpres morinella, Arenaria, 357 intricatus, Coturniculus savannarum, 560 lonornis martinica, 342 martinicus, 342 Iridoprocne Mcolor, 472 Ixohrychiis exilis exilis^ 303 jacana, Parra, 349 Jacana spinosa, 349 spinosa violacea, 349 J-acana, West Indian, 349 Jamaican band-tailed pigeon, 392 cliff swallow, 474 mocliingbird, 483 vireo, 494 jamaicensis. Anas, 314 Buteo horealis, 320 Comix, 479 Creciscus jamaicensis, 339 Erismatura jamaicensis, 314 i^'aZco^ 320 Nephoecetes niger, 439 Nyctanassa violacea, 301 . Rallus, 339 rubida, Erismatura, 317 Jilguero, 549 del pafs, 549 Judfo, 425 JHf, 467, 469 « pequeiio, 469 Julian chivf, 492 Key West quail-dove, 404 Killdeer, 353 West Indian, 354 Killi-liilli, 327 Kingbird, 464 gray, 460 Kingfisher, belted, 452 Knox, John P.. worlj of, 263 Jcrugii, Gymnoglaux, 430 Labat, worlj of, 262 Lampornis aurulentus, 440 dominica aurulenta, 450 dominica intermedia, 449, 45? dominicus, 449 e?Zio/i, 449 holosericeus, 445 virginalis, 449 iin(?j«, 447. 450 lamprauchen, Columha, 392 Lanius dominicensis, 460 tyrannus, 464 Larus atricilla, 376 atricilla atricilla^, 377 atricilla megalopterus, 378 larva, Oreopeleia, 405 latehrosus, Polyhorus, 325 Lateriralliis gossei, 338 Latimer, George, work of, 257 latimeri, Vireo, 492 Latimer's vireo, 492 latirostris hlancoi, Blacious, 469, 470 latissimus, Buteo, 323 Laughing gull, 376 Least bittern, 303 grebe, 271 sandpiper, 369 tern, 382 Lechuza, 320 Ledru, worli of, 256 lentiginosa, Ardea, 302 lentiginosus, Botaurus, 302 lepida, Euethia, 555 lepturws cateshyi, Phaethon, 277 Lesser Porto Rican crow, 482 scaup duck, 312 yellowlegs, 366 leucocephala, Columha, 387 Patagioenas, 38l^ leucogaster, Pelecanus, 281 /S'w^a, 282 iS^M^a leucogastra, 281 leucognaphalus, Corvus leucognaphalus, 480 erythrophthalmus, Corvus, 481 leucophaea, Calidris, 374 Iherminieri, Pufflnus Iherminieri, 275 Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus, 371 ms SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Limosa fedoa, 374 scolopaceaj 371 Limpkin, 333 linvolni, Melospiza lincohii, 562 lincolnii, FringiUa, 502 Lincoln's sparrow, 502 Little blue heron, 203 green heron, 295 Lizard-ciiekoo, Porto Kieaii, 423 Lloron, 544 Llorona, 434, 546 Llorosa, 546 Long-billed dowitcher, 371 longicauda, Bartramia, 302 Trvnga, 362 longii auiHs^ Catoptroithorus seinipalmatus 366 longkaudus, Aititurus, 362 longirostris caribueus, Rulliis, 335 Rallus, 335 loquaeula, Cerchneis sparvcria, 328 Fuko eparverittrS, 328 Louisiana heron, 292 water-thrush, 522 Louis I'ena Island, description of, 251 LoiTia cucullata, 528 LomgiUa portoricensis, 557 lucicla^ Zenaida zenaida, 395 ludovuiuna, Ardea, 296 LiidocUiana, Motacilla, 504 luguhris, Chalcophanes, 539 Macrorhamphus scojopaceus, 371 jilmrotursus nigricollis, 375 marrouru, Zenaidura mmroura, 395 viaculariu, Aititia, 362 Tringa, 362 maeulurius, Tringoides, 362 maculataj Actodromas, 370 {hincroma, 296 Piaohia, 370 Hpatula, 312 Tringa, 370 maculatus, Butorides virescens, 296 maculosdj Dendtoica, 511 magnificens, Fregata, 286 Fregaia minor, 286 magnificens rothschildi, Fregata, 286 magnolia, Dendroica, 5|kl iSf^rria, 511 Magnolia warbler, 511 major, Fuliva carihaea, 346 major, Hympfiemia semipalmata, 366 Mango, green, 447 Porto Rican, 449 Mangrove cuckoo, 421 Man-o'-war bird, 286 Manx shearwater, 276 Marbled godwit, 374 Mareca americana, 308 margaritaceus, Trochilus, 449 Margarops fuseatus fuscatus, 486 Marila affttiis, 313 collaris, 314 marina, aguila, 323 Mariquita, 532 Marsh hawk, 323 Martin, Caribbean, 477 Martin pescador, 296, 452 martineva, Elaenae, 470 Martinete, 296, 303 Martinete chico,. 303 martiniea, Columha, 404 martiniva, Elainea pagana, 471 Fluenia murtiniia, 471 Fulica, 342 Qallinula, 342 Oeotrygon, 404 Hydrogallina, 342 Jonornis, 342 Porphyrio, 342 Tyrannula, 470 martiniea riisii, Ehienia, 470, 471 martinitana, Zenaida, 398, 404 martiniais, lonornis, 342 Martinique dove, 398 Maryland yellowthroat, 525 JNIasked duck, 317 Mata(ella pensilis, 508, 515 Matraca, 452 ntaugaeus, Chlorolampis, 443 Chlorostilbon, 443 Trochilus, 443 maugei, Aratinga chlaroptera, 415 Conurus, 416 Psittavara, 415 Sporadinus, 443 manri, EreuneteH, 373 maxima, Sterna, 383 maximtis, Thalasseus maximus, 383 maynardi, Coccyzus minor, 421 Medio peso, 453 megaloptcrus, Larus atricilla, 378 Melancrpes portoricensis, 457 melanogaster, Trochilus, 449 melanolema, Gambetta, 368 Scolopax, 368 melanolencus, Totanus, 368 melanoptera. Sterna, 380 Sterna anaetheta, 380 mchmotos, Pisobid, 370 Tringa, 370 meleagris, Numida, 332 MeUttarchus griseus, 460 meloda, Aeglalitis, 350 melodns, Aegialeus, 350 Charadrius, 350 Melospiza lincolni linoolni, 562 INDEX FOR VOLUME IX 589 welitoda, Amandaia, 5:[>0 Estrila, 530 EntrUa melpoda, 530 FriiKjilla, 530 Hahroppga, 530 If^poraeginthuSj 530 me!pod a tschadensis^ Estrilila, 532 Mem la fiiseata, 486 Method of treatment, 270-271 Mexican cormorant, 285 niexivaniis, Carhn, 285 CharadriuSj 375 IfimantopuSj 375 Phalacrocorax olivaccus, 285 Phalaerocorax vigua, 285 Todns, 453 MUrojyssa exilis exilis, 441 MUropalama Mmantopus, 371 Millif^an, J. W., work of, 259, 202 Miniocu'hla ardosiacea, 489 ardosiacea jmrtoricensis, 489 plumhea, 489 Mini us gilvus, 486 fjilvus gilvuSj, 485 polyglottus^ 483 polyglottos orpheus, 483 pohjglottos portoricensi'S, 483 minor, Chordelles, 437, 438 Chordeiles virginianuSy 437 Co(cyzn8j 421 CuculHs, 421 minor dominicaej Ooccy:sns, 421 dojninicata, Coeeyzus, 421 gundlachii, Chordeiles, 437 magniflcens, Fregata, 286 maynardi, Coctyzus, 421 neslotes, Coeeyzus, 421, 423 /ere«^ Coeeyzus^ 421 vkinus, Chordeiles, 438 fninutiUa, Aetodromas, 369 Pis Ohio, 369 Tringa, 369, 372 ^listwea, Motacilla, 525 Mniotilta varia, 503 Mockingbird, Guiana, 485 Jamaican, 483 Molothnis atronitens, 543 bonariensis, 543 sericeiis, 543 Mona ground dove, 402 Mona Island, description of, 249 montana, Columba, 402 Qeotrygort.. 402 Oreopeleia, 402 morinella, Arenaria interpres, 357 Tringa, 357 Moritz, C, worii of, 256 • Morten sen, Th., work of, 263, 205 Motacilla aestiva, 507 Motucilla imrof (tpilhi, 523 caerulescens, 511 eoronata, 513 dominie a, 514 ludoviciana, 504 mistacea, 525 novehonu en sis, 520 jHilmarum, 520 rutieilla, 526 tigrina, 506 unibria, 513 raria, 503 rirens, 514 niotacilla, Seinrns, 522 Turdns, 522 .Mourning warbler, 525 Mozambique, 589 Mucaro, 430 Mucaro de Melon, 434 Mucaro de sabana, 434 Mucaro real, 434 musiia, Euphone, 549 Mnsdcapa olivmea, 494 rnticilla, 526 striata, 517 tyrannus, 460 ntiistelina, Hylocichla, 491 inHstelinus, Tardus, 491 Myiarehus antillarum, 467 stolid us antillarum, 467, 468 Myrtle warbler, 513 niystacea, Columba, 405 Geotrygon, 405 Oreopeleia mysttu ea, 405 naeria, Ardea, 299 naevius notabilis, Seiurus, 522 naerius, Xycticorax nycti<orax, 290 \e(tarinia ffaveola, 498 ? Xephoeaetes, 439 Xephocaetes niger, 439 nif/er jamaicensls, 439 n/fyer niger, 439 nesiotes, Coeeyzus, 421 Coeeyzus minor, 421, 423 Sesospingus, speculiferus, 544 Nesotroehis debooyi, 340 Newton, Alfred and Edward, work of, 262- 263, 264 neu-toni, Certhiola, 502 Coereba, 502 Oymnasio nudipes, 433 Gymnoglaux, 433 Newton's owl, 433 Nichols, J. T., work of, 260 NicoH, M. J., work of, 263, 264 niger, Cypseloides, 439 Nephocaetes, 439 Nephoetetes niger, 439 590 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO niger hrachypterus, Holoquiscalus, 539 jamaicensis, Nephoeoetes, 439 Nighthawk, Bahaman, 438 Cuban, 437 nigra, Hirundo, 439 Rynchopa nigra, 387 nigra surinamensia, Chlidonias, 385 Hydrochelidon, 385 nigricollis, Himantopud, 375 Macrotarsua, 375 nHotica, Gelochelidon, 379 nilotica aranea, Qelochelidon, 379 ISlisus pennsylvanicus, 322 nivalis, Chen hyperhoreua, 306 Noble, G. K., work of, 263 noctithera, Setochalcia, 436 noctitheruSj Antrostomua, 436 Noctua nudipea, 430 Noddy, 385 Nomonyx dominicus, 314, 317 Northern parula warbler, 504 yellowtbroat, 525 notahiUs, Seiurus naeviua, 522 Seiurua novehoracenaia, 522 noveboracenaia, Motacilla, 520 Seiurua, 520, 522 Seiurua novehoracenaia, 520 novehoracenaia notaMlia, Seiurua, 522 nudipea, Athene, 430 Oymnaaio, 430, 433 Gymnaaio nudipea, 430 Gymnoglaux, 430, 433 Noctua, 430 i8'#Ha?, 430 nudipea newtoni, Gymnaaio, 433 ^TwweniM* 6oreaif«, 360 hudaonicua, 360 Numida galeata, 332 meleagria, 332 ptilorhyncha, 333 Nyctanaaaa violacea, 301 violacea cayennenaia, 301 violacea jamaicenaia, 301 violacea violacea, 300 Nyotherodiaa violaceua, 300 Nyctiardea gardeni, 299 nycticorax, Ardea, 299 Nycticorax nycticorax naeviua, 299 violaceua, 300 Nye, W., work of, 264 Nyroca afflnia, 312 coiZaris, 313 Ober, F. A., work of, 264 occ?l<£ewtaiis, Artfea, 289 i4«tfM&owio, 289 Pelecanua ocddentalia, 280 Pelecanua onocrotalua, 280 Ochthodromua wilaoniua, 352 wilaoniua ruflnuchus, 352 Ocniacua vireacena, 296 oUvacea, Emberiza, 555 Euethia, 555 Muacicapa, 494 Paaaerina, 555 Tiaria, 555 Vireosylva, 497 oUvacea hryanti, Euethia, 555 Tiaria, 555 olivaceua, Phyllomanea, 497 Fireo, 497 Vireo, olivaceua, 494 olivaceua mexicanua, Phalacrocorax, 285 omiaaa, Euethia hicolor, 552 Phonipara, 552 STiaris, 552 TtaHs hicolor, 552 onocrotalua ocddentalia, Pelecanua, 280 Onychoprion fulinginoaua, 382 Oporornia Philadelphia, 525 or^ii^ Falcinellua, 305 Oreopeleia chrysia, 404 larva, 405 montana, 402 myatacea myatacea, 405 Oriole, Porto Rican, 535 Oriolua dominicenaia, 535 orpheua, Mimua polyglottoa, 483 Turdua, 483 Orthorhyncua exilia exilia, 440 Ortia? cuhanenaia, 331 cuhanenaia, 331 aonninii, 331 virginianua, 330, 331 virginianua cuhanenaia, 331 oryzivora, Fringilla, 532 or|/;^ii;orM8, Dolichonyx, 532 Osprey, 323 Ostrero, 349 Ovenbird, 523 Owl, bare-legged, 430 Newton's, 433 Porto Rican short-eared owl, 434 Oxyechua vociferua, 354 vociferua ruhidua, 354 vociferua vociferua, 353 Oyster-catcher, 349 Paecilonetta, 310 erythrorhyncha, 311 galapagenaia, 311 pagana martinica, Elainea, 471 Pagolla wilaonia wilaonia, 352 Pftjaro bobo, 281, 284, 419, 420, 421, 423 de costa, 420 del mar, 281 major, 423 INDEX FOR VOLUME IX 691 Pfijaro menor, 421 de agua, 423 del rey, 452 palUatuSy Haematopus palliaius, 349 Palm warbler, 520 palmarum, Dendroica, 520 Dendroica palmarum, 520 Motacilla, 520 Sylvia, 520 Paloma cabezablanca, 387 sabanera, 393 turca, 389 Palomita, 379 Pandion caroUnetisis, 324 haliaetuSj 324 haliaetua carolinensis, 323 Papagayo, 453 Papagenen, 414 Papagey, 415 paradisea, Sterna, 380 Paroquet, Curacao, 417 Porto Rican, 415 Parra jacana, 349 violacea, 349 Parrot, Culebra Island, 414 Porto Rican, 412 Parson, 552 Parson sparrow, 552 Parula americana, 505 passerina, Columha, 398 ColumUgalUna, 398, 402 FringiUa, 560 passerina exigua, Chaemepelia, 402 trochila, Chaemepelia, 398 Passerina olivacea, 555 passerinua, Ammodramua aavannarum, 560 Coturniculus, 560 passeris, Columba, 398 Pata amarlUo, 366 Patagioenas, 389 corensis, 389 leucocephalua, 388 squamosa, 390 Pato chorizo, 314, 317 crlollo, 309 cuchareta, 312 de Florida, 309 * . de la Florida, 311 de la orilla, 309 del medio, 312, 313 Dominica, 317 ingl4s, 312 lablanco, 308 morisco, 312 pescuezllargo, 309 pinto, 314 silvestre, 309, 312. 313 Pearly-eyed thrasher, 486 Pecho de oro, 504 Pectoral sandpiper, 370 pectoralis, Tringa, 370 Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, 281 fuscus, 280 leucogaster, 281 occidentalis occidentalis, 280 onocrotalus occidentalis, 280 piscator, 284 Pelican, 280 Pelican, brown, 280 pennsylvaniens, Buteo, 323 Nisus, 322 pensilis, Dendroica, 515 Matacella, 508, 515 Sylvia, 515 Sylvioola, 515 Perdix sonnini, 331 Perdiz, 402 del monte, 402 martinlquefia, 404 peregrinus anatum, Falco, 325 Periquito, 415 Perissoglossa tigrina, 507 pertinax, Comirus, 417 Eupsittula pertinax, 417 Petchary, Porto Rican, 464 petechia, Dendroica, 508 petechia hartholemic a, Dendroica, 508 cruciana, Dendroeca, 507 cruciana, Dendroica, 507 portoricenais, Dendroica, 508 ruflcapilla, Dendroica, 508 Peters, J. L.. worlc of, 260, 264, 265 Petrel, black-capped, 276 petrifloatua, Ereunetes, 372 Petrochelidon fulva, 474 fulva poeciloma, 474 poeciloma, 474 Pewee, Porto Rican wood, 469 Phaeopua horealis, 360 hudaonicua, 360 Phaethon aethereua, 278, 279 aethereua og candidua, 278 americanua, 278 cateshyi, 277 paviroatria, 278 lepturua cateahyi, 277 Phalacroeorax oUvaceua mexicanua, 285 vigua mexicanua, 285 Philadelphia, Oporornia, 525 >Sfyli^ia, 525 phoeniceua, Caaaicua, 532 Phoenicopterua ruber, 305 Phonipara hicolor, 552 omiaaa, 552 0ewa, 552 Phyllomanea calidria, 494 olivaceua, 497 Plca-tierra, 525 592 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO I'ichon prieto, 539 piGtus elucuSj Aramns 333 Picks portoricensis, 457 torquatus, 4ihl Vmi 118, 459 Pigeon, bare-eyed, 394 blue, 393 Jamaican band-tailed, 392 Porto Rican, 393 scaled. 389 white-crowned, 387 Pigeon hawk, 326 Pintado, 332 Pintail, 309 Bahama, 309 I'iping plover, 350 pipiri, Tyrannus, 460 Piranga erythromelas, 543 piscator, PeleoanuSj 284 Sula, 284 piscator antillarum, FaUo, 324 Pisohia fuscieollis^ 371 melanotoSf 370 minutilla, 369 maculata^ 370 Pitangus taylori, 464 Pitirre, 460 de agua, 885 de mangle, 452 Pitylus portoricensis, 557 Pizpita chica, 520, 522 de mangle, 520, 522 dorada, 523 phitypterns, Buteo platypierus, 322 SparrAus, 322 I'layante, 350, 351, 352, 354, 366, 368, 375 Playero, 351, 352, 354, 362, 368 mancha, 362 tiirco, 357 Plegaclis autumnalis, 305 Plegaci\8 faleinellus falcinellus, 304 Plover, American black-bellied, 356 American golden, 355 piping, 350 semipalmated, 351 upland, 362 Wilson's, 352 plnmbea, Mimotichla, 489 plumheus, Turdus, 489 Pluvial, 355, 356 grande, 356 sabanero, 354 plurialis americanus, Charailrius, 355 Pluvialis dominicus dominicus, 355 podiceps, Colymhus, 272 Podilymhm, 272 podiceps antillarum, Podilymhnsy 272-275 Podiceps carolinensis , 272 dominicus, 271 Poclilymhus dominicus, 272 podiceps, 272 podiceps antillarum, 272-275 podiceps podiceps, 273-274 pceciloma, Hirundo, 474 PetrocJielidon, 474 Petrochelidon fulra, 474 Poecilonetta hahamensis, 309 hahamensis* hahamensis, 310 Polio de laguna, 335 de manglar, 335 Polyhorus latehrosus, 325 polyglottos, Turdus, 483 polyglottos orpheus, Minius, 483 portoricensis, Miniiis, 483 polyglottus, Mimus, 483 popetue, Caprimulgus, 4;>7 Porphyrio wartime a, 342 Porto Rican barn owl, 429 blackbird, 539 caracara, 325 crow, 479 emerald, 443 euphonia, 549 flycatcher, 467 golden warbler, 507 grackle, 539 grasshopper sparrow, 560 grosbeak, 557 ground dove, 398 honey-creeper, 498 lizard-cuckoo, 423 oriole, 535 mango, 449 paroquet, 415 parrot, 412 petcbary, 464 pigeon, 393 quail-dove, 405 sharp-shinned hawk, 320 short-eared owl, 4.-J4 snipe, 360 sparrow-hawk, 327 spindalis, 546 tanager, 544 thrush, 489 tody, 453 whippoorwill, 436 woodpecker, 457 wood pewee, 469 portoricensis, Asio, 434 Centurus, 457 Certhiola, 498, 501 Certhiola flaveola, 498 Chamaepelia, 399 Coereba, 498, 501 coereha portoricensis, 498 Columba, 389 Dendroica petechia, 508 INDEX FOR VOLUME IX 593 portork ensis, Fringilla zena, 552 GalHnula chloropus, 343 Icterus, 535 Icterus dominicensis, 535 Loxigllla, 557 Melanerpes, 457 Alimocichla ardosiacea, 4S0 Mimus polyglottos, 483 Picits, 457 Pitylus, 557 Pyrrhula, 557 Pyrrhulugra, 557 Scotospiza, 557 Spindalis, 546 Tanagra, 546 Todus, 454 Xanthornus, 535 jjortoricensis sancti-thomae, Cocreha, 501 porto-ru ensis. Scops, 433 I'orto Rico, description of, 250 Porzana Carolina, 337 Pariventer fiaviventer, 339 ffavivcnter gossii, 339 parirentcr hendersoni, 338 I'otts, F. A., work of, 260 I'rairie warbler, 518 Procellaria hasitata, 276 puffinus, 276 Prague dominicensis, 477 Psittai ara maugel, 415 Psittacus dominU ens'iH, 412 festivus, 412 rufirostris, 415 ^///, 417 rittatus, 412 Pterodroma hasitata, 276 ptilorhgncha, Numida, 333 Puffinus Iherminieri Iherminieri, 275 puffinus, 276 species, 276 pulfinus, Procellaria, 276 pumilis, Corcus, 482 Purple gallinule, 342 purpurea, Hirundo, 477 pusilla, Compsothlypis aineriiana, 504 ;s;?/aifl, 504 Tringu, 372 pusillus, Ereunetes, 372 Pyranga erythromelas, 543 Pyrrhomitris cucullata, 559 Pyrrhula portoricensis, 557 Pyrrhtilagra portoric ensis, 557 Quail, 330 crested, 331 Cuban, 331 Quail-dove, bridled, 405 Porto Rican, 405 ruddy, 402 Quail-dove, Key West, 404 Querequete, 437 Querquedula discors, 311 Quiscalus harita, 539 hrachypterus, 539 crassirostris, 539 quistula, Gassicus, 539 Rabihorcado, 286 Rabijunco, 277, 286 Rail, black, 339 de Booy's, 340 sora, 337 yellow-bellied, 338 Rallus caroUnus, 337 crepitans, 335 jamaicensis, 339 longirostris, 335 longirostris carihacus, 335 recognita. Sterna anaetheta, 381 Red-billed tropic-bird, 279 Red-eyed vireo, 497 Red-footed booby, 284 Red siskin, 559 Redstart, 526 re.ryia, Thalasseus, 383 Reina, 498 Reina mora, 546 Reinita, 498, 503, 504, 506, 507, 511, 513, 514, 515, 517, 518, 520, 525, 526 Reinona, 546 Rhyaiophilus solitarius, 365 Richmond, C. W,, work of 259, 262 ridgicayi, Icterus icterus, 538 Xanthornus icterus, 538 Riise, work of, 262, 264 Riise's elaenia, 470 fiis/i, Elaenia martinica, 470 Elainea, 470 Elainea martini(a, 471 Ring-necked duck, 313 riparia, CHvicola, 473 Cotyle, 473 Hirundo, 472 liiparia riparia riparia, 472 Rola, 398 Rolita, 398 Roseate tern, 379 rostratus, Tyrannus, 460 rothschildi, Fregata magniflcens, 286 Royal tern, 383 ruber, Phoenicopterus , 305 rubida, Erismatura, 314 Erismatura jamaicensis, 317 rubidus, Oxyechus vociferus, 354 Ruby-throated hummingbird, 443 Ruddy Quail-dove, 402 turnstone, 357 ruficapilla, Dendroica, 508 594 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO ruficapilla, Dendroica petechia^ 508 ruficolUs, Ardea tricolor, 293 Demiegretta, 292 Egretta, 292 Hydranassa tricolor, 292 ruflnuchay Aegialitis ivilsonia, 352 Eupoda wilsonia, 352 rufinuchus, Ochthodromus icilsonius, 352 ruflrostris, Psittacus, 415 Ruisefior, 483 Ruiseiior pequeiio, 470 rustica erpthrogaster, Hirundo, 473 ruticilla, Motadlla, 526 Mxiacicapa, 526 Setophaga, 526 Rynchops nigra nigra, 387 Saba Island, description of, 252 Sail Rock, description of, 252 sancti-thomae, Certhiola, 501 Coereba portoricensis, 501 Sanderling, 374 Sandpiper, least, 369 pectoral, 370 semipalmated, 372 solitary, 364 spotted, 362 stilt, 371 western, 373 white-rumped, 371 sandvicensis acuflavida. Sterna, 384 acuflavidus, Thalasseus, 384 San Pedrito, 453 Santo Domingan grasshopper sparrow, 560 Saurothera, 423 vieilloti, 423 savannarum, Ammodramus, 560 Cotumiculus, 560 Coturniculus savannarum, 560 savannarum horinquensis, Ammodramus, 560 intricatus, Coturniculus, 560 passerinus, Ammodramus, 560 Scaled pigeon, 389 Scarlet-cheeked weaver-finch, 530 Scarlet tanager, 543 Schmidt, Karl P., work of, 261 sclateri, Euphonia^ 549 Tanagra, 549 scolopacea, Limosa, 371 scolopaeeus, Hians, 334 Limnodromus griseus, 371 Macrorhamphus, 371 Scolopa^ alha, 305 horealis, 360 delicata, 358 fedoa, 374 flavipes, 366 gallinago, 358 Scolpax melanoleuca, 368 semipalmata, 366 ivilsoni, 358 Scops porto-ricensis, 433 Scotospiza portoricensis, 557 scutdtus, Spermestes cucullatus, 530 Seiurus aurocapillus aurocapillus, 523 motacilla, 522 naevius notahilis, 522 novehoracensis notahilis, 522 noveboracensis novehoracensis, 520 semipalmata, Aegialitis, 351 Scolopax, 366 Symphemia, 366 semipalmata major, Symphemia, 366 Semipalmated plover, 351 sandpiper, 372 semipalmatus, Aegialeus, 351 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, 366 Charadrius, 351 semipalmatus longicaudis, Catoptrophorus 366 seniculus, Coccystes, 421 Coccyzus, 421 sericeus, Molothrus, 543 Sericotes holosericeus holo sericeus, 445 Setochalcis noctithera, 436 Setophaga ruticilla, 526 Shearwater, Audubon's, 275 Manx, 276 Short-eared owl, Porto Rican, 434 Shoveller, 312 Sinsonte, 483 Siskin, red, 559 Ki^fa curvirostris, 463 Siurus aurocapillus, 524 Skimmer, black, 387 Snipe, Porto Rican, 360 Wilson's, 358 Snowy egret, 291 heron, 291 solitaria, Tringa solitaria, 364 Solitario, 364, 482 Solitary sandpiper, 364 solitarius, Helodromas solitarius, 365 soUtarius, Rhyacophilus, 365 Totanus, 364 sonnini, Eupsychortyx sonnini, 331 Perdix, 331 sonninii, Ortyx, 331 Sooty tern, 381 Sora, 337 Southwest Cay, see Louis Pefia Island Sparrow-hawk, Porto Rican, 327 Sparrow, Lincoln's, 562 parson, 552 Porto Rican grasshopper, 560 sparveria, Cerchneis, 328 sparveria loquacula, Cerchneis, 328 INDEX FOR VOLUME IX 595 sparverius, Falco, 328 Tinnunculus, 327 sparverius carihaearum^ Falco, 327 loquaciila, Falco, 328 Sparvius platyptems, 322 Spatula clypeata, 312 maculata, 312 specuUferus, Chlorospingus, 544 Nesosinngus, 544 Spermestes cucullata, 528 cucullatus cucullatas, 528 cucullatus scutatus, 530 Sperniophila McoloVj 552 Sphyrapicus varius varius, 459 Spindalis, Porto Rican, 546 Spindalis portoricensis, 546 spinicauda, Daflla, 311 apinosa, Anas, 317 Jacana, 349 spinosa violacea, Jacana, 349 Spinus cucullatus, 559 Spoonbill, 312 Sporadinus maugei, 443 Sporaeginthus melpoda, 530 Spotted sandpiper, 362 squamosa, Columha, 389 Patagioenas, 390 squatarola, Charadrius, 356 squatarola cynosurae, Squatarola, 356 Squatarola helvetica, 35.6 squatarola, 357 squatarola cynosurae, 356 Stahl, Augustin, work of, 258 Stejneger, L., work of, 259, 262 Sterna acufiavida, 384 aWifrons antillarum, 382 anaetheta melanoptera, 380 anaetheta recognita, 381 anaethetus, 380 antillarum, 383 aranea, 379 cayana, 383 dougallii dougallii, 379 fuUginosa, 382 fuscata, 382 fuscata fuscata, 381 hirundo hirundo, 379 maxima, 383 melanoptera, 380 paradisea, 380 sandvicensis acufiavida, 384 stolida, 385 surinamensis, 385 Sternula antillarum, 382 Stilt, Black-necked, 375 Stilt sandpiper, 371 stolida, Sterna, 385 stolidus, Anoiis stolidus, 385 stolidus antillarum, Myiarchus, 467, 468 Streator, Clark P., work of, 258 Strepsilas interpres, 357 Streptoceryle alcyon alcyon, 452 striata, Dendroica, 517 Muscicapa, 517 striatus venatcr, Accipiter, 320 /S/ria? hrachyotus, 434 ferruginea, 430 nudipes, 430 Struthers, Parke H., work of, 200, 261 St. Croix, description of, 251 St. Croix honey-creeper, 502 /Sf; ti Thoniae, Certhiola, 501 St. John, description of, 252 St. Thomas, description of, 252 Sugar-bird, 501, 502 /SfwZa cori/i, 284 fusca, 281 leucogastra, 282 leucogastra leucogastra, 281 piscator, 284 swia, 281, 284 s?i?a^ Dysporus, 281 Sundevall, work of, 257 suHnamensis, Chlidonias nigra, 385 Hydrochelidon nigra, 385 Sterna, 385 Swallow, bank, 472 barn, 473 Jamaican cliff, 474 tree, 472 Swift, Antillean black, 439 Swift, Robert, work of, 257 Sylvia discolor, 518 magnolia, 511 palmarum, 520 pensilis, 515 Philadelphia, 525 pusilla, 504 trichas, 525 Sylvicola altiloqua, 494 americana, 504 coronata, 513 discolor, 518 pensilis, 515 Symphemia semipalmata, 366 semipalmata major, 366 Taarn-falken, 327 Tachycineta hieolor, 472 Tachypetes aquilus,, 286 Tanager, Porto Rican, 544 scarlet, 543 Tanagra dominica, 547 portoricensis, 546 sclateri, 549 Tantalus falcinellus, 304 Taylor, E. C, work of, 256, 257, 264 taylori, Pitangus, 464 596 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF FORTO RICO tuulori, ToJniarchus, 4CA TohiutrrJius caudifasciatus, 465, 466 Tyvannus, 464 Teal, bliie-wiiiged, 311 ieren, Coeri/zns minor, 421 Tern, l)lack, 385 ])ridled, 380 Cabot's, 384 common, 379 gnll-billed, 370 least, 382 roseate, 371) royal, 383 sooty, 381 Tetrao rirginianus, 330 Thalasseiis, 383 ThalasscKS acuflavHJus, 384 moximns maximns, 383 regia^ 383 sandvieensis neuffavidus, 384 thomcnsis, Colymhufi, 271 Thrasher, pearly-eyed, ^86 Thrush, 486 I*orto Rican, 480 wood, 401 Thula, Ardva, 201 Egretta thiila, 201 Tkiris hicolor omissa, 552 oHvfK eUj 555 oliiacea hryanti, 555 omissfiy 552 tiyrina, Dendroica, 506 Motacilla, 506 PerissoglosHQ, 507 Tigua, 271 Tljerilla, 286 Tinmmculus varihaearum, 328 doniink en.sU, 328 stianerius, 327 Todd, W. E. C, work of, 250 Todus hypovhondrUK'US, 454 meMvanus, A^u^ port ork en s Is, 454 riridiSf 454 Tody, I'orto Rican, 453 Tolmarchus (uudifasciatus taylori, 4(»5, 466 taylori, 464 Tomate, 546 Torcaza, 387 torquntuSj, IHvus, 457 Tortola, description of, 252 Tor to la Sanjuanera, 304 Tortolita, 308 Totamis pavipcs^ 366 melanoJeueus, 368 solitarius, 364 Tree-duck, black-bellied, 307 West Indian, 307 Tree swallow, 472 Trepadora, 503 TrUluis hrachidnctylKs, 525 tridias htrichidac tyla, Geothlyim, { (Jeothlypis, 525 Sylvia, 525 trUolor ruficollis, A^-dea, 203 Hydrcmassa, 202 TriiKja fuscicolliHj 371 himantopus, 371 lonykauda, 362 nimularia, 362 mac It kita J 370 iiickinotos, 370 minutilJa, 360, 372 morineUa, 357 pe toralis, 370 pnsiUa, 3T2 solitaria solitaria, 364 Trinyoides macularius, 362 tro( InlUj (Jliaemepelia passerina, 31 TrovhUus aurulentus, 440 (oluhriH, 443 e.i'i/i9, 440, 442 Uoloserkeus, 445 inargaritat ens, 440 manga ens, 443 f« e ia n of/« 8 ^ er^ 440 virklis, 447 viridis aurulentiiH, 440 tropkalis, Butco, '332 TroiJic-bird, red-billed, 270 yellow-billed, 277 Troupial, 538 Truche, 486 Trynga alba, 374 tschadensis, Estrllda melpoda, 53>: ^//i^ Psittacus, 417 Tardus ardosiacea, 480 auro-tapillus, 523 fuscatus, 486 gilrus, 485 motacilki, 522 mustelinus, 401 orpile us, 483 plumhenSy 480 polygloitos, 483 Turkey vulture, 318 Turnstone, ruddy, 357 Tyrannula martink a, 470 Tyrannus antillarum, 467 mrrirostris, 463 domink cnsis dotninU ciisis, 46( gr isensJ 460 pipiri, 460 roslratus, 460 taylori, 464 tyrannus, 464 tyrannus, LaniiiSy 464 IIus( kapa, 460 INDEX FOR VOLUME IX 597 Tijto ((iiutUa, 420 tzitzilioa. Anas, 309 Dafila acuta, 300 umhria, Motacilla, 513 Upland I'lover, 362 v.sneac^ Corn ijsothlyins amerh ana, o05 venator, Accipitcr striatus, 320 Veiicejo, 430 raria, MniotUta, 503 Motavilla, 503 V arias, Ficu^s, 450 SpJiyraincus ravins, 450 V«'rdadon, 453 de especiilo, 544 Verdoso, 544 Vetola fedoa, 374 retula, Cuculus, 423 rkinus, Chordeilcs minor, 438 Vidal, Rafael, work of, 201 rieilloti, ^aurothcra, 423 Vieqiiera, 387 Vieques Island, description of, 251 vigua mexkanus, Phahurocorax, 285 riolacea, Ardea, 300 Ja(ana spinosa, 340 Nf/vtanassa, 301 Xy< tanassa rioUuea, 300 Parra, 340 riolacea eayenncnsis, Nyctanassa, 301 jamai' ensis, Nyctanassa, 301 riolaceus, Nyctherodias, 300 Nycti< orax, 300 rircns, Dendroica rirens, 514 Motadlla, 514 Vireo altiloquns, 404 calidris, 404 latimeri, 402 oliraceus, 407 olivacens olira^e'ts, 404 vircscens, 407 Vireo, Jamaican, 404 red-eyed, 407 Vireosylra altiloqna, 404 calidris calidris, 404 alirarea, 407 vircscens, Ardca, 205, 200 Jiutorides, 200 Butoridcs rivcs(cn>^, 21"5 Ocniscns, 20G Vireo, 407 rircs(cns cnhanas, Butoridcs, 20(5 maculatus, Butorides, 206 rirginalis, Lampornis, 440 Virgin (lorda, description of, 252 riryinianus, Chordeilcs, 437, 438 Col inns ririfinianns, 330 Orf//«P, 330, 331 rlryinianus, Tcirao, 330 virginianus cuhanensis, Colinus, 331 Or^.J/o', 331 virginianus minor, Chordeilcs, 437 rirginicus, Charadrius, 356 Virgin Island Honey-creeper, 501 riridis. Anthracothorax, 447 , Ardca, 206 Lampornis, 447, 450 Todus, 454 Trochilus, 447 riridis aurulcntus, Trochilus, 440 vittata, Amazon a, 414 jliitM^OMrt vittata, 412 Chrysotis, 412 vittata gracilipcs, Amazona, 414 r it tat us, Psittacus, 412 Viuda, 375 rocifera, Hiatkula, 354 vociferus, Acgialitis, 353, 354 Antrostonius, 436 Antrostomus vociferus, 436 Charadrius, 353, 354 Oxyechus, 354 Oxyechus rooiferus, 353 vociferus ruhidus, Oxyechus, 354 vulgaris. Icterus, 538 Vultur aura, 318 iraglcri, I( terns, 535 Warbler, Adelaide's, 515 black and white, 503 black-poll, 517 black-throated blue, 511 black-throated green, 511, 514 Cape Miy, 506 magnolia, 51 mourning, 525 myrtle, 513 northern i)arula, 504 palm, 520 I'orto IJican golden, 507 yellow-throated, 514 Water Island, description of, 252 Water-thrush, 520 Grinneirs, 522 Louisiana, 522 Weaver-finch, hooded, 528 scarlet-cheeked, 530 Western sandpiper, 373 West, Hans, work of, 262, 263 West Indian great blue heron, 288 green heron, 206 jacana, 340 killdeer. 354 red-tailed hawk, 320 ruddy duck, 314 tree-duck, 307 Wetmore, A., work of, 253, 256, 250, 261, 262 598 SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF PORTO RICO Whippoorwill, Porto Rican, 436 White-crowned pigeon, 387 White-head, 387 White ibis, 305 White-rumped sandpiper, 371 Wigeon, American, 308 Wild canary, 507 Willet, 366 tvilsoni, ActodromaSj 369 Hiaticula, 352 Scolopax, 358 njilsonia, Charadrius, 352 Pagolla wilsonia, 352 tviJsonia rufinucha, Aegialitis, 352 E up odd, 352 wilsonii, Gallinago, 358 tcilsonius, Aegialitis, 352 Ochtliodromus, 352 wUsonius rufinuchuSj Ochtliodromus, 352 Wilson's plover, 352 snipe, 358 Winch, Cyrus S., work of, 263, 264, 265 Woodpecker, yellow-bellied, 459 Porto Rican, 457 Wood pewee, Porto Rican, 469 Wood thrush, 491 Worthington, W. W., work of, 259 wantholaemuSj, Conurus, 417, 418 xanthomus, Agelaius, 532 Icterus, 532 Xanthomus icterus ridgivayi, 538 portoricensis, 535 Yaboa, 299, 300, 302 Yaboa real, 299, 300 Yagareta, 343, 346 Y^aguasa, 288, 307 Yegiiita, 375 Yellow-bellied rail, 338 woodpecker, 459 Yellow-billed cuckoo, 420 Yellow-billed tropic-bird, 277 Yellow-crowned night heron, 300 Yellow-legs, greater, 368 Yellow-legs, lesser, 366 Tellowneck, 507 Yellow-shouldered blackbird, 532 Yellowthroat, Maryland, 525 northern, 525 Yellow-throated warbler, 514 Zancudo, 375 Zaramago, 272 Zaramagullon, 271, 272 Zarapico blanquinegro, 368 gracioso, 372 manchado, 362, 370 menudo, 369 mosqueado, 362 pequeiio, 369 solitario, 364 zancudo, 371 sena, Phonipara, 552 zena portoricensis, Fringilla, 552 Zenaida amaMlis, 394 aurita, 398 castanea, 398 martinicana, 398, 404 zenaida lucida, 395 zenaida zenaida, 394 Zenaida dove, 394 Zenaidura macroura macroura, 395 Zorzal, 486, 489 azul, 489 de los palmares, 486 de patas coloradas, 489 negro, 486 pardo, 486 Zumbador, 440, 443, 445, 447, 449 dorado, 449 verde, 447 Zumbadorcito, 443 Zumzum, 443, 449 V S3 NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands VOLUME IX—Part 4 rhe Birds of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands Psittaciformes to Passeriformes Alexander Weimore NEW YORK: POBUSHBD BT TSB ACADSMY 1927 PARTS ISSUED Part 3. Part 4. UME 11. Part 1. Part 2. Volume I (complete in four parts, with index). Part 1. History of the Survey, by N. L. Britton. Geological Introduction, by C. P. Berkey. Geology of the San Juan District, with colored map, by D. It. Semmes. Part 2. Geology of the Coamo-Guayama District, with colored map, by E. T. Hodge. Geology of the Ponce District, with colored map, by G. J. Mitchell. The Physiography of Porto Rico, with colored map, by A. K. Lobeck. Geology of the Lares District, with colored map, by Bela Hubbard. Geology of the Humacao District, with colored map, by Charles H. Fettke. Volume III. I'art 1. Tertiary Mollusca from Porto Rico, by C. J. Maury. l*art 2. Tertiary Mollusca from the Lares District, by Bela Hubbard. Volume IV. Geology of the Virgin Islands, Ciulebra and Vieques. Part 1. Introduction and Review of the Literature, by J. F. Kemp. Physiography, with colored map, by H. A. Meyerhoft'. Part 2. Physiography (concluded), with two colored maps, by H. A. Meyerhoff. Volume V (complete in four parts, w^ith generic index). Part 1. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta (Part), by N. L. Britton and Percy Wilson. Part 2. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta (Continued). Part ?K Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta (Continued). Part 4. Descriptive Flora—Si)ermatophyta (Continued). Volume VI. Part 1. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta (Continued). Part 2. Descrijitive Flora—Spermatophyta (Continued). Part 3. Descriptive Flora—Spermatophyta, with Appendix (Concluded). Descriptive Flora—Pteridophyta, by William R. Maxon. Volume VII. Part 1. Plant Ecology of Porto Rico, by H. A. Gleason and Mel. T. Cook. Part 2. Plant Ecology of Porto Rico (Qontinued). Volume VIII. Part 1. Mycology, by Fred J. Seaver and Carlos E. Chardon, with contributions by Rafael A. Toro ; F. D. Kern and H. H. Whetzel ; and L. O. Over- holts. Volume IX. Part 1. Mammals—Chiroptera and Insectivora, Living and Extinct, by H. E. Anthony. Part 2. Mammals—Rodentia and Edentata, by H. E. Anthony. Part 3. Birds—Colymbiformes to Columbiformes, by Alexander Wetmore. Part 4. Birds—Psiltaciformes to Passeriformes, by Alexander Wetmore. The above parts may be procured at $2 each by addressing Secretary, New York Academy of Sciences, 77th St. and Central Park West, New York, N. Y. K^m^:^^^L^-i THE UNtVEiSmr OF MICHIGAN GRADUATE LIBRARY DATE DUE :^i^t.iM *'. '"^^' '^'%r ^^^'^ 31 » 'f^'^n^r:,'^ y , :m i i ;? iv .m -t* i ' i!,"S''"l I Hi,:;"--' •" » ,1^^.:^. "%«..... ^...,-ri?r4 ¥i \- ^•-.;j^^ / ' ..'?'1v . ' t '4 1'!*-' J % ? - ^$'"1 i i^ -•<• -'; \ f^^\ f^^ f^^&\ f'/^'b^ ffi^i^^ fi^^A f&f^. f. f ^^^^W %^^Kw %-'^1^-^* :# ^£*^S^^~^>^ ^^w#.r/ %^^rvt^«*^;^ ^^t^^'^f^^^ ^ „.# V.*'^«^' ^te»-«>#'^ .''^;ir-: '^»'. Vi-S'^'' /^*' jma -f ^n i^;.^'^-^'^^:/"! f^<^'^|'" ff'"M'A^^^ nte:^^ DO NOT REMOVE OR MUTILATE CARD .4VV«^%.... ^^i^