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Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S Virgin Islands January 2017 *537593* 537593 PREPARED BY HDR 500 Seventh Avenue New York, NY 10018 LEAD AGENCY Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PREPARED FOR Environmental Protection Agency (EPA ) AUTHOR Roberto A. Herrera PhD, RPA Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 This page is intentionally left blank. Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Management Summary Involved State and Federal Agencies Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Survey Phase: Phase I Cultural Resources Survey Location Information Location: Anna’s Retreat, St. Thomas, USVI Minor Civil Division: Anna’s Retreat Administrative Subdistrict: Tutu Survey Area Number of Acres Surveyed: 4.3 7.5 Minute Quadrangle Map: Eastern St. Thomas (1983) Results of Research Sites within 1 mile: 1 Surveys in vicinity: 10 NR/NRE sites in or adjacent: 0 USVISHPO inventoried structure in or adjacent: 0 Precontact Sensitivity: Low; Historic Sensitivity: Low Results of Archaeological Survey Both the investigation and assessments from the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) revealed no concerns regarding subsurface archaeological deposits within the proposed Area of Potential Effects (APE). The investigation, consisting of literature review and physical inspection of the proposed well locations by the archaeologist, indicates that the APE, which is situated on rocky slopes with exposed bedrock at or near surface, has been subject to extensive modification caused by modern anthropogenic fill deposition, grading, and asphalt paving. Results of Architectural Survey The investigation revealed no concerns regarding impacts on buildings or structures from the Tutu Wells monitoring project (Project) area. Well placement activities, consisting of drilling within the area, poses no impact, physical or visual, on any listed or eligible structure within a 0.5-mile (0.8-km) radius of the Project area. Recommendations No archaeological remains were identified within the Project’s direct APE (ground disturbance footprint). The APE lacks the potential for intact archaeological deposits owing to shallow sediments overlying bedrock and the extensive modification of the area caused by modern activity such as fill deposition, road grading, and paving. The APE of exposed bedrock, characteristic of the Project area landform noted in soil characterizations and corroborated by boring-hole profiles and field observation. Document review and geomorphologic assessment demonstrates that there has been extensive fill and paving throughout the APE that would have heavily impacted and likely eradicated any shallow cultural deposits. Furthermore, USVISHPO has determined that activities within the APE will not adversely affect historical or archeological resources listed in or eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) nor will they adversely affect any potential subsurface archeological deposits, historic buildings, or historic structures. January 2017 | i Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands This page is intentionally left blank. ii | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Contents Management Summary .................................................................................................................................. i 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Project Information .............................................................................................................................. 2 3 Area of Potential Effects ...................................................................................................................... 3 4 Environmental Information .................................................................................................................. 4 4.1 Topography and Bedrock Geology ........................................................................................... 4 4.2 Soils and Drainage .................................................................................................................... 4 5 Historical Background of Tutu Wells Site ............................................................................................ 5 5.1 Precontact Period ...................................................................................................................... 5 5.2 Historic Period Summary........................................................................................................... 5 5.3 Previous Investigations, Known Archaeological Sites and Historical Properties ...................... 6 6 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................................... 8 7 References .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Appendices Appendix A. Project Maps Appendix B. Project Photographs Appendix C. Project Tables Appendix D. Additional Documentation January 2017 | iii Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Acronyms and Abbreviations APE Area of Potential Effects BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene CFR Code of Federal Regulations cm Centimeter(s) CVOC Chlorinated volatile organic compound EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency FS Feasibility Study FSRI Focused Source Remedial Investigation km kilometer(s) NPL National Priorities List NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service NRHP National Register of Historic Places Project Tutu Wells monitoring project RAC Remedial Action Contract RI Remedial Investigation ROD Record of Decision USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USVI United States Virgin Islands USVISHPO U.S. Virgin Islands State Historic Preservation Office iv | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 1 Introduction On behalf of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), HDR conducted a Phase Ia archaeological site review and sensitivity assessment based on site literature review, site visitation, and boring-hole log review for the Tutu Wells Superfund Site (Project) in St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands (USVI). The Phase Ia investigation was part of the work plan prepared by HDR for the Focused Source Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (FSRI/FS) for the Tutu Wells Superfund site in St. Thomas, USVI (Appendix A: Map 1). The FSRI/FS is being carried out under Work Assignment Number 031-RICO-021D under the EPA Remedial Action Contract (RAC) 2 Contract Number EP-W-09-009, focusing on the Curriculum Center property in the northern portion of the Tutu Wells Superfund site (Appendix A, Map 2). Earlier remedial investigations (RIs) for the area completed in 1987 identified four sources of groundwater contamination, qualifying the Tutu Wells Superfund site for inclusion on the National Priorities List (NPL) in September 1995. Subsequently, additional investigation and Remedial Action was implemented to address the source area and site-wide contamination. The aims of this FSRI/FS are to further investigate the nature and extent of the contamination at the Curriculum Center area and evaluate risks to human health and the environment as well as identify and evaluate remedial alternatives in support of a Record of Decision (ROD). FSRI/FS tasks include background research, site inspection, and geophysical survey, as well as groundwater sampling and groundwater elevation measurement. The Phase Ia investigation was carried out in response to the potential impact of the required installation of monitoring wells for FSRI/FS activities (Appendix A, Map 2). The purpose of the site review and sensitivity assessment was to identify all archaeological and historical resources within one mile of the proposed area of potential effects (APE) and determine, through site literature consultation and visitation of the proposed Project APE, any potential subsurface archaeological and historical resources that may be affected by project activities. The review was prepared in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and adhered to Department of the Interior and USVI State Historic Preservation Office (USVISHPO) Standards for Cultural Resource Investigations. HDR archaeologist Roberto Herrera, PhD, RPA, began by conducting background research at the USVISHPO at the St. Thomas regional library on all archaeological sites and listed, eligible, or inventoried architectural structures within one mile of the proposed Project location in December of 2016. Dr. Herrera then visited the Project site and consulted with on-site technicians. Dr. Herrera served as the Project’s Principal Investigator. He performed the review and site visits, authored the report, and prepared all relevant graphics. January 2017 | 1 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 2 Project Information The Project area is on the eastern end of St. Thomas, USVI, in the Anna’s Retreat section of the Tutu subdistrict. It is situated within the upper Turpentine Run drainage basin, which covers approximately 2.3 square miles (6 km2) and runs roughly north-south. The Project area is situated in mountainous terrain and bounded by relatively steep hills ranging from 12-percent grades within the APE to over 25-percent grades in the surrounding area. Early RI sampling from 1992 to 1995 identified four main sources of contamination at the Tutu Wells Superfund site: two chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOC) plumes at the northern and southern extremes of the site and two benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) plumes at the former Texaco and Esso (now Puma) filling stations within the site area (see Map 1 in Appendix A). However, the focus of the current work plan is centered on the Curriculum Center source area, and related cultural resources assessment confined to the northern Curriculum Center/Housing Authority sector (see Map 2 in Appendix A). Further details on the Tutu Wells site history and remediation progress are available in the Final Pre-Design Report (CDM 2001) as well as the 2016 Annual Remedial Action Progress Report (Arrowhead Contracting, Inc. 2016). 2 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 3 Area of Potential Effects The APE represents the geographic area or areas within which an undertaking may directly or indirectly cause alteration in the character or use of historic properties, if any such properties exist (36 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 800.16 [d]). For the Project, the direct APE represents the area within the general Project area that will be impacted by proposed drilling activities. As mentioned above, Appendix A: Maps 1 and 2 show the current conditions of the Project area and direct APE. The Project has minimal aboveground components, and therefore the indirect APE is considered to be the area within 0.25 mile of the direct APE. Properties within the APE are owned and managed by USVI Department of Education and the St. Thomas Housing Authority; the latter is also used by the St. Thomas Police Department. As demonstrated in Maps 1 and 2, the APE covers a total area just under five acres. This area has had increased urban development and traffic since the construction of the nearby Tutu Park Mall just 0.2 miles (0.32 km) southwest of the Project area. The direct APE is bounded on the west-northwest by Douglas Street and on the east-southeast by Flambouyant Avenue. To the south the direct APE is bounded by Route 38/Smith Bay Road, which leads into the eastern sector of the Tutu Park Mall complex. The area north of the APE comprises an asphalt parking area with a patch of wooded promontory leading to the properties of Joseph Gomez Elementary School and the community of Los Cerritos. January 2017 | 3 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 4 Environmental Information 4.1 Topography and Bedrock Geology The Tutu Wells Project area is in a rocky ridgeline, mountainous hill slope environment in the eastern interior sector of St. Thomas with bedrock observable at surface to near surface (Appendix B, Photos 9-12). The bedrock is composed of weathered and unweathered strata overlain by shallow soil; the bedrock consists of igneous andesitic tuff and breccias overlain by sedimentary deposits from volcanic and calcareous parent material. While the bedrock is observable within the immediate area around the APE, drill profiles also demonstrate extensive anthropogenic fill in the area representing an attempt to level the uneven terrain (Appendix D). 4.2 Soils and Drainage According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)/Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) custom soil resource report for USVI, the area within the proposed direct APE is predominantly composed (approximately 99.9 percent) of Fredriksdal-Sussannaberg complex at 12 to 20 percent slopes and extremely stony. This is followed by 0.1 percent of the same extremely stony complex at its southwest end at 20 to 40 percent slopes (USDA 2016). The Fredriksdal series consists of shallow, well drained, slowly permeable soils on summits and side slopes of volcanic hills and mountains. They formed in material weathered from igneous bedrock. Slopes range from 12 to 90 percent. The Susannaberg series consists of shallow, well drained, slowly permeable soils on summits and side slopes of volcanic hills and mountains. They formed in material weathered from volcanic residuum. Slopes range from 12 to 90 percent. Table 1 in Appendix C details the depth, consistency, inclusions, and drainage quality of the sediments found within the APE. As evident from the table provided, over 99 percent of the APE is composed of extremely stony and relatively steep depositional environment with very shallow soils not conducive to preserving cultural deposits. 4 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 5 Historical Background of Tutu Wells Site Archaeological literature and primary and secondary historic period sources were examined to obtain a better idea of the developmental history of the Project area and its surrounding environment. Background discussion is limited to activities relevant to the immediate area surrounding the Project area with extensive literature review of the prehistory covered elsewhere (Bullen 1962; Righter 2002; Rouse 1952, 1964, 1982; Wheaton 1999). 5.1 Precontact Period Precontact is used in this report to designate the period prior to the encroachment of European colonization and the use of written records. Based on a combination of ethnographic accounts, Precontact indigenous artifact collections, and archaeological data, the Precontact era can be divided into three main periods. These periods are well-documented in the literature and owing to comprehensive coverage elsewhere will be presented in limited detail to provide context for identifying potential subsurface deposits within the Tutu Wells direct APE. The three main periods for the Antilles consist of the Paleoindian Period (ca. 9500 B.C.–5000 B.C.), Mesoindian (5000 B.C.–A.D. 1) and Neoindian (A.D. 1–1500). Archaeological evidence in the Tutu subdistrict generally pertains to the Mesoindian and Neoindian periods which are further subdivided into the Saladoid (500 B.C.–A.D. 545) and Ostionoid (A.D. 600–1500) phases with the latter phase subdivided further to incorporate a putative Elenoid phase (Rodriguez 1985; Vescelius 1979). While archaeological data for the area are sparse, evidence found throughout the Antilles suggests that Paleoindian and Mesoindian subsistence strategies were similar in nature, consisting of a mobile and largely coastal subsistence strategy of hunting, gathering, and exploitation of marine resources. From Paleoindian and Mesoindian periods to Neoindian periods, indigenous lifeways (material culture, settlement and subsistence patterns) shifted from this archaic, aceramic, and mobile subsistence regime to one consisting of broad-spectrum and horticulturally based sedentism with more nucleated village settlements migrating inland as time progressed from Saladoid to Ostionoid phases (Wheaton 1999; Vescelius 1979). These changes in subsistence were accompanied by new waves of migration and occupation during the Saladoid and Ostionoid. The Saladoid demonstrates a significant shift, with earlier preceramic assemblages and mobile subsistence strategies giving way to more sedentary strategies associated with newly introduced cassava, yucca, and maize cultigens as well as ceramic technology. The next major migration occurs during the Ostionoid when settlements throughout the Antilles increase, with evidence from Puerto Rico indicating an association of some settlements with ball courts and ceremonial centers. While ceremonial centers or ball courts have yet to be found on St. Thomas, the Tutu village archaeological site represented one of the largest of Ostionoid period village sites (Righter 2002). However, while the nearby area has yielded examples of Saladoid and Ostionoid material culture, the immediate area surrounding the direct APE yielded no evidence of such activities. 5.2 Historic Period Summary Historically, the APE is part of contact and colonial periods characterized by large scale plantation based economy. After Columbus’ encounter in 1493, the history of the Virgin Islands and the Antilles was dominated by Spanish, Dutch, and Danish attempts to control the area. The first permanent European colony was established in Charlotte Amalie by the Danish West India Company with its main sector located in the southern bay built around Fort Christian. Colonial population varied January 2017 | 5 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands through this time due in part to the inability to retain indentured labor on the island. This labor shortage, along with the introduction of sugar plantations prompted the adoption of slave labor. Increased revenue from sugar exports led to a commensurate increase in the African slave population with numbers in St. Thomas reaching a total of 155 Europeans colonists and 3,042 African slaves by 1715 (Williams 1984). In all, the peak number of plantations on St. Thomas reached 177 by 1725, decreasing in number as cane production shifted to neighboring St. Croix. With slavery abolished in 1848 the economy of St. Thomas and the Virgin Islands overall shifted to animal husbandry and entered a period of decline. By the eighteenth century St. Thomas’ importance had decreased significantly as modernized maritime industry bypassed its port for better alternatives. The island’s shift from Danish colonial resource to burden led to its sale to the United States in 1917 for its strategic military value. Economic conditions did not begin to improve until after World War II when an increase in tourism laid the foundations for St.Thomas’ current economic conditions. The Project APE was likely part of the general plantation system consisting of Great Houses, Factories, Worker Villages and Field infrastructure (Tyson and Baumgardt 1987). Great House Complexes consisted of the plantation owner's residence, outbuildings, wells, cisterns, gardens, and graveyards frequently situated on slopes or hilltops adjacent to cultivated fields, and near the center of the property. Factory Complexes included grinding mills, boiling and still houses, curing sheds, storehouses, stables, pens and cisterns also often situated on hilltops with good exposure owing to the wind powered nature of some of St. Thomas’ energy. Worker Villages consisted of wattle and daub or stone houses, gardens, yards, and burial grounds located at the base of the hill slopes, adjacent to the fields and often below and within site of the Great House. Field infrastructure consisted of walls, fences, terraces, water troughs, ponds, roads, and fire breaks distributed across the plantation. Wheaton (1999) notes that Route 38, which corresponds to Smith Bay Road on the southern boundary of the APE, follows the historic road linking the town of Charlotte Amalie with eastern St. Thomas. A portion of this road, extending from town up Raphune Hill, existed as early as 1686 with the earliest cartographic depiction of the entire length of the road dating to 1830s. The map shows that the road ran alongside sites associated with six plantations: St. Thomas, Raphune, New Herrnhut, Donoe, and—most relevant to this investigation—Charlotte Amalie and Anna’s Retreat (Tutu). Both Charlotte Amalie and Anna’s Retreat (Tutu) areas fall within the 1-mile radius of the APE. Notwithstanding, USVISHPO determined that no historic sites would be adversely affected (see Appendix D). 5.3 Previous Investigations, Known Archaeological Sites and Historical Properties Background site research and site visitation was conducted in December 2016. Information was gathered in consultation with representatives of USVISHPO with the purpose of identifying the presence of previously recorded surveys, and listed, eligible or otherwise inventoried archaeological and architectural sites within a 1-mile radius of the APE. Consultation with the database yielded nine surveys within one mile of the Project area (Appendix C: Table 2) with one highway survey extending into the proposed APE. No eligible archaeological sites were recorded within one mile (1.6 km) of the Project area, nor were any archaeological resources noted within the APE. With the exception of the Tutu Village archaeological investigation published by Righter in 2002, which yielded significant data, the above studies all presented the same assessment, identifying a heavily impacted rocky/stony context composed of modern fill with little historical archaeological potential and no evidence of Precontact habitation or resource exploitation 6 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands in the form of village campsites or middens. The 2002 report, while substantial, recorded a large village site that has since been eradicated or buried under the Tutu Park Mall. Recent soil borings conducted by Geraghty and Miller (Appendix D) support this overall assessment, showing evidence of fill and bedrock strata with no cultural material beneath the fill. USVISHPO records note multiple properties within a 1-mile radius of the Project area; however, USVISHPO representatives have previously assessed that there was no potential for direct impact of the APE to any of the eligible or potentially eligible structures. This is supported by the state of the APE as shown by site photographs taken of the Project area (Appendix B: Photographs 1–20). As such there is no possibility of direct or indirect visual impact from the APE on eligible properties. January 2017 | 7 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 6 Conclusions and Recommendations Under contract to the EPA, HDR has conducted Phase Ia site review and sensitivity assessment for the proposed installation of monitoring wells for the Tutu Wells Project area. The investigation was completed to assist EPA in meeting its regulatory obligation pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The purpose of the investigation was to identify the likelihood of encountering archaeological or historical resources listed in or eligible for listing in the NRHP within the proposed APE. Results from this investigation would then be used to recommend follow-up measures if necessary. The Phase Ia background investigation of the Project area located no extant archaeological sites within a 1-mile radius of the direct APE. No known archaeological sites were recorded within the APE. Therefore no site will be impacted by the proposed activities of the Tutu Wells Project. Background research of the previously inventoried structures on file with USVISHPO did indicate the presence of structures eligible for NRHP within the 1-mile (1.6-km) radius of the APE. However, USVISHPO determines these structures to be well outside of the radius for indirect impacts. This assessment, along with their condition as determined by consultants at the USVISHPO, also eliminates the visual impact that any alteration within the APE may impose on them (Appendix D). Subsurface sensitivity assessment of the APE consisted of reviewing background literature and boring-hole logs of samples distributed across the APE. No significant historic or Precontact material was recovered from these samples nor were any conditions present that were amenable to the preservation of archaeological sites or associated cultural material. The area of ground disturbance encompassed in the APE for the Tutu Wells South Project area covers locations that have been shown to be predominantly bedrock and previously impacted by imported fill material. This severely compromises the potential for intact archaeological sites and associated cultural deposits. Therefore, due to the disturbed nature of the Project area with no significant archaeological resources and high level of modern impact, the proposed Project will have no effect on archaeological resources. HDR’s cultural resource experts have assessed the location’s geomorphology, environmental setting, history and potential for subsurface and visual impacts as outlined above. As a result of this investigation, it is HDR’s recommendation that no further cultural resource investigations are required as the proposed Project will have no effect on historic properties within the Project’s APE. In concurrence with the USVISHPO (Appendix D) relative to the scale and nature of the proposed APE, the potential for intact archeological sites and associated cultural deposits is low. However, as per the recommendation of USVISHPO, subsequent drilling should nonetheless monitor any samples for potential deposits and report any finding to the USVISHPO. 8 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 7 References Arrowhead Contracting, Inc. 2016 April 2016 Annual Remedial Action Progress Report, Tutu Wellfield Site, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands. Prepared for USVI DPNR, Project No. 13-01-106. August 2016. Bullen, Ripley P. 1962 Ceramic Periods of St.Thomas and St. John Islands, Virgin Islands. American Studies, No.4. William L. Bryant Foundation. CDM Smith 2001 CDM Federal Programs Corporation. Final Pre-Design Report, Tutu Wells (Soil and Groundwater) Site, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Work Assignment Nos. 008-RDRD- 021D and 009-RDRD-021D. Prepared for EPA. February 1, 2001. Righter, Elizabeth 2002 The Tutu Archaeological Village Site. Routledge, New York. Rodriguez, Miguel 1985 Cultural Resource Survey at Camp Santiago, Salinas, Puerto Rico. Museum of Turabo. Report presented to the Puerto Rican National Guard. Rouse, Irving 1952 Porto Rican Prehistory: Introduction: Excavations in the West and North. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, New York Academy of Sciences, 18(3):307- 464. 1964 Prehistory in Haiti, a Study in Method. Yale University Publications in Anthropology. Reprinted by the Human Relations Area Files Press. 1982 Ceramic and Religious Development in the Greater Antilles. Journal of New World Archaeology 5(2):45·55. Tyson, George, and Kenneth Baumgardt 1987 A Phase I Archaeological Survey of Beverly Hills, Estate Frenchman’s Bay, St. Thomas, USVI. MAAR Associates, Inc., Newark, Delaware. USDA 2016 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)/Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) custom soil resource report for USVI, Vescelius, Gary S. 1979 New Frames of Reference for West Indian Archaeology, 1: Cultural Taxonomy. Paper presented at the Eighth International Congress for the Study of Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles. January 2017 | 9 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Williams, Eric 1984 From Columbus to Castro, the History of the Caribbean, 1492-1969. Vintage Books, New York. Wheaton 1999 Phase Ia Cultural Resources Survey of Ground Water Treatment Facility Sites in the Tutu Drainage, St. Thomas. 10 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands A. Appendix Appendix A. Project Maps January 2017 | A-1 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands This page is intentionally left blank. A-2 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 | A-3 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands A-4 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands B. Appendix Appendix B. Project Photographs January 2017 | B-1 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands This page is intentionally left blank. B-2 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 1: View east of Tutu Wells South Project area showing geotechnical drilling equipment. January 2017 | B-3 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 2: View southwest of Curriculum Center parking area. B-4 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 3: View southwest of Curriculum Center parking area. January 2017 | B-5 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 4: View east of Curriculum Center parking area. B-6 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 5: View southwest of Curriculum Center northern area showing pre- existing well location. January 2017 | B-7 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 6: View west of northern end of Curriculum Center showing proposed drill area amid disturbed rocky sediment. B-8 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 7: View northeast of proposed drill area, Curriculum Center. January 2017 | B-9 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 8: View southwest of proposed drill area adjacent Housing Authority. B-10 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 9: View west showing graded and rocky nature of Housing Authority sediment context. January 2017 | B-11 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 10: View east of rear area of Curriculum Center property. B-12 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 11: Closeup of preexisting well location and graded rocky surface. January 2017 | B-13 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 12: View east of rear sector of Curriculum Center showing exposed, weathered bedrock. B-14 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 13: View northwest of Tutu Wells North Project area showing asphalt area west of Housing Authority building. January 2017 | B-15 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 14: View west of parking area west of Curriculum Center. B-16 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 15: Close-up of datum point for well location January 2017 | B-17 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 16: View east of Tillet Gardens proposed well location. B-18 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 17: View of Tillet Gardens proposed well location. January 2017 | B-19 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 18: View north of rear sector of Housing Authority. B-20 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 19: View northwest of rear of Housing Authority showing graded and disturbed surface. January 2017 | B-21 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Photograph 20: View west of Housing Authority parking lot. B-22 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands C. Appendix Appendix C. Project Tables January 2017 | C-1 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands This page is intentionally left blank. C-2 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Table 1: Soil Types and Descriptions at Tutu Wells APE Name Depth cm (in) Color Texture, Inclusions Slope Drainage Landform Fredriksal A 0-17.8 cm (0-7 in) DkRBrn Cl Lo Grl Rts 12-20 percent slopes Shallow, well drained, slowly permeable soils Summits, side slopes of volcanic hills and mountains Bw 17.8-30.5 cm (7-2 in) RBrn Cl Lo Gr Rts Cr 30.5-40.6 cm (12-16 in) YRd WBr R 40.6-152.4 cm (16-60 in) UBr Susannaberg A 0-5.08cm (0-2 in) VDkBrn Cl Lo Rts 12-90 percent slopes Shallow, well drained, slowly permeable soils Summits, side slopes of volcanic hills and mountains Bw 5.08-22.9cm (2-9 in) VDkBrn Cl Rts Cr 22.9-53.3cm (15-21 in) YBrn WBr R 53.3-152.4cm (21-60 in) YBrn UBr Sources: USDA NRCS 2007, USDA NRCS 2014 Soil Description Key: Shade: Dk–Dark Color: Brn–Brown,RBrn–Red Brown, YRd–Yellow Red Soils: Cl–Clay, Lo–Loam, Other: Grl–Gravel, Rts–Roots, Weathered-W, U-Unweathered, Bedrock-Br January 2017 | C-3 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Table 2: Previous Surveys within 1 Mile of Project Survey # Agency Project Contractor Author Year N/A N/A A Phase 1 Survey of the Proposed Mangrove Lagoon/Turpentine Run Flood Control Project, St. Thomas, USVI MAAR Inc. Thomas, Ronald and Lauren Archibald 1983 N/A N/A Marine Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Mangrove Lagoon/Turpentine Run Wastewater Treatment Project, St.Thomas, USVI MAAR Inc. Tyson, George 1985 N/A N/A Report on a Stage 1A and 1B Archaeological Survey of a Modified Effluent Outfall ROW, for the Mangrove Lagoon/Turpentine Run Wastewater Treatment Facilities, St. Thomas, USVI MAAR Inc. Thomas, Ronald and Harding Polk 1987 N/A USACE Final Report, A Cultural Resource Survey of the Proposed Turpentine Run, Flood Control Project, St. Thomas, USVI. Garrow and Associates Garrow and Associates 1989 N/A USACE Cultural Resources Survey of Segment B, Turpentine Run, St. Thomas,USVI. Brockington and Associates Espenshade, Christopher T. 1994 #318 USVIDPW A Phase lA-B Cultural Resources Survey of Route 38, St. Thomas, USVI. New South Associates Wheaton and Tyson 1994 #318 USVIDPW Phase II Cultural Resources Testing of Route 38, St. Thomas USVI, Including Additional Phase 1 Survey of the Harthman Property. New South Associates Wheaton and Tyson 1995 #665 EPA Phase Ia Cultural Resources Survey of Groundwater Treatment Facility Sites in the Tutu Drainage. St. Thomas USVI New South Associates Wheaton, Thomas 1999 #881 G.E.R.S Phase I Archaeological Survey. Estates Hoffman and Nullyberg, Parcel A. St.Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands Soltec International Soltec 2009 #969 N/A Phase I Archaeological Survey of Parcel #28- 5-1 Estate Charlotte Amalie, No.3, New Quarter, St. Thomas VI David Hayes, RPA Hayes, David 2014 C-4 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D. Appendix Appendix D. Additional Documentation D.1 USVISHPO correspondence D.2 Soil borings/Drill profiles January 2017 | D-1 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands This page is intentionally left blank. D-2 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D.1 USVISHPO Correspondence January 2017 | D-3 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D.2 Soil borings/Drill profiles D-4 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 | D-5 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D-6 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 | D-7 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D-8 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 | D-9 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D-10 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 | D-11 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D-12 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 | D-13 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D-14 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 | D-15 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D-16 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 | D-17 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D-18 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 | D-19 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D-20 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 | D-21 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D-22 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 | D-23 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands D-24 | January 2017 Phase I Archaeological Investigation for Tutu Wells Project St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands January 2017 | D-25