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•HA;::f Y8A5 19m ^-^f^F^w^- r'fh ^.m 'P%~V' '^r^^'^i Jfti)aca, ^tm fork US.Suptc^"J>oc,. Cornell University Library The original of tiiis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021194885 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS SAM. L. ROGERS, Dirkctob CENSUS OP THE VIRGIN ISLANDS OP THE UNITED STATES NOVEMBER 1, 1917 PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF EUGENE F. HARTLEY CHIEF STATISTICIAN FOB MANUTACTUKES WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 /^.LfSb'?!-/ CONTENTS. Page. Geography H Harbors 12 Trade with the United States 14 Minerals, flora, and fauna 16 Climate and rainfall Ig History 18 Efforts to acquire the islands 22 Government 24 St. Croix (Santa Cruz) Island 24 St. John Island 25 St. Thomas Island 26 Treaty between Denmark and the United States 28 Act to provide a temporary government for the Virgin Islands 33 POPULATION. Introduction 35 Population and its distribution 36 Total population 36 Decrease in population 37 Causes of decrease in population 37 Population of cities 40 Urban and rural population compared 41 Table 3.—^Total population for islands, cities, and rural districts: 1835- 1917 41 Density of population 43 Minor civil divisions ." 44 Color or race 44 Sex distribution 46 Table 10.—Males and females and ratio of males to females for islands, cities, and rural districts: 1917 49 Age distribution 50 Table 11.—Distribution by sex and age periods: 1917 and 1911 51 Table 12.—Distribution by sex and broad age periods for islands, cities, and rural districts: 1917 53 Table 13.—Distribution by age periods and by each year of age for per- sons under 25 years of age: 1917 54 Marital condition 56 Table 15.—Marital condition of the population 15 years of age and over, for islands, cities, and rural districts: 1917 58 Table 16.—^Marital condition of the total population, by color or race and age periods: 1917 59 (3) 4 CONTENTS. Page. Place of birth 61 Table 17.—Place of birth and color or race: 1917 61 Males of voting and militia ages 62 Citizenflhip. . . ^ 63 School attendance 65 Table 24.—Persons 5 to 20 years of age attending school, by age periods: 1917 66 Table 25.—Persons 5 to 20 years of age attending school, by age periods, for islands, cities, and rural districts: 1917 67 Table 26.—Persons 5 to 21 years of age attending school, by single years of age ; 1917 69 Illiteracy 70 Table 27.—Illiterates in the population 10 years of age and over, for islands, cities, and rural districts: 1917 71 Table 29.—Illiterates in the population 10 years of age and over: 1917 73 Inability to speak English 73 Dwellings and families 74 Occupations 75 Number and proportion of persons occupied 75 Number and proportion of persons in the general divisions of occupations. 77 Persons occupied, distributed by sex 78 Persons occupied, distributed by age periods 78 Persons occupied, distributed by color or race 80 Persons occupied, distributed by marital condition 81 Description of the occupation general tables 82 Table 41.—Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupation, classified by sex: 1917 83 Table 42.—Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in each specified occupation, classified by sex, for islands and cities: 1917 85 Table 43.—Total persons 10 years of age and over engaged in selected occupations, classified by age periods, color or race, and sex, and by mar- ital condition for persons 16 years of age and over: 1917 88 Table 44.—Total males and females 10 years of age and over in selected occupations, classified by age periods and color or race, and by marital condition for persons 16 years of age and over, for islands and cities: 1917 . 94 Wages and hours of labor 106 Table 45.—Wages received, hours worked per day, and days worked per year, by employees in each s pecified occupation: 1917 108 AGRICULTURE. Introduction 113 Area of enumeration. . .1 113 Schedules and methods of canvass 113 Definitions 113 Text discussion of tables 114 Value of farm products 114 Farms and farm property 114 Farm data for the islands: 1917 114 Farm tenure 116 Farms by size groups 119 CONTENTS. 5 Pago. Live stock on farms and elsewhere 121 Live stock on farms 121 Live stock not on farms 123 Live stock on farms and not on farms 123 Live-stock products 123 Poultry products 124 Honey and wax 124 Crops 124 Summary 124 Tropical fruits and nuts 124 Forest products 125 Selected farm expenses 125 Farm expenses 125 Receipts from sales of feedable crops 126 Age of farmers 126 Age of farm operator 126 Term of occupancy of farms 127 Term of occupancy 127 Table 15.—Farms and farm property, and live stock not on farms: Novem- ber 1, 1917 128 Table 16.—Number, acreage, and value of farms, classified by tenure and color of farmers; by islands: No'wember 1, 1917 130 Table 17.—^Value of all crops and principal classes thereof, and acreage and production of principal crops, by islands: 1917 130 MANUJ^'AOTURES. Introduction 131 General sumtmary 132 Sugar 133 Liquors, distilled—Rum 133 Bay rum 133 Bread and other bakery products 133 Wage earners employed, by months 134 Prevailing hours of labor 134 Location of establishments 135 Character of ownership 136 Engines and power 136 Fuel 137 Special statistics 137 General table 137 Table 9.—Detail statement for the Virgin Island group, for each island and each city: 1917 138 FISHERIES. Introduction 141 General summary 142 Persons engaged 143 Equipment 143 Products 144 6 CONTENTS. MAPS. Page. Pig. 1. The Virgin Islands 10 Pig. 2. The Virgin Islands of the United States—Location with respect to the principal Atlantic trade routes 15 ILLUSTEATIONS. Facing page. Fig. 3. Bird's-eye view of Charlotte Amalie and western part of St. Thomas Hai-bor 12 Pig. 4. Harbor of St. Thomas, Charlotte Amalie 20 Pig. 5. Christiansted, St. Croix, from Protestant Cay 26 Pig. 6. Charlotte Amalie, from St. Thomas Harbor 32 Pig. 7. Native women coaling ship, St. Thomas Harbor 40 Fig. 8 . Type of cistern used in storing rain water in rural districts of St. Thoma.3 . 48 Fig. 9. Main Street, Christiansted, St. Croix. Schoolhouse in foreground 64 Pig. 10. Sugar plantation, St. Croix Island 116 Pig. 11. Type of farmhouse, St. Thomas Island 120 Pig. 12. Cattle on Estate Diamond, St. Croix Island 124 Pig. 13. Transporting cattle to St. Thomas market 126 Fig. 14. Charcoal kiln on St. Thomas Island 136 Pig. 15. Magens Bay, St. Thomas Island. Hans Lollik Island in background. 142 APPENDIXES. Page. I. General order 149, 150 II. Instructions to enumerators—General instructions, and instructions for punching card 151-163 III. Enumeration districts and enumerators 164, 165 IV. Schedules 166-174 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Bureau of the Census, Washington, D. 0., June 15, 1918. Sm; I submit the following report concerning the special census of the Virgin Islands of the United States, authorized by the Secretary of Commerce at the request of the Secretary of the Navy. Under the terms of the general order promulgated October 1, 1917, by the Director of the Census, and approved by the Secretary of Commerce (Appendix I), a census of the Virgm Islands was ordered to be taken as of November 1, 1917, and Mr. Eugene F. Hartley, chief statistician for manufactures of the Census Bureau, was designated as supervisor in charge. The inquiries were to relate to population, agriculture, manufactures, and fisheries. In addition to these inquiries, at the request of the naval government of the Virgin Islands, statistics relating to wages and hours of labor of persons employed were collected from representative industrial establishments. On account of delays incident to securing transportation, the actual enumeration of the islands did not begin until seven weeks after the date set for the canvass. The supervisor, accompanied by Mr. Arthur J. Hirsch, expert special agent in charge of agriculture; Dr. Alba M. Edwards, expert special agent in charge of population; Mr. Dan C. Vaughan, chief of the division of publications of the Department of Commerce; and Mr. Oscar H. Gordon, Mr. WiUiam Ranger, and Mr. George H. Thomas, of the Census Bureau, arrived at St. Thomas on December 17, 1917. On the following day, in conference with Eear Admiral James H. Oliver, naval governor of the Virgin Islands, and his aids, Maj. J. F. Dyer, Lieut. Commander William R. White, and Dr. C. S. Butler, surgeon. United States Navy, the scope of the various inquiries and the organization of the census were discussed. On December 19, through the courtesy of Gov. Oliver, adequate quarters were provided in Fort Christian, in the town of Charlotte Amalie. The division of the island of St. Thomas into 16 enumera- tion districts—10 in the town of Charlotte Amalie and 6 in St. Thomas rural—and of the island of St. John into 5 enumeration districts was completed (Appendix II). Enumerators were ap- (7) 8 THE VnSGIN ISLANDS. pointed and instructed, and on December 24 the enumeration was begim promptly on both the islands of St. Thomas and St. John. The census of these two islands being well imder way, the office was left in charge of Mr. Arthm- J. Hirsch, while the supervisor, accompanied by Messrs. Edwards, Vaughan, Gordon, and Ranger, proceeded to Christiansted, St. Croix, on December 28 and imme- diately took up plans for the division of the island of St. Croix into 22 enmneration districts (Appendix II) and the appointment of enumerators. Ample quarters were provided in the Government House, in Christiansted, and on December 31 the enumerators for both the towns of Christiansted and Frederiksted and for St. Croix rural were iastructed in their duties and proceeded to the actual enumeration of the island. The enimieration of St. Croix, the largest of the islands in area and population, was greatly facihtated by the efficient cooperation of Asst. Paymaster R. G. WiUiams, dispatching secretary of the naval government for the island of St. Croix, who had communicated prior to the arrival of the census party with the leading estate owners of the island, the school super- intendents of both Christiansted and Frederiksted, and the quarter officers of the several quarter districts for the purpose of arousing their interest and securing their cooperation in the census work. To the assistance rendered by the estate owners is due in a great measure the rapid and successful enmneration of St. Croix. It was in a measm-e fortunate that the census of the islands was deferred until the latter part of December, since the services of the school-teachers could be utilized during the Christmas vacation. If the enumeration had commenced on November 1, no doubt considerable trouble would have been experienced in securing enu- merators quahfied to do the work. The enmneration was closed on all three islands on January 12, three weeks from the beginning of the canvass, and the census commission left on Monday, January 14, for New York. In addition to the population enumeration of 26,051 persons, the census of the Virgin Islands included the seciiring of 430 schedules of agriculture, 2,063 schedules of Hve stock not on farms, 84 sched- ules of manufacturing estabhshments, 210 schedules for the fisheries industry, and 306 schedules relating to wages and hours of labor. Through the courtesy of the Secretary of the Navy, the census commission was furnished transportation on a Government vessel from New York to St. Thomas, and the expenses of the field work were authorized to be paid by Asst. Paymaster Ehner L. Beach, who was designated as a special disbursing officer for that purpose these payments to be reimbursed by the Bureau of the Census. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 9 The section of the report relating to poptilation was prepared by Dr. Alba M. Edwards, expert special agent of the division of popu- lation, and the section relating to agricidture was prepared by Mr. Arthur J. Htrsch, expert special agent of the division of agri- cultm-e. I also wish to express my appreciation of the valuable services rendered by Mr. Dan C. Vaughan, chief of the division of pubhcations of the department, in the organization of the field force and the supervision of the work of the enumerators. Respectfully, Sam. L. Eogees, Director of the Census. Hon. William C. Redfield, Secretary of Commerce. VI R GIN "o*. 'o^ iti-jrj S LAicS RufflingPl. ANEGADA I ^^^«-v.r>"l<^ ^" ^v"^^^ ^1^^ t^s^- /<§?, '«?, '-<ss '-'^^ '*^^ ST. CROIX (10) Fig. 1. CENSUS OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES. GEOGRAPHY. That group of the Virgin Islands formerly known as the Danish West Indies was acquired by the United States by purchase from Denmark for $25,000,000, the formal transfer of possession taking place on March 31, 1917. Geographically the Virgin Islands constitute a part of what are known as the Leeward Islands, which, taken with the Wind- ward Islands to the south, form the chain known as the Lesser Antilles, reaching from Porto Rico, the easternmost island of the Greater Antilles, southward in a semicircular sweep of 700 miles to the coast of South America. St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas are the three principal islands of the group, although there are about 50 smaller ones, ranging in importance from islands of less than a square mile in area to out- cropping ledges of rock. The islands lie between longitude 64° 34' and 65° 06' west, and between latitude 17° 40' and 18° 25' north, and are thus well within the Tropics. The total area of the three principal islands is approximately 132 square miles. The total population was 26,051 at the special census taken as of November 1, 1917. The density of population is 197 persons to the square mile, which is a httle more than that of the state of New York according to the figures of the last decennial census. St. Croix, the largest and most populous of the islands, has an approximate area of 84 square miles and a total population of 14,901; St. Thomas has an approximate area of 28 square miles and a population of 10,191; St. John, an approximate area of 20 square miles and a population of 959. The total area of the group is somewhat more than double the area of the District of Columbia, and about one-fifteenth that of the state of Delaware. Of the smaller islands or cays, only 5 are inhabited. One of them, Ijovango, contains approximately 1 square mile and supports a colony of 20 persons who gain a livelihood by fishing and by inter- mittent labor on the neighboring island of St. John. Buck Island, 4 miles southeast of St. Thomas Harbor, is tenanted by a light keeper. Hassel Island and Water Island—flying in St. Thomas. Har- bor and virtually a part of the town of Charlotte Amalie—and Prot- estant Cay, a part of Christiansted, Island of St. Croix, are also inhabited. (11) 12 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. St. Thomas and St. Jolin belong properly to the Virgin Archipelago, which is a chain of islands discovered by Columbus on his second voyage ol exploration in 1493 and named by him "The Eleven Thousand Virgins." This archipelago extends more than 80 miles in an easterly direction from Porto Rico. Two other islands of the Virgin group—Vieques and Culebra—are owned by the United States, having come into its possession at the time of the acquisition of Porto Rico. The island of Tortola, the largest of the Virgin group, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada belong to Great Britain, and extend eastward from St. Thomas and St. John. St. Croix is distinct, geographically, from the Virgin group, although it belongs, as do St. Thomas and St. John, to the Leeward group. The islands of St. Thomas and St. John rise out of the ocean from a shelf on which the water is from 15 to 30 fathoms in depth, and may be considered a prolongation of the chain of islands known as the Greater Antilles—Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and Porto Rico. St. Croix is 40 miles south of St. Thomas and St. John and is separated from the Virgin group by a tongue of the ocean from 12,000 to 20,000 feet deep. These islands are separated from Porto Rico and the islands of Vieques and Culebra by the Virgin Passage. St. Thomas Island has the principal harbor of the Virgin group—St. Thomas Harbor— on which the town of Charlotte Amalie is situated. It is about 40 miles east of Fajardo, the nearest port on the island of Porto Rico, and 70 miles from San Juan, the principal city and port of Porto Rico. St. Thomas hes south, 20° east and 1,442 mUes distant from New York City. Although St. Croix is a considerable distance from other islands of the group, all may be encompassed within a circle whose radius is 25 miles. Structurally St. Thomas and St. John are similar. The Virgin Islands as weU as all others of the Lesser Antilles are of volcanic and coral origin and present a bold appearance on approach. They are described by Dr. Hornbeck as a mass of bluish hard granite stone porphyry. HAEBOES. St. Thomas Harbor, situated about midway of the southern side of the island of St. Thomas, is one of the best harbors in the Antilles. Situated as it is on the Virgin Passage, and commanding strategically this important gateway, it has been for a long time an important calhng station for vessels plying between Europe and Central America and for vessels bound for South America by way of ports of the Lesser Antilles, and recently for ships sailing by way of the Pan- ama Canal. Calling vessels may obtain supphes, such as coal, oil, and water, and ships of moderate size may be repaired in this har- bor which is well protected in aU but the most severe hurricanes. HABBORS. 13 The commerce, however, is of httle consequence, the imports received at Virgin Island ports from the United States in 1917 amounting to $1,416,342. The coast lines of St. Thomas and St. John are irregular. Many of the branching or lateral ranges of mountains reach to the edge of the sea. Between these spurs or elevations bays are formed, which afford the protection of harbors on the leeward side of the islands. In these bays, and in St. Thomas Harbor as well, the freebooters and pirates of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are said to have found concealment and refuge whUe engaged in committing depre- dations on the Spanish Main. The harbor of St. Thomas has long been celebrated for its unusual facilities and its many advantages. Protected as it is by two large islands—Water Island and Hassel Island—and fringing ledges, it is yet easy of access for vessels drawing under 30 feet of water. Its small size is the chief drawback to any development as a base for a large number of vessels, the area being approximately 1.3 square miles. The great majority of the harbors in the islands of the Lesser Antilles are httle more than open roadsteads, and shipping is afforded httle shelter from the winds in more than one direction. The harbor of St. Thomas differs in this respect by being protected in all wind disturbances, affording ample shelter to shipping in blows less than those of the greatest hurricane velocity. The harbor of Coral Bay (sometimes designated by the natives of St. John as Crawl Bay, or Craal Bay) on the eastern end of St. John is approximately three times as large as St. Thomas Harbor and has a much greater depth. With the construction of breakwaters, which is considered feasible, it would afford anchorage to a very large fleet. The Sound, which extends roughly 3 miles in an east and west direction, and 2 mUes in a north and south direction, is formed between the islands of St. Thomas and St. John, and is protected on the north by a chain of islands, namely, Thatch, Grass, Mingo, and Lovango Cays, and on the south by Great St. James, Little St. James, Dog Island, and small ledges. It offers one of the best anchorages for vessels of the deepest draft if for strategic reasons it should become necessary to develop and protect by breakwaters a harbor of such magnitude. The harbors of Coral Bay and the Sound have not received the atten- tion their natural advantages call for on account of the early settle- ment of Charlotte Amahe and the development of that town into the metropohs of the islands. Of the importance of the islands, due to their geographic position. Secretary Lansing says: * * * "The commercial value of the islands can not be doubted. Ljdng in close proximity to many of the passages into the Caribbean Sea, the use of St. Thomas Harbor as a supply station for merchant ships plying between the United States 14 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. and South America, and for vessels in other trades, is of great im- portance. The existing modem harbor works, floating docks, marine shp and wharves provided with electric cranes, oil reservoirs, coal depots, fresh-water tanks, machine shops, and warehouses contribute to the commercial advantages of St. Thomas Harbor as a port of call and transshipment for ships in the Central and South American trades. "The political importance of extending American jurisdiction over the islands is not to be overlooked. The Caribbean is within the •peculiar sphere of influence of the United States, especially since the completion of the Panama Canal, and the possibility of a change of sovereignty of any of the islands now under foreign jurisdiction is of grave concern to the United States. Moreover, the Monroe doctrine, a settled national policy of the United States, would have caused this coimtry to look with disfavor upon the transfer of sovereignty of the Danish West Indies to any other European nation." TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES. The following table shows the commerce between the United States and the Virgin Islands (Danish West Indies) : TEAS.' (15) 16 THE VIBGITJ- ISLANDS. MINERALS, FLORA, AND PAXJNA. While it is reported that minerals are to be found on the islands, so far as known no attempts at mining or exploration have been made. These resources are yet to be 'determined by geological examination. Nearly all of the original forests have been cut down and the timber made into lumber or charcoal. Charcoal is even now the universal fuel, and the burning of this from the scanty timber grov/th furnishes employment to approximately 100 persons in the rural districts of the islands. There are still mahogany trees of indigenous growth, principally on St. John Island, and some attempts at reforestation have met with success, the most notable efforts being those of the Danish West India Plantation Co. This company owns a number of estates and a few years ago planted over 50,000 mahogany and cedar trees, principally on the island of St. Croix. The fauna of the islands is very Umited, although on St. Croix a species of deer is plentiful. Noxious reptiles are scarce. Several years ago, for the piirpose of exterminating rodents, the mongoose was imported from India, and this httle animal, by destroying the eggs of birds and fowls and by the wholesale destruction of poultry, has caused a scarcity of domestic fowls and an absence of bird life in the islands. Fish in great number and variety abound along the coasts, and the annual catch furnishes a very important part of the food supply. CLIMATE AND RAINFALL. Although the northernmost of the islands, St. Thomas and St. John, are below latitude 18° 30' and thus well within the tropics, the entire group has the advantage of possessing a fine climate. This is due in part to the northeast trade winds, which blow briskly with great regu- larity from the north-northeast for nine months during the year. These winds vary in velocity from a light to a moderate breeze, and attain their greatest strength usually around 4 o'clock in both the afternoon and morning. Owing to the relatively small size of the islands and the lack of hot land breezes, due to the ever-present northeast trade winds, the tem- perature is equable. The climate is delightful for a winter resort, and the trade wiads also furnish an equable mean for the summer months. The mean temperature at Charlotte Amalie on St. Thomas, ,• covering a period of three years, ranged from 78° F. in March to 84° F. in October while the mean temperature at Christiansted, St. Croix, covering a period of 28 years, ranged from 76.3° F. in February to 82° F. in August. As may be seen from the following table, data for which were fur- nished by the United States Weather Bureau, the rainfall in S, CLIMATE AND EAINFALL. 17 Thomas varied, for the years available, from three-fourths of an inch in March to 6.42 inches in November. Likewise, the St. Croix rain- fall varied from 1.22 inches in March to 6.02 inches in October. TEMPEEATUKE AND EAINFALL. The year, January February March April May June JuJy August September October November December ST. CROIX (OHKISTIANSTED). Average tempera- ture for 28 years (degrees F.). Average rainfall for 28 years (inches). 47.56 2.32 1.93 1.22 2.91 4.49 4.61 3.94 4.49 6.75 6.02 6.71 4.17 ST. THOMAS (CHARLOTTE AMALIE). Average tempera- ture for 3 years (degrees E.). 81.0 80.2 78.4 78.0 79.6 79.6 So. 6 82.9 83.3 83.8 84.0 Average rainfall for 10 years (inches). 38.23 2.87 2.24 0.75 2.66 1.60 2.99 3.35 2.32 2.99 6.83 6.42 4.41 According to observations of John Knox, the maximum tempera- ture on record, 1843 to 1851, is 91.9°, and the minimum 68.9°, the highest being in the month of September, and the lowest in the latter part of January. The average annual rainfall is 38.23 inches for St. Thomas and 47.56 inches for St. Croix. Even over so small an area as the islands the rainfall is not evenly distributed, and it is thought to be more abundant on the northern slopes than on the southern. In fact, water is the greatest need of the islands, and there is a very close relation between the rainfall and the production of sugar cane. There are no streams of consequence on St. Thomas or St. John. St. Croix, however, has a number of water courses, rising generally in the mountain slopes on the northern side of the island and flowing southward. There are very few wells in the islands and drinking water is obtained by collecting rain water in cisterns. Some thought and consideration have been given the subject of irrigation by the planters of St. Croix, an attempt having been made in one instance to impound water for this purpose. It is considered feasible, especially in the valleys between the spurs on the southern slopes of St. Croix, to develop an irrigation project or dig wells which would provide water for sugar cane and other crops during periods of drought. 60396°—18 2 18 THE VTEGIN ISLANDS. The islands are often visited by severe storms kno'wn as hurricanes, the wind occasionally attaining a velocity of 150 nules an hour. These occur sometimes during the month of July, but more frequently during August and September, and rarely later than October. More than 130 of these hurricanes classed as destructive have been noted as visiting the islands, some of them accompanied by much loss of life and destruction of property. Earthquakes are of frequent occurrence, but very f«w have been severe enough to cause any damage. HISTORY.^ Although the Virgin Islands are small in comparison with the islands of the Greater Antilles, there is much of interest to Americans in their history. Discovered by Colvimbus during his second voyage in 1493, St. Thomas was first colonized by the Danes under Jorgen Iversen, who was sent out by the Danish West India Co. in 1672. Previously a settlement had been attempted in 1666 by Erik Schmidt, a Dane, who, arriving in a ship called De Endracht, took posses- sion of St. Thomas Island in the name of Denmark. The colonists, however, remained only a short time and returned to Denmark. At the time of the discovery of the Virgin Islands it is very probable that St. Thomas was inhabited by Indian tribes known as Caribs. The Caribs had the reputation of being fierce and warlike, also of being cannibals, the materials for their feasts being dra%vn from their less warlike neighbors on the island of Porto Rico. Inscrip- tions and figures on rocks on the eastern end of the island of St. John supposed to have been the work of Caribs are still in an excellent state of preservation. Interesting and significant to the student of history is the fact that the language of the islands is English, although the Virgin Islands were under the Danish flag for 245 years, with the exception of a few months, from April, 1801, to February, 1802, when they were held by England, and from 1807 to 1815, when they were again seized by England during the Napoleonic wars. At the present time the imprint of years of Danish Government is slight, not only in language but in customs and traditions. Acquired by Denmark as a source of sugar supply during the period when all European nations were seeking this, and also for pohtical purposes, the islands were retained by Denmark long after they had ceased to be a source of revenue. The earlier schemes of colonization by the Danes were centered in St. Thomas and St. John; St. Croix, occupied by Dutch and English settlers in 1625, did not come into possession of Denmark until 1733. 'For the history of the Virgin Islands, Dr. Waldemar Westergaard's comprehensive volume, "The Danish West Indies," was largely used, while Dr. Charles Edwin Tay- lor's "An Island of the Sea " and various consular reports were also consulted. HISTORY. 19 Gov. Iversen, in the Fero, arrived in St. Thomas Harbor, May 25, 1672, with about 100 persons and on the following day landed and took possession of the island and raised the Danish flag. The infant colony was aided during the first year of its existence by the English officer in charge of Tortola Island (recently seisied from the Dutch), who allowed them to procure sugar-cane settings for the land they prepared. The fortune of the Danish colonists for the next few years was not unlike that of other nationalities seeking to gain a foothold in the New Woi'ld. The voyage across the Atlantic and into lower latitudes had taken terrible toll of every ship's com- pany, and the governor of the new colony frequently found himself in dire straits for labor. In 1674 the Danish West India Co. was given permission to engage in the slave trade on the Guinea Coast of Africa, and provision was made at this time for the absorption of the African or Guinea Co. into the Danish West India Co. Mean- while, however, a consignment of 103 slaves had been sent to St. Thomas by the African Co. and others were soon brought. The slave trade was beginning to assume considerable proportions and was eagerly engaged in by the Dutch, English, Spanish, and Portuguese skippers. Despite the high death rate from, pestilence, the colonists increased, by accessions from other islands and by the slaves imported, from barely 100 each of whites and blacks in 1673 to 156 whites and 175 blacks in 1680. In 1680, Iversen, weary of governing the colonists, many of whom were disturbers and agitators seeking refuge or were those expelled from other colonies, and worn out by the strain of repelling attacks of the French from the island of St. Croix, was relieved at his own request and was succeeded as governor by Nicholas Esmit. De- spite the venture of the company into the Guinea slave trade and the sending to Denmark of cargoes of sugar, cotton, indigo, tobacco, ginger, hides, and valuable timber, the new colony was not a financial success from the standpoint of the company. The Danish Government now took a hand in the company's affairs and endeavored to place it on a better footing. Officials, employees, and others were required to take stock in the enterprise, and considerable attention was given to providing ships for the Guinea slave trade. Gov. Esmit, on account of harboring pirates and runaway slaves, very early became embroiled with the English governor of the Leeward Islands. Adolph, the brother of Gov. Nicholas Esmit, usurped the governor's powers and later was com- missioned governor of St. Thomas. Under the Esmit brothers St. Thomas became a harbor of refuge for pirates, and it frequently became necessary for the English governor at Nevis to raid St. Thomas Harbor to secure stolen property. 20 THE VIKGIN ISLANDS. With the hope of restoring order, as St. Thomas was regarded by colonists of other nationahties on neighboring islands as an island of outlaws, the company sent George Milan in 1684 to replace Esmit, but in the following year found it necessary to send a commissioner with power to settle the difficulties. As a result of the commis- sioner's findings, Lieut. Christopher Heins was made governor on June 29, 1686, and Gov. Milan was returned to Copenhagen under arrest and later condemned and executed. For three years Lieut. Heins administered the affairs of the company, until his death October 2, 1689. During the next 13 years the business of the Danish West India & Guinea Co. was ably managed by John Lorentz, a part of the time as assistant and for six years as governor. This man had had much experience in the affairs of the company, having been in its employ almost continuously since the days of Nicholas Esmit. He brought affairs from bankruptcy to solvency, and at his death in 1702 the colony was in a position to wage a vigorous fight for existence among the Caribbean settlements. Figures from the earhest censuses or records of the Danish West India & Guinea Co. show the growth of the St. Thomas colony and the extent that the African slave trade early assumed in its history. Charlotte AmaUe very soon took its place as an entrep6t and distributing center for the slave traffic. HISTOET. 21 In the year 1733 St. John reached the height of its prosperity under slavery, sugar and cotton being the principal products. In November of this year there was a serious uprising of the slaves which resulted in the death of probably 50 whites and three or four times that num- ber of blacks before the insurrection was put down. St. Croix was purchased by the Danish West India & Guinea Co. from France for 750,000 livres. The treaty providing for the transfer was ratified June 15, 1733. St. Croix was occupied as early as 1625 by Dutch and Enghsh settlers, who were joined by some French refugees from other West Indian Islands, principally from St. Christopher (St. Kitts). Shortly before 1650, as a result of a civil war between the factions, the Dutch and French were expelled from the island. The Spaniards from Porto Rico in August, 1650, drove off the Enghsh but only retained possession for a very short period, as de Poincy, the heutenant general of all the French islands in America, sent a force of 166 men from St. Christopher and succeeded in ousting the Spanish. The settlement of St. Croix was begun by the French in 1651 when 300 colonists were sent there. From 1651 to 1664 St. Croix was owned by the Knights of Malta who governed it in the name of Louis XIV. In 1695 the colony moved to San Domingo, and from that time until the purchase by the Danish company in 1733 St. Croix does not appear to have been inhabited. In 1734 Gov. Frederick Moth took possession of the island and began the work of laying out plantations for the cultivation of sugar and cotton After seven years the first census showed 122 cotton plantations, 120 sugar plantations, and over 1,900 slaves,. The following table showing the number of slaves gives an idea of the importance that the colony early assumed: SLAVES ON THE ISLAND OF ST. CEOIX. Number of slaves. Number of slaves. 1742. 1745. 1764. 1,906 2,878 7,666 1755. 1766. 16,956 Uprisings of the slaves occurred in St. Croix in 1746 and 1759. The first was speedily put down, but more serious results followed the second, which resulted in the kiUing of about 25 of the Negroes before order was restored. Denmark was one of the first countries to take steps to curb the African slave trade, and in 1848 slavery was abohshed in the islands. St. Thomas and St. John were early given unrestricted privileges of trade with the other American colonies (1764), and in 1782 this 22 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. was extended to trade with all nations; yet it was not until 1833 that St. Croix enjoyed the privilege of having all trade restrictions re- moved. In 1780, of the 516 vessels entered at St. Croix, 82 entered from ports of the United States and 123 from Porto Rico, while only 16 came from Danish possessions in Em-ope. It is interesting to note at this early period the comparatively sUght commercial intercom-se with the mother country and the extent of shipping from the United States. Following the period in which St. Thomas increased its importance as a shipping center and distributiag point it dechned in importance as an agricultural community. Dm-ing the period from 1821 to 1830 an average of 2,809 ships of a tonnage of 177,444 called there annually. During this decade St. Thomas experienced its greatest prosperity, being a distributing center for merchandise and commodities for the other islands of the West Indies. Very shortly thereafter the influ- ence of steam navigation was to cause a dechne in the commercial importance of the island. With the advent of steam the merchants of Porto Rico and those of the Lesser Antilles and of South America were able to import goods direct from Europe and America. Later the West India & Panama Telegraph Co. established headquarters on St. Thomas and their submarine cables cover all the West Indies and connect at Jamaica with cables from Europe and the United States. The value of the Virgin Islands now hes in their geographic loca- tion and exceptional harbor facilities rather than in their cormnercial and agricultural activities. EFFOETS TO ACQUTRE THE ISI.^NDS. The following extract from a report of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, dated February 17, 1917, is a statement concerning the efforts of the United States to acquire the Virgin Islands: "The acquisition of the Danish West Indian Islands has been the subject of negotiation and treaty between the United States and Denmark for more than a half century. The United States first attempted the purchase of these islands in 1865, during the adminis- tration of President Lincoln. Secretary Seward appeared to be especially anxious that they should belong to the United States. It appears that Mr. Seward first proposed to pm-chase the islands at a dinner party in January, 1865. Denmark had no desire to part with her West India colonies. The assassination of President Lincoln and the attempted assassination of Secretary Seward sus- pended the negotiations for some time. In the meantime. Secretary Seward visited the islands. It was not, however, until July 17, 1866, that the United States made a definite offer of $5,000,000 for St. Thomas, St. John, a/id Santa Cruz. EFFORTS TO ACQUIRE THE ISLANDS. 23 "In 1867 Denmark declined to sell the islands for $5,000,000 but offered St. Thomas and St. John for $10,000,000, or $15,000,000 for the three. Mr. Seward replied by offering $7,500,000 in gold for the three islands. Denmark agreed to take $7,500,000 for St. Thomas and St. John but wanted $3,750,000 in addition for Santa Cruz. Finally, Secretary Seward agreed to purchase St. Thomas and St. John for the price named by Denmark, $7,500,000, but further com- phcations arose because Denmark insisted that the consent of the people of the islands should be formally given before the sale was consummated. This was at fii-st objected to by Mr. Seward, but he finally cabled our minister to 'concede question of vote,' and on the 24th of October the treaty was signed. "The question was submitted to a vote of the people, the voting occurring in St. Thomas on January 9, 1868, and out of 1,039 votes cast there were but 22 votes against the cession. In St. John there were 205 votes in favor of the cession and not one against it. "The treaty was submitted to the Rigsdag of Denmark and promptly ratified and signed by the King on June 30, 1868. It was submitted to the United States Senate on December 3, 1867. Senator Sumner was chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations during this period, and the treaty remained unreported for more than two years, when, on March 24, 1870, Senator Sumner reported it adversely and the Senate declined to ratify it. The negotiations for the pur- chase of the islands commenced under President Lincoln and the treaty was signed shortly after Andrew Johnson became President, but it was not acted upon until the administration of President Grant. " Subsequently it appears that the purchase of the islands was con- sidered by Secretaries Foster and Olney during the administrations of Presidents Harrison and Cleveland. "On March 31, 1898, the Committee on Foreign Relations reported to the Senate a bOl authorizing the President to purchase the islands for use as a naval and coaling station. On this biU Senator Lodge submitted an exhaustive report, giving in detail the history of the islands and summarizing the history of the itegotiations for their purchase by the United States. "On January 24, 1902, a convention was signed at Washington by Mr. Hay, Secretary of State, and Mr. Brun, Danish minister, for the cession to the United States of 'the islands of Saint Thomas, Saint John, and Saint Croix, in the West Indies, with the adjacent islands and rocks,' the consideration being $5,000,000. This con- vention was favorably reported by the Committee on Foreign Rela- tions on February 5, 1902, and ratified by the United States Senate February 17, 1902. The treaty was approved by one house of the Danish Rigsdag; but, October 21, 1902, the other house by a vote of 32 to 32 declmed to ratify it." 24 THE VTRGIN ISLANDS. GOVERNMENT. The islands constitute two municipalities—one consisting of St. Thomas and St. John and the other of St. Croix. Each island is divided into quarter districts, of which there are 8 in St. Thomas outside of the town of Charlotte Amalie, 5 in St. John outside of Cruz Bay town, and 9 in St. Croix outside of Christiansted town and Frederiksted town. Formerly the executive power was vested in a colonial governor appointed by the Crown, who resided from April 1 to September 30 of each year ia Christiansted, the capital of St. Croix, and the other half of the year in Charlotte Amalie, the capital of the municipality of St. Thomas and St. John. Legislative authority in each munici- pality was vested in a colonial council consisting of 18 members for St. Croix—5 nominated by the Crown and 13 elected—and 11 mem- bers for the municipality of St. Thomas and St. John—4 nominated by the Crown and 7 elected. Of those elected in the latter munici- pality, 4 were from the town of Charlotte Amalie, 1 from the rural districts of St. Thomas, and 2 from the island of St. John. There are two essential requisites for the qualification of voters. First, the apphcant must own real estate producing a monthly income of $5, or have a personal income of $300 a year; and, second, he must be of unblemished character. Educational facilities on the islands are limited, especially in the higher grades. Heretofore, in order to pursue a course beyond the grades, it has been necessary to go to institutions on the neighboring islands or to the United States or to Europe. Under the able admin- istration of the naval governor since the United States has taken possession of the islands, steps have already been taken to improve educational conditions. ST. CROIX (SANTA CRUZ) ISLAND. St. Croix, the largest and most populous of the Virgin Islands, is 40 mUes south of St. Thomas and St. John and had a population of 14,901 at the time of the special census. It has an area of 84 square miles, and a density of population of 177 to the square mile. Of the approximate acreage of 53,920, there were reported 49,206 acres in farms at the census of 1917. The island is about 20 mUes in extreme length and varies in width from 1 mile in the eastern end to 5 miles in the central and western parts. UnUke St. Thomas and St. John, its coast hne is not indented by bays and harbors. The harbors of Christiansted and Frederiksted are practically the only barbers on the island. The harbor of the latter city is nothing more than an open roadstead. Although Christiansted Harbor has a tortuous entrance and has filled up with mud, it is considered feasible by ST. JOHN ISLAND. 25 dredging to make it much more available and convenient of access for shipping. On the northern side of the island deep water is close to shore, while on the southern side the shoals or coral ledges extend from 2 to 3 miles. The northern side of St. Croix is somewhat mountainous, the high- est peak being Mount Eagle, which has an elevation of 1,164 feet. The range varies from 600 to 1,000 feet in the western end of the island and from 400 to 800 feet in the eastern end. Southward from the mountain range St. Croix is composed of broad undulating valleys, fertile and well adapted to agriculture. Modern farming . methods are practiced, and some of the sugar estates employ machinery to advantage in the cultivation of sugar cane. St. Croix is well suited to the growing of a very fine grade of sea-island cotton, 100,000 pounds having been reported as marketed by one company in 1917. The estates of St. Croix are owned generally by a very intelligent and progressive class of men, and the social life is very different from that of St. Thomas and St. John. The estate owners are natives of the Virgin Islands, or the neighboring islands of Barbados, St. Christopher, and Antigua, or of the United States. Sugar cane, hay and forage, cotton, and fruits and vegetables were the ferops of most importance as reported at the 1917 census. The value reported for all crops at this census was practically half a million dollars, sugar cane representing nearly nine-tenths of this total. The climate and soil are well suited to the growing of tropical fruits. Bananas, cocoa, mangoes, oranges, and pineapples were reported in the agriculture census, although in nothing like the quantities customarily grown on account of the destruction of trees and foliage by the hurricane of October, 1916. Cattle raising is an important industry, the total value of live stock reported on farms and elsewhere exceeding the total value of all crops. St. Croix is traversed by a network of roads, kept in good con- dition, and the automobile is used extensively by the estate owners and others for business and for pleasure. ST. JOHN ISLAND. St. John, lying just east of St. Thomas, is the smallest and least developed of the three islands. It has an area of 20 square miles and only 959 inhabitants, a density of 48 to the square mile. There are no roads on the island, consequently the only method of travel is on horseback over mountain trails. The chief industry now is cattle raising, and the estates or farms are largely given over to this pursuit. Formerly sugar cane was grown to a considerable extent, but has been discontinued since the intro- 26 TEE VIBGIK ISLANDS. duction of modern macliinery in its cultivation in competing areas. A small amount of sugar cane is still grown and converted into rum. At the 1917 census reports were secured for 26 farms, representing about four-fifths of the acreage of the island. Only about one-fifth of the total land in farms, however, was classed as improved land, and the averaga value of land per acre was reported as $9.46, which is less- than one-third the siverage value reported for land in St. Thomas and less than one-fourth that in St. Croix. With the exception of a few estate owners the natives of the island of St. John live in small houses, in many instances little more than huts, and raise, in small patches, potatoes, yams, okra, cucumbers, tomatoes, peas, and pumpkins. They add to their livelihood by fishing, and by wages for occasional labor on neighboring estates. St. John is noted chiefly for the export of bay oil. For many years it has had the reputation of furnishing the best article of this kind on the market. Bay oil is made from the leaves of the bay tree (Pimento acris), the usual method being to distill the leaves with sea water. On account of the destructive hurricane of October, 1916, the produc- tion of this oil fell to about 125 gallons for the year 1917; there is normally about four times this amount produced. The greater part of the product is marketed in St. Thomas and there distilled or'com- bined with alcohol to form the bay rum of commerce, favorably known as a toilet article. The violence of the wind in the 1916 hurricane denuded the bay trees of leaves, and only a small quantity were recovered for use. Some attempts are being made at increasing the output of bay oil by the planting of bay trees, with very satisfactory results. Some effort also has been made to cultivate lime trees. In 1916 about 1,000 gallons of fresh lime juice, 250 gallons of concentrated lime juice, and 18 casks of pickled limes were marketed. All of the lime trees were either destroyed by the hurricane or damaged to such an extent that this industry was suspended. ST. THOMAS ISLAND. The island of St. Thomas lies almost east and west, and is divided longitudinally by a range of low mountains, which vary in height from 500 feet in the eastern end and 600 feet in the western end to an eleva- tion of 1,549 feet at West Mountain, about one-third of the distance from the eastern end of the island. Many of these ranges or elevations branch off laterally on both the north and south slopes, extending in places almost to the sea. Thus there is afforded small opportimity for agricultural production. The valleys in which agriculture can be carried on are small, and the soil, which is a result of the decomposi- tion of rocks, varies from 10 to 50 feet in depth and is very fertile. ST. THOMAS ISLAND. 27 Although the hills and undulations render the valleys unsuited to the use of machinery, if proper attention were given to the raising of fruits, vegetables, and crops other than cereals a sufficient quantity could be grown to supply the local needs. The estates, or plantations, for which schedules were secured at the 1917 census were 63 in number, with a total acreage of 10,683. This acreage is 59.1 per cent of the total acreage of the island. From the beginning of the settlement, in 1672, up to 1850 considerable attention was paid to agriculture, and sugar, cotton, rice, bananas, oranges, lemons, and limes were raised, although as early as 1733 St. Thomas began to decline as a plantation colony. In recent years there has been a pronoimced tendency on the part of the native population to seek employment in Charlotte Amalie—the capital of the municipahty of St. Thomas and St. John and the largest town in the Virgin Islands—to the detriment of industry on the planta- tions. Their chief employment is to be found in the coaling of ships and other harbor work incident to the coaling, provisioning, and repairing of vessels of call. This movement of the native popula- tion to the town has progressed to such an extent that there is scarcely any labor available for the cultivation of farms, and practically all of the fruit and vegetables and other food products are supphed to St. Thomas from St. John, Tortola, and Porto Rico. Charlotte Amalie is the only incorporated town on the island of St. Thomas, although there are settlements immediately outside the corporate limits, which for all purposes other than political are a part of that town. The chief of these settlements in number of inhabitants lies to the westward of Charlotte Amalie and is known as HondiU'as. It is populated by over 200 persons, whose chief industry is fishing. Besides their apparatus used in fishing, they also find time to make baskets and straw hats for sale among the natives of St. Thomas. At present there is only one road on St. Thomas available for ve- hicxilar traffic. This runs in an easterly and westerly direction from Charlotte Amalie to the ends of the island. Such other roads as there are, connecting the various estates and radiating from Charlotte Amalie, are little more than trails. The roads have been allowed to deteriorate since the decline of agricultiu:e on the estates. TREATY BETWEEN DENMARK AND THE UNITED STATES. The following is the fuU text of the treaty entered into on August 4, 1916, between Robert Lansing and Constantin Brun, plenipo- tentiaries of the United States and Denmark: Convention Between His Majesty the Eirig of Denmark and the United States of America Respecting the Cession of the Danish West-Indian Islands. The United States of America and His Majesty the King of Den- mark being desirous of confirming the good understanding which exists between them, have to that end appointed as plenipotentiaries: The President of the United States: Mr. Robert Lansing, Secre- tary of State of the United States, and His Majesty the King of Denmark: Mr. Constantin Bnm, His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Washington, who, having mutually exhibited their fuU powers, which were found to be in due form, have agreed upon the following articles: Article 1. • His Majesty the King of Denmark by this convention cedes to the United States all territory, dominion, and sovereignty possessed, asserted, or claimed by Denmark in the West Indies, including the islands of Saint Thomas, Saint John, and Saint Croix, together with the adjacent islands and rocks. This cession includes the right of property in all pubhc, govern- ment, or Crown lands, pubhc buildmgs, wharves, ports, harbors, fortifications, barracks, pubhc funds, rights, franchises, and privi- leges, and all other pubhc property of every kind or description now belonging to Denmark, together with all appurtenances thereto. In this cession shall also be included any government archives, records, papers, or documents which relate to the cession or the rights and property of the inhabitants of the islands ceded, and which may now be existing either in the islands ceded or in Denmark. Such archives and records shall be carefully preserved, and authenti- cated copies thereof, as may be required., shall be at all times given to the United States Government or the Danish Government as the case may be, or to such properly authorized persons as may apply for them. Article 2. Denmark guarantees that the cession made by the preceding article is free and unencumbered by any reservations, privileges, franchises, grants, or possessions held by any governments, corporations, syndi- cates, or individuals, except as herein mentioned. But it is under- stood that this cession does not in any respect impair private rights which by law belono; to the peaceful possession of property of all kinds by private individuals of whatsoever nationahty, by munici- pahties, pubhc or private estabhshments, ecclesiastical or civic bodies, or any other associations having legal capacity to acquire and pos- sess property in the islands ceded. (28) TEXT OF THE TEEATT. 29 The congregations belonging to the Danish National Church shall retain the undisturbed use of the churches which are now used by them, together with the parsonages appertaining thereunto and other appurtenances, includmg the funds allotted to the churches. Article 3. It is especially agreed, however, that (1) The arms and military stores existing in the islands at the time of the cession and belonging to the Danish Government shall remain the property of that Government and shall, as soon as cir- cumstances will permit, be removed by it, unless they, or parts thereof, may have been bought by the Government of the United States; it being, however, understood that flags and colors, uniforms, and such arms or mihtary articles as are marked as being the prop- erty of the Danish Government shall not be included in such purcnase. (2) The movables, especially silver plate and pictures, which may be found in the government buUdings in the islands ceded and be- longing to the Danish Government shall.remain the property of that Government and shall, as soon as circumstances will permit, be removed by it. (3) The pecuniary claims now held by Denmark against the colo- nial treasuries of the islands ceded are altogether extinguished in consequence of this cession and the United States assumes no re- sponsiDUity whatsoever for or in connection with these claims. Excepted is, however, the amount due to the Danish treasury in account current with the West Indian colonial treasuries pursuant to the making up of accounts in consequence of the session of the islands; should, on the other hand, this final accounting show a balance in favour of the West Indian colonial treasuries, the Danish treasury shall pay that amount to the colonial treasuries. (4) The United States wiU maintain the following grants, conces- sions, and Ucenses, given by the Danish Government, in accordance with the terms on which they are given: a. The concession granted to "Det vestindiske Kompagni" (the West Indian Company) Ltd. by the communications from the Min- istry of Finance of January 18th, 1913, and of April 16th, 1913, relative to a Ucense to embank, drain, deepen, and utihze certain areas in St. Thomas Harbor and preferential rights as to commercial, industrial, or shipping estabhshments in the said harbor. &. Agreement of August 10th and 14th, 1914, between the muni- cipality of St. Thomas and St. John and "Det vestindiske Kompagni," Ltd., relative to the supply of the city of Charlotte Amahe with elec- tric hghting. c. Concession of March 12th, 1897, to "The Floatmg Dock Com- pany of St. Thomas, Ltd.," subsequently transferred to "The St. Thomas Engineering and Coaling Company, Ltd.," relative to a floating dock in St. Thomas Harbor, in which concession the main- tenance, extension, and alteration oi the then existing repairing slip are reserved. d. Royal Decree No. 79, of November 30th, 1914, relative to the subsidies from the colonial treasuries of St. Thomas and Sainte Croix to "The West India and Panama Telegraph Company, Ltd." 30 TECE VIKGIN ISLANDS. e. Concession of November 3rd, 1906, to K. B. Hey to establish and operate a telephone system on St. Thomas Island, which con- cession has subsequently been transferred to the "St. Thomas Tele- fonselskab," Ltd. /. Concession of February 28th, 1913, to the municipahty of Sainte Croix to establish and operate a telephone system in Sainte Croix. g. Concession of July 16th, 1915, to Ejnar Svendsen, an engineer, for the construction and operation of an electric-hght plant in the city of Christiansted, Sainte Croix. Ji. Concession of Jnae 20th, 1904, for the establishment of a Danish West Indian bank of issue. Ttis bank has for a period of 30 years acquired the monopoly to issue bank notes in the Danish West India Islands against the payment to the Danish Treasury of a tax amounting to ten per cent of its annual profits. i. Guarantee according to the Danish supplementary budget law for the financial year 1908-1909 relative to the St. Thomas Harbor's four per cent loan of 1910. (5) Whatever sum shall be due to the Danish treasury by private individuals on the date of the exchange of ratifications are reserved and do not pass by this cession; and where the Danish Government at that date holds property taken over by the Danish treasury for sums due by private individuals, such property shall not pass by this cession, but the Danish Government shall sell or dispose of such property and remove its proceeds within two years from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this convention; the United States Government being entitled to sell by public auction, to the credit of -the Danish Government, any portion of such property remaining xmsold at the expiration of the said term of two years. (6) The colonial treasuries shall continue to pay the yearly allow- ances now given to heretofore retired functionaries appointed in the islands but holding no royal commissions, xmless such allowances may have until now been paid in Denmark. Article 4- The Danish Government shall appoint with convenient despatch an agent or agents for the purpose of formally dehvering to a similar agent or agents appointed on behalf of the United States, the territory, dominion, property, and appurtenances which are ceded hereby, and for doing any other act which may be necessary in regard thereto. Formal delivery of the territory and property ceded shall be made immediately after the payment by the United States of the sum of money stipulated in this convention ; but the cession with the right of immediate possession is nevertheless to be deemed complete on the exchange of ratifications of this convention without such formal delivery. Any Danish mihtary or naval forces which may be in the islands ceded shall be withdrawn as soon as may be practicable after the formal delivery, it being however imderstood that if the persons constituting these forces, after having terminated their Danish service, do not wish to leave the islands, they shaU be allowed to remain there as civiUans, TEXT OF THE TREATY. 31 Article 5. In full consideration of the cession made by this convention, the United States agrees to pay, within ninety days from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of this conyention, in the city of Wash- ington to the diplomatic representative or other agent of His Majesty the King of Denmark duly authorized to receive the money the sum of twenty-five million dollars in gold coin of the United States. Article 6. Danish citizens residing in said islands may remain therein or may remove therefrom at will, retaining in either event all their rights of property, including the right to sell or dispose of such property or its proceeds; in case they remain in the islands, they shall continue until otherwise provided to enjoy all the private, municipal, and religious rights and liberties secured to them by the laws now in force. If the present laws are altered the said inhabitants shall not thereby be placed in a less favorable position in respect to the above- mentioned rights and liberties than they now enjoy. Those who remain in the islands may preserve their citizenship in Denmark by making before a court of record, within one year from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this convention, a declaration of their decision to preserve such citizenship; in default of which declaration they shall be held to have renounced it, and to have accepted citizen- ship ra the United States ; for children under eighteen years the said declaration may be made by their parents or guardians. Such elec- tion of Danish citizenship shall, however, not, after the lapse of the said term of one year, be a bar to their remmciation of their preserved Danish citizenship and their election of citizenship in the United States and admission to the nationality thereof on the same terms as may be provided accordiag to the laws of the United States, for other inhabitants of the islands. The civil rights and the political status of the inhabitants of the islands shall be determined by the Congress, subject to the stipulations contained in the present convention. Danish citizens not residing in the islands but owning property therein at the time of the cession shall retain their rights of property, including the right to sell or dispose of such property, being placed in this regard on the same basis as the Danish citizens residing in the islands and remaining therein or removing therefrom, to whom the first paragraph of this article relates. Article 7. Danish subjects residing ia the islands shall be subject in matters civil as well as criminal to the jurisdiction of the courts of the islands, pursuant to the ordinary laws governing the same, and they shall have the right to appear before such courts and to pursue the same course therein as citizens of the country to which the courts belong. 32 THE VIBGIN ISLANDS. Article 8. Judicial proceedings pending at the time of the formal delivery ia the islands ceded shall be determined according to the foUowing rules: (1) Judgments rendered either in civil suits between private indi- viduals, or in criminal matters, before the date mentioned, and with respect to which there is no recourse or right to review under Danish law, shall be deemed to be final, and shall be executed in due form and without any renewed trial whatsoever, by the competent au- thority in the territories within which such judgments are to be carried out. If, in a criminal case a mode of punishment has been appMed which, according to new rules, is no longer applicable on the islands ceded after delivery, the nearest corresponding punishment in the new rules shall be apphed. (2) Civil suits or criminal actions pending before the first courts, in which the pleadings have not been closed at the same time, shall be confirmed before the tribunals estabhshed in the ceded islands after the dehvery, in accordance with the law which shall thereafter be in force. (3) Civil suits and criminal actions pending at the said time before the superior court or the supreme court in Denmark shall continue to be prosecuted before the Danish courts until fiinal judg- ment according to the law hitherto in force. The judgment shall be executed in due form by the competent authority in the terri- tories within which such judgment should be carried out. Article 9. The rights of property secured by copyrights and patents acquired by Danish subjects in the islands ceded at the time of exchange of the ratifications of this treaty shall continue to be respected. Article 10. Treaties, conventions, and all other international agreements of any nature existing between Denmark and the United States shall eo ipso extend, in default of a provision to the contrary, also to the ceded islands. Article 11. In case of differences of opinion arising between the High Con- tracting Parties in regard to the interpretation or application of this convention such differences, if they can not be regulated through diplomatic negotiations, shall be submitted for arbitration to the permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague. Article 12. The ratifications of this convention shall be exchanged at Wash- ington as soon as possible after ratification by both of the High Contracting Parties according to their respective procedure. In faith whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed and sealed this convention in the Enghsh and Danish languages. ACT TO PROVIDE A TEMPORARY GOVERNMENT FOR THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. An Act To provide a temporary government for the West Indian Islands acquired by the United States from Denmark by the convention entered into between said countries on the fourth day of August, nineteen hundred and sixteen, and ratified by the Senate of the United States on the seventh day of September, nineteen hundred and sixteen, and for other purposes. Be it enacted Try the Senate and House ofRepresentatives of the United States of America in Congress assemhlea, That, except as hereinafter provided, all military, civil, and judicial powers necessary to govern the West Indian Islands acquired from Denmark shall be vested in a governor and in such person or persons as the President may appoint, and shaU be exercised in such manner as the President shall direct until Congress shall provide for the government of said islands: Provided, That the President may assign an officer of the Army or Navy to serve as such governor and perform the duties appertaining to said office: And provided further, That the governor of the said islands shall be appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate: And provided further, That the compensation of all persons appointed under this Act shall be fixed by the President. Sec. 2. That \mtil Congress shall otherwise provide, iu sq far as compatible with the changed sovereignty and not in conflict with the provisions of this Act, the laws regulating elections and the electoral franchise as set forth in the code of laws published at Amahenborg the sixth day of April, nineteen hundred and six, and the other local laws, in force and effect in said islands on the seven- teenth day of January, nineteen hundred and seventeen, shall remain in force and effect in said islands, and the same shaU be administered by the civil officials and through the local judicial tribunals estab- lished in said islands, respectively; and the orders, judgments, and decrees of said judicial tribimals shall be duly enforced. With the approval of the President, or under such rules and regulations as the President may prescribe, any of said laws may be repealed, altered, or amended by the colonial coimcil having jurisdiction. The jurisdiction of the judicial tribunals of said islands shall extend to all judicial proceedings and controversies in said islands to which the United States or any citizen thereof may be a party. In all cases arising in the said West Indian Islands and now reviewable by the courts of Denmark, writs of error and appeals shall be to the Circuit Com-t of Appeals for the Third Circuit, and, except as provided in sections two hundred and thirty-nine and two hundred and forty of the Judicial Code, the judgments, orders, and decrees of such court shaU be final in all such cases. Sec. 3. That on and after the passage of this Act there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon all articles coming into the United States or its possessions, from the West Indian Islands ceded to the United States by Denmark, the rates of duty and internal-revenue taxes which are required to be levied, collected, and paid upon like articles imported from foreign countries : Provided, That aU articles, the growth or product of, or manufactured in such islands from 60396°—18 3 (33) 34 THE VraGIN ISLANDS, materials the growth or product of such islands or of the United States, or of both, or which do not contain foreign materials to the value of more than twenty per centum of their total value, upon which no drawback of customs duties has been allowed therein, coming into the United States from such islands shaU hereafter be admitted free of duty. Seo. 4. That, until Congress shall otherwise provide, all laws now imposing taxes in the said West Indian Islands, mcluding the customs laws and regulations, shall. La so far as compatible with the changed sovereignty and not otherwise herein provided, contiaue in force and effect, except that articles the growth, product, or manufacture of the United States shall be admitted there free of duty: Provided, That upon exportation of sugar to any foreign country, or the ship- ment thereof to the United States or any of ifS possessions, there shall be levied, collected, and paid thereon an export duty of $8 per ton of two thousand pounds irrespective of polariscope test, in Ueu of any export tax now required by law. Sec. 5. That the duties and taxes collected in pursuance of this Act shall not be covered into the general fund of the Treasury of the United States, but shall be used and expended for the government and benefit of said islands under such rules and regulations as the President may prescribe. Sec. 6. That for the purpose of taking over and occupying said islands and of carrying this Act into effect and to meet any deficit in the revenues of the said islands resulting from the provisions of this Act the sum of $100,000 is hereby appropriated, to be paid out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, and to be applied under the direction of the President of the United States. Sec. 7. That the sum of $25,000,000 is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be paid in the city of Washington to the diplomatic representative or other agent of His Majesty the King of Denmark duly authorized to receive said money, in full consideration of the cession of the Danish West Indian Islands to the United States made by the convention between the United States of America and His Majesty the King of Denmark entered into August fourth, nineteen hxmdred and sixteen, and ratified by the Senate of the United States on the seventh day of September, nineteen hundred and sixteen. Seo. 8 . That this Act, with the exception of section seven, shall be in force and effect and become operative immediately upon the pay- ment by the United States of said sum of $25,000,000. The fact and date of such payment shall thereupon be made pubhc by a proclama- tion issued by the President and published in the said Danish West Indian Islands and in the United States. Section seven shall become immediately effective and the appropriation thereby provided for shall be immediately available. Approved, March 3, 1917. In accordance with the provisions of the foregoing act of Congress, Hear Admiral James H. Oliver was appointed naval governor of the islands and on March 31, 1917, took formal possession, thus marking the end of a period covering more than half a century of negotiation and treaty between the United States and Denmark. POPULATION. INTEODTJCTION. The special census of the Virgin Islands of the United States, taken by the Bureau of the Census as of November 1, 1917, was the first census of population under the auspices of the United States Government. For this census a general population schedule was prepared. This schedule differed but slightly from that used for the United States proper at the Thirteenth Census, 1910. The printed instructions to enumerators as to the method of fiUing out the schedule and as to the manner of determining who should and who should not be enumerated in their districts, followed closely those furnished the Thirteenth Census enumerators in the United States proper, except that the instructions to the enumerators in the Virgin Islands were briefer and were modified somewhat to accord with changes in the schedule and with conditions on the Virgin Islands. Although the work of enumeration was done between December 24, 1917, and January 12, 1918, inclusive, the census was taken as of November 1, 1917. During this time there was very little travel on the part of the inhabitants of the Virgin Islands between these islands and other islands or countries, and as few other persons were arriving at or leaving the islands, the enumeration of the population approximately two months after the ofiicial census day, November 1, probably had httle effect on the returns. The actual work of enumeration was done by residents of the islands. In each of the three cities, school-teachers, both male and female, were appointed enumerators. In the rural districts the work of enumeration was done partly by quarter ofiicers (officers corre- sponding closely to certain township ofiicei-s in the United States) and partly by other persons. On the island of St. Croix, especially, a number of prominent estate owners and managers generously con- sented to act as enumerators. Each island was divided into a num- ber of enumeration districts—a total of 43 districts for the three is- lands. The enumerators were required to visit each dwelling per- sonally and to collect the statistics provided for on the population and agriculture schedules. In the rural districts they were required, also, to collect from the employers the statistics called for by the wages and hours of labor schedule. In the cities these statistics were collected by special enumerators. (35) 36 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. In the cities the returns of each enumerator were examined from day to day by the assistants of the supervisor in charge. In the case of the rural enumerators such a daily examination of the returns was not feasible, but, so far as practicable, a careful examination of their returns was made before the schedules were finally accepted. Notwithstanding the large percentage of illiteracy in the Negro pop- ulation of the Virgin Islands (29.7 per cent), it is believed that in the case of most of the population inquiries fairly accurate returns were secured. The enumerators were earnest and alert, and it was possible to give their work a degree of supervision and examination which it usually is impossible to give the work of an enumerator ia the United States during the Federal census enumeration, because of the larger size of a supervisor's district and because he has not a sufficient number of trained assistants. However, in the case of certain inquiries on the population schedule, there may be a consid- erable element of error in the returns, due either to lack of knowl- edge of the real facts on the part of the persons enumerated or to a desire on their part not to disclose the real facts. Error due to one of these causes probably exists in considerable degree in the returns as to color or race, age, marital conditon, and citizenship. The tables interspersed throughout the text, together with the general tables, present statistics for the Virgin Islands of the United States, and, usually, for each island separately, relating to number of inhabitants, increase and decrease of population, proportions of urban and rural, color or race, sex, age, marital condition, place of birth, males of voting and militia ages, citizenship, school attendance, illiteracy, inability to speak English, number of dwellings and fami- nes, occupations, and wages and hours of labor. So faff as compa- rable data for preceding censuses are available they are generally introduced in the 1917 census tabulations. On account of the wide differences in characteristics among diEFerent classes of the popu- lation, the statistics on each subject usually are shown according to color or race. And, since marked differences often exist between urban and rural communities with respect to the composition, characteristics, and activities of the population, statistics for cities and rural districts, respectively, are presented in connection with most of the subjects. POPULATION AND ITS DISTRIBLTTION. Total pofulation.—The total population of the Virgin Islands of the United States on November 1, 1917, was 26,051. Compared with a population of 27,086 on February 1, 1911, the date of the last Danish census, this represents a decrease during the intervening six years and nine months of 1,035, or 4 per cent. The total popu- lation of the islands, and of each of the three principal islands, as reported at each census from 1835 to 1917, is given in Table 1. tOPtrLATlOUr. SI '^''^^^ 1 CENSUS YEiR.- 38 THE VIKGIN ISLANT©. under two principal heads—the excess of deaths over births and the excess of emigration over immigration. The figures given in Table 2 (taken from the Annuaire Statis- tique du Danemark, 1907, p. 188, and 1916, p. 216) show for the Virgin Islands the number of marriages, births, and deaths, respec- tively, for each year from 1896-1897 to 1915-1916, inclusive. Table a TEAB.1 POPTJLATIOK. 39 the present they probably account largely, also, for the high infant mortality rate in past years. Without attempting to analyze the causes determining the birth and death rates, or to measure the effect of each cause, it is sufficient here to show that the excess of deaths over births probably has not been large enough to account for the entire decrease in population. As shown by Table 1, the decrease in population between 1901 and 1911 was 3,441. Table 2 shows that for the years 1901-2 to 1910-11, inclusive, the total number of births was 9,356 and the total number of deaths 10,293, an excess of deaths over births of 937. Deducting this excess of 937 from the 3,441 decrease in population for the decade 1901-1911 leaves a remaining decrease of 2,504, which must be ascribed to the excess of emigration over immigration. It is possible that during earlier decades a larger proportion of the decrease in population may have been due to an excess of deaths over births than was the case during the decade 1901-1911, but it is prob- able that during most of the period covered by the census statistics of the Virgin Islands—^1835-1917—^much of the decrease in population was due to an excess of emigration over immigration. Tn the case of the Virgin Islands the excess of emigration over immigration probably has been due mainly to economic causes. Many causes have worked together to retard the economic develop- ment and prosperity of these islands, and their lack of economic pros- perity has been the chief cause of most of the emigration. Several times within the last 100 years the Virgin Islands have been swept by violent hurricanes, some of which, such as that of 1867 and that of 1916, were very destructive to property. Great amounts of wealth were destroyed by these different hurricanes, and in some cases it took years after a hurricane for the islands to recover from the effects. St. Thomas was formerly the most important of the AntUles as the general depot of Em-opean trade with the West Indies. It was a free port, it had an excellent harbor, and its advantageous geo- graphic position at the center of the great bend described by the West Indian Islands made it the point whence commodities could most easUy be distributed throughout all the STirrounding insular groups. In these days it was visited by the merchant ships of many nations, it had numerous large warehouses, and it did a very large and thriving commercial business. But the introduction of steam- ships brought the other West Indian Islands into direct and regular steamship communication with the great supplying markets of the world, and St. Thomas lost its former monopoly. The nmnber of vessels visiting the island annually feU off greatly, and there was a consequent great dechne in the commercial business done and in the economic prosperity of the island. 40 THE VTEGITT ISLANDS. The Virgin Islands owed mucli of their former prosperity to the sugar industry. Sugar oane was the chief agricultural product, and it was grown extensively on each of the islands. Even the steep and mountainous country of St. Thomas and St. John was devoted to its growth, although it was necessary to terrace the hillsides to prevent the soil washing away, and to do aU the work of cultivation by hand labor.^ Likewise, on the island of St. Croix, not only the level land but also the steep hills were once covered by sugar plantations. But for many years sugar cane has not been grown on St. Thomas. At present but Httle sugar cane is grown on St. John, and most of the sugar plantations which formerly covered the mountainous parts of St. Croix either have been abandoned or devoted to other uses. To-day the fertile plain on the south side of St. Croix is the only important area devoted to sugar cane. The sugar industry of the Virgin Islands doubtless was injured somewhat by the abolition of slavery in 1848; but, since the wages paid the freedmen, subsequently, were quite low, the abolition of slavery probably was not a large factor in the decline of the industry. The industry also suffered during several years from droughts and the consequent poor crops. But the principal cause of the dechne of the sugar industry of the Virgin Islands seems to have been its inabihty to withstand competition with the sugar grown more cheaply elsewhere and marketed under more favorable conditions. On the Virgin Island hills, formerly cultivated in sugar cane, it was impossible to use modern labor-saving machinery; and on the level areas, stUl cultivated, the inhabitants of the islands have been slow to readjust their agrictiltural methods to new conditions. The islands found it especially difficult to compete with the beet sugar of other countries which usually was produced by the most modern methods of agriculture and manufacture and which usually was fostered and protected by Government bounty. Competition was the more difficult because the sugar of the Virgin Islands in the United States, which is its natural market, had to pay full tariii duty and there compete with the home-grown product, and, recently, with Cuban and territorial sugars that enjoyed some measure of protection. Population of cities.—^The Virgin Islands contain three cities, namely, Christiansted and Frederiksted on the island of St. Croix, and Charlotte Amalie on the island of St. Thomas.^ The population of each of these cities in 1917, as compared with 1911, was as follows: Christiansted, 4,574, as compared with 4,592—a loss of 18; Freder- ' These hillsides, now mostly covered with grass, are still plainly marked by the old terraces, and many ruins of former sugar mills are still standing. ^ In addition to the three cities, there is the small incorporated village of Cruz Bay on the island of St. John. Its population in 1917 was only 50. POPULATION'. 41 iksted, 3,144, as compared with 3,203—a loss of 59; and Charlotte Amalie, 7,747, as compared with 8,247—a loss of 500. The popula- tion of each city as reported at each census from 1835 to 1917, is given in Table 3. Urban and rural population compared.—For purposes of tabulation and for the presentation of population statistics, the Virgin Islands have been divided into six areas, three urban and three rural, as follows: The cities of Christiansted, Frederiksted, and Charlotte Amalie, respectively; the rural districts of St. Croix; the rural dis- tricts of St. Thomas ; and the entire island of St. John, all of which is considered rural. The population of each of these areas at each census from 1835 to 1917 is given in Table 3, which follows: TOTAL POPULATION FOR ISLANDS, CITIES, AND EUEAL DISTRICTS: 1835-1917.1 Table 3 42 THE VIBGIN ISLANDS. In 1917 tlie three cities of the Virgin Islands of the United States together contaiaed 15,465 iohabitants, or 59.4 per cent of the total population, while 10,586 inhabitants, or 40.6 per cent, Hved ia rural districts. In 1911 the three cities contaiaed 16,042 inhabitants^ or 59.2 per cent of the total population, while 11,044 inhabitants, or 40.8 per cent, lived in rural districts. In these islands, as in the United States, a larger and larger proportion of the population has been gradually concentratiag in the cities. In 1835 the three cities contained only 44.5 per cent of the total population, and ia 1850 only 49.6 per cent, as compared with 59.4 per cent ia 1917. The population of St. Croix was 51.8 per cent urban and 48.2 per cent rural in 1917, as compared with a population in 1850 which was 34.8 per cent urban and 65.2 per cent rural. In 1917 the population of St. Thomas was 76 per cent urban and 24 per cent rural, while ia 1850 its population was 83.3 per cent urban and 16.7 per cent rural. The entire population of St. John is considered rural. The largest population reported for its small village of Cruz Bay at any census since that of 1835 was 147, in 1860. The numerical decrease in the population of each separate island is shown by the statistics presented ia Table 1 (page 37) and is dis- cussed in the accompanying text. The statistics presented ia Table 3 show the numerical increase or decrease in the urban and in the rural population of each respective area. The combined population of the three cities decreased from 19,194 ia 1835 to 15,465 in 1917— a total decrease of 3,729, or 19.4 per cent. The total urban popidation was largest at the census of 1870—20,625. Between 1870 and 1917 it decreased rapidly, the decrease for this period being 5,160, or 25 per cent. The total rural population was at its maximum in 1835 23,984. It decreased at each succeediag census from 1835 to 1917 except at the censuses of 1860 and 1890. The decrease for the entire period was 13,398, or 55.9 per cent. The total urban population of St. Croix was at its highest ia 1901—9,228—and at its lowest ia 1846—7,452. It decreased from 8,123 in 1835 to 7,718 ia 1917— a total decrease of 405, or 5 per cent. This decrease was confined to the city of Christiansted, the population of which decreased from 5,806 in 1835 to 4,574 in 1917, a decrease of 1,232, or 21.2 per cent. Diu-ing this period the population of Frederiksted iacreased from 2,317 to 3,144, an increase of 827, or 35.7 per cent. However, at four different censuses—1846, 1880, 1911, and 1917—^its population showed a decrease over that at the precediag census. The rural population of St. Croix decreased gradually from 18,558 ia 1835 to 7,183 ia 1917, a total decrease of 11,375, or 61.3 per cent. Only at the census of 1890 was the rural population of the island larger than at the precediag census. The urban population of St. Thomas reached its maximum in 1880—11,764—^and its minimum ia 1917 POPTTLATIOM-. 43 7,747. Its total decrease from 1835 to 1917 was 3,324, or 30 per cent. In 1835, the rural population of St. Thomas was 2,951 and, in 1917, 2,444, a decrease of 507, or 17.2 per cent. Density of population.—Authorities do not agree as to the area of the Virgin Islands of the United States. The area given varies from 132 to 142 square miles. According to one authority, St. Croix is 84.25 square miles in area, St. Thomas 28.25 square miles, and St. John 19.97 square miles, making a total of 132.47 square miles for the three principal islands, which together contain practically all the inhabitants. If these areas be accepted as approximately correct, the average number of persons per square mile for the land area of the three principal islands in 1917 was 196.7, as compared with 30.9 per square mile of land area ia continental United States, and with 325.5 per square mile in Porto Rico in 1910.' In 1917 the number of inhabitants per square mile, based on the area as given above, was 176.9 on St. Croix, 360.7 on St. Thomas, and 48 on St. John. Table 4 ISLAND AND MINOR CrVH. DIVISION. POPCXATION: 1917. Total. Male. Female. Virgin Islands.. St. Croix.. Christiansted. Frederilsted Rural districts East End Quarter Company's Quarter Qneen's Quarter King's Quarter Prince's Quarter North Side "A" Quarter.. North Side "B" Quarter.. West End Quarter St. Tliomas . Cliarlotte Amalie King's Quarter Queen's Quarter Crown Prince's Quarter Huial districts Frenchman's Bay Quarter . Eed Hook Quarter East End Quarter New Quarter Great North Side Quarter. . Little North Side Quarter. . South Side Quarter West End Quarter St. John. Cruz Bay Quarter Cruz Bay village . Mahol Quarter K'eef Bay Quarter . . . Coral Bay Quarter . . . East End Quarter 26,051 11,999 14,901 7,133 4,574 3.144 7; 183 143 939 1,398 1,246 1,678m 106 1,076 10, 191 2,008 1,289 3,836 86 489 743 688 872 333 61 565 4,357 7,747 3,020 1,790 2,937 2,444 78 43 85 980 292 86 840 40 3,130 1,316 666 1,149 1,227 66 18 47 448 144 40 438 27 509 269 60 164 44 345 137 163 26 91 19 176 70 14,052 7,768 2,666 1,865 3,347 68 460 655 668 806 264 45 611 5,834 4,617 1,704 1,125 1,788 1,217 13 25 148 46 402 13 460 116 25 73 25 169 67 ' In the report of the Danish census of 1911 the density of population is based on a total area for all the islands of 358.9 square kilometers, or 138.41 square miles. This area gives a density in 1917 of 188.2 persons per square mile of total area. 44 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. Minor dvil divisions.—Each of the Virgin Islands is divided into a number of "quarters," and each of these quarters is made up of a number of "estates" or plantations. The "quarter," as a minor civil division, corresponds in the rural districts more or less closely to the township in the United States. In the city of Charlotte Amalie, which contaias three entire quarters—King's, Queen's, and Crown Prince's—the quarter corresponds somewhat closely to the ward of a city. Table 4 shows by sex the population in 1917 of the islands and the different quarters, here collectively termed "minor civil divisions." COLOR OR RACE. The classification by color or race distinguishes four main groups, namely, white, Negro, mixed, and "all other." The term "mixed" is used to designate persons of mixed white and Negro blood. The great difficulty of securing an accurate measurement of the extent of race mixture through inquiry at a general census is evident. Some of those enumerated are ignorant of the facts as to their race, while others may desire to conceal the facts. Also, if the race mix- ture usually is shown by a difference in color, it is quite probable the enumerator frequently will neglect to ask the race of the person being enumerated, and will enter the apparent race on the schedule in accordance with the person's shade of color. An examination of the emunerators' retmns of color or race, as tabulated by enumeration districts, indicates strongly that some of the enumerators did not distinguish carefully between Negroes and persons of mixed white and Negro blood as they were instructed to do. The variation in the proportion that the mixed are of all persons returned, and especially of all colored persons, is so great between contiguous enimieration districts of the same area as to cast grave doubt on the accuracy of the returns. It is believed that a considerable nupaber of persons of mixed white and Negro blood were returned as Negroes, and, consequently, that the total number of Negroes is somewhat exaggerated while the total number of per- sons of mixed white and Negro blood is imderstated. It is also pos- sible that some persons of mixed white and Negro blood were returned as white. Of the total population of the Virgin Islands of the United States in 1917, 1,922, or 7.4 per cent, were whites; 19,523, or 74.9 per cent, were Negroes; 4,563, or 17.5 per cent, were of mixed white and Negro blood; and 43, or two-tenths of 1 per cent, were of other races. Of the 43 persons of "other races," 15 were returned as Chinese, 7 as Filipinos, 8 as Indians, 8 as "Coolies," 2 as Hindus, 1 as Burmese, and the color of 2 was not specified. At no census of the Virgin Islands prior to that of 1917 was inquiry made as to the color or race POPULATIOH. 45 of the people. The distribution, according to color or race of the population of each separate island and of each principal subdivision, is given for the census of 1917 in Table 5. Table 5 46 THE VTRGITT ISLANDS. of the mixed lived on St. Croix; 2,283, or 50 per cent, on St. Thomas; and 264, or 5.8 per cent, on St. John. In Table 6 the population of the islands and the different minor civil divisions, or "quarters," is shown by color or race for 1917. Table 6 ISLANI) AND MIHOE dVH DIViaiON. population: 1917. AU White. Neprro and mixed. AU other. Virgin Islands St Croix A Christiansted Frederiteted Rural districts East End Quarter Company's Quarter Queen's Quarter Kind's Quarter Prince's Quarter North Side "A." Quarter.. North Side "B" Quarter. West End Quarter , St. Thomas , Charlotte Amalie , King's Quarter Queen's Quarter CSown Princess Quarter Rural districts Frenchman's Bay Quarter Red Hook Quarter East End Quarter , New Quarter , Great North Side Quarter . Little North Side Quarter . South Side Quarter West End Quarter St. John Cruz Bay Quarter. Cruz Bay village Mahol Quarter Reef Bay Quarter Coral Bay Quarter East End Quarter 14,901 4,574 3,144 7,183 143 939 1,398 1,246 1,678 597 106 1,07(1 10,191 7,747 3,020 1,790 2,937 2,444 78 43 85 980 292 86 840 40 9S9 60 164 44 345 137 1,922 625 259 107 259 19 47 36 57 42 13 1 44 1,293 720 525 155 40 573 62 6 65 74 4 358 4 24,-0S6 14,254 4,309 3,036 6,909 121 892 1,362 1,184 1,635 583 104 1,028 8,878 7,011 2,487 1,627 2,897 1,867 16 43 79 913- 218 82 480 36 265 4S 164 43 345 137 43 ~22 1 15 16 SEX DISTErBUTION. In the population of the Virgin Islands of the United States in 1917 there were 11,999 males and 14,052 females, or 85.4 males to 100 females. In 1911 there were 12,508 males and 14,578 females, or 85.8 males to 100 females. The sex distribution of the population of each island and of each principal subdivision, in 1917 and in 1911, respectively, is given in Table 7. The statistics presented in Table 7 show that the females out- numbered the males in St. Croix, in St. Thomas, and in each of the three cities, both in 1917 and in 1911. In 1917 the males outnum- bered the females in each rural district, and, in 1911, in the rural districts of St. Croix. In the rural districts of St. Thomas and in St. John the niunber of females exceeded the number of males in 1911. POPULATIOM', 47 Table T 48 THE VIBGIN ISLANDS. The percentages given in Table 8 show that during the period 1890 to 1917 females were in the majority in the total population of the islands, in the total urban population, and in the population of each city, while males were in the majority in the total rural population and in the rural population of St. Croix. In the rural population of St. Thomas males were in the majority in 1917, and females in 1911, 1901, and 1890. In the population of St. John the number of males exceeded the number of females in 1890 and 1917, while the number of females exceeded the number of males in 1901 and in 1911. Table 8 also shows that during the period 1890 to 1917 there was no marked change in the proportion each sex formed of the total population or of the population of any specified area, except that of St. John. Table 9, below, shows that during the entire period 1835 to 1917 there was a change of but 1 in the number of males and females, respectively, in each 100 of the population. During the period 1835 to 1855, however, there was a decrease of 1.7 males and an increase of 1.7 females in each 100 of the population. Table 9 POPULATIOIS'. 49 MALES AND FEMALES AND RATIO OF MALES TO FEMALES FOR ISLANDS, CITIES, AND RURAL DISTRICTS: 1917. Table lO 50 THE VTRGIN ISLANDS. females) and in the popiilation of each separate area. In Charlotte Amalie there were 196.3 males to 100 females. In the case of the Negroes females exceeded males in the total population (85.4 males to 100 females), in the total uxhan population (70.4 males to 100 females), and in the population of each urban area; while males exceeded females in the total rural population (108.7 males to 100 females) and in the rural population of St. Croix and St. John. In the rmral population of St. Thomas there were only 90.1 males to 100 females. In the case of persons of mixed race females out- numbered males in the total population (63.8 males to 100 females) and in the population of each separate area except the rural districts of St. Croix, where there were 119.7 males to 100 females. AGE DISTRIBUTION. Census returns relating to age generally contain more or less error. Such error usually is due in part to the fact that many of the persons enumerated do not know their exact age, in part to the fact that in some cases the age is intentionally misstated, and in part to the fact that in many cases the enumerators obtain information as to the age of the person enumerated from a third person who can give the age only approximately. It is beheved that the age returns in the Virgin Islands were affected by each of these causes. Negroes comprised 74.9 per cent of the total population. The rate of Oliteracy is vdry high among the Negroes (29.7 per cent), and it is probable that many of them do not know their exact age. The number of persons who intentionally misstated their age is beheved to be small, but the number of cases in which the enumerator secured the information as to age from a third party probably was rather large. Doubtless the information as to age was furnished the enumerator by a third party more frequently in the case of males than in the case of females, since, without doubt, a larger proportion of women than of men were seen by the enumerators in their house-to-house visitation. Table 11 shows by sex the number and the proportion of persons in each quinquennial age period at the censuses of 1917 and 1911. The statistics presented in Table 11 show that the distribution of the population by five-year age periods in 1917 did not differ materially from that in 1911. At each census a considerably larger proportion of the males than of the females were in the lower age periods (under 25 years in 1917, and under 20 years ia 1911), and a considerably smaller proportion in the higher age periods (60 years and over in 1917, and 50 years and over in 1911.) POPULATTOir. DISTRIBUTION BY SEX AND AGE PERIODS: 1917 AND 1911. 51 Table 11 AGE PERIOD. POPULATION. 1917 Total. Male. Female 1911 Total. Male. Female. All ages.. Under 5 years Under 1 year . 5 to 9 years. 10 to 14 years. 15 to 19 years. 20 to 24 years . 25 to 29 years. 30 to 34 years. 35 to 39 years. 40 to 44 years. 45 to 49 years. 50 to 54 years. 65 to 59 years. 60 to 64 years. 65 to 69 years. 70 to 74 years. 75 to 79 years. 80 to 84 years. 85 to 89 years 90 to 94 years 95 to 99 years 100 years and over . Age unknown All ages.. Under 5 years Under 1 year. 5 to 9 years. 10 to 14 years. 15 to 19 years. 20 to 24 years. 25 to 29 years. 30 to 34 years. 35 to 39 years. 40 to 44 years. 45 to 49 years. 50 to 54 years. 55 to 59 years. 60 to 64 years. 65 to 69 years. 70 to 74 years. 75 to 79 years. 80 to 84 years. 85 to 89 years 90 to 94 years 95 to 99 years 100 years and over. Age unknown 26,051 2,430 405 2,430 2,461 2,209 2,521 2,200 1,915 2,017 1,702 1,471 1,238 979 915 632 462 273 116 9.3 1.6 9.3 9.4 8.5 9.7 8.4 7.4 7.7 6.6 5.6 4.8 3.8 3.5 2.4 1.7 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 11, 999 14,052 27,086 12,608 1,191 199 1,164 1,183 1,023 1,229 1,010 848 934 821 714 674 455 362 227 136 90 21 14 6 1,239 206 1,266 1,278 1,186 1,292 1,190 1,069 1,083 881 767 664 524 653 405 316 183 95 49 16 3 2,465 480 2,513 2,280 2,423 2,392 2,476 2,171 2,180 1,690 1,696 1,356 1,019 913 550 460 266 149 49 16 7 1 14 1,227 232 1,238 1,082 1,150 1,060 1,131 1,066 1,039 857 803 601 444 334 z04 153 76 32 PEE CENT DISTEIBUTION. 100.0 9.9 1.7 9.7 9.9 8.5 10.2 8.4 7.1 7.8 6.8 6.0 4.8 3.8 3.0 1.9 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.1 O 100.0 8.8 1.6 9.0 9.1 8.4 9.2 7.6 7.7 6.3 5.4 4.7 3.7 3.9 2.9 2.2 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 9.1 1.8 9.3 8.4 8.9 9.1 8.0 8.0 6.2 5.3 5.0 3.8 3.4 2.0 1.7 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.9 9.9 8.7 9.2 8.4 9.0 8.5 8.3 6.9 6.4 4.8 3.5 2.7 1.6 1.2 0.6 0.3 (') 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The median age of a population group is the age with reference to which half the members of the group are younger and half are older. The median age is thus both a simple and a significant expression of the age of a population. In 1917 the median age of the popula- 62 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. tion of the Virgin Islands was 25.9 years. For the males it was 24.7 and for the females 27 years. In order to get the median age at the census of 1911 it will be necessary to distribute the popula- tion in the age period 25 to 29 to the single years, since the number in each single year of age is not reported. If it be assxmied that in the age period 25 to 29 the proportion of the total persons and of the persons of each sex in each single year of age was approximately the same in 1911 and 1917, then the median age of the total popula- tion in 1911 was 26.7 years, that of the males being 25.8 years and of the females 27.4 years. The number and the proportion of persons in each broad age period in 1917 is shown by sex for the Virgin Islands, for each separate island, and for each principal subdivision iu Table 12. According to Table 12 of the total population of the Virgin Islands in 1917, 9.3 per cent was imder 5 years of age, 18.8 per cent 5 to 14, 18.2 per cent 15 to 24, 30.1 per cent 25 to 44, 17.7 per cent 45 to 64, and 6 per cent was 65 years of age or over. In the total population and in the urban pop\ilation the lower age periods included a larger proportion of the males than of the females, while the reverse was true in case of the higher age periods. The large proportion of the females of Frederiksted 65 years of age and over (10.8 per cent) is significant, as is the large proportion of the population of St. John under 5, and 5 to 14 years of age, respectively. In Table 13 the age distribution in 1917 is given by sex for each priacipal color or race element of the population by five-year age periods and by single years for the population under 25 years of age. POPULATION. 53 i^ ^ ^ O OON lO C^C^rH >* CO ooo S 00 COOICO in looi COM M o tnco otoo OtD.-H MO)'* OOCOI^ (O r— CO locoeo 00 OS 00 00 coo woo lO * t* lO CCMCO 0>cOO) 5 CO S moo CO ffr—Tco" sss 1:3:3 a9o> >o 00.-( to t~M CO.H 2° 21 i-i «* 00 r-(N o OOCO i-l COM 0000 Cp(N »*<co CO^-l (OM (NO 0(3 1> CD 00 OiO OOJ TjHO a>o6 0-* 0(3 06 CO 00 00 r^ (»oi oi> ^od oioJ iftOOM COO r- od ait^ Tji t^SOO 00N.-( t>iod "<)' COOO CO COOcO sss <no>to -•f lOi-Hi-I r-^oJi-^ OOJ CO 00 t^t^OO 00 lOt- * 00 t-OOtO 00 M cacj o> OOOM O 0000(» 00 ocjt^od 06 O^t- y-i oJoJi>^ 000 o ^S8 ^ 00 lOO OCO OS coco O odoi t^ m-H CO 000 CO i-(oo r- >-ho 10 00 o SS g 00 o is 8 000 o 00 o ggg 8 gg g .a III 111 <i5 6« 54 THE VIKGIN ISLANDS. O 010 > >lO a (i-(T|«e«l COt^i-HCSr. M« rti-HOt> cq 'Wcq-*cq cot^^w OQO catOTtHCO 00 CO i-i O i-< Oi (DOD^Qi-hiO *D'^t- co SfeSi'^ O) 00 ai 00 * C<1 Or-tOOOO(DCS 1-1 M-^ lOCi«I>.CO i-tO«5000t- tOTjHN^rH TfH o ooioooco -Tji to T-i oi o t* oooococ^^-«) tomi- go i-iQt-i-^ i-< 00 >-t (o eo o cD»Oi-ia>r-N ih coco iHso^eo eo Tjt OS ^ t-H OS oootD«Oi-iO cii-icjco Oeo iO«0»c5 Wi-HiNeDCOOi oOOqj^^cD W^ Oa i-H OiOSOOO OJ 00 00 CD lO * W^NNi-^ 0)t-( iHco«io o^*coMO^ ocDt^comm ecco t— lO ^OSMOO 00 »0 -^ iX> t~ »0 «>QOOOiH!O^H i-l 00 i-H oooof-r- fr- » r- ?D lo -^f «c4>-itH 0000 os«cgo ior»r-e ^ ._ . .-H rt I-*l-«CO ojco tDoo®w oo>«^^r->*' -#«u3(£)co»o oitoeoec coo tOt-OOOi O) «> OC QO lO <£) C-4 tO O <-< 00 a> TPf-l C5W W«>-hC<1 MOOOOt^tO lOlO-HjiCCi-l rH—HO(N O000J00t-.»O "tflCCNrt o»ft o—lOsi-H oiot^Ni-too CO lo cq cj CO (o eo»-<co« coo eOtOOCfl Qi-li-IOt^CO P- 1-( CO lO t- 1-t <CM o^c4 o>03odr>i! N^ ^ojooeo <sco oo>tot<» od>-4 okODoooa O iH OS OS 00 00 OS rH OSO> 00 03 00 Tt< m^oo OCi-J t^OJiOt^ lO>a W30«Dt^ ido idujojko -*oo Nowas t>: o «i cd'od o6 00»O 0.-<"<)<Ci» F^ Oa oaooo Osi>- t-OsiON o> •-< OS CbOO O coco eo-*»or* Os f-4 OS OS 00 0> U5« P °*ooo pooooo OOOO-mO ooot>> 0-M-*J+J 4^ 4J 4-* 4^ -4-3 -M +S-t->4^'4J +> +J-*J+3q +^0100 iooioomo loomoios looioS Ua^FHC^ C4 03 0? «« ^ iq iQCD«Qr*t«W 00 0> CO t-l POPULATION. 55 (d us *d u5 id -"ji CO N r-J CJ CJ Ci 'O to to so id ua -!»' COCOCiC^rHO OC3- oob-oicokor- t^ 00 00 tH •-) CO eoi^ i-t cc CO Tt< CO th oc4t-teot-cq i-h 00 1-^ od t^ to w3 ^eoN.-ioo o, lO U3 T-H 00 0> a> 00 lO lO C^ O) 44 C<)r-I 00.1-; odtdid-^ eocQc^r-HOO 00 iQkTsuioooo •-( 00 10 00 io T(« <a^^ lO-^oor-mco w^oooot^co r-i^ eoi>idid-43c>3 c>ie«ioooc5 c3d OMOJ-^iOO W CO 00 lO O t-- COf-f ejodoid'^i-iii cocoi-ip^iHC) c5o 1^3 to r- CO * t* t* OS 01 CO CO r>- coi-h 00 t-I [^ to id "* eOCOMCSrHO OO- ^i-HOOOOOOO OOOOlrHOOC^ i~t <»i"*r-iO(DOo oom-^r-o-* w^ odi>i>ed'd'^ eococ4i-if-(C> dcJ t-( tHC4iHCt .(Nrt N i-HNiHCO ^^(Oio ISi5-*(0-* ^»oio<oH TfH'5^»0'*'* Ti<ec*^'T SSJCra ^Sc^—""*--! oocqiQoiio coMOOcqgj ^o>S<Q'z* TpiS-^f Ttno(Oift-S eoio-^-*-* -^coeocOM coihconc* cocoioto oouawrt eqoQcicDoo toanoaotp cdonqus OOOOOO) t-OJQQOO Ol^i-HOJOO tD00t-t--S5 Wt^MWOS N^C^O COlOOOOltp lOOiHlftCO OJfOOWOJ 01-*'*^-^ t-OOOt^ «5(DI>C0^ lOOOOOOJ <D(OCOCOCO iOiOiOtD»0 lOt^t^to eomcQTftt- or-coi-ti-H irawiOOio lo-^eot^u t~ooco«o coi«oooiC-( T*(Oi-ioooo eoiOCji-<c«S t-Mt-oo-^ coeococo cocococcM cocQ-^coeo eceoeocoeo cococccoc COCOO>0> NNOO-^t-. i-nOOQtO^ (DOOrtOM r- lO lO ^ r- rtOOO to^ ^ U3 lOfO^O^tifO COCQtNCO MPSrtCOM CHi-HCCe^C4 iH i-l N CO t- «0 (O 00 t- l- OOOeO tDC^Ort^- rHOOOt-W t-nOOS-^t^ lOOO^h- (0-wiCDt» eoiOcpOQCO iQOOit-iO Pfl-^COCO^ (Q>-((»S.iO ocswcq c5cSe3c5(N c5cHo*eqw mconmin mwmmcS i-^^HCOt- mOOOi-HO IVi-^^-CnOOi Q>O^^OJCO eoos^H-^ Sisss ?3S8SS sssss ssass sssss Hr-MCOO >HOONl^ 00Oii-(Cl CO iO«lOMQ -^li QiO t^Oi r*OOQ St* tH "iJ-COM* ntomuca^ m ta m m to m mm ujr^ v<D(vw<D<D 0<D(DO(D<u (DOffiCS SSSIS^S'* OJ * Oa -^ 0> :3! Oi-'JiOiia WOacO'*-*!^ iOeD(Dl>t*00 oooso^S OOOOOO OOOOOO 000{>i 4A -^ 4J 4^1 4J 4J +J +a -(J -4J +J ^J -+a +j 4J SOLOQiQQ UpOiOOiOO tQouao • m CO ui (a t/3 v> mX^ ^03^^^ ^CQC^0303 cQ^4c3 ffin^cscd SSa>S« Soo^vS svSSS PPp9 9 ^ P 9^ ¥ >iC>i>>t^>i >. t>) >! f>> t*. [>»>.>»>-.>. iH«W* iO<OI>0 56 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. MARITAL CONDITION. Census inquiries as to marital condition usually distinguish four groups—single, married, widowed, and divorced. At the 1917 census of the Virgin Islands, however, the marital condition inquiries dis- tinguished a fifth group—the consensually married; that is, persons living together ia conjugal relation by mutual consent and without religious or legal sanction. Unions by mutual consent are quite common in the Virgin Islands. They are due, principally, to the high cost of the legal or of the church marriage ceremony; to the strong force of a custom which, especially among the Negroes, has existed for many generations ; and to the absence, especially among the Negroes and mixed, of strong public sentiment against such unions. It is believed that the presence in the Virgin Islands of a fifth marital class—the consensually married—resulted in there being a considerable element of error in the enimierators' returns as to marital condition. And it is believed that this error was not confined to the returns for the consensually married class alone, but that it extended more or less to the returns for each of the other four marital classes. Of the persons living together by mutual consent it is believed that some retm^ned themselves as married and that others retTirned them- selves as single. And of the persons, especially women with children, whose mutual consent consorts had died or left them it is probable that some returned themselves as widowed. The effect of these supposed errors in the returns would be an understatement of the number consensually married, and an overstatement of the number single, married, and widowed, respectively. In Table 14 the marital condition of the population 15 years of age and over is given for each sex by color or race for 1917 and by sex alone for 1911. Since, at the census of 1911, the population was not enumerated by color or race, the marital condition statistics for this census are presented by sex only; also, since, at the census of 1911, the consensually married and the single were reported together, these two groups for 1917 must be combined in making comparisons as to marital condition between 1911 and 1917. POPULATION. 57 Table 14 BEX AND CLASS Or POPULATION. PEKSONS 16 TEARS OP AGE AND OVER. Total. Single. Married. Consen- sually married. Widow- ed and divorced. 1917 All clases, number. White Negro Mixed Allotlier All classes, per cent . White Negro Mixed All other All classes, number,. White Negro Mixed All other All classes, per cent . White Negro Mixed All ether 8,461 994 6,377 1,059 31 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (') 10,269 541 7,743 1,977 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4,051 58 THE VTRGIN ISLANDS. MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION IS YEARS OF AGE ANB OVER, FOR ISLANDS, CITIES, AND RURAL DISTRICTS: 1917. Table 15 POPULATION. 59 pBOlOAJCI S5 ; ; «J'THei50S0>»0'*i-t r^ • •cot-tcfl Ph 3 C4rHeocci>>OcatDO> ^ MootHccowt* eo cqcooxn t^CO'-itfCCOO rt t-T-4 CO 'S"2 ^c3C4c<]cooi-iot>ocor- §1 la =&§ ootnoiooodo u rH'*-*ONca»- OOOt* W'-'Ng t^-fJHtOUSt-OOtOeOMNCl t*cioomeooo-*ooo 3C»COOsr*NkO"3"*li-*iO ^jH CO oa r* 1* CO W3 Q CO w m ot •*j M 00 * "* «) "5 c*S M »ft OJtti-^f-tOieJNOWOOt-M 0« -CO-^Ol OeOCl (DtOCO CO CO •*eOCOMMCi»N« * <o Ol O CO Oi to CO C>1 oi (odos-^ood OS ^ OJ >o * ^ "* i-(N-^w*co^co"*aioo cocqooQ^t>-*oooo>>-i ooio-^t^waco-* eOC<)lOtOINC<10t>.t-rt<D>0 ciooeoNTttp^cqc^eo«»Heo ^eoco^p^ coi-(oeoco« COtOiH.-' ^ - r-LQOoa «*•-< •-( COOStOC^OSQOl'^QP'-fC^O 00t£j00O>iOO>»O«O<SMt>t- 00 -g-^iOCOtf o CO •>!** CO r- eo * Oi Tp OJ oS « M »-i t> ^> CO o t-> oi 00 'paoJOAia eo rtN«t-co-* ^^tJHOJUSOOt*'* ddde4dt^-^jp CO to ^ t^ t^ i-t to ddi-Jd"* Ncd *TtlCO ddd CS •-( .-H i-t « 1-1S" s omokot-iHOiioNCiit"- OOi-HCoddoQlANlrioC-* 1-1 .H CI CO p5 C5 iH rH d d iH « N iH CO si i-i M d lo 00 N M O eococO PS Ht-COrt «N »0 CS lOCOW-^Clri HUSW(OOi'<f - i-( C? O t- r-l ss i-HMC0'*"5i0i000OO« r'd diOrHioodi-iddwid 1-1 w "o to 00 eo CO t^ • 00 i>cocodooi>dN • d COC4>OCDCOI.>-(0 • »-H OC0 03 oeoc4 red d CO 00 M ^ iH '44 C4 U30D r« •-( 00 DO 1- HCON i-*0)00» OOJeob-'oecco<oost-(Dt^ 1^' ^«I-4cpe<^oooc<l03<o^•03^- eoioOTftoc5«3i-((ouio^H >ooooja>u5eokoiaconi-i HO0>C0C0N"*C0»0«0 5«»tOt«-"*«r-lrtrt O CO t- t- tH OJ o> *<t-iou, ea gj to ^ Oi ji e^ CO 00 t^ >S <0 CO C4 I 6H «COfHfHtHI-l iHNi-< S'«*llOQO^MQJCOOi-HOJM OJi-io»otDobeoiooiiOco « 0> I-l CO « 1-1 1-ll-H CO CO M iOV(DCl>C4COvajmeOS SSoo : feS2 E S3 ^>> pa t> 3Sfe C4 ec O oioco s t>, t^ ra •a 2S o ° <="" oo"" ! t=3 S§i§iSS »*> S •-< N CO lo o |g = oooN" PS is^ 60 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. < POPULATION". PLACE OF BIRTH. 61 In Table 17 the total population of the Virgin Islands and each principal class of the population, in 1917, is distributed by place of bu-th. PLACE OF BIETH AND COLOE OR RACE: 1917. Table 17 PLACE OP BIRTH. 62 THE VTEGIN ISLANDS. Table 18 shows for the total population and for each principal class of the population, in 1917, the per cent distribution by place of birth. Of the total population, 76.2 per cent was bom in the Virgin Islands, 16.4 per cent ia the British West Indies, 3.1 per cent ia other West Indies, 2.3 per cent ia the United States, 0.3 per cent ia Central and South America, and 1.8 per cent ia other places. Thus, over 95 out of every 100 persons in the total population were bom either in the Vir^ia Islands or in the British or other West Indies. Outside of the Virgin Islands the British West Indies was, as to numbers, by far the most important place of birth. Table 18 PLACE or BIBTH. POPULATIOM'. 63 Table 30 64 THE VIBGIN ISLANDS. ing the citizenship of certaia classes of the people. The worst con- fusion was as to the correct citizenship of the Negroes and persons of mixed race who were born in the British or other West Indian Islands, but who had lived for many years in the Virgin Islands. Some enu- merators returned such persons as citizens of the country possessing the particular island from which they came, while other enumerators retiu"ned them as citizens of the Virgin Islands. Because of this con- fusion the enumerators' returns of the citizenship of the Negroes and of persons of mixed race are believed to be too inaccurate to warrant publication of the tabulated statistics. The returns for whites prob- ably are more nearly accurate, although even here there was some confusion as to the proper manner of returning citizenship. The citizenship of the total white population, and of the white males 21 years of age and over is shown in Table 22. Table 82 POPULATION. 65 Table 23—Continued. 66 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. PERSONS 5 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE ATTENDING SCHOOL, BY AGE PERIODS: 1917. Table 24 POPULATION. 67 PEHSONS 5 TO 20 YEARS OP AGE ATTENDING SCHOOL, BY AGE PEEIODS, FOR ISLANDS, CITIES, AND RURAL DISTRICTS: 1917. Table 25 68 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. PERSONS 5 TO 20 TEARS OF AGE ATTENDING SCHOOL, BY AGE PERIODS, FOR ISLANDS, CITIES, AND RURAL DISTRICTS: 1917—Continued. Table 26—Continued. POPULATION. 69 Thomas, the corresponding percentages were 51.9 for Charlotte Amalie and 46.2 for the rural districts. Of persons 5 to 20 years of age the percentage attending school was highest for those of mixed race, in the cities of Christiansted and Charlotte Amalie, in the rural districts of St. Thomas, and on the island of St. John. The percentage was highest for whites in the rural districts of St. Croix. Table 25 shows that in the case of each area, each class of the population, and each sex, school attendance was largely confined to persons 5 to 14 years of age. The number and proportion of persons 5 to 21 years of age attending school are shown by sex and by year of age for each principal class of the population in Table 26. PERSONS 5 TO 21 YEARS 70 THE VIKGIN ISLANDS. PERSONS 5 TO 21 YEAKS POPULATION. 71 U,LITEEATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEABS OF AGE AND OVEK, FOR ISLANDS, CITIES. AND RURAL DISTRICTS: 1917. Table 27 AKEA AND CLASS 01 POPULATION. Virgin Islands . White.... Negro Mixed Another. Cities Wliite.... Negro Mixed Another. Rural districts. White Negro Mixed Another St. Croix., White.... Negro Mixed Another.. Christiansted . White Negro Mixed Another.. Fredenltsted . White.... Negro Mixed Another. Rural districts. White Negro Mixed Another... Bt. Thomas. White.... Negi'o Mixed.... Another. Charlotte Amalie.. White Negro Mixed Another Rural districts.' White Negro Mixed Another... St. John. White.... Negro Mixed Another. POPULATION 10 TEARS OP AGE AND over: 1917. Total num- ber. 21, 191 1,661 15,949 3,641 40 12,501 979 8,816 2,686 20 8,690 855 20 12,396 541 10,256 1,677 22 3, 775 236 2,755 778 6 2,574 97 2,106 370 1 6,047 203 6,395 8,106 1,116 5,195 1,778 17 6,152 646 3,959 1,638 13 1,954 470 1,240 240 4 4 498 miterate. Num- ber. 5,281 188 4,734 340 10 2,272 6 2,072 190 3,009 182 2,662 150 15 3,808 3,699 191 15 1 794 70 2 670 '547' 2,371 2 2,268 1,329 186 1,025 116 3 835 9 731 97 2 494 180 294 19 1 144 110 33 1 Per cent. 24.9 11.3 29.7 9.0 (') 18.2 0.6 23.5 7.1 (') 34.6 26.7 37.3 17.5 C) 30.7 0.6 35.1 12.1 w 23.0 0.4 28.8 9.0 (') 22.1 26.0 6.2 (') 39.2 1.0 41.9 22.8 « 16.4 16.6 19.7 6.5 (') 13.6 0.8 18.5 6.3 (') 25.3 38.3 23.7 7.9 (') 20.9 MALES 10 TEARS OP AOE AND over: 1017. 22.1 17.7 (') Total num- ber. 9,644 1,054 7,270 1,288 32 5,018 631 3,605 868 14 4,626 423 3,766 420 18 5,953 321 4,970 644 18 1,633 140 1,200 1,025 ,M 854 116 1 3,296 127 2,916 239 13 3,337 729 2,032 663 13 lUiterate. Num- ber. 2,306 92 2,076 122 16 Per cent. 8.7 28.6 9.6 (') 747 1 705 1,669 91 1,371 83 14 1,764 1,674 76 14 332 313 17 2 192 188 4 1,240 1,173 56 12 92 2,360 437 1,451 977 292 681 100 4 4 268 81 1 223 1 204 18 227 91 126 14.9 0.2 20.1 4.5 m 33.7 21.6 36.4 19.8 ('1 29.6 33.7 11.8 (') 26.1 5.9 W 18.7 22.0 3.4 (') 40.2 23.0 (') 13.5 12.6 16.2 4.8 m 9.4 0.2 14.1 3.9 (') 23.2 31.2 21.7 9.0 (') 26.0 PEUAI.es to TEARS OP AOE AND over: 1017. Total num- ber. 11,547 607 8,679 2,263 7,483 348 5,311 1,818 4,064 259 3,368 436 2 6,443 220 6,286 933 4 2,142 96 1,656 489 2 1,649 43 i,2.';2 254 2,752 81 2,479 190 2 4,769 387 3,163 1,215 4 26.9 23.6 3,792 209 2,504 1,075 4 977 178 659 140 335 230 105 Illiterate. Num- ber. 2,975 96 2,658 218 3 1,625 5 1,367 151 2 1,450 91 1,291 67 1 2,044 3 1,926 115 1 635 1 481 53 378 359 19 1,131 2 1,085 43 1 879 612 4 527 79 2 267 89 168 10 > Per cent not shown where base is less than 60. 72 THE VIRGIlSr ISLANDS. The percentage of illiteracy in the total population and in each of the three principal classes of the population 10 years of age and over is shown in Table 28 for the Virgin Islands in 1917 and for Porto Rico and the United States in 1910. Table 38 POPULATION. 73 ILLITERATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEAES OF AOE AND OVER: 1917 Table 29 CLASS OP POPULATION AND AGE PERIOD. All classes.. 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and orar. White 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Negro 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Mixed 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years ' 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. All other 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to .54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. POPULATION 10 YEAHS OF AGE AND OTBE: 1917. Total number. 21,191 2,461 2,209 2,521 4,115 3,719 2,709 1,894 1,563 1,661 128 158 363 162 124 103 15,949 1,829 1,627 1,808 3,124 2,899 2,104 1,434 1,124 3,641 605 418 3-13 COO 5S0 437 326 332 Illiterate. Num- ber. 5,281 109 128 262 675 1,011 1,153 990 953 188 4,734 93 104 226 593 930 1,051 889 848 340 19 For cent. 24.9 4.4 5.8 10.4 16.4 27.2 42.6 52.3 61.0 11.3 6.3 8.9 6.3 12.6 11.9 18.5 16.9 14.6 !9.7 5.1 6.4 12.5 19.0 32.1 50.0 62.0 75.4 9.6 1.6 1.9 3.8 5.5 9.0 15.3 21.8 26.6 (') MALES 10 YEAES OP A«E AND over: 1917. Total num- ber. 9,644 1,183 1,023 1,229 1,856 1,765 1,288 817 1,054 251 138 91 69 32 7,270 733 785 1,387 1,406 1,024 646 396 1,288 229 174 130 216 209 167 102 61 Illiterate. Ntmi- ber. 2,306 79 112 307 483 535 428 92 61 65 93 274 444 485 381 283 122 Per cent. 2.3.9 6.1 7.7 9.1 16.5 27.6 41.5 52.4 6L3 8.7 6.7 8.7 4.2 8.0 11.6 17.6 15.3 W 28. e 6.7 8.9 11.8 19.8 31.6 47.4 69.0 71.5 9.! 2.2 2.3 4.6 6.0 11.0 17.4 28.4 21.3 m FEUALE9 10 TEAB9 OF AGE AND OVEE; 1917. Total num- ber. 11, .547 1,278 1,186 1,292 2,259 1,964 1,421 1,077 1,070 607 43 65 138 98 71 65 71 1,679 936 894 1,023 1,737 1,493 1,080 788 72S 276 244 213 384 371 270 224 271 Illiterate. Num- ber. 2,975 49 150 368 528 618 562 651 2,658 42 319 486 566 508 665 * Per cent not shown where base is less than 50. INABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH. Of the total population of the Virgin Islands 5 years of age and over in 1917 only 164 persons were returned by the enumerators as being unable to speak English. It is believed that in some of these cases persons who could speak English but whose native language was other than English returned their native language instead of English. If this be true, then even the small number here reported as unable 74 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. to speak English is excessive. Table 30 shows by color or race the language of the persons 5 years of age and over returned as unable to speak Enghsh. Vable 30 POPtJLATIOir. 75 OCCUPATIONS. Number and proportion of persons occupied.—In tlie Virgin Islands in 1917 there were 14,590 persons 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations. The gainful workers thus formed 56 per cent of the total population and 68.8 per cent of the population 10 years of age and over. In the male population the gainful workers num- bered 7,936, which was 66.1 per cent of all males and 82.3 per cent of the males 10 years of age and over. In the female population the gainful workers numbered 6,654, which was 47.4 per cent of all females and 57.6 per cent of the females 10 years of age and over. In Table 32 the number of persons engaged in gainful occupa- tions in 1917 is compared with the total population and with the population 10 years of age and over for both sexes and for each sex separately. Table 32 76 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. On the island of St. Croix the proportion of the population 10 years of age and over engaged in gainfiil occupations in 1917 was 73.6 for both sexes, 85.2 for males, and 63 for females. The corre- sponding proportions on the island of St. Thomas were 62.6 for both sexes, 78.2 for males, and 51.6 for females, and on St. John they were 56.2 for both sexes, 71.2 for males, and 40.3 for females. For both sexes and for each sex the proportion gainfully occupied was considerably larger iu the total rural than in the total urban popula- tion. On the island of St Thomas, however, a larger proportion of the urban than of the rural popidation 10 years of age and over was gainfully occupied in 1917. In the report of the census taken by Denmark in 1911 the total population of the Virgin Islands was divided with respect to occu- pations into three groups—"providers," "dependents," and "serv- ants." The "providers" formed 58.1 per cent, the "dependents" 39.3 per cent, and the "servants" 2.6 per cent of the total popula- tion. If the "providers" and "servants" be combined, and if from this combined group be taken the paupers, delinquents, and inmates of hospitals, etc., included with the "providers" and "servants" in 1911, then the remaining group should be comparable with the "gainfid workers," as classified in 1917. Thus, arranged in accord- ance with the 1917 grouping, the 1911 statistics show that at that date the gainful workers numbered 15,404, which was 56.9 per cent of the total population. The male gainful workers numbered 8,057, or 64.4 per cent of aU males; and the female gainful workers numbered 7,347, or 50.4 per cent of all females. In Table 33 the number of persons engaged in gainful occupations in 1911 is compared with the total population. Table 33 POPTTLATIOK. 77 Number and proportion of persons in the general divisions of occupa- tions.—^Table 34 shows, for both sexes, and for each sex separately, the gainful workers in 1917 distributed by general divisions of occu- pations. Of the 14,590 gainful workers, over two-fifths (41.7 per cent) were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, almost one- fifth (19.2 per cent) were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries, and one-fifth (20 per cent) were engaged in domestic and personal service. On St. Croix 59.5 per cent of the workers were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, as compared with only 12 per cent on St. Thomas and St. John. The proportion of the workers in each of the other general divisions of occupations was considerably smaller on St. Croix than on St. Thomas and St. John. Table 34 BEX Ain> GENSBAL DIVISION OT OCCUPATIONS. Both Sexe3. AJ] oceapations. . Agrlcultnre and animal hnsbandry lunufactuTrng and mechanical industries. . Transportation Trade Public service (not elsewhere classified) Professional service Domestic and personal service Clerical occupations All occupations. Agriculture and animal hiisbandry Manufacturing and mechanical industries. . Transportation Trade PubUc service (not elsewhere classified) Professional service Domestic and personal service Clerical occupations All occupations. Agriculture and animal husbandry I&nufacturing and mechanical industries. , Transportation Trade Public service (not elsewhere classified) Professional service Domestic and personal service Clerical occuoations vntoiN ishnhs. Number: 1917. 14,590 6,084 2,802 842 872 621 261 2,918 190 7,936 3,880 1,932 642 360 621 149 182 170 6,654 2,204 870 200 512 112 2,736 20 Per cent distri- bution. 100.0 41.7 19.2 5.8 6.0 4.3 1.8 20.0 1.3 100.0 48.9 24.3 8.1 4.5 7.8 1.9 2.3 2.1 100.0 33.1 13.1 3.0 7.7 1.7 41.1 0.3 Num- ber: 1917. 9,129 6,428 1,377 218 345 155 137 1,386 6,073 3,303 1,045 207 123 155 81 86 74 4,056 2,125 332 11 222 56 1,301 Per cent distri- bution. 100.0 59.5 15.1 2.4 3.8 1.7 1.5 16.2 0.9 100.0 4.1 2.4 3.1 1.6 1.7 1.5 100.0 52.4 8.2 0.3 5.5 1.4 32.1 0.2 ST. THOMAS AND ST. JOHN. Num- ber: 1917. 5,461 656 1,425 624 527 466 124 1,532 107 2,863 577 887 435 237 466 2,598 79 538 189 290 56 1,435U Per cent dis- tribu- tion. 100.0 12.0 26.1 11.4 9.7 8.5 2.3 28.1 2.0 100.0 20.2 .31.0 15.2 8.3 16.3 2.4 3.4 3.4 100.0 3.0 20.7 7.3 11.2 2.2 55.2 0.4 Of the 7,936 male gainful workers, 48.9 per cent were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, and 24.3 per cent were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries These two general divi- sions of occupations thus gave employment to nearly three-fourths (73.2 per cent) of all male workers. On St. Croix more than eight- tenths of the male workers (85.7 per cent) were in these two general 78 THE VIKGIN ISLANDS. divisions of occupations, as compared with slightly over five-tenths (51 2 per cent) on St. Thomas and St. John. Of the 6,654 gainfully- occupied females approximately one-third (33.1 per cent) were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry and over two-fifths (41.1 per cent) were engaged in domestic and personal service. On St. Croix over one-half (52.4 per cent) of the female gainful workers were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, and almost one-third of them (32.1 per cent) were engaged in domestic and persona- serv- ice. On St. Thomas and St. John domestic and personal service was the most important field of employment for gainful females, over one-half (55.2 per cent) of them being so occupied. Persons occupied, distributed by sex.—^Table 35 shows, for all occu- pations and for each general division of occupations, the number of males and females gainfully occupied in 1917 and the per cent which the workers of each sex constituted of the total. These figures show that of each 100 persons gainfully occupied in 1917, 54.4 were male and 45.6 were female. In each general division of occupations, except trade and domestic and personal service, males outnumbered females. In trade 41.3 per cent of the workers were male and 58.7 per cent were female. In domestic and personal service more than nine-tenths (93.8 per cent) of the workers were female. Table 35 GENEEAX DIVISION OF OCCCPAnONS. All occupations Agriculture and animal husbandry M^ufacturing and mechanical industries Transportation Trade Public service (not elsewhere classified). . Professional service Domestic and personal service Clerical occupations Total: 1917. 14,590 6,084 2,802 842 872 621 261 2,918 190 Number. 7,936 3,880 1,932 642 360 621 149 182 170 Per cent. Number. 54.4 63.8 69.0 76.2 a. 3 100.0 57.1 6.2 89.5 6,654 2,204 870 200 512 112 2,736 20 Per cent. 45.6 36.2 31.0 23.8 58.7 42.9 93.8 10.5 Persons occupied, distributed by age periods.—^Table 36 shows for the males and females of the Virgin Islands the niimber of persons of each specified age engaged in gainful occupations compared with the total number of the same age in 1917. The figures show that in 1917 more than eight-tenths (82.3 per cent) of the males 10 years of age and over were engaged in gainful occupations. In the lowest age period, 10 to 13, only 6.3 per cent of the males were gainfully occu- pied, while in the next age period, 14 to 15, the proportion gainfully occupied was over seven times as large, being 44.3 per cent. For the age period 16 to 20 the proportion occupied (87.7 per cent) was almost double that for the age period 14 to 15. The proportion occupied was almost the same for the age period 21 to 30 (97 per cent) as for the age period 31 to 44 (97.1 per cent). In the age period 21 to 30 POPULATION. 79 only 3 men and in the age period 31 to 44 only 2.9 men out of every 100 were without gainful occupations. If the age periods, except the lowest two, be combined, it is found that of all males 16 years of age and over considerably over nine-tenths (93.1 percent) were engaged in gainful occupations in 1917. Of the females 10 years of age and over, 57.6 per cent were engaged in gainful occupations in 1917. In the age period 10 to 13 the pro- portion gainfully occupied was larger for females (8.7 per cent) than for males (6.3 per cent), but in each of the other age periods the pro- portion was considerably smaller for females than for males. The proportion of females gainfully occupied was highest in the age period 21 to 30 years—73.4 per cent. The proportion dropped to 69 per cent in the age period 31 to 44, to 63.1 per cent in the age period 45 to 64, and to 28.6 per cent in the age period 65 years and over. TaDle 36 AGE PEBIOD, 10 years and over 10 to 13 years 14 to 15 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 44 years 45 to 84 years 65 years and over MALES 10 TEARS OF AGE AND OVEE: 1917. Total number. 9,644 469 1,055 2,224 2,364 2,105 493 Engaged in gain- ful occupations. Number. 59 208 925 2,158 2,295 1,955 Per cent. 82.3 44.3 87.7 97.0 97.1 92.9 68.2 FEMALES 10 TEARS OF AGE AND over: 1917. Total number. 11, 547 1,026 473 1,230 2,529 2,721 2,498 1,070 Engaged in gain- ful occupations. Number. 6,654 167 783 1,856 1,878 1,575 306 Per cent. 67.6 8.7 35.3 63.7 73.4 69.0 63.1 The per cent which the gainful workers in each age period consti- tuted of all gainful workers in the Virgin Islands in 1917 is shown for both sexes and for each sex separately in Table 37. This sum- mary shows that more than nine-tenths (92 per cent) of the gainful workers were between 16 and 64 years of age, inclusive. Only 1 per cent were 10 to 13, only 2.6 per cent 14 to 15, and only 4.4 per cent 65 years of age and over. There was no marked difference between the sexes as to the age distribution of the gainful workers. TaWe 37 AOK PERIOD. 10 years and over 10 to 13 years 14 to 15 years... 16 to 20 years PEE CENT DISTEmUTION OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN GAINFUL occupa- tions: 1917. Both 1.0 2.6 11.7 Male. 0.7 2.6 11.7 Fe- male. 1.3 2.5 11.8 AGE PEKIOD. 21 to 30 years 31 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over. PEE CENTnSTRIBTjnON OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN GAESFUL OCCUPA- TIONS: 1917. Both 27.5 28.6 24.2 4.4 Male. 27.2 28.9 24.6 4.2 Fe- male. 27.9 28.2 23.7 4.6 80 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. Persons occupied, distributed hy color or race.—Table 38 shows for both sexes and for each sex separately a distribution by color or race of the total population of the Virgin Islands 10 years of age and over and of the persons engaged in gainful occupations in 1917. Of all gainful workers white persons constituted 7.7 per cent, Negroes 78.3 per cent, persons of mixed race 13.7 per cent, and all other persons 0.2 per cent. The Negroes formed a somewhat larger and the whites and the mixed, formed a somewhat smaller proportion of the gainful workers than of the population 10 years of age and over. The white males formed a somewhat larger per cent, the Negro males approximately the same per cent, and the mixed males a somewhat smaller per cent of the male gainful workers than of the male population 10 years of age and over. The white and the mixed females formed a much smaller proportion of the female gainful workers than of the female population 10 years of age and over, while the reverse was true of the Negro females. Table 38 SEX AND CLASS 01 POPULATION. POPTJLATIOIT. 81 per cent) than for all females (57.6 per cent), while the proportion for Negro females (62.6 per cent) was larger than for all females. Table 39 CLASS OF POPTJLATION. 82 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. In addition, 2 of the gainfully occupied females 15 years of age were married, making a total of 2,406 married or consensuaUy married females 15 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations in 1917. Hence, of the 4,100 married and consensuaUy married females 15 years of age and over in the total population, 2,406, or 58.7 per cent, were engaged in gainful occupations. The marital condition of the gainfully occupied females was not tabulated separately for each color or race. Since the number of gainfully occupied white females 10 years of age and over was only 178 in 1917, marital condition of the gainfully occupied females by color or race is of importance mainly for Negro females and females of mixed race. And, since Negro females and females of mixed race together constituted 97.2 per cent of all females engaged in gainful occupations (Table 38) , it is evident that the marital con- dition of the gainfully occupied Negro and mixed females was prac- tically the same as that of all gainfully occupied females. Accord- ing to Table 40, of all gainfully occupied females 16 years of age and over in 1917, 52.7 per cent were single, 18.8 per cent were married, 18.8 per cent were consensuaUy married, and 9.8 per cent were widowed or divorced. Description of the occupation general tables.—Table 41 (p. 83) shows, for the Virgin Islands, the number and sex of the persons 10 years of age and over engaged in 1917 in each of 112 specified occupations and occupation groups. Sinular statistics are presented for St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John, and for the cities of Christiansted, Frederiksted, and Charlotte Amalie, in Table 42 (p. 85). Table 43 (p. 88) shows, for the Virgin Islands, the number of males and of females 10 years of age and over engaged in selected occupations and occupation groups, classified by age periods, and by color or race, and by marital condition for persons 16 years of age and over. Table 44 (p. 94) presents similar statistics for St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John and for the cities of Christiansted, Frederiksted, and Charlotte Amalie. The occupations selected for presentation in Tables 43 and 44 are those of the 112 occupations shown in Tables 41 and 42, which are of most importance, niunerically, for the par- ticular area. POPULATION. 83 Table 41.- -TOTAL PBESONS 10 YEARS OP AGE AND OVEE ENGAGED IN EACH SPECI- FIED OCCUPATION, CLASSIFIED BY SEX: 1917. OCCUPATION. ropulation 10 years of age and over All occupations. . 21,191 14, 690 Agriculture and animal husbandry Farmers Farm and garden foremen and overseers Farm and garden laborers Farm watchmen Fishermen G ardeners Manufacturing and me- chanical industries. . . Apprentices to trades Baiters and bakers' helpers Blaclrsmiths B oilermakers Brick and stone masons Butchers Cabinetmakers Carpenters and joiners Cigar makers Compositors, printers, and typesetters Coopers Dressmakers and seamstresses Electricians and electrical en- gineers Engineers (mechanical) Engineers (stationary) Firemen (except fire depart- ment) Foremen and overseers (man- ufacturing) Hat makers (not in factory) . . , Jewelers, watchmakers, gold- smiths and silversmitii" Laborers (not otherwise speci- fied): charcoal burners General and not specified laborers Laborers, sugar lactones. . Other laborers in manu- tscturini! Machinists, inillwrights, and toolmakers Managers and superintend- ents (manufacturing) Manufacturers and officials . . . Mechanics (not otherwise Mininers and millinerydealers. Painters, glaziers, vamishers, and enamelers , Piano and organ tuners Plumbers, gas and steam fitters Saddlers , Shipwrights Shoemakers and cobblers Sugar factory operatives (semiskilled) , Tailors Tinsmiths and coppersmiths. Wheelwrights Other pursuits Basket makers Broom makers Candy makers Mattress makers Net makers Total. 6,0S4 108 5,120 24 426 18 2,802 170 137 8 157 30 12 457 18 21 10 549 15 6 78 268 116 6 35 8 77 17 107 30 17 32 4 2 2 9,644 7,936 341 105 3,970 24 425 15 Male 11,547 6,654 ,880 84 32 137 8 157 30 12 467 17 19 10 1 15 6 78 39 Fe- male. 2,204 3 2,150 4 138 648 13 84 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. Table 41. -TOTAL PEESONS 10 YEARS OF AOE AND OVER ENGAGED IN EACH SPECI- FIED OCCUPATION, CLASSIFIED BY SEX: 1917—Continued. OCCUPATION. Domestic and personal service Barbers and hairdressers Bartenders Boarding and lodging house keepers Cooks Hotel and restaurant keepers. Housekeepers and stewards. . . Janitors and sextons Laimderers and laundresses . . Midwives Nursesi Saloonkeepers Servants and waiters Other domestic service pur- suits Total. 2,91S 348 8 32 6 1,303 11 129 3 1,046 Male. 182 6 2 124 Fe- male. 2,736 1 1 6 338 3 30 1 1,300 11 123 1 922 OCCnPATIOU. Clerical occupations. Agents, canvassers, and col- lectors Bookkeepers, cashiers, and accountants Clerks (except clerks In stores) Messenger, errand, and office boys Stenographers and type- writers Total. 190 Male. Fe- mali^ 1 12 'Includes tiained, practical, and cbildten's nurses. POPULATION. 85 Table 42.—TOTAL PEESONS 10YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN EACH SPECIFIED OCCUPATION. CLASSIFIED BY SEX. FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917. 86 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. Table 42 TOTAL PERSONS 10YEAES OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN EACH SPECTFIED OCCUPATION. CLASSIFIED BY SEX, FOE ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917—Continued. POPULATION. 87 Table 42—TOTAL PERSONS 10YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE ENGAGED IN EACH SPECIFIED OCCUPATION. CLASSIFIED BY SEX. FOB ISLANDS AND CITIES; 1917—Continued. bo THE VIRGIN- ISLANDS. Table 43 TOTAL PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGEP IN SELECTED BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 POPULATION. 89 OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PEEIODS, COLOR OH RACE, AND SEX, AND YEARS OF AGE AND OVER: 1917. AGE PEBIOnS- contlnued. 4S to 64 years. 65 years and over. 2,105 2,498 1,9551,575 4931,070 336 306 COLOR OE RACE. White. 1,054 607 Negro. 8,679 6,000 5,430 1,288 Mixed. 2,253 960 1, 040 All oth- er. 3,495 MAEITAl CONDITION OF OCCUPIED PEK- SONS 16 yEABS Oi' AGE AND OVER. Single. 3,370 2,321 Married. 1,203 1,503 869 Consen- sually married. 1,201 719 Wid- owed and di- vorced. -I I S 350 624 1,153 I 499 215! 94 3,450 2,109 1,587 3,1,111 172 60 792: 10 120 24 431 2- 430 262 70 50 76 2,804 23 298 12 35 2 2,069 90 97 1,468 458 369 80 67 19 1,344 5 146 6 764 673 .... 202 55 714 32 18 6 131 154 18. 1. R 90 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. Table 43 TOTAL PERSONS 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN SELECTED BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 POPULATION. 91 OCCUPATIONS. CLASSIFIKD BY AOE PERIODS, COLOE OE EACE, AND SEX, AND YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE: 1917—Continued. AGE PERIODS— continued. 92 THE VIEGIK ISLANDS. Tap.le 43.—total persons 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN SELECTED BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 POPULATION, 93 OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS, COLOR OE EACE, AND SEX, AND YEARS OF AGE AND OVER 1917—Continued. AOE PEEIODS— 94 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. Table 44.—TOTAL MALES AND FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS AND COLOR OR RACE, AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917. jrujruj^ATIOH". 95 Table 44.—TOTAL MALES AND FEMALES 10 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS. CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS AND COLOR OR RACE, AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917—Continued. 96 THE VIRGIIT ISi.AiNi/o. Table 44.—TOTAL MALES AND FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS AND COLOR OR RACE, AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917—Continued. POPULATIOK. 97 Table 44.—TOTAL MALES AND FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS AND COLOR OR RACE, AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917—Continuod. SEX AND OCCUPATION. Total. AOE FEBIODS. t 98 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. Table 44.—TOTAL MALES AND FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS AND COLOR OR RACE, AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917—Continued. SEX AND OOCTIPATION. Total, AGE PERIODS. COLOE OE RACE. MARITAL CONDITION OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER. ST. THOMAS—Continued. Females POPULATION. 99 Table 44.—TOTAL MALES AND FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AKD OVEE IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PEEIODS AND COLOR OR RACE, AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOE PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917—Continued. SEX AND OCCUPATION. Total. AGE PEEIODS. COLOB OB KACE. MAEITAL CONDITION or FEBSONS IS YEARS OP AGE AND OVEE. si o ST. JOHN. 100 THE VIRGIN ISLANI>S. Table 44 TOTAL MALES AND FEMALES 10 YEAEB OP AGE ANI> OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS AND COLOR OR RACE, AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917—Continued. POPULATION. 101 Table 44 TOTAL MALES AND FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS AND COLOR OR RACE, AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917—Continued. SEX AND OCCUPATION. Total, AGE PERIODS. COLOR OR RACE. MARITAL CONDITION OF PERSONS 16 YEARSOFAQE AND OVER. I P'E CHRISTIANSTED—Continued. Males—Contd. 102 THE VIBGIN ISLANIS. Table 44.—JJOTAL UALES AND FEMALES 10 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCtrPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS AND COLOR OR RACE, AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917—Continued. POPTJLATIOISr. 103 Table 44.—TOTAL MALES AND FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONSj CLASSIFIED BY AGE PEEIODS AND COLOR OR RACE. AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOE PERSONS 16 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES; 1917—Continued. 104 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. Table 44 TOTAL MALES AND FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS AND COLOR OR RACE, AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES; 1917—Conlinucd. POPULATIOIT. 105 Tablb 44.—total UALES AND FEMALES 10 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVER IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS AND COLOR OR RACE, AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917—Continued. 106 THE VIBGIN ISLANDS. Table 44.—TOTAL MALES AND FEMALES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEK IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIODS AND COLOR OR RACE, AND BY MARITAL CONDITION FOR PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR ISLANDS AND CITIES: 1917—Continued. POPTJLATIOIT. 107 because incomplete, and some were not tabulated because the number of employees was considered too small to be representative of the total number in the particular occupations. The returns for 2,037 employees were tabulated, and the statistics are presented in Table 45, which shows the wages received, the hours worked per day, and the days worked per year by employees working in 28 specified occupations in 1917. The majority of the laundresses and most of the cooks and servants and waiters received, in addition to the money wages reported for them, board, or both board and lodging. Likewise, each farm laborer living and working on an estate or plantation usually received, in addition to the money wages here reported, a room—commonly valued at five cents a day—and, especially on the island of St. Croix, a garden plot of not less than one-tenth of an acre of land. On some estates laborers who both worked and lived there were also allowed to keep farm animals. In lieu of these privileges granted laborers who both worked and Hved on the estate, laborers working but not living on the estate usually were paid five cents a day higher wages than the estate laborers of the same class. Occasionally an employee in some occupation other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraph also received board, or both board and lodging, in addition to money wages. In each such case, when the value of the board or of the board and lodging, as estimated by the employer, was returned by the enumerator, this value was added to and reported with the money wages. However, in some of the cases in which employees received board, or both board and lodg- ing, in addition to money wages, its value was not returned by the enumerators. It is probable, also, that in other cases no return was made by the enumerators of the fact that the employees received board, or both board and lodging, in addition to their money wages. In some cases the number of employees returned on the wages and hours of labor schedule as engaged in a particular occupation exceeded the number returned on the general population schedule. Such excess, where it occurs, usually is explained by the fact that the information returned on the wages and hours of labor schedule was secured, wherever possible, from the employers at their respective places of business, whUe the information returned on the general population schedule was secured from the different individuals enumerated, or from persons found at their respective homes by the enumerators in their house-to-house visitation. In some cases the information as to wages and hours of labor given by employers was from their book records; and, in the case of the sugar factories, the information apparently was for the operating season of 1917 and not for the census date, November 1, 1917. This explains the compara- tively large number of stationary engineers and laborers in sugar factories reported in the wages and hours of labor table. 108 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. Table 45—WAGES RECEIVED, HOUR8 WORKED PER DAY, AND DATS WORKED PER YEAR, BY EMPLOYEES IN EACH SPECIFIED OCCUPATION: 1917. [In the case of each occupation the sex of the workers is male unless otherwise specified.] RATES OF WASES AKD E0DK3 AND DAYS OF UBOR. POPULATION. 109 Table 45.-WAGES RECEIVED, HOURS WORKED PER DAY, AND DAYS WORKED PEE YEAR, BY EMPLOYEES IN EACH SPECIFIED OCCUPATION: 1917—Continued. [In the case of each occupation tlie sex of tlie workers is male unless otherwise specified.] RATES or WAGES AND HOURS AND DATS O? LABOR. 110 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. TABLE45 WAGES RECEIVED, HOURS WORKED PER DAY, AND DAYS WORKED PER YEAR, BY EMPLOYEES IN EACH SPECIFIED OCCUPATION: 1917—Continued. [In the case of each occupation the sex of the workers is male unless otherwise specified.] RATES OF WAGES AND HOURS AND DAYS OF POPTJLATIOlir. Ill Table 45.—WAGES RECEIVED, HOURS WORKED PER DAY AND DAYS WORKED PER YEAR, BY EMPLOYEES IN EACH SPECIFIED OOOtTPATION: 1917—Continued. [In the case of each occupation the sex of the workers is male unless otherwise specified.] RATES OF WAGES AND HOURS AND DAYS OF AGRICULTURE. INTBODTTCTION. This chapter treats of the agricultural interests of the Virgin Islands and is a summary and general presentation of the results of the first census of agriculture of these islands. From v>arious sources it has been gathered that agriculture has largely been neglected throughout the islands for a number of years, and that there has been retrogression rather than progress. During the existence of slavery on the islands agriculture was the principal industry, and practically all the land of every estate was devoted to the growth of sugar cane. With the abolition of slavery, and the increase of ship- ping labor gradually deserted these estates and centered in the ports, chiefly St. Thomas, as farm laborers were poorly paid, while labor in the ports was paid a fairly good wage for that class of work. A complete statement is given concerning the area and value of land in farms and the value of other property devoted to agriculture November 1, 1917,_the agricultural operations on farms for the year ending October 31, 1917, and the number and value of Uve stock ia towns November 1, 1917. Area oj enumeration.—The area of enumeration included the islands of St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John. Schedules and method of canvass.—^A general farm schedule was designed for the exclusive purpose of collecting data relating to farmers, farm land, farm property, and farm products. This general schedule contained an inquiry designed for data relating to Hve stock not on farms. Each enumerator was supplied with a book of instructions for use in preparing the schedule. The general farm schedule was carried by the enumerators, who also had the duty of collecting statistics of population. An enumera- tor who carried the general farm schedule personally visited each farm and this same schedule was used by enumerators for securing data pertaining to live stock not on farms. The enumerators visited the persons in charge of inclosures, etc., in towns, and secured from them the facts desired. Definitions.—For the purpose of insuring comparabiUty, and for the assistance of the enumerators, the Bureau of the Census has adopted and each of the enumerators was provided with certain definitions and instructions, the more important of which are essen- tially as follows : 60396°—18- 8 (113) 114 THE VIBGIN ISLANTJS. Fccrm.—A "farm," for census purposes, is the land under the personal management of a single indi-vidual or firm, though consisting of different tracts, used for raising or producing animals, poultry, and agricultural products, and operated or farmed by his labor, the labor of the members of his household, or by hired employees working under his personal direction. If an individual works one tract of land as a hired manager or overseer and a second tract of which he is owner or tenafit, or if he operates two or more farms for different individuals, the different tracts constitute different farms. In all other cases the land operated by a given individual or firm constitutes a single farm, no matter if made of a number of parcels or tracts. In rural districts care should be taken to secure a schedule for every tract of land having an occupant when such occupant obtains during the year products which contribute in any degree to the support of himself or family Public institutions, as insane hospitals, reform schools, etc., carrying on agricultural opeiations, are to be considered as farms. Report only the value of the lands and buildings used for agricultural purposes for such institutions. FaTw, land.—Farm land is divided into (1) improved land, (2) woodland, and (3) all other unimproved land. Improved land includes all land regularly tilled or mowed, land pastured and cropped in rotation, land lying fallow, land in gardens, orchards, vineyards, and nurseries, and land occupied by farm buildings. Woodland includes all land covered with natural or planted forest trees, which produce, or later may pro- duce, firewood or other forest products. All other unimproved land includes brush land, rough or stony land, swamp land, and any other land which is not improved or in forest. The census classification of farm land as "improved land," "woodland," and "other unimproved land" is one not always easy for the farmers or enumerators to make, and the statistics therefore must be considered at best only a close approxi- mation. Classes offarmers.—Farm owners include (1) farmers operating their own land only, and (2) those operating both their own land and some land hired from others. Mana- gers are farmers who are conducting farm operations for the owner for wages or a salary. Farm, tenants are farmers who, as tenants, renters, or croppers, operate hired land only. Text discussion of tables.—^The general aspects of the statistics pre- sented in tabular form are briefly discussed in the accompanying text. This explanatory text serves the purpose of calling attention to certain important results of the census inquiry. It is not in- tended that this text shall present an exhaustive analysis of the statistics. In the main, therefore, the discussion is confined to the facts disclosed by the censiis concerning the Virgin Islands as a whole. Value of farm products.—^In the tables and text presented in this chapter is shown the value of crops produced, the value of live stock on hand at the date of the enumeration, and of certain farm products, but no attempt has been made to compute or even estimate the total value of farm products. FAEMS AND FARM PROPERTY. Farm data for the islavds: 1917.—Table 1, which follows, sum- marizes for the Virgin Islands—St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas the more important facts relating to population and land area, the AGBICULrUBE. 115 number and acreage of farms, and the total value and average value per farm of all farm property and the several classes thereof in 1917. Table 1 NUMBER, AKEA, AND VALUE OF TARMS. 1917 (Nov. 1). NUMBER, AREA, AND VALUE Or FARMS. 1917 (Nov. 1). Population: 1917 Number of all farms Approximate area of the islands (acres) Land in farms (acres) Improved land in farms (acres) Unimproved land in farms (acres) Average acreage per farm: All land Improved land Unimproved land I'er cent of total land area represented by- All land in farms Improved land in farms Unimproved land in farms 26,0.51 430 84,781 59,892 39,4-18 30,444 162.5 91.7 70.8 82.4 46.5 36.9 Value of farm property: Total Land Buildings Implements and macliinery . . . Domestic animals, poultry, and bees Average value per farm: All farm property Land Buildings Implements and machinery... Domestic animals, poultry, and bees Average value of farm land per acre . i, 706, 911 1,402,501 614, MO 106,549 682,921 8,621 6,687 1,430 248 1,366 34.37 The population of the islands in 1917 was 26,051. Of this niimber, 14,590 persons 10 years of age and over were reported as gainfully occupied, 6,084, or 41.6 per cent, being engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. The total area of land in farms was 69,892 acres, which was 82.4 per cent of the total land area. The improved land in farms totaled 39,448 acres, or 56.4 per cent of all land in farms. The average farm for the islands comprises 162.5 acres, of which 91.7 acres are improved land. The percentage of improved land in the smaller farms is much larger, and up to 20 acres averages over 85 per cent of the total; while of those having 1,000 acres or more less than 50 per cent is improved. The value of farm property for the islands amounted to $3,706,911, including the value of land and buildings, $3,017,341; implements and machinery, $106,649; and the value of live stock, $582,921. The average value of all farm property per farm was $8,621; of land and buildings, $7,017; of implements and machinery, $248; of live stock, $1,356; and the average value of farm land per acre was $34.37. The total area of the islands is approximately 84,781 acres, and the land in farais is about 69,892 acres. Of the acres in farms, 49,206 are reported for the island of St. Croix, the principal agri- cultural island; 10,003 acres are reported for St. John; and 10,683 acres for St. Thomas. The island of St. Croix, because of its physical nature, leads in every phase of agriculture. Keference to Tables 15, 16, and 17 (pp. 128-130) will show in detail a comparison of the agricultural data collected for each of the islands. 116 THE vntGrsr islaitos. Table 2 FAEMS OPERATED BY— Number of farms. All land inlarms (acres). Improved I^din farms (acres). Value of land and btiildings. All farmers.. Owners Managers Tenants Wiite farmers. Owners Managers Tenants Mixed farmers. Owners Managers Tenants Negro farmers. Owners Managers Tenants 430 39,448 13,017,341 127 56 247 32,290 3,712 18,265 18,799 2,334 1,169,277 1,704,935 143,129 47,868 29,895 2,431,195 58 2-1,823 21,219 1,826 15,317 14,056 14,474 1,365 5,995 1,352,385 94,930 333,795 6,948 7,976 2,916 2,782 297 3,658 137,565 187,620 8,610 252,351 41 10 219 2,119 3,095 1,493 1,293 1,543 722 47,832 164,930 Farm tenure.—^Table 2 shows, for white, mixed, and Negro fannra^, and for the total of all farmers, the number of farms, total acres and improved acres of land in farms, and the value of land and buildings. Each color classification is further divided according to tenancy and the detail is shown for owners, managers, and tenants. Of the 430 farms reported, 127 are shown to have been operated by owners, 56 by managers, and 247 by tenants. Negro farm operators numbered 270, of which 219 were tenants. White operators show the largest number of owners and managers, while only 9 white tenant operators are reported for the three islands. White owners occupied 24,823 acres of farm land, of which 14,056 acres were improved; white managers occupied 21,219 acres, of which 14,474 acres were improved; and white tenants occupied 1,826 acres, of which 1,365 acres were improved. White managers occupy the largest improved acreage. The value of the land and buildings on farms operated by managers amounted to $1,352,385, which was 44.8 per cent of the total for the islands. Negro tenants operated the lai^est number of farms, 219 having been reported as operating farms with a total of 1,493 acres, of which only 722 acres were improved. The mixed farmers operated the smallest number of farms, although the total and improved acreage and the value of land and buildings was in excess of that of Negro operators. Table 3 shows the per cent distribution for the data given in Table 2, together with the per cent of farm land improved for each color and tenure group, average acres per farm for all land and improved land, and the average value of land and buildings per farm and per acre. AGBICULTtTEE. 117 Table 3 118 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. Farms operated by managers averaged $30,445 per farm, or $52.80 per acre. Tenant farms averaged $579 per farm, or $38.56 per acre. White farmers, representing 23.7 per cent of the total farms report- iag, operated 68.5 per cent of all land in farms and 75.8 per cent of the improved land. These farms with the improvements represented 80.5 per cent of the total value of land and buildings. Of the total acreage operated by white farmers, 62.5 per cent was improved land; the farms averaged 469.3 acres, of which 293.1 acres was improved land. The average value of land and buildings was $23,835 per farm, or $50.79 per acre of farm land. Of the total farmers, 13.7 percent were white owners, representing 35.5 per cent of the total acreage in farms and 35.6 per cent of the improved land. The value ol land and buildings in this class amounted to 32.6 per cent of the total value. White managers, although representing but 7.9 per cent of the total farmers, operated 30.4 per cent of all farm land and 36.7 per cent of the improved land. The value of land and buildings in this class was 44.8 per cent of the whole. Of the total area of farms operated by white managers, 68.2 per cent was improved land. The farms averaged 624.1 acres, of which 425.7 acres was improved land. Value of land and buildings in this class was more than double that of any other class, averaging $39,776 per farm, or $63.73 per acre. White tenants formed a very small percentage (2.1 per cent) of the total farmers, and occupied but 2.6 per cent of the total farm acreage, and 3.5 per cent of the improved acreage. The value of the land and buildings occupied by white tenants averaged $10,547 per farm, or $51.99 per acre. Mixed farmers constituted 13.5 per cent of the total nmnber of farmers. Of this percentage, 6.3 per cent were owners, 2.8 per cent were managers, and 4.4 per cent were tenants. Mixed farmers operated 21.9 per cent of all farm land and 15.2 per cent of improved land. The value of land and buildings represented in this class was but 11.1 per cent of the total. The average acreage per farm was 264.1, of which 39.1 per cent, or 103.4 acres per farm, was improved land. The average value per farm of the land and buildings for mixed farmers was $5,755, or $21.79 per acre. While Negro farmers were 62.8 per cent of the total number, they operated only 9.6 per cent of the total area in farms and but 9 per cent of the improved land. The value of land and buildings was 8.4 per cent of the total. These farms reported 53 per cent of farm land improved. The average acreage per farm was 24.8 acres, of which 13.2 acres was improved land. The average value per farm was $935, or $37.63 per acre. Negro tenants occupied 50.9 per cent of all farms, thus forming the largest tenm-e class. These farms, however, were but 2.2 per cent of the total acreage and 1.8 per cent AGRICULTURE. 119 of the improved acreage. The value of the land and buildings occu- pied by Negro tenants was but 1.3 per cent of the total. Farms occu- pied by Negro tenants averaged only 6.8 acres, of which 3.3 acres, or 48.4 per cent, was improved land. The average value of land and buildings per farm was $181, or $26.52 per acre. Farms hy size groups.—In Table 4 is shown the number of farms, in size groups, from under 5 acres per farm to 1,000 acres and over per farm. The largest number of farms appears in the group of imder 5 acres, where 219 of the total of 430 farms are reported. Above this size the number of farms is fairly uniform xmtil the size 175 to 499 acres is reached; here the number increased to 65 farms, and from these decreases imtil only 16 farms of 1,000 acres or over are reported. The largest acreage of all lands in farms is reported in the size 1,000 acres and over; the largest improved acreage is in the size 175 to 499 acres ; and the greatest value for land and buildings is reported in the size 500 to 999 acres. Table 4 SI2E GEOUP. 120 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. Of all land in farms, the largest percentage—35.4 per cent—^was in the size 1,000 acres and over; the next largest, 30.2 per cent, was in the size 175 to 499 acres; while the size 5 to 9 acres and the size 10 to 19 acres each amoimted to 0.3 per cent of the total. Each size classification reported a larger percentage of the total improved land than of all land, except the size 50 to 99 acres, ia which the percentage (1.9 per cent) was the same, and the size 500 to 999 acres and the size 1,000 acres and over, where in each case the land ia farms formed a larger percentage of the total than did the improved land. The value of the land and buildings in the size 500 to 999 acres was 32.2 per cent of the total for all farms; for the size 175 to 499 acres 30.4 per cent, and for the size 1,000 acres and over 26 per cent, while the smaller-sized farms ranged from 0.5 per cent for the size 5 to 9 acres to 5.1 per cent for the size 100 to 174 acres. Table 5 AGEICTJLrUBE. 121 LIVE STOCK ON FARMS ANB ELSEWHERE. The census of agriculture deals generally only with farms, farm property, and, farm activities; but in the case of live stock it includes also live stock not on farms. In this section statistics of live stock on farms are first presented and following, in more condensed form, statistics of live stock not on farms together with the total for those on farms and elsewhere. The term "live stock" as used by the Census Bureau comprises (1) the common domestic farm animals (cattle, horses, mules, asses, and burros, swine, sheep, and goats), (2) poidtry, and (3) bees. No attempt was made to collect statistics of domestic animals by the usual age and sex classifications, or of poultry by the various classes. It is obvious that in the consideration of live stock as a whole, or even of the more limited group, "domestic animals," no combination of the nmnbers of the different classes into one total would have any significance. lAve stock on farms.—Table 6, which follows, summarizes the sta- tistics of domestic animals, poultry, and bees on farms for the Virgin Islands, reported as of November 1, 1917. Table 6 TABMS BEPOSTWO. Nuinlier. Per cent ofaU taims. tniMBEB AND VALUX. Number. Value. Average value. Total , Cattle Horses Mules Asses and burros Swine Sheep Ooats Poultry Bees (colonies)... 88.6 $582,921 166 275 138 244 140 32 142 38.6 64.0 32.1 S6.7 32.6 7.4 33.0 87.9 0.5 12, 187 1,872 1,668 748 2,145 1,046 1,584 6,137 41 335,688 89,548 121,095 13,719 11,414 4,920 3,360 2,976 201 (27.54 47.84 77.23 18.34 5.32 4.70 2.12 0.48 4.90 The total value of Hve stock on farms in 1917, including domestic animals, poultry, and bees, was $582,921. Domestic animals alone were valued at $579,744. Of the total value of Hve stock, cattle represented 57.6 per cent, mules 20.8 per cent, horses 15.4 per cent, asses and burros 2.4 per cent, and swine 2 per cent, the other classes forming an insignificant percentage of the total. Of the total number of farms enumerated 381, or 88.6 per cent, reported live stock of some kind, the number without any live stock being 49. Cattle were reported by 38.6 per cent of all the farms in the Virgin Islands. The average value of cattle was reported at $27.54, and an average of 73 cattle to every farm was reported. 122 THE VIEOIN ISLANDS. Of all the farms in the Virgin Islands 64 per cent reported horses. The farms reporting showed an average of seven per farm and were reported at an average value of $47.84. Mules were reported on 32.1 per cent of all farms at an average value of $77.23 and an average of about 11 mules to each farm reporting. Asses and burros were reported by 56.7 per cent of all farms in the islands and showed an average of about three to a farm reporting with an average value of $18.34 per animal. Of all farms, 32.6 per cent reported swine, an average of 15 per farm, and an average value of $5.32. Sheep and lambs were reported from only 32 farms, or only 7.4 per cent of all the farms in the Virgin Islands. The average flock was about 33 sheep. Goats were reported from 142 farms, or 33 per cent of all farms in the three islands. Of the total number of farms enumerated 163, or 37.9 per cent, reported poultry of some kind. Only two farms reported bees. Table 7 shows statistics with regard to the value of the three main classes of hve stock on fanns, classified according to the color and tenure of the operator. Table 7 AGKIOULTXTRE. 123 Lwe stock not on farms.—^Most of the live stock not on farms is found in barns and inclosures in towns, and consists of animals kept more or less permanently, such as draft animals, dairy cows, and poultry. Statistics for such live stock are found in Table 8, which follows. Table 8 Number of inclos- ures re- porting. Number. Value. Average value. Total Cattle Horses Uules Asses and burros Swine Sheep Goats Poultry Bees (colonies).. 2,063 "ss" 190 28 177 82U 218 1,821 4 134 257 32 226 184 50 675 7,829 164 $24,962 3,005 12,849 1,306 2,415 512 173 1,209 3,303 190 $22.42 50.00 40.81 10.69 2.78 3.46 1.79 0.42 1.23 Horses are by far the most important class of animals not on farms when value is considered, this being $.12,849, or a little more than one-half the total value of all live stock not on farms. Poultry was next, with a value of $3,303, followed by cattle, with a value of $3,005. Live stock on farms and not on farms.—Table 9, which follows, gives the number and total value of live stock, distinguishing that on farms from that not on farms. Number. Value. Number. Value, NOT ON FARMS. Num- ber. Value. Total. Cattle Horses Mules Asses and burros . Swine Sheep Goats Poultry Bees (colonies)... 12,321 2,129 1,600 974 2,329 1,096 2,259 13,966 195 $607,883 338, 693 102, 397 122, 401 16, 134 11,926 5,093 4,569 6,279 391 $582, 921 335, 688 89,548 121, 095 13,719 11,414 4,920 3,380 2,976 201 $24, 962 134 257 32 226 184 50 675 3,005 12,849 1,306 2,415 512 173 1,209 3,303 190 The total value of aU the live stock on the islands on November 1 , 1917, was $607,883, of which the value of live stock not on farms represented only 4.1 per cent. LIVE STOCK PRODUCTS. The returns for live stock products on farms at the census of 1917, like those for crops, relate to the activities of the year ending October 31, 1917. No attempt was made in this first census of agriculture of the Virgin Islands to collect statistics pertaiuing to dairy products, 124 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. animals sold and slaughtered, and poultry raised. Although the schedule contained inquiries designed for reporting the amount of wool and mohair produced, none was reported. Poultry products.—Of the 430 farms enumerated on the islands, 110 farms reported 10,980 dozens of eggs valued at $6,263. Honey and wax.—Only one farm reported honey and beeswax pro- duced, amounting to 3,000 pounds of honey valued at $120, and 150 pounds of wax valued at $45. CEOPS. Summary.—In Table 10 is summarized the census data relative to the farm crops for the year ending October 31, 1917. Table 10 AGEIOtTLTtJKE. 125 Table 11 126 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. but this situation is chiefly due to the fact that some of the larger fanns, on which practically no harvested crops were produced, are devoted exclusively to the raising of Hve stock. The grazing lands are avail- able for use for the greater part of the year, and such areas as are de- voted to grazing produce no crop other than grass. Labor employed on these farms is included with that of farms devoted to crop produc- tion. Another factor to be considered is that the larger managed farms are owned by sugar companies and are devoted almost exclu- sively to the production of sugar cane, and the cost of production is most likely reported as the value by the managers of the farms. Receipts from sales offeedaUe crops.—^An effort was made to secure as complete a statement as possible of the sales, as well as of the production, of the more important feedable crops; that is, those crops which are ordinarily fed to hve stock. While the total amount expended by Virgin Islands farmers for the purchase of feed in 1917 was reported as $9,147, the total receipt from sale of feed by those reporting sales amounted to $961. AGE OF FARMERS. This section presents data pertaining to the age of farmers by char- acter of tenure and color of operator for 1917. It shoiild be noted that "farmers," as here used, refers to farm operators and not to the farming population of the islands. The number of farmers as given in Table 13 and the various age groups is equal to the number of farms carried on by operators of the designated age, counting one operator to each farm. Thus, the total number of farmers of all ages is placed at 430, the number of farms on November 1, 1917. Age offarm operator.—Table 13 summarizes for the islands as a whole the number of farms divided according to the age of the opera- tor into groups ranging from "24 years and under" to "65 years and over," and further classified according to tenure and color. Table 13 TEinntE AND COLOE. AGRICULTURE. 127 Of the 426 farmers reporting their ages, 8 were reported in the age group "24 years and under," 39 in the group "25 to 34 years," 91 in the group "35 to 44 years," 142 ui the group "45 to 54 years," 91 in the group "55 to 64 years," and 55 in the group "65 years and over." Four farmers were reported in the group "age unknown." Of the 127 owners reported 44 were in the age group "45 to 54 years," and of this number 14 were white, 14 were mixed, and 16 were Negro. There were 247 tenant farmers reporting, 53 of which were in the group "35 to 44 years," 78 in the group "45 to 54 years," and 56 in the group "55 to 64 years." As a whole there was a remarkably small number of operators in the age group "24 years and under," only 8 having been reported for the three islands; one of these was an owner, six were tenants, and one a manager. There were no managers reported in the group "65 years and over." Every tenure and color classification shows the largest nxmiber of operators in the group "45 to 54 years/' with the single exception of white managers, where the largest number of operators is reported in the group "35 to 44 years." TERM OF OCCUPANCY OF FARMS. This section presents the principal data pertaining to the length of time farmers had occupied the farms they operated when interviewed, November 1, 1917. Terra of occupancy.—Table 14 shows these data in period of occu- pancy groups, which range from "less than 1 year" to "10 years and over," and are further classified according to the character of tenure and the color of the operator. Table 14 128 THE VIBGIir ISLANDS. Of the 430 farm operators in the Virgin Islands November 1, 1917, 11 made no report for the period of occupancy. Of the 419 farm operators reporting, 21 had operated their farms for "less than 1 year," 42 were reported in the group "1 year," 113 in the group "2 to 4 years," 78 in the group "5 to 9 years," and 165 in the group "10 years and over." This latter group represents 38.4 per cent of the total farm operators for the islands and would indicate a stability scarcely to be expected in view of other general conditions on the islands. In this group owners operated 72 farms, tenants 79 farms, and managers 14 farms. There is a very considerable variance in the three classes of tenure with reference to the term of occupancy of the farm, the owners constantly increasing with the increase in the period groups. Tenants increase to the group "5 to 9 years," where there is a falling off of nearly one-half, and again increase through the group "10 years and over." Managers increase to the group "5 to 9 years," and decrease with that group. The total number of opera- tors is so small that such comparisons are reaUy of little value, and aside from the owner group might be materially changed within a very few years. Table 15 FAKMS AND FARM PROPERTY, AND Lr7E STOCK NOT ON FARMS: NOVEMBER 1, 1917. Virgin Islands. St. Croii. St. Jobn. St. Thomas. Population Number of all farms Color of farmers: White *. Mixed Negro Number of farms, classified by size; Under 5 acres 5 to 9 acres 10 to 19 acres 20 to 49 acres 60 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 600 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over LAND AND FABM AKEA. Approximate area acres.. Land in farms acres.. Improved land in farms acres. . Woodland in farms acres. . Other unimproved land in farms acres.. Percent of land area in farms Per cent of farm land improved Averageacres per farm Average improved acres per farm 26,051 102 58 270 219 30 19 18 19 17 65 27 16 84,781 69,892 39,448 10,553 19,891 82.4 56.4 162.5 91.7 14,901 341 77 29 235 199 22 13 12 7 11 45 21 11 53,920 49,206 33,581 4,088 11, 637 91.3 68.2 144.3 98.5 959 13,781 10,003 2,086 3,619 4,298 78.3 20.9 384.7 8a2 10,191 63 20 15 28 18 8 4 4 7 4 13 4 1 18, 080 10,6Si 3,781 2,846 4,056 59.1 35.4 169.6 60.0 AGEICULTUBE. 129 Table 15.- -FAEMS AND FABM PEOPERTY, AND LIVE STOCK NOT ON FAEMS: NOVEMBER 1, 1917—Continued. Virgin Islands. St. Croix. St. John. St. Tliomas. VALUE OF TAEM PEOPEBTY. All farm property Land^ Buildings , Implements and machinery Domestic animals, poultry and bees. . Per cent of value of all property in: Land Buildinp Implements and machinery Domestic animals, poultry and bees . Average values: All property per farm Land and buildings per farm Land per acre .dollars, .dollars, dollars, .dollars, .dollars. mVE STOCK ON FAEMS. -dollars, .dollars, .dollars. Farms reporting livestock Value of livestock Cattle: Total number Value Horses: Totalnumber Value Mules: Total number Value Asses and burros: Total number Value Swine: Total nmnber ... 1 Value Sheep: Totalnumber Value Goats: Totalnumber Value Poultry: Number, all kinds Value Bees: Number, hives or colonies. Value .dollars. .dollars. .dollars. .dollars. .dollars. .dollars.. -dollars. -dollars. LIVE STOCK NOT ON FAKMS. .dollars. -doUars- Inclosures reporting live stock . Value of livestock Cattle: Total number Value Horses: Total number Value Mules and asses and burros: Totalnumber Value Swine: Total ntmiber Value Sheep and goats: Total number Value Poultry: Number, all kinds Value .dollars- -doUars. .dollars.. -doUars- . dollars. .dollars.. Number, hives or colonies . ViBue .dollars, .dollars. 3,706,911 2,402,601 614, 840 106,649 582, 921 64.8 16.6 2.9 15.7 8,621 7,017 34.37 381 582, 921 12,187 336,688 1,872 89,548 1,568 121,005 748 13,719 2,145 11,414 1,046 4,920 1,684 3,360 6,137 2,976 41 201 2,063 24,962 134 3,005 257 12, 849 268 3,721 184 512 726 1,382 7,829 3,303 154 190 3,063,747 1,990,467 478,064 100,612 494, 604 66.0 15.6 3.3 16.1 8,985 7,239 40.45 297 494,604' 8,968 268,706 1,627 76, 900 1,482 117,735 470 11,120 1,936 10,663 879 1,122 2,346 5,531 2,607 40 200 1,027 14,819 2 40 205 10,513 123 2,244 19 81 226 426 3,287 1,438 79 78 167,208 94,876 38, 115 2,931 31,487 66.6 22.8 1.8 18.8 6,431 6,107 9.46 26 31, 487 1,149 22,881 154 6,910 23 850 626 56 276 45 183 297 119 67 54 2,381 75 1,642 7 238 24 237 124 235 60396°—18 9 130 THE VIEGTN ISLANDS. Table 16.—NUMBER, ACREAGE. AND VALUE OF FARMS, CLASSIFIED BY TENURE AND COLOR OF FARMERS, BY ISLANDS: NOVEMBER 1, 1917. FAKMS OPERATED BY OWNERS. Number of farms Per cent of all farms Land in farms acres. Improved land in farms acres. Value of land and buildings dollars. Color of owners: White Mixed Negro FARMS OPERATED BY MANAGERS. Number of farms Per cent of all farms Land in farms acres. Improved land in farms acres. Value of land and buildings dollars. ColoE^f managers: White Mixed Negro FARMS OPERATED BY TENANTS. Number of farms Per cent of all farms Land in farms acres. Improved land in farms acres. Value of land and buildings dollars. Color of tenants: White , Mixed Negro Virgin Islands 127 29.5 33,890 18,265 1,169,277 66 13.0 32, 290 18, 799 1,704,935 34 12 10 247 57.5 3,712 2,384 143, 129 19 219 St. Croix. 26.1 25,734 16,271 950,577 45 14 « 40 11.7 21,629 15,470 1,457,915 212 68. 2 1,843 1,840 60,039 2 11 199 St. John. 15 57.7 3,558 845 42,370 9 34.6 5,992 1,235 86,070 2 7.7 453 4,350 St. Thomas. 23 36.5 4,598 1,149 176,330 11 5 7 7 11.1 4,669 2,094 160,950 33 52.4 1,416 538 78,740 7 7 19 Table 17.—VALUE OF ALL CROPS AND PRINCIPAL CLASSES THEREOF, AND ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL CROPS, BY ISLANDS: 1917. Virgin Islands. VALUE OF all CEOPS. Total dollars. Com dollars. Hay and forage dollars. Sugar cane dollars . Vegetables dollars. Tropical fruits and nuts dollars. Simdry minor crops dollars. CROPS (ACRES AND QUANTITY). /acres. .. \pounds. Com Hay and forage: Coarse forage {?ons'".".:: Guinea grass {bSei: All other grasses {bSes: Special crops: Cotton {--3: Sugar «^™ {?on^::: Vegetables acres... FRUITS AND NUTS. Tropical fruits: M-goes {^^^- B"— fees: All other trees Nuts (coconuts) &^^ number. 522,606 667 67,589 442,120 6,537 1,474 4,219 25 17,682 30 300 7 211 ;, 138' 040 560 280,291 29 7,933 8,685 84,129 168 966 2,750 7,207 818 9,389 1,070 12,180 St. Croix. 498, 574 655 46,803 442,104 4,362 431 4,219 St. John. St. Thomas. 7,263 16 24 17,500 300 4,039 6,342,790 29 7,933 84,126 115 200 615 690 6,827 462 2,900 1,390 725,350 2 1,000 1,000 63 1,417 390 8,000 15, 814 12 13,523 2,175 104 1 182 1,815 1,069,900 558 279,291 734 2,750 5,592 65 1,145 218 1,280 MANUFACTURES. INTKODUCTION. The census of manufactures taken in connection with the special census of the Virgin Islands, for 1917, constitutes the fii-st industrial census taken of the islands. Previous census data compiled by the Danish Government related chiefly to population and mortality. The statistics reported are for the fiscal year most nearly conformijig to the year ending October 31, 1917, the canvass beginning in the latter part of December, 1917, and ending during the early part of January, 1918. The principal instructions given the agents employed in the canvass were the following: Scope of census.—The census is confined to manufacturing establishments con- ducted under the factory system as distinguished from the neighborhood, hand, and building trades, and the data required will be entered on the general schedule. Establishments having an annual product of less than $500 are to be omitted from the census. Reports are to be secured, however, for establishments that were idle during a part of the year or new establishments started during the year, although the product is less than $500, if such establishments are capable of an annual production of $500 or more. Building trades.—Establishments engaged in the various building industries should not be reported. Those engaged in manufacturing supplies used in building, however, should be included. Miscellaneous hand trades and custom work.—The small hand trades, engaged chiefly in repair work or work to the individual order, should not be reported. Boot and shoe custom and repair shops, custom tailoring shops, and dressmaking establishments are not to be canvassed. Retail stores.—Retail stores and other establishments which incidentally manu- facture small quantities of goods which they sell must not be reported. Sugar.—Reports must be secured for all mills engaged in the production of cane sugar and molasses located on plantations, although only the cane grown on the planta- tion is treated. A supplemental schedule tor cane sugar calling for additional information in regard to materials and products is required. Lime-tree products.—The pickling of limes and making of concentrated lime juice, if done for the trade, are to be reported. Bay oil and bay rum.—The operation of stills for the production of bay oil and bay rum may be associated with the gathering of crude materials and the care of an orchard. In such cases the material used may be estimated at the market value. A supple- mental schedule for this industry, calling for additional information in regard to materials and products is required. The Virgin Islands of the United States, formerly the Danish West Indies, comprise three principal islands, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John, with a number of smaller islands, most of which are uninhabited. St. Croix Island, measuring the distance between the nearest points of land, is about 50 miles southeast from Porto Rico. It is the largest (131) 132 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. and most productive island of the group and has a population of 14,901. There are two towns, Christiansted on the east end, locally called Bassin, with a population of 4,574, and Frederiksted, or West End, with an open roadstead harbor and a population of 3,144. The sugar and rum industries, the most important of the Virgin Islands, are carried on entirely on St. Croix, or Santa Cruz, as it is locally called, the Santa Cruz rum being world-famous. St. Thomas is the most important island of the group, due to its magnificent harbor on which is located Charlotte Amaiie, the largest town in the islands, having a population of 7,747. St. Thomas Harbor has facilities for repairing and coaling up-to-date vessels and supplying them with water and provisions. The only important product of St. Thomas manufactured for export is bay rum. St. John is the smallest and the least important of the three princi- pal islands, and is situated 3 miles from St. Thomas. The only manu- facturing industry is the distillation of bay oil from the bay leaves which are grown only on this island. GENERAL SUMMAET. The following summary gives the more important statistics for 1917 relative to aU classes of manufactm-es for the islands as a group and for each of the three islands: virgin Islands. St. Croix. St. John. St. Thomas. Number of establishments Persons engaged in mannfactures Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Services Salaries Wages Materials Value of products Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials) , «; 84 842 77 79 686 2,595 429, 524 199, 386 70, 926 128,460 781, 417 ,292,247 610,830 65 655 63 58 534 2,494 $1,309,343 152, 861 59, 506 93,355 642,620 1,084,653 442,033 S3, 300 113 113 514 1,220 16 182 12 21 149 101 1116,881 46,412 11,420 34,992 138,283 206,374 68,091 Table 2 shows the relative importance of the leading manufacturing industries of the islands, in 1917, with a percentage distribution. Table » lish- ments, AU industries Sugar, cane Bread and other bakery products. . . Bay rum. Mineral and soda water Printing and publisliing, newspapers and periodicals Uguor, distilled (rum) All other tadustiies Num- ber of WAGE EAENEKS. num- ber. 423 135 12 24 34 6 Percent distribu- tion. 100.0 61.7 19.7 1.7 3.5 6.0 0.7 7.7 VALUE OF PBODUCTS. Amount. 51,292,247 978, 188 192,544 38,746 16,907 13,723 10,609 41,531 Percent distribu- tion. 100.0 75.7 14.9 3.0 1.3 1.1 0.8 3.2 VAXTTE ADDED BY MANUTACTTJllE. Amount. $510, 830 405, 766 43,613 15,457 11,511 11, 152 4,389 18,942 Per cent distri- bution. 100.0 79.4 8.5 3.0 2.3 2.2 0.9 3.7 MAsruFAcraEES. 133 The industries shown in the table are arranged according to the value of their products, the sugar industry being by far the most important; this is shown by the fact that the sugar manufactures contributed 76.7 per cent of the total value of the manufactures for the islands. The next ind\istry, as measured by value of products, was "bread and otter bakery products." This formed 14.9 per cent of the value of products. The manufacture of bay rum was third in importance, contributing 3 per cent of the value of products. All the other industries shown, with the exception of the distilling of rum, were confined to supplying local requirements and together formed only 6.6 per cent of the total value of products. Sugar, cane.—^The manufactiire of sugar from cane grown on the islands is the chief industry. The statistics include the making of molasses as a by-product, but this product has Mttle conamercial value. The sugar industry employed 61.7 per cent of the wage earners of the islands and the product amounted to $978,188, or 75.7 per cent of the $1,292,247—the total value of products, while the value added by manufactm-e by this industry was 79.4 per cent of the total amount reported. Liquors, distilled—Rum.—The manufacture of rum is one of the important industries of the islands; though only three establishments reported, the product of the distilleries was valued at $10,609. Eum is a by-product of the sugar mills, being made from the waste sugar product or from the molasses which is a by-product of the sugar industry. Bay rum.—The distillation of bay rum was formerly one of the chief industries on St. Thomas Island, carried on largely for export purposes, but in 1917 only 3 per cent of the value of products for the islands was reported by the bay nun industry, due to lack of bay oU. The bay oil from which bay rum is distilled is a product of St. John Island; but this is not shown as a separate industry, as it amounted to very little in 1917, a hurricane almost entirely destroying the bay leaves from which the oil is made. Bread and other hakery products.—This industry, second in impor- tance in value of products, reported more than one-half (57.1 per cent) of the total number of establishments, 19.7 per cent of the aver- age number of wage earners, 14.9 per cent of the total value of prod- ucts, and 8.5 per cent of the value added by manufacture. The bak- eries of Christiansted and Frederiksted, except for the home bakiag done, supply the island of St. Croix. The shops are conducted by individuals, who operate only on a small scale, having no facilities for baking in large quantities. In Charlotte Amalie, which supplies aU the bread for St. Thomas, however, the industry comprises two large bakeries. 134 THE VnUJIN ISLANDS. WAGE EARNERS EMPLOYED, BY MONTHS. The following table shows the number of wage earners employed on the 15th day of each month dm-ing the year beginning November 1, 1916, and ending October 31, 1917, for aU industries combined, and for the principal industry (the manufacture of sugar and its by-products—^rum and molasses), and for aU other industries com- bined: Table 3 WAGE EABNEBS. All industries. Num- ber. Per cent of maxi- mum. Sugar and by-products. Num- ber. Per cent of maxi- mum. All other indus- tries. Num- ber. Per cent of maxi- mum. November, 1916. December, 1916. January, 1917... February, 1917.. March, 1917 April, 1917 May, 1917 June, 1917 Julv, 1917 August, 1917 September, 1917 October, 1917... 553 544 571 649 S19 970 993 924 574 560 548 527 55.7 54. S 57.5 65.4 82.5 97.7 100.0 93.1 57.8 56.4 55.2 53.1 276 294 326 405 568 716 702 647 296 293 279 274 38.5 41.1 45.5 56.6 79.3 100.0 98.0 90.4 41.3 40.9 39.0 38.3 277 250 245 244 251 254 291 277 278 267 269 253 95.2 85.9 84.2 83.8 86.3 87.3 100.0 95.2 95.5 91.8 92.4 86.9 The principal industry, the manufacture of sugar and its by- products, is a seasonal industry employing a majority of the wage earners the year round, but the number was largely increased during March, AprU, May, and June. Employment in the other industries shows little variation from month to month, the smallest nimiber employed in February being 83.8 per cent of the largest number employed in May. PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR. In the next table the average number of wage earners reported for all industries and for each industry separately have been classified according to number of hours of labor per week prevailing in the establishments in which they were employed. The sugar industry gave employment to 61.7 per cent of the total average number of wage earners, but the division of this niimber of wage earners according to hours worked per week is not satisfactory, as this is a seasonal industry, and during the busy season the plants ran 12 hours or more per day, whUe diu-iag the off season 9 hours constituted a working-day. This industry reported practic ally all the wage earners in estabUshments operating 72 or more hours per week, the wage earners so employed constituting 59.9 per cent of the total number. For the manufacturing industries, exclusive of the sugar industry, 29.3 per cent of the employees shown worked between 54 and 60 hom-3 per week and 62.4 per cent worked 54 hours per week or less. MAHrUFAOTUEES, 135 Table 4 136 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. CHAKACTEB OF OWNERSHIP. The table that follows shows, for 1917, statistics concerning the character of ownership of the manufactiu"iag enterprises, with a percentage distribution. Table 6 CHIBACTBE 0? OWMEEaHIP. MAISTJFAOTTTBES. 137 largely used by the sugar mills; these reported 78.4 per cent of the engines and motors and 88 1 per cent of horsepower. FUEL. Closely related to the subject of power employed in manufactures is that of the fuel consumed in generating this power or otherwise used for manufacturing purposes. The kinds and quantities of fuel used other than wood were anthra- cite, 27 tons; bituminous coal, 2,942 tons; coke, 25 tons; and oil, 228 barrels, most of which was used by the sugar mills. "Basse," or crushed cane stalks, in great quantities was also used for fuel by the sugar mills. All fuel used in manufactures was imported, although charcoal burning is carried on ia the rvu'al districts. SPECIAL STATISTICS. For the sugar industry the Census Bureau provides a special sched- iile which requires details regarding quantities and values of mate- rials and products. The most important products of the Virgin Islands are sugar and rum, rum being a by-product of the sugar industry. In former years there were many plants on St. Croix Island that distilled rum exclusively, but in later years this industry has gradually decreased until in 1917 there were only three establish- ments manufacturing rum^ to the value of 110,609. Distinct from this product is the rum manufactured as a by-product of the sugar mills, which was valued at $59,148 in 1917. Molasses as a product of the islands is of little importance commercially or for consump- tion and is shown only as a by-product of sugar. The following table shows supplementary data for the sugar indus- try, giving the quantity and cost of cane used as material and the quantity and value of products, with capacity of the mills: Table 8 MATERIAL. 138 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. £« p. ^•0 sg [So as O •Se gfls^a eo «o w a 5 S3 gg M CO »0 ri eo i-l ® * w Ol OO CO 'It* CO 1£J l-H r- CO N M lO to c^ »0 CO o C4 U3 IQ -« Til CO 1-f CO M CO g « lO CO N 00 C4 CO CO CO ^ CO CO a a - H *t w- ri FQ cq p :a clh Ph Q MANXJFACTTTBES. 139 FISHERIES. INTRODUCTION. The census of fisheries for the Virgin Islands for the year 1917 formed a part of the industrial census taken in connection with the special census of the Virgin Islands for 1917. ThJb was the first at- tempt ever made to collect statistics of the fisheries industry. The following instructions were given for the guidance of the agents in the collection of data: Scope of census.—The census of fisheries must include the fishing operations of all shore and offshore or vessel fisheries. In addition to sea food and fish products, the census must cover shellfish, turtles, crabs, sponges, etc. All commercial fisheries, vessels engaged in fishing, and vessels engaged in transporting fish from the fishing grounds must be reported. No reports, however, are to be secured for vessels en- gaged in transporting fish from port to port. Vessels engaged in fishing or transporting fish for a portion of the year and in other work for the remaiader of the 12 months must be reported and in such cases the reports must cover the operations of the entire year. For census purposes the term "commercial fishery" includes all fishing operations conducted for profit, but does not include the operations of individuals or clubs catching fiah for their own consumption or for sport. If an estabhshment is engaged primarily in the purchase and sale of fish, and inci- dentally in catching fish, the statistics for the mercantile portion should be segre- gated and the census report relate exclusively to the fishing portion of the business. The census reports should cover the year ending October 31, 1917, or the fishing season which most nearly conforms to this period. The period covered by each re- port must be given on the title-page of each schedule. Fishing is commonly engaged in by the inhabitants of the islands as a means of livelihood; but commercial fishing is carried on only from the three larger islands, and the catch is all disposed of in the markets of Charlotte Araalie, Christiansted, and Frederiksted. All fishing is confined to salt water, there being no fresh-water streams of any size on the islands. The canvass covered St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix, the three principal islands, and the statistics are for the period conforming most nearly to the year ending October 31, 1917. The enumeration began the latter part of December, 1917, and ended early in Jan- uary, 1918. The majority of the fishermen on St. Thomas are white men of French extraction, most of whom speak the French language only; they are locally called Gha-C7ias and live in a community called Honduras just outside the limits of Charlotte Amalie. The fishermen on St. John and St. Croix are colored people and speak English ex- clusively, this being the language of the islands. (141) 142 THE VIBGIN ISLANDS. The report for the Virgin Islands covers fishing designated by the Censvis Bureau as "shore fishing," i. e., that carried on from shore or from boats of less than 5 tons, motor boats, sailboats, rowboats, scows, etc. There was no "offshore" or "vessel" fishing. No boats of over 5 tons were used. Auxiliary power on the fishing boats of the islands is financially impossible on account of the high price of fuel oil, etc. It was very difficult to obtain reUable information as to the quan- tities of fish caught or amount received from sales, as in no in- stance were records kept ; and the fact that several fishermen often fish from one boat, each disposing of his share of the catch individu- ally, caused fvu-ther complications. The statistics shown are largely estimates made by the fishermen. To aid in the preparation of these figures, however, an agent personally visited each boat owner and questioned him as to the nmnber of trips per week, the average size of the catch, and the amount received when the fish were sold under different circumstances. It was impossible to separate the quantities of fish caught by any given apparatus, as in many cases set pots, seines, and hand lines were all used by fishermen, who had no idea as to the amount caught by each; this also applies to the showing of the catch by species, as all kinds of fish sell at practically the same price. These conditions are unlike those in the United States, where there ai-e many operators who use certain apparatus for catching cert-ain species and are, there- fore, able to give fairly accurate figures as to the various kinds caught and the method of capture. GENEBAL SUMMAET. The following table summarizes the number of persons employed, capital invested, and value of products, for the islands as a whole and for each of them separately, with per cent of total for each: Table 1 Total. St. Croix. St. John. St. Thomas. PER CENT OF TOTAL. St. Croix. St. John. St. Thom- Number o( persons employed Capital Boats, sail and row Apparatus of capture Value of products 168 $11,002 6,690 4,312 44,436 103 16,198 3,386 2, SI 2 23,059 26 $991 420 571 5,186 39 $3,813 2,884 929 16,191 23 35 43 22 36 St. Croix, the largest of the three islands, with the towns of Chris- tiansted and Frederiksted, shows 61 per cent of the total number of persons engaged in fishing, 56 per cent of capital invested, and 52 per cent of total value of products. FISHERIES, 143 Capital invested is represented by the value of sail and row boats, and apparatus of capture. Most of the fishermen operate on a very- small scale and have no shore property in use for fishing purposes. The value of products, amounting to $44,436, shows approximately the value of fish marketed on the islands for 1917, and it does not include the fishing of individuals for sport and for home consumption. The prices paid for fish during the year 1917 were the highest ever paid on the islands, making fish to a large extent unobtainable by the poorer classes. PERSONS ENGAGED. A separation between proprietors and wage earners was difficult in that both proprietors and wage earners work together on shares and in many instances all own apparatus which is operated from the same boat. The fisherman who owned the boat and received a share of the catch for the boat was classed as a proprietor and those working with him were classed as wage earners. Table 2 gives the number of proprietors and of wage earners and their wages for the islands as a whole and for each island separately with a per cent distribution. Table 2 144 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. seines, hand lines, turtle nets, and cast nets. The latter are used mostly for catching sprat, a very small fish, sometimes locally called "frys." Cast nets are also used for catching fish for halt. Set pots are utilized more than any other apparatus. There were 1,263 of these used, of which St. Croix reported 907, St. Thomas 295, and St. John 61. The following table gives the number and value of the boats and apparatus of captiu-e employed for the islands combined and for each of the three islands separately. Table 3 FISHEEIES. 145 As already stated, it was impossible to classify the different species of fish caught by quantity or value, but the principal kinds were: Barracuda. APPENDIXES. I.—GENERAL ORDER 149,150 II.—INSTRUCTIONS TO ENUMERATORS—GENERAL INSTRUC-. TIONS, AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR PUNCHING CARD 151-163 III.—ENUMERATION DISTRICTS AND ENUMERATORS 164-165 IV.—SCHEDULES 167,174 (147) APPENDIX I. GENEEAL ORDER. The Secretary of Commerce having directed, at the request of the Secretary of the Navy and with the approval of the President of the United States, that a census be taken of the Virgin Islands of the United States, the following order is promulgated: 1. The census herein provided for shall refer to population and to the products of agriculture, manufactures, and the fisheries. 2. The census shall be taken as of the date November 1, 1917, and the work of enu- meration shall be completed, as far as practicable, within two weeks from that date. 3. The supervision of the enumeration will be under the charge of Mr. Eugene F. Hartley, who is hereby designated as supervisor in charge and made responsible for the rapid and efficient conduct of the work. 4. The area comprised in the Virgin Islands shall be divided into as many enumer- ation districts as may be necessary for the proper and prompt compliance with the pro- visions of this order, and the boundaries of all of the enumeration districts shall he clearly described by civil divisions, roads, or other easily distinguishable lines. 5. The work of the enumeration shall be performed by special agents acting as enumerators, to be appointed by the Director of the Census, upon the recommenda- tion of the supervisor in charge. They will proceed in accordance with sections 12, 16, and 18 of the act of July 2, 1909, providing for taking the Thirteenth and subsequent censuses. The enumerators so appointed shall be, so far as possible, residents of the enumeration districts they are to canvass and shall be selected because of their fitness for the work and their personal knowledge of the districts they are to canvass. 6. The compensation of the enumerators shall be fixed by the Director of the Census for each day of eight hours' actual field work. 7. Each enumerator shall be required to make a daily report to the supervisor in charge. If the daily reports of any enumerator shall indicate that he is not faithfully discharging his duties, the supervisor in charge is authorized to suspend him from duty and to submit to the Director of the Census the reasons why he should be dis- missed from the service. 8. Attention is called to the fact that section 22 of the act of July 2, 1909, prescribes certain penalties for the failure of enumsrators to perform their duties, or irregularities in the same. Neglecting or refusing to perform duties prescribed; communication of information gained through performance of duties to persons not authorized to receive the same; swearing or afhrmmg falsely, willingly, and knowingly making false certifi- cate or fictitious return are all covered by appropriate penalties and fines. 9. Attention is also called to sections 23 and 24 of the same act, which read as follows: Sec. 23. That it shall be the duty ol all persons o-eer 21 years of age, when requested by the Director of the Census or by any supervisor, enumerator, or special agent, or other employee of the Census Office acting under the instructions of the said director, to answer correctly, to the best of their Itnowledge, all questions on the census schedules applying to themselves and to the lamily to which they belong or are related, and to the farm or farms of wfifch they or their families are the occupants; and any person over 21 years of age who under the conditions hereinbefore stated, shall refuse or willfully neglect to answer any of these ques- tions, or shall willfully give answers that are false, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding $100, , j. , . j. , And it shall be the duty of every owner, proprietor, manager, supermtendent, or agent ol a hotel, apart- ment house, boarding or lodging house, tenement, or other buUding, when requested by the Director of the Census, or by any supervisor, enumerator, special agent, or other employee of the Census Office, aotmg under the iiistructions of the said director, to furnish the names of the occupants of said hotel, apartment house boarding or lodging house, tenement, or other building, and to give Ihcreto free ingress and egress to any duly accredited representative of the Census Offlce, so as to permit of the collection of statistics for census purposes, including the proper and correct enumeration of all persons having theh- usual place of abode In s£d hotel, apartment liouse, boarding or lodging house, tenement, or other bmlding; and any owner proprietor, manager, superintendent, or agent of a hotel, apartment house, boardmg or lodgmg house tenement, or other building who shall refuse or willfully neglect to give such information or assistance under the conditions hereinbefore stated shall be guilty ol a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding »500. ^ j. ^ i.^ /« Sec 24 And it shall be the duty ol every owner, president, treasurer, secretary, director, or other otQcer or agent of any manufacturing establishment, mine, quarry, or other estabUshment of productive industry, (149) 150 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. whether conducted as a corporation, firm, limited, Uahility company, or by private Individua Is, when requested by the Director of the Census or by any supervisor, enumerator, special agent, or other employee of the Census OflBcc acting under the instructions of the said director, to answer completely and correctly to the best of his knowledge all questions on any census schedule applying to sudi establismnent; and any owner, president, secretary, director, or other officer or agent of any manufacturing establishment, mine, quarry, or other establishment of productive industry, who under the conditions hereinbefore stated shall refuse or willfully neglect to answer any of these questions, or shall willfully give answers that axe faise, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding S10,000, or imprisoned for a period not exceeding one year, or bofii so fined and Imprisoned, at the discretion of the court. The provisions of this section ^all aliso apply to the collection of the information required and authorized by the act entitled "Anacttoprovidefor a permanent Census Office," and by acts amendfetory thereof or supple- mental thereto. Sam. L. Rogers, Director of the Census, Apsffoyed: iVlLLIAM C. ReDPIELD, Secretary of Commerce. Washington, D. C, October 1, 1917. APPENDIX 11. INSTEUCTIONS TO ENUMERATORS. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. 1. Appointment of special agents.—Under your appointment as a epecial agent of the Bureau of the Census you are required to take and subscribe to an oath or affirmation (Form 8-068 e 1), in accordance with the instructions printed thereon, and to return said oath or affirmation to the supervisor in charge. Upon its receipt an appointment certificate (Form 8-1847 a) and a certificate of authority (Form 8-1319 d) will be issued, under which your work is to be performed and which will constitute your authority for taking the census required by the terms of the general order pro- mulgated October 1, 1917. 2. SchediUe and supplies.—There are four schedules to be used in your work, as follows: Population (Form 8-4862), agriculture (Form 8-4858), manufactures (Form 8-4859), fisheries (Form 8-4863). The other supplies to be used in your work con- sist of a circular of instructions, a set of daily report cards, a certificate of completion card, addressed return labels, letterheads and addressed envelopes tor official corre- spondence only, a piece of twine for retying bundles, and a duplicate set of pay vouchers. The daily report cards, return labels, and addressed envelopes are for official use only and do not require postage. 3. If any of these schedules or supplies are missing or the number received is not likely to be sufficient for your needs, send notification at once, in order that there may be no delay on this account in the completion of your work. 4. The portfolio furnished j^ou is to be used in your daily canvass. It will not be necessary for you to carry in it on any one day any more schedules than will be re- quired in that day's work. 5. Blank schedules not in use and schedules already filled must be carefully put away where they will not be in danger of destruction or of examination by unau- thorized persons, and will be kept clean. 6. Description of district.—The number and description of your district are given on the inside of the front cover of the portfolio, and within the boundaries of said district you are required to make an enumeration of the inhabitants and of agri- cultural and other products, in accordance with the printed instructions herein contained and any other instructions which you may receive from duly authorized persons. 7. Daily report cards.—^A supply of report cards (Form 8-4867) is furnished for your use in making a report each day of the number of hours and minutes during which you were occupied. 8. At the close of each day's work fill out and send, if possible, one of these report cards; but if not, send them as soon and as often as you have opportunity. Since they will be used in the settlement of your account for services rendered, it is im- portant that pains should be taken to insure accuracy in filling them and in arranging for sending them promptly. 9. If the supply of report cards furnished should not prove to be sufficient for your needs, send notification in ample time for an additional supply to reach you, so as not to delay the sending of your daily reports. 10. Completion of enumeration.—As soon as the work in your district is fin- ished you are required to fill out and send the certificate of completion of enumeration card (Form 8-4868). This is an important requirement and is a necessary prerequi- site to the prompt certification of your account for services rendered. 11. Compensation.—-Vouchers (Form 8-4543) corresponding to the rate of com- pensation to be allowed for your services in taking the census of your district have been furnished to you in duplicate. On the completion of your work fill out and X these two vouchers and inclose them in the portfolio with the completed sched- . They will be compared with your daily report cards and, if upon examination they are found to be correct, the amount due you will be sent in the form of a United (151) 152 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. States Treasury draft payable to your order. Any failure on your part strictly to observe the instructions aa to the filling of the vouchers will postpone the date of final settlement of your account. 12. Return of schedules.—^After inclosing your completed schedules, pay vouch- ers, filled out in duplicate, certificate of authority (Form 8-1319 d), and all unused supplies, the package ia to be wrapped for forwarding. For this purpose use the manUa paper in which it was originally sent. This paper, if preserved and turned,, will form a suitable wrapping. Each package must be neatly wrapped and securely tied with the twine supplied for the purpose. The label (Form 8-8^98-2) bearing the address of the supervisor in charge is to be pasted on the outside of the package. If the wrapping paper is not turned, paste it over the old label bearing your own name and address. 13. Obligations and duties.—^As stated in the general order, you can not under your oath of office disclose any information obtained by you in the discharge of your official duties, and the law provides a penalty for any infraction of this obligation. Under this provision you are not permitted to show your schedules, when filled, or to retain copies of the same, or to furnish the population of your district, or any por- tion thereof, to newspapers, local officials, or individuals. 14. Penalties are also provided for failure to perform your duties in accordance with your official oath and instructions, and for making false or fictitious returns; and there is a penalty also to cover the failure of any person, when requested, to furnish the information required by the law and these instructions. This latter requirement need not be referred to except in extreme cases, as much can be done by tact and persuasion. If, after proper and courteous effort, you fail to secure the de- sired information, report the fact to the supervisor in charge and continue the work of enumeration. 15. You are not at libertjr to delegate your authority to any other person, or to be accompanied by or assisted in your work by any unauthorized person. 16. You will be expected to devote at least eight hours each day (except Sun- days) to the diligent canvassing of your district, but it is not permissible for you to combine with this work any other occupation, such as solicitmg subscriptions to newspapers and magazines, or the sale or advertisement of any article whatever. SPECIAI. INSTKUCTIONS POR HLLING SCHEDUIiES. 17. General.—The entries in the schedules are to be made in ink. Write plainly and neatly. Do not rub out or interline, and be sure to make each entry upon the proper line and in the proper column. 18. Sign every schedule, wherever a space is left for your signature, as a certificate that the work upon it has been done wholly by yourself. 19. Try to make the entries on the schedule with such care that copying will not be required. But if copying is necessary, copy line by line, crosswise. Never copy one column down and then another. Use a ruler to keep ^e place, and be careful that the ruler is not displaced. Otherwise you are liable to copy entries on the wrong Unes. POPULATION SCHEDULE. 20. Definite anffwers.—^Try to get a definite answer to each inquiry, according to the instructions herein given. But if after every effort you can not obtain the desired information write "Un" (for unknown). 21. Persons to be included in the enumeration.—^The enumeration of the Eopulation of your district is intended to cover every man, woman, and child who had is or her residence or usual place of abode in your district on the 1st day of November, 1917, the day as of which the census is taken. You will include, therefore, every person living on November 1, 1917, or during any part of that day, and omit chil- dren bom after that date; that is, an entry is to be made of every person who was a resident of your district upon the 1st day of November, 1917, but who between that date and the day of your visit shall have died, precisely as if he were still living, but no entry is to be made of a child bom between the 1st day of November, 1917, and the day of your visit, say November 5, November 10, ete., as the case may be. 22. It is difficult to guard against the danger that some persons wiU be reported in two places and others not reported at all. Much must be left to your judgment, but you can usually satisfy yourself in the great majority of instances as to the jiio- priety of including or not including doubtful cases in the enumeration of any given toiily. The following explanations, however, will be of service to you in your work and snould be carefully studied: APPENDIX n. • 153 23. Usual place of abode.—This means the place where a person may be said to live or belong, or the place which is his home. As a rule the usual place of abode is the place where a person regularly sleeps. Note, however, that where a man happens to sleep at the time of the enumeration may not be the place where he regularly sleeps, as more fully explained below. 24. Residents absent from home.—If a member of any family in your district is temporarily away from home on a visit, or on business, or traveling for pleasure, or attending school or college, or sick in a hospital, such absent person should be enumerated and included with the other members of the family. But a son or daughter permanently located elsewhere should not be included with the family. Under this instruction it will be noted that a person visiting a family is not to be enumerated with the family in which he is visiting, but with the family of which he is a member. 25. Servants.—Servants, laborers, or other employees who live with the family and sleep in the same house or on the premises should be enumerated with the family. 26. Boarders and lodgers.—Boarders (that is, persons eating and sleeping at the same place) or lodgers should be enumerated at the place where they are rooming or lodging, if they are there permanently. On the other hand, transient boarders or lodgers, at hotels, or elsewhere, should not be enumerated at their temporary rooming or lodging place unless it is practically certain that they will not be enumerated any- where else. This refers to persons rooming or lodging for a short time at a hotel or boarding or lodging house or with a private family while temporarily absent from their usual places of abode. 27. Construction camps.—^Members of construction camps, road camps, or other places which have shifting populations, composed of persons with no fixed places of abode, should be enumerated where found, except in so far as certain members of such camps may have some other usual place of abode from which they are likely to be reported. 28. Students at school or college.—If there is a school, college, or other educa- tional institution in your district which has students from outside of your district, you should enumerate only those students who have their homes or regular places of abode in your district. 29. Imnates of medical or surgical hospitals.—Most inmates of medical and surgical hospitals are there only for temporary treatment and have other regular places of abode. Therefore you should not report as a resident of the hospital any patient unless he claims to have no other usual place of abode from which he is likely to be reported. 30. Inmates of prisons, asylums, and institutions other than hospitals. If there is within your district a prison, reformatory, or jail, an almshouse, an asylum or home, or any similar institution in which inmates usually remain for long periods of time, all the inmates of such an institution should be enumerated as of your dis- trict. It is to be specially noted in the case of jails the prisoners should be there enumerated, however short the term of sentence. 31. Persons engaged in railway service or traveling.—Railroad men, canal men, expressmen, railway mail clerks, sailors on merchant ships, traveling salesmen, and the like, usually have homes to which they return at intervals and which con- stitute their usual place of abode within the meaning of the census act. Therefore any such persons who may be in your district temporarily on November 1, 1917, are not to be enumerated by you unless they claim to have no other regular place of abode. But if their homes are in your district, they should be enumerated there, even though absent on November 1, 1917. Sailors on voyages are to be reported at their land homes, no matter how long they have been absent, if they are supposed to be still alive. 32. AU buildings to be visited.—Be careful to include in your canvass every occupied biiilding or other place of abode in your district. Before leaving any build- ing make sure that you have included all persons living in that building. Inquire specifically whether any memba-s oj the family you are enumerating are temporarily absent, and whether there are any boarders or lodgers or servants in that family or any other per- sons in the same house. If any dwelling house or apartment is closed on the day of your visit, do not take it for granted that the place is unoccupied. Find out whether anyone is living there. If a building appears to be used for business purposes only, do not take it for granted that no one lives in it. Make inquiries. 33. Individuals out of families.—Be careful not to overlook persons living en- tirely alone, such as a person occupying a room or rooms in a public building, store, warehouse, factory, or stable, and having no other usual place of abode; or a person living alone in a cabin, hut, or tent; or a person sleeping on a boat and having no other place of abode. 154 THE VIEGIN ^ THE HEADING OF THE SCHEDULE. 34. Pill out the spaces at the top of each page above the heavy black line in ac- cordance with the following explanations. Do this on each page before entering any names on that page. 36. Number the sheets of the population schedule in the exact order in which you fill them as you progress with the enumeration. Each sheet must be numbered the same on each side, as sheet No. lA, IB, 2A, 2B, etc. 36. Enter at the head of each sheet, and on both sides, the number of your enu- meration district and the name of the island in which your district is located. 37. Enter at the head of each sheet, and on both sides, the name of the city or district. 38. When signing the schedule, be sure to enter the day of the month on which the entries were made. THE BODY OF THE SCHEDULE. 39. Notice that each sheet is divided into 50 horizontal lines, 25 to each page (A and B), and that they are numbered from 1 to 50. The answers concerning each person enumerated diould be entered on one of these horizontal lines, and so the facts required for 50 persons can be entered on each sheet, if completely filled. 40. Column 1. Name of street or road, etc.—^Write lengmwise the name of the street, court, place, alley, or road, as the case may be. 41. Column 2. House number, if any.—Write the house number, if there Ib one, in the second column opposite the name of the first person enumerated in that house. If a house is in the rear of another one fronting on a street and has no number of its own, give it the same number as the front house and add the letter "R." 42. If you are enumerating the population of an institution, such as a prison, jail, almahouse, or asylum, enter lengtiiwise the full name of the institution in the column provided for house number. 43. The places at which you b^in and end work on any street, road, etc., are to be marked by drawing heavy lines ( ) across the first and second columns. 44. Column 3. Number of dwelling in order of visitation.—In this column the first dwelling house you visit should be numbered as "1," the second a& "2," and so on until the enumeration of your district is completed. The number should always be entered opposite the name of the first person enumerated in each dwelling house, and should not be repeated for other persons or other families living in the same house. 45 . A dwelling house, for census purposes, is a place in which, at the time of the census, one or more persons r^ularly sleep. It need not be a house in the usual sense of the word, but may be a room in a factory, store, or office building, a loft over a stable, a boat, a tent, or the like. 46. Column 4. Number of family in order of visitation.—In this column number the families in your district in the order in which they are enumerated, entering the number opposite the name of the head of each family. Thus the first family you visit should oe numbered as "1," the second as "2," and so on, until the eniuneration of your district is completed. 47. The word "family," for census purposes, has a somewhat different application from what it has in popular usage. It means a group of persons living together in the same dwelling place. The persons constituting this group may or may not be related by ties of kinship, but it they live together forming one household they should be considered as one family. Thus a servant who sleeps in the house or on the premises should be included with the members of the family for which he or she works. Again, a boarder or lodger should be included with the members of the family with which he lodges; but a person who boards in one place and lodges or rooms at another should be returned as a member of the family at the place where he lodges or rooms. 48. It should be noted, however, that two or more families may occupy the same dwelling house without living together. If they occupy separate portions of the dwelUng house and their housekeeping is entirely separate, they should be returned as separate families. 49. All the occupants and employees of a hotel, boarding house, or lodging house, it that is their usual place of abode, make up, for census purposes, a single family. 50. The officials and inmates of an institution who live in the institution building or buildings form one family. But any officers or employees who sleep in detached houses or separate dwelling places containing no inmates should be returned as separ rate famiUea, APPENDIX II. 155 51. The census family may likewise consist of a single person. Thus a clerk in a store who regularly sleeps there is to be returned as a family and the store as his dwelling place. 52. Home tenure.—Entries are to be made in columns 5 and 6 opposite the nan^e of the head of each family only. If a dwelling is occupied by more than one family it is the home of each of them, and the questions should be answered with reference to each family in the dwelling. 53. Column 5. Owned free or mortgaged.—If the home is owned and fully paid for, with no incumbrance of anj; kind upon it, write "OF," meaning ovmed and free from mortgage. If the home is owned and not fully paid for, of if there is an incumbrance of any kind upon it, write "OM," meaning ovmed but mortgaged. 54. Column 6. Bent paid or not.—If the home is not owned and rent is paid for it, write "Yes." If the home is not owned, but no rent is paid or required, write "No." 55. Column 7. Name of each, person enumerated.—Enter the name of every person whose residence or usual place of abode is in the family or dwelling place for which the enumeration is being made. The census day, that is, the day as of which the enumeration is taken, is November 1, 1917. Include, therefore, every person living on November 1, 1917, or during any part of that day, and omit children bom after that date. 56. Enter the members of each family in the following order, namely: Head first, wife second, children (whether sons or daughters) in the order of their ages, and all other persons living with the family, whether relatives, boarders, lodgers, or servants. 57. Enter first the surname, then the given name in full, and the initial of the middle name, it any. Where the surname is the same as that of the person on the preceding line indicate this by drawing a horizon^ line ( ) there- under. 58. Colunm 8. Relationship to head of family.—Designate the bead of the family, whether husband or father, widow, or unmarried person of either sex, by the word "Head" ; for other members of a family write, wife, father, mother, son, daughter, grandson, daughterAn-law, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, boarder, lodger, servant, etc., ac- cording to the particular relationship which the person bears to the h§ad of the family. 59. Occupants of an institution or school, living under a commcn roof should be designated as oflicer, inmate, pupil, patient, prisoner, etc.; and in the case of the chief officer his title should be used, as warden, principal, superintendent, etc., instead of the word "Head." 60. If two or more persons share a common abode as partners, write head for one and partner for the other or others. 61. In the case of a hotel or boarding or lodging house family (see paragraph 49), the head of the family is the manager or the person who keeps the hotel or boarding or lodging house. 62. Column 9. Sex.—^Write "M" for male and "F" for female, as the case may be. 63. Column 10. Color or race.—Write "W" for white, "N" for negro, "M" for mixed (white and negro), aaid "Oh " for Chinese, as the case may be. 64. Column 11. Age at last birthday.—For each person of one year of age or over enter the age at last birthday in whole years, omitting months and days. For children who, on the 1st day of November. 1917, were less than one year of age, enter the age in twelfths of a year, as yi, -f^, i^, or for a child less than one month old, -f^. 65. An answer given in round numbers, such as "about 30," "about 45," is likely to be wrong. In such cases be always careful to verify the statement of age. 66. Column 12. Whether single, married, widowed, or consensually married.—If the person is single or unmarried, write "S"; if married, write "M"; if widowed (man or woman), write "Wd"; if divorced, write "D"; if living together by mutual consent, write MC." 67. Column 13. Place of birth of person.—If the person was born in the Virgin Islands or in the United States enter the name of the island or the name of the state or territory in which he was born. 68. If the person was born outside of the Virgin Islands or the United States enter the name of the country in which he was bom. By country is meant usually a region whose people have direct relation with other countries. Thus, do not write Prussia or Saxony, but Germany. To this rule, however, note the following exceptions: 69. If the person reported was born in the West Indies, write the name of the island in which bom, and not the group of islands or the country to which said island belongs. 70. Instead of Great Britain, write Ireland, England, Scotland, or Wales. 156 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 71. If the birthplace reported is Canada, ask whether the person is of English or French descent. Write "Canada English " or "Canada French," according to the answer. 72. If the person was bom at sea, write "at sea." 73. If the person was bom abroad of American or Virgin Island parents, write both the birthplace and either "Am. Cit." or "V. I. Cit."; that is, American citizen or Virgin Island citizen, as the case may be. With these two exceptions do not abbreviate in this column but spell out the names of states, islands^ and countries. 74. Column 14. Citizenship.—Write "Viigin Island" for citizens of Virgin Islands and "Danish" for citizens of Denmark, but for citizens of Denmark who have not yet declared their intention of retaining allegiance to Denmark write "Not declared." For citizens of the United States, eimer by birth or naturalization, write "United States." For persons of foreign birth and of foreign citizenship write "Foreign." 75. Column 15. Whether able to speak Bnglish.; or, if not, give language spoken.—^This question applies to all persons 5 years of age and over. If such a person is able to speak English write English. If he is not able to speak English and in such cases only—^write the name of the language which he does speak, aa Danish, French, German, Italian. If he speaks more than one lan^age, but does not speak English, write the name of that language which is his native langus^e or mother tongue. For persons under 5 years of age, leave the column blank. 76. Column 16. Whether able to read in any language.—^Write "Yes" for all persons 5 years of age and over who can read any language, whether English or some other, and "No" for all such persons who can not read any language. For persons under 5 years of age, lea'^je the column blank. 77. Column 17. Whether able to write in any language.—Write " Yes" for all persons 5 years of age and over who can write any language, whether English or some other, and "No" for all such persons who can not write any language. For persons under 5 years of age, leave the column blank. 78. Column 18. Whether attending school.—Write " Yes" for any person who was attending school, college, or any educational institution on November 1, 1917, and "No" for any person of school age—S to 21 years—^who was not attending school on that date. For persons below or above school age, leave the column blank, unless they actually attended school. 79. Column 19. Trade or profession.—An entry should be made in this column for every person enumerated. The entry should be either (1) the occupation pur- sued—^tiiat is, the word or words which most accurately indicate the particular kind of work done by which the person emmierated earns money or a money equivalent, as physician, carpenter, dressmaker, laborer, nevjsboy; or (2) none (that is, no occupation). The entry none should be made in the case of all persons who follow no gainful occu- pation. 80. Persons retired or temporarily unemployed.—Care shoidd be taken in making the return for persons who on account of old age, permanent invalidism, or otherwise are no longer following an occupation. Such persons may desire to return the occupations formerly followed, whiidi would be incorrect. If living on their own income or it they are supported by other persons or institutions, the return should be none. On the other hand, persons out of employment when visited by the enumer- rator may state that they have no occupation, when the fact is that they usually have an occupation but merely happen to be idle or unemployed at the time of the visit. In such cases the return should be the occupation followed when the person is employed. 81. Persons having two occupations.—If a person has two occupations, return only the more important one—that is, the one from which he gets the more money. If you can not learn that, return the one at which he spends the more time. 82. Column 20. Industry.—An entry should be made in tliiR column in all cases where the entry in column 19 has been that of an occupation. But where the entry in column 19 is none, leave column 20 blank. The entry, when made, should be the name of the industry, business, or establishment in which this person works, as generalfarm, dry-goods store, bank. (See also illustrative examples on page 21.) 83. Farm -workers.—Return a person in charge of a farm as a, farmer, whether he owns it or operates it as a tenant or renter; but a person who manages a farm for some one else for wages or a salary should be reported as a farm manager or farm ffuerseer; and a person who works on a farm for some one else, but not as a manager or tenant, should be reported as a /arm laborer. 84. Women doing housework.—^In the case of a woman doing housework in her own home and having no other employment the entry in column 19 should be none. But a woman working at housework ferr wages should be returned in column 19 as hoiiseheeper, servant, cook, or ebaxabermaid, as the case majy be; and the entry in coluxon APPENDIX n. 157 20 should state the kind of place where she works, as private family, hotel, or boarding house. Or, if a woman, in addition to doing housework in ner own home, regular^/ earns money by some other occupation, whether pursued in her own home or outside, that occupation should be returned in colunu* 19 and 20. For instance, a woman who regularly takes in washing should be reported as laundress or washerwoman, followed in column 20 by at hoTne. 85. Women doing farm work.—^A woman working regularly at outdoor farm work, even though she works on the home farm for her husband, son, or other relative and doesnot receive money wages, should be returned ia colvmm 19 as a/arm laborer. Distinguish, however, such women who work on the home farm from those who work away fioni home by writing in column 20 either home farm or working out, as the case may require. Of course, a woman who heiself operates or runs a farm should be reported as a. farmer, and not as a "farm laborer. 86. Children on farms.—In the case of children who work for their own parents on a farm the entry in column 19 should be /arm laborer and in column 20 home farm; but for children who work as farm laborers for others the entry in column 20 should be worhing out. 87. CJhildren working for parents.—Children who work for their parents at home merely on general household work, on chores, or at odd times on omer work, should be reported as having no occupation. Those, however, who somewhat regu- larly assist their parents in the performance of work other than household work or chores should be reported as having an occupation. 88. Officers, employees, and inmates of institutions or homes.—^For an oj^cer or regular employee of an institution or home, such as an asylum, penitentiary, jail, etc., return the occupation followed in the institution. For an inmate of such mstitution, it regulaily employed, return the occupation pursued in the institution whether the employment be at productive labor or at other duties, such as cooking, scrubbing, laundry work, etc.; but if an inmate is not regularly employed—^that is, has no specific duties or work to perform—^write Tione in column 19. 89. Avoid general or indefinite terms.—Give the occupation and industry precisely. For example, return a worker on a sugar farm or plantation as foreman— sugar farm; laborer—sugar farm; teamster—sugar farm, etc., as the case may be. 90. The term "laborer" should be avoided if any more precise definition can be secured, as /oremon, inspector, watchman, etc. _ Where the term "laborer" is used, be careful to state accurately the industry or business in column 20. 91. Avoid in all cases the use of the word "mechanic, " butgive the exact occupa- tion, as carpenter, painter, machinist, etc. 92. An assistant in a store engaged in selling goods should be called a saleman and not a clerk. A stenographer, typewriter, bookkeeper, or cashier, etc., should be reported as such, and not as a clerk, 93. Illustrations of how to return occupations: Column 19. 158 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. lodging lioiise ghould he returned as an emploj'er, because he employs these servants in his business. 96. Employee. Any person who works for wages or a salarj' and is subject to the control and direction of an employer, is an employee, whether he be president of a large corporation or only a day laborer, whether he be paid in money or in kind, and whether ne be employed by his own parent or by another. 97. Working on own account.—^Per3onB who have a gainful occupation and are neither employers nor employees are considered to be working on their own account. They are the independent workers. They neither pay nor receive salaries or regular wages. Examples of this class are: Farmers and the owners of small establishments who do not employ helpers; professional men who work forfees and employ no helpers; and, generally speaking, hucksters, peddlers, newsboys, bootblacks, etc. AGEICULTXTRAL SCHBDUIiE. 98. Object.—The census of E^culture is taken for the purpose of obtaining accurate information concerning tibe area and value of land in farms, and the value of other property devoted to agriculture November 1, 1917, the agricultural opera- tions on farms in 1917 and the number and value of domestic animals in cities and towns November 1, 1917. 99. Not connected with taxation.—^The information reported on this schedule will not be used as a basis of taxation, nor communicated to any assessor. It will, under all circumstances, be treated as strictly confidential. 100. Schedules.—^For securing the desired information relating to farms, the emmierators are provided with lie general farm schedule; and for obtaining the number and value of domestic animals in cities and towns, inquiry 44 of this same schedule should be used. 101. All questions applying to be answered.—Give data asked for by schedule for every crop produced and every kind of animal on farm. Inability to secure exact data does not justify failure to answer a question. The most accurate returns that the circimistances permit must be secured. If farm records or accounts are kept, take data from them. If such records are not available, careful estimates should in all cases be secured or made. Where there are no crops or animals corresponding to names listed in schedule, leave spaces opposite such names blank. 102. Instructions.—Some important instructions relating to the general farm schedule are printed upon that schedule, to which your attention is specifically directed. In addition to the instructions there given, which are here repeated, observe the following definitions, explanations, and general instructions: 103. Faim.—A farm, for census purposes, is the land under the personal manage- ment of a single individual or firm, though consisting of different tracts, used for raising or producing animals, fowls, and agricultural products, and operated or farmed by his labor, the labor of the members of^ his household, or by hired employees working under his personal direction. The farm of an "owner includes all lands owned by him and operated or farmed by him, or upon which agricidtural operations are conducted under his personal direction; that of a "part owner," which should be reported as an "owner," includes all lands operated or farmed by him which are in part owned by him and in part leased from others, but the farm of an "owner" or "part ovmer" does not include land ovmed by such person and leased or rented to or cropped by others. The farm of » "tenant" (sometimes called a renter) includes the land leasedf or hired by him from others and farmed under his management or direction. The farm of a "manager " includes all land for the manage- ment of which such person (who may be known as a manager, overseer, or superin- tendent) receives salary or wages. If an individual works one tract of land as a hired manager or overseer and a second tract of which he is owner or tenant, or if he operates two or more farms for different individuals, the different tracts constitute different farms. In all other cases the land operated by a given individual or firm constitutes a single farm, no matter if made of a number of parcels or tracts. 104. Small faxms.—^In rural districts caxe should be taken to secure a schedule for every tract of land having an occupant when such occupant obtains during the year products which contribute in any degree to the support of himself or family. 105. Public institations.—^Public institutions, as insane hospitals, reform schools, etc., carrying on agricultural operations, are to be considered as farms. In returning schedules for such institutions, report, aiter inqiriries 12 and 13, only the value of the lands and buildings used for agricultm^l purposes. 106. Farm operator.—All answers on this schedule should relate to the land operated or farmed November 1, 1917, by the person named in answer to inquiry 1, who is here called "farm operator." AU answers regarding crops or other products APPENDIX n. 159 of 1917 must cover the land occupied by the farm operator on November 1, 1917, whether such land was farmed by him during 1917 or not, and should not cover any other land which the farm operator may have farmed in 1917. 107. Crosses on schedules.—Make no entries in spaces marked thus (X). 108. Inquiry 1. Name.—For each farm operated by one individual, whether as owner, tenant, or manager, write only one name. But in all cases where an owner and a tenant on shares, or two owners or two tenants are residing upon and jointly working the farm, write two names. 109. Inquiry 4. Age.—Give exact age at last birthday, but where this can not be done get as nearly as possible the exact years of age. 110. Inquiry 5. Citizenship.—Write "Virgin Island" for citizens of Virgin Islands and "Danish" for citizens of Denmark, but for citizens of Denmark who have not yet declared their intention of retaining allegiance to Denmark write "Not declared." For citizens of the United States, either by birth or naturaUzation, write "United States." For persons of foreign birth and of foreign citizenship write "Foreign." ^ 111. Inquiry 6. Tenure.—This inquiry is to be answered as follows: 1 12. Owner.—If a farm is operated by a person who owns all of it, by a man whose wife owns all of it, by the heir or heirs thereto, or by the trustee or guardian for such heirs, write "owner." Report as owner a person who has bought land on a contract for a deed or a person who holds over for redemption. 113. Part owner.—If a farm is operated by a person who owns a part of it, or by one whose wife owns a part of it, and the rest of such farm is leased from others, write "owner." 114. Owner and share .tenant.—If a farm is operated by two persons, one own- ing and one working for a share of the farm products, write "owner." 115. Share tenant.—If a farm is operated by a tenant, renter, or share hand who pays a share (as one-third or one-half) of the crops raised, write "tenant." 116. Cash tenant.—If a farm is operated by a tenant or renter who pays a fixed rental in money, or a stated amount of labor or farm products (not a proportionate share of all), or occupies land by permission of the owner without maMng specified payment therefor, wnte "tenant." 117. Share-cash tenant.—If a farm is operated by a tenant or renter who pays a share of the crops and also a fixed rental in money or a stated amount of labor or farm products, or by one who pays a share of the crops for part of the farm and pays a fixed rental in money or a stated amount of labor or farm products for another part, write "tenant." 118. Manager.—^If a farm is operated for its owner or for a public institution by one who receives wages or a salary for his services as manager, superintendent, or overseer, write ' 'manager. " But a husband is never to be reported aa manager of his wife's farm. (See ' 'Owner' ' and ' 'Part owner. ") 119. Inquiries 9 to 11. Farm acreage.—^The sum of the answers to inquiries 9 to 11 must be the same as the answers to inquiry 8. 120. Change of owners or tenants.—Never omit the report of a farm because it has changed owners, tenants, or managers, during the crop year 1917, but report in full in the name of the person in possession, giving the statistics of hve stock, imple- ments, machinery, and farm values as for any other farm. 121. Changes in size of farms.—If a tract of land which prior to November 1, 1917, was divided and cultivated by two or more persons is cultivated by one person November 1, 1917, report it as only one farm. Or, vice versa, it that which prior to November 1, 1917, was one farm is operated November 1, 1917, as two or more distinct farms, report as many farms as there are separate owners, managers, or tenants. 122. Duplication in enumeration of farms.—Great care should be taken by enumerators in agricultural districts when reporting farms and farm products to avoid dupUcation. Numerous cases will be found where persons are operating tracts of land which form parts of a larger farm, as where the operator of a large farm permits, imder one arrangement or another, persons to live on and cultivate for their own use small parts of his farm. In all such cases a farm schedule should be obtained for each person occupying and cultivating a part of a larger farm, and great care should be taken that the schedule secured for the larger farm does not include in the acreage and products returned the acreage and products to be reported in the schedule for these small tracts. To avoid duphcation and at the same time insure that schedules are secured for all such small tracts, the operator of the large farm should first be approached and a schedule be obtained for his farm, excluding all tracts occupied as above described, and a list of the persons so occupying and cultivating small tracts of his farm should be obtained from him to serve as a guide in obtaining schedules for them. 160 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. INSTHtTCTIONS FOB CHOPS. 123. Crops harvested in 1917.—Give acreage, quantity, and value of each crop harvested in 1917 on any land reported under inquiry 8, whether the present farm operator operated such land in 1917 or not. Do not report any crop not on the land covered by inquiry 8. 124. Units of measure.—If you can not seciure a report of quantities in the measure stated on the schedule, erase "Cwt.," "Lbs.," "Gals.," etc., and insert the measure used by the farm operator. 125. Acres.—In reporting number of acres, give the nearest whole number for tracts of 3 acres or over. For smaller tracts give acres and fractions of an acre. 126. Values.—^The values of ammals, crops, and other products should be based on the amounts for which they are sold at the usual market town under average con- ditions; Express values in dollars only, and in no case make use of cents. Thus, one hundred and twenty-seven dollars should be written ' '$127 " (not ' '$127.00 "). 127. Others.—If any crops are raised other than those specified on schedule, even though in small quantities, give names and data concerning them on blank Uaes provided for such purposes. 128. Inquiry 33. Grains and seeds.—^The crops to be reported here are those grown exclusively for grain and seed, and harvested after ripening. The quantities called for are those of thrashed or "shelled" grain. When ripened grain has been fed to stock unthrashed, include its acreage with that of thrashed grains of the same kind, and include careful estimates of the quantity raised and its value in the proper columns. 129. Com.—^Always report in quintals (cwt.) the quantity of com harvested. Eighty pounds of shelled com is equivalent to 100 pounds of dry com in the ear. 130. Frijoles.—Report here fnjoles (beans) usable for human food tiiat were harvested when ripe. 131. Inquiry 34. MalojiUo (forage) and yerba (grass) guinea.—When fields of malojiUo and yerba guinea were mown two or three times in 1917, report the acreage of such fields only once, but give the total number of tons of malojUlo and yerba guinea cut and its total value. 132. Inquiry 35. Weight of cotton.—^In answering that portion of inquiry 35 relating to cotton, the weight of the cotton reported should be that of the cotton in the seed. 133. Inquiry 36. Tropical fruits.—^The object of this inquiry is to obtain the number of trees and plants on November 1, 1917, that have not yet reached bearing age, and the number which are of bearing age, giving the quantity of fruit produced in 1917 by those bearing, with the value thereof. In reporting trees and plants which have not reached bearing age, do not include those in nurseries. 134. Inquiry 37. Sugar cane.—When a plantation or farm raising sugar cane is operated by a tenant who sells his cane to his landlord, the amount reported on the schedule as receipts from the sale of cane should be the total value of such cane, and not the total value less the rental paid for the use of the land. When a plantation or farm raising sugar cane is operated by a person who sella his cane to a central, the amount reported on the schedule as receipts from the sale of cane should be the total value of such cane, and not the total value less any deductions that may be made by the central. Where a farmer raises sugar cane and has it reduced to sirup by a neigh- bor, the schedule should exhibit the acreage of the cane grown, its weight in tons, the gallons of sirup produced, and its value. In all cases the information procured in answer to the several inquiries under this heading should pertain to the sugar crop of 1916-17; that is, cover the crop period for 1£ months, which was approximately from October 1, 1916, to September SO, 1917, inclusive. 135. Inquiry 39. Vegetables.—When vegetables are grown for farm use or for sale in small quantities, mark a cross (X) in the margin after &e name of the vegetable so grown, and on the line "Farm garden" report the total acreage and value of all crops so marked. For each vegetable grown for sale in considerable quantities report separately the acreage, quantity, and value, writing in the column provided therefor the unit of measure, as "cwt.," "pounds," "boxes," "number," etc. 136. Inquiry 43. Irrigation.—"Part A."—If the water used is obtained from a river or stream, enter the jwme of said river or stream; if obtained from a well write the word "Well." APPENDIX n. 161 MANUFACTURES SCHEDULE. 137. Scope of census.—The census is confined to manufacturing establishments conducted under the factory system as distinguished from the neighborhood, hand, and building trades^ and the data requir/lJd wfll be entered on the general schedule. Establishments having an annual product of less than $500 are to be omitted from the census. Reports are to be secured, however, for establishments that were idle dur- ing a part of the year or new establishments started during the year, although the product is less than $500, if such establishments are capable of an annual production of $500 or more. 138. Building trades.—Estajblisliments engaged in the various buUding indus- tries should not be reported. Those engaged in manufacturing supplies used in building, however, should be included. 139. Miscellaneous hand trades and custom work.—^The small hand trades, engaged chiefly in repair work or work to the individual order, should not be reported. Boot and shoe custom and repair shops, custom tailoring shops, and dressmaking establishments are not to be canvassed. 140. BetaU stoces.—Retail stores and other establishments which incidentally manufacture small quantities of goods which they sell must not be reported. 141. Sugar.—Reports must be secured for all mills engaged in the production of cane sugar and molasses located on plantations, although only the cane grown on the plantation is treated. A supplemental schedule for cane sugar, calling for additional information in regard to materials and products, is required. 142. lime-tree products.—The pickling of limes and making of concentrated Ume juice, if done for the trade, are to be reported. 143. Bay oil and bay rum.—The operation of stills tor the production of bay oil and bay rum may be associated mth the gathering of crude materials and the care of an orchard. In such cases the material used may be estimated at the market value. A supplemental schedule for this industry, -calling for additional information in re- gard to materials and products, is required. FISHERIES SCHEDULE. 144. Scope of census.—The census of fisheries must include the fishing opera- tions of all shore and offshore or vessel fisheries. In addition to sea food and fish products, the census must cover shellfish, turtles, crabs, sponges, etc. All commer- cial fisheries, vessels engaged in fishing, and vessels engaged in transporting fish from the fishing grounds must be reported. No reports, however, are to be secured for vessels engaged in transporting fish from port to port. 145. Vessels engaged in fishing or transporting fish for a portion of the year and in other work tor the remainder of the 12 months must be reported, and in such cases the reports must cover the operations of the entire year. 146. For census purposes the term "commercial fishery" includes all fishing opera- tions conducted for profit, but does not include the operations of individuals or clubs catching fish for their own consumption or for sport. 147. If an establishment is engaged primarily in the purchase and sale of fish, and incidentally in catching fish, the statistics for the mercantile portion should be segregated and the census report relate exclusively to the fishing portion of the business. 148. The census reports should cover the year ending October 31, 1917, or the fishing season which most nearly conforms to this period. The period covered by each report must be given on the title-page of each schedule. INSTRUCTIONS FOR PUNCHING CARD. The punch card is to be used by a separate set of enumerators in order to test, on a limited scale, the advisability of substituting a punch card for a written schedule at the next decenial census of the United States. Each enumerator selected for this work will be furnished with a supply of punch cards and a punch. . One card is to be used tor each person enumerated. The answers to the inquiries on the upper* half of the card are to be in writing, while the intofmation called tor on the lower haK of the card is to be punched. The following inquiries are contained, in the order given, on the part of the card that is to be punched: Tenure of home; sex; color or race; age (in single months and single years); marital condition; place of 60396°—18 11 162 THE VIKGIN ISLANDS. birth; citizenship; language spoken; ability to read and write; Bchool attendance. The part of the card beyond these inquiries is not to be used by the enumerator. The following inquiries are to be answered in writing: Island ajid city or rural district.—^Write the name of the island and also the name of the city, it any, or rural district. Enumeration district number.^—Write the number of the enumeration district to which you have been assigned. Schedule number.—Write the number of the card being filled, beginning with number 1 and continuing in numerical order until all the inhabitants of your district have been enumerated. Street or road, and house number.—Write the name of the street or road, and house number, if any, in which the person enumerated resides. Dwelling number and family number.—Write in the order of visitation the num- ber of the dwelling and the number of the family being enumerated, beginning, in each case, with number 1 and continuing in numerical order until your work has been completed. All persons residing in the same dwelling must be given the same dwell- ing number and all peraons belonging to the same family must be given the same family number. If two or morefamilies reside in the same dwelling each family must be given a separate number. Name of person enumerated.—^Write the name of the person enumerated, writ- ing first the last or surname, then the given name, and the initial of the middle name, if any. Relationship to head of family.—Write for the recognized head of family the word "Head;" for other members of a family write wife, father, mother, son, daughter, grandson, uncle, boarder, lodger, servant, etc., according to the particular relationship which the person bears to the head of the family. Trade, profession, or particular kind of work done, and industry, business, or establishment in which, at work.—^Write in these two spaces, first, the partic- ular kind of work done by the person enumerated and, second, the industry or business in which engaged or employed. (See special instructions.) Employer^ employee, or 'working on own account.—Write whether the person enumerated is an employer, employee, or is working on own account. (See special instructions). Date and signature.—Each card must be dated and signed by the enumerator in the spaces provided for this purpose. The following information is to be punched on card: Tenure of home.— This inquiry applies only to heads of families. If the home occupied is owned by the head and is free from mortgage, punch Owned free; if the home occupied is owned by the head but is mortgaged, punch Owned Mtgd; if the home occupied is rented and rent is paid, punch Rent— Yes; if the home occupied is not owned and rent is not paid or'required, punch Rent—No. For other persons in family, punch X. Sex.—For males, punch Male; for females, punch Female. Color or race.—For whites, punch White; for negroes, punch Negro; for mixed bloods, punch Mixed; for all other, punch Other, and write color or race on card. Age.—Provision has been made to punch the age in single months and single years, and the age field is subdivided, the first four columns of the field representing the age group and the last the unit year of age. Punch the age as follows: Under 1 mnnth Mas-0 1 month Mos-i ^months Mos-i 3 months MosS 4months Mos-i 5 months Mos-5 6months 6 Mos-0 7 months G Mos-t 8 months 6 Mos-t 9 months 6 MosS 10 months 6 M08-4 11 months 6 Mos-S lyear 0-i 2 years 0-S Syaars 0-3 4 years 0-4 Syears S-0 6years S-1 Tjeats S-S Syears 5-3 9years l-i lOyoars 10-0 11 years 10-1 12 ygars 10-2 13 years los 14 years lo-i ISypars lS-0 16yesrs 1,5-/ 17 years 15-} ISyears ii-3 19years IB-^ and so on to 99 years. For a person 100 years of age or over punch 100-|- and write exact age on card. Marital condition.—For single persons, punch Single; for married persons, punch Married; for widowed persons, punch Widowed; for persons living together by mutual consent, punch Cons' I Mar'd; for divorced persons, punch Divorced. Place of birth.—Punch the place of birth as follows: Virgiu Islands: St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas. Other islands: 5a^a7no«, Barbados, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Ea'ti, Jamaica, Porto Rico Martinique, Trinidad. ' Countries: Br. Guiana, China, Denmark, Dtch. Guiana, England, France, Fr. Guiana Germany, Ireland, Italy, Spain, U. S. ' ' For persons born in any other island or country, punch "Other" and write place of birth on card. APPENDIX n. 163 Citizenship.—For citizens of the Virgin Islands, ^unchVirgin Islands; for citizens of Denmark, punch Danish; if citizenship has not been declared, punch Not declared; for citizens of United States, punch U. S.; for citizens of any other country, punch Foreign and write name of coxmtry on card. Iianguage spoken.—Punch the language spoken as follows: Chinese, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish. If not speaking any of the above languages punch "Other" and write: language spoken on card. Ability to read and -write.—If able to read in any language, punch Read— Yes; if not able to read in any language, punch Read—No; il able to write in any language, punch Write— Yes; if not able to write in any language, punch Write—No. School attendance.—If attending school, punch School— Yes; if not attending school, punch School—No. The part of the card beyond this iuquiry is not to be used by the eifumerator. APPENDIX III. ENUMERATION DISTRICTS AND ENUMERATORS—CENSUS OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. No. ISLAND OF ST. THOMAS. Special agents. Chnlotte AmaUe: General Niels C. A. KJcldMn. Wages and hours of labor Victor C. Peterson. Manufactures Anthony L. Audain. Joseph Morrill. ekvmehatiok districts. Besijmation. Enumerators. Charlotte -A malif Town. King's Quarter King's Quarter King's Quarter Queen's Quarter Queen's Quarfc-r Queen's Quarter Crown Prince's Quarter Crown Prince's Quarter Crown Prince's Quarter Crown Prince's Quarter KuriiL. /Frenchman's "Bay Quarter \RedHook Bay Quarter East End Quarter * New Quarter Great Northside O'larl r fliittle Northside Quar Lc r \Southside Quarter West End Quarter Elma U. Smith. Irvina N. Meyers. Anna M. Vessuup. Amadeo I. Francis. IvannaE. Kean. Cleoda H. Bonelli. Emmy A. Williams. Eulalle M. Stevens. Adina M. Petrus. Estella A. Martine. ^Niels C. A. Kjeldsen. Niels C. A. Kjeldsen. James C. Roberts. Ludvig Rogers. l-Ulises A. Gimenez- Amadeo I. Francis. ISLAND OF ST. JOHN. ENUMERATION DISTRICTS. No. Desicnarion. Enumerator.". Cruz Bay Quarter.. Mahol Bay Quarter Beef Bay Quarter. . Coral Bav Quarter . East End Quarter. . John E. Lindqvist. Carl E. Francis. Alfred B. White. Ernest W. Marsh. John E. Lindqyist. ISLAND OF ST. CROIX. Special agevttt. ChristianstcM : Manufactures Xr^nn™. a i -i „. Wages and hours or Inhor |George A. Jackson. Fisheries Halyor E. Andreasen. Fisheries Frederick C. Jackson. Messenger Ludvig Bertrand Frederiksted. Manufactures lir™™-,,.! n nr, Wai;es and hours oflabor jEmanuel B. Oliver. Fisheries Ftank M. Cornelius. (164) APPENDIX m. ISLAND 07 ST. CBOIX—Contlnneil. 165 No. ENUHKBATION DQTBICTa, Designation. Christiansted Town . . . Christiansted Town . . . Christiansted Town . . . Christiansted Town . . . Christiansted Town . . . Christiansted Town . . . Christiansted Town . . . Christiansted Town . .. Frederiksted Town FrederiTcsted Town . . . Frederiksted Town . . . Frederiksted Town . . . Frederiksted Town . . . Frederiksted Town . . . Enumerators. BuraU East End ("A" and "B") Qnartor. Company's Quarter Queen's Quarter King's Quarter Prince's Quarter Northside"B" Quarter Northside "A" Quarter West End Quarter Tlva A. Forbes. Halror Gordon. TSOia B. Forbes. I Haidee E. Eengger. I Wilfred E. Messer. Joseph E. Ritzberg, KUas Williams. Medora A. Jackson. Agnes M. Golden. Maud E. Flannagan. Enos Kerr. Alexandra M. Grandjean. Walter A. Browne. .Mtagrada U. MllUgin. Eugene A. Schuster. {Malcolm K. Armstrixng. H. MackBT. David DeLeon. Arthur W. Elliott. ^Giistave Nordby. [Francis Lunney. 'George B. Fleming. iMalcolm U. Skeoeh. iC^l Neuman. IArthur Qn^aIe. IAndrew J. B^ckwood. [Thomas Gaffney. Wm- H. Fleroini!. APPENDIX IV. SCHEDTTLBS OP POPULATION, AGRICtTLTURB, MaNUPACTUKBS (GeNERAl), FISHERIES, AND Wages and Hours op Lasor, and the Punch Card Used in the Enumer- ation OP the Town of Charlotte Amalie. Population schedule 167 Agriculture schedule 168 Manufactures schedule .• 170 Fisheries schedule 172 Wages and houra of labor schedule ; 174 Punch card (population) 174 (166) APPENDIX TV. 167 O) 66 lij CO o UJtz u.Oz cog — OL z o eg> UJX I- o CO CO z. UJo 168 THE VIBGIlf ISLANDS. II HI ill 'Jli I s 1 » I 1 i I I I 1 Si 1 B: m ifff If m 1 inrmi 1 1 I I I I S » i s vi i i I 1 i APFBNDIX IV, ,169 Jli ['• S 5 fi a U I J Hi pIn i ; = i 51 n r li ' ' 1 |ii ii 1 1 S i I I II I lil I J ! •m 170 THE VIBGIN ISLANDS. illil liiiii llHii i nil iff Mi j-lll lin it 5 Eft 'II H i I ^1 a I' !1^ ii '-ii SI rjf If !i^ li Ui J Si liilf 8 hi! Ik 5 :i!i:i^e IS. CO 111 ce I-O Si z • il ILo (0 Zi toz 111o UJ3 U zo 0) m jz < o Kg, U> Zuo li is lit ill1 •St. APPENDIX IV. 171 r. 172 THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. I'll ill? Hi': 111 llli ! S3 1 = I, 5 I nil fit! 3 S 1 I f I I I I 1^ 11 I if 11 I ' ii^ 6 a c I i I J 1 if ii ii "I it S O E i a> oSa 5 ? < 2 7i "I £3 Hi 5f Z ^1 o si 9£ ii >3 s . a CO I UJ oc tilX CO u. II • IiU 3 I "a I •s I i sr I Ii I i I - " 3 5 i -= mm S " - a r. S ^ H III 1 1 APPENDIX IV. 173 i ! 3 ! I I : i M I : : : '. « i ; : fli 174 THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. a-4S6S D