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E 51 .1392 voU no.l nmairefNDIAN notes D MONOGRAPHS A SERIES OF PUBLICA- TIONS RELATING TO THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES VOL. I, No. 1 NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1919 J Publications of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation THE GEORGE G. HEYE EXPEDITION CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOUTH AMER- ICAN ARCHEOLOGY Vol. 1 The Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador: A Pre- liminary Report. By Marshall H. Saville. 1907. $25.00. Vol. 2 The Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador: Final Report. By Marshall H. Saville. 1910. $25.00. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN, , HEYE FOUNDATION Vol. 1 No. I : Lucayan Artifacts from the Bahamas. By Theodoor de Booy. Reprinted (romAmer. AnthropoL, Vol. 15, 1913, No. i. 50c. No. 2: Precolumbian Decoration of the Teeth in Ecuador, with some Account of the Oc- currence of the Custom in other parts of North and South America. By Marshall H. Saville. Reprinted from Amer. AnthropoL^ Vol. 15, 1913, No. 3. 50c. No. 3: Certain Kitchen-middens in Jamaica. By Theodoor de Booy. Reprinted from Amer. AnthropoL, Vol. 15, 1913, No. 3. {Re- printed, 1919.) 50C. No. 4: Porto Rican Elbow-stones in the Heye Museum, with discussion of similar objects elsewhere. By J. Walter Fewkes. Reprinted from Amer, Anthropol.y Vol. 15, 1913, No. 3. 50C. INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS A SERIES OF PUBLICA- TIONS RELATING TO THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES VOL. I, No. 1 NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1919 ARCHEOLOGY OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS BY THEODOOR DE BOOY CONTENTS PAGE Foreword \ 7 Introduction 13 Early Inhabitants 15 Primitive Culture—Inter-insulai Communi- 19 cation 24 Magen's Bay Village-site, St Thomas 42 Aboriginal Deposits on St Croix 42 Petroglyphs of St John and of Congo Cay ... 47 The Artifacts 60 Earthenware 60 Burial Vessels 60 Other Pottery Receptacles 65 Handles 84 Spindle-whorls 87 Cassava Griddles 88 Stone Objects 89 Objects of Bone 95 Bibliographic Notes 98 FOREWORD HEODOOR DE BOOY, the au- thor of this account of the archeology of the Virgin Is- lands of the United States, died February i8, 1919, while the mem- oir was in preparation for publication. Mr de Booy, son of Vice-Admiral C. J. G. and Mary (Hobson) de Booy, was born in Hellevoetsluis, Netherlands, December 5, 1882, and was educated at the Royal Institute of Holland. In 1906 he came to the United States, becoming an American citizen ten years later; and in 1909 he married Miss Elizabeth Hamilton Smith, of Louisville, Kentucky. In company with his wife, Mr de Booy went to the Bahama islands in 191 1, and during his residence there became interested in the antiquities of the Caicos group of islands, devoting much time to the exploration of their numerous caves and mounds. On VIRGIN ISLANDS his return to the United States, he pub- lished, in 1912, the first results of his ar- cheological researches, in a paper entitled '' Lucayan Remains on the Caicos Islands." He then determined to devote his life to archeology, and the opportunity soon pre- sented itself when he became attached to the Heye Museum, now the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, of New York City. Mr de Booy joined the staff as field explorer for West Indian work, and sailed for the Bahamas in June, 1912, remaining there for six months. He" was notably successful on this trip, among the most important objects recovered being a remarkable paddle which he discovered in a cave on Mores island. Mr de Booy's next expedition was to Jamaica, where he spent the months of January, February, and March of 191 3, on this trip conducting excavations in some of the kitchen-middens found on various parts of the island. Dur- ing July to October of the same year he devoted his attention to Santo Domingo, there undertaking the first systematic ex- ploration ever made in this important and INDIAN NOTES FOREWORD little-known field, a work which was con- tinued in the spring of 19 14. On his return to the United States he prepared a report on the results of the two expeditions, which were devoted chiefly to the exploration of certain caves in Santo Domingo and to work on the small island of Saona. In October and November of the same year he made an archeological reconnoissance of eastern Cuba, and was the first to discover the great riches of that hitherto neglected field. The year of 191 5 was a busy one with Mr de Booy. The months of February to April were spent by him in exploration and excavations on the island of Margarita, Venezuela, and from May to September he was occupied in excavating in the south- eastern part of Trinidad. In 191 6 he made a third trip to Santo Domingo, and in the same year visited Porto Rico and Marti- nique. On all of these islands he conducted archeological researches. Owing to the acquisition of the Danish West Indies by the United States, Mr de Booy was sent by the Museum to the islands comprising this group, where he re- AND MONOGRAPHS 10 VIRGIN ISLANDS mained frcm October, 1916, until February, 1917. This was the first archeological work ever done there, and he was notably suc- cessful in obtaining material and informa- tion respecting the antiquities of this region. With this expedition his field-work for the Museum came to an end. Early in 191 8 he severed his connection with it, and com- menced preparations for an exploration of the unknown region of the Peri j a mountains in eastern Venezuela, and an investigation of the ethnology of the Motilone Indians, the savage remnant of a tribe which has always kept its country free from white settlement arid exploration. This journey was made under the auspices of the Amer- ican Geographical Society and the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, of which latter institution he became a field worker for a short period. ' After his return from this trip Mr de Booy joined the force of the State Deparment Inquiry as one of its South x^merican experts, and was still en- gaged in this work at the time of his death. Mr de Booy was an able, thorough, and industrious student of his chosen field of INDIAN NOTES FOREWORD endeavor, and a man of attractive per- sonality. The reports of his investiga- tions in the West Indies, of which the present memoir is the seventh to be pub- lished by this Museum, are distinct con- tributions to our knowledge of the arche- ology of those regions. In addition he published in scientific journals numerous papers on the geography and archeology of the fields which he explored. George G. Heye, Director, AND MOxNOGRAPHS 11 ARCHEOLOGY OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS Bv Theodoor de Booy INTRODUCTION HE writer was sent by the Mu- seum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, to the Vir- gin Islandsof the United States for the purpose of making an extended archeological survey of St Thomas, St John, and St Croix, the three principal islands of the group. The visit to the islands extended from October, 1916, to February, 191 7, during which time they were still known as the Danish West In- dies, as their actual transfer to the United States was not made until March, 191 7. Up to that date practically no pre-Co- lumbian artifacts were known from St Thomas or St John, excepting a small number of stone celts and chisels; and 13 14 VIRGIN ISLANDS while St Croix had produced a quantity of objects representing the material cul- ture of the aborigines, these were almost entirely in the hands of private collectors and had not been described. After a preliminary survey of St Thomas, it was the good fortune of the writer to discover, on the Magen's Bay property of Dr P. Mortensen, King's physician of the island, evidence of the existence of a pre-Columbian village-site. Thanks are due to Dr Mortensen for his generous permission to conduct excava- tions on his land for the benefit of the Museum. With praiseworthy interest in the scientific institutions of Denmark, his native country, Dr Mortensen pre- scribed only one condition to the privi- leges granted, namely, that such dupli- cate material as might be found be given him for the National Museum at Copen- hagen. The writer is likewise indebted to Mr H. MacKay, a planter of the island of St Croix, for permission to excavate on his Salt River property. To Mr MacKay may be attributed much of the INDIAN NOTES ^^ WTi / z >v T (U o o -3 am 1- rtu Q •Fl z. n. < 2 CO biO < o O T fl 1- c^^> V- Jr. (fi PI U- 5 O a> CO ^ Q , I o I- U EARLY INHABITANTS 15 success of the undertaking on St Croix which resulted in gathering numerous artifacts illustrating its archeology. In addition to these two gentlemen, the Museum and the writer express their grateful appreciation of the aid shown them in their work by the Danish offi- cials, who manifested active interest in the excavations and were helpful in every possible way. EARLY INHABITANTS In order to make this account as com- prehensive as possible, it is deemed ad- visable first to discuss what little is known of the Indians inhabiting the Vir- gin Island group when the West Indies were discovered by Spanish explorers. The literature of the subject is scant, and of this a great deal cannot be taken seriously so far as archeological and eth- nological data are concerned. It must be noted that the island of St Croix is not a part of the Virgin Island group proper, being separated by a passage forty miles wide. AND MONOGRAPHS 16 VIRGIN ISLANDS During his second voyage of discovery in 1493, Columbus reached St Croix after touching at a number of the Windward islands to the southward. After St Croix, the Admiral discovered the group of islands to the northward, naming them the Virgins, in honor of St Ursula and the ElevenThousand Virgins of the Catholic calendar. According to the Rev. John P. Knox, whose work on the history of St Thomas possesses perhaps the great- est merit of the few historical accounts of this region, Columbus, on the report of the captain of a small caravel whom he had sent to explore the group, thought the islands to be uninhabited. ^ It must be noted that Knox had no ground for making the statement that the islands were uninhabited, as the early historian from whom this author probably ob- tained his reference^ merely informs the reader that, on arriving at the group, the larger ships kept at high sea, owing to the danger from unknown shoals and rocks, while a few of the smaller vessels cruised amongst the islands and recon- INDIAN NOTES EARLY INHABITANTS 17 noitered forty-six of them. It was in con- sequence of these dangers that Columbus thought it best to leave the islands and proceed to,Porto Rico, whose mountains he could see from his anchorage. The German historian Oldendorp men- tions that the Indians were driven away from the Virgin Islands during the reign of Carlos V of Spain, about the year 1550, the Emperor having ordered them to be treated as enemies and exterminated.^ We cannot discover from what source Oldendorp derived this information, and are inclined to believe that he was writ- ing of St Croix, not of the true Virgin Island group. It is much more likely that such inhabitants as may have dwelt on the Virgin Islands after the discovery were taken as slaves and made to work in the mines of Hispaniola after the labor supply of the latter island had become exhausted. The early records unanimously agree that St Croix, called Agay by the abor- igines, was occupied by warlike tribes when it was discovered, and they com- AND MONOGRAPHS I. N. M.,I— 1. 18 VIRGIN ISLANDS ment on the ferocity and savagery of these people. These were the tribes which attempted to repel, by force of arms, the soldiers sent ashore by Colum- bus to explore the island.^ It has fre- quently been stated that this encounter with the Indians caused the first act of bloodshed in the New World between the conquistadores and the aborigines. This, however, is not true, as an encounter had already taken place during the first voy- age of Columbus, in 1492, when he dis- covered Samana bay of the island of His- paniola; indeed this bay was named the Bay of Arrows by the Admiral in com- memoration of the encounter.^ It will therefore be seen that St Croix cannot lay claim to the doubtful honor of having been the scene of the first battle in the New World. During the fight b tween the natives of St Croix and the Spaniards, a Galician was slain by an Indian woman, and another soldier seriously wounded. Peter Martyr relates that the wounds were caused by the poisoned arrows used by the natives, and states that the poi- INDIAN NOTES EARLY INHABITANTS 19 son oozed from the arrows when the points broke off. It is also of interest to note that the same historian relates that the St Croix Indians, who made the attack, appeared to be governed by the same woman who inflicted the wounds on the slain Spaniard and his companion. There are no trustworthy records of the ultimate fate of the aboriginal in- habitants of St Thomas, St Croix, and St John, for even if Oldendorp's state- ment referred to is founded on fact, it does not necessarily imply that the ex- termination of the Indians was completely effected. Nevertheless, when the Dan- ish, Dutch, and French settlers arrived on the islands at different periods of the seventeenth century, no Indians were found to inhabit them, and the fate of the aborigines from that time onward is completely veiled. PRIMITIVE CULTURE — INTER-INSULAR COMMUNICATION As has been stated, the first investi- gations were carried on at Magen's bay. AND MONOGRAPHS 1 20 VIRGIN ISLANDS St Thomas. .After. these, the writer made a survey of the island of St John, and finally of St Croix. Beyond the petro- glyphs at Reef bay on St John which were studied and photographed, there was no evidence of prolonged Indian oc- cupancy of this island. A few potsherds were found on what is called ''Old Oven" hill on the northern coast of St John, be- tween Leinster bay and Smith bay, which led to the belief that this eminence had at one time been occupied by the abor- igines, but in any event the occupancy must have been brief. However, the sherds found were so small that they were of little use for comparative study. The St Croix site, on the other hand, produced a large number of excellent artifacts, and, as at Magen's bay on St Thomas, extensive excavations were con- ducted there. The writer cannot agree with the state- ment made by Dr J. Walter Fewkes that ''Santa Cruz [St Croix] and St Thomas have cultural resemblances in their an- tiquities to the Porto Rican or Jamaican INDIAN NOTES INTERCOMMUNICATION 21 area." ^ The specimens from St Croix re- semble those from St Thomas so closely that one may assert that the aborigines of the" two islands were of the same origin and culture. While an occasional arti- fact has been found on St Thomas and on St Croix that undoubtedly belongs to the Porto Rican area, the presence of a specimen of this kind, where islands are in such close proximity that their moun- tains loom on the horizon as landmarks for canoe travelers, could mean hardly more than that the Indians of the two islands either had intercourse with those of Porto Rico or that they waged war against the Porto Ricans and possibly carried off articles of Tainan manufac- ture as their spoils. Cultural resem- blances, in order to be complete, must be found in pottery as well as in artifacts of stone, and no pottery object was found on either St Thomas or on St John that in any degree resembles ceramic speci- mens from either Porto Rico or Jamaica. While the writer personally recovered perhaps ten stone and bone objects that AND MONOGRAPHS 22 VIRGIN ISLANDS had their origin in Porto Rico, if not even in Santo Domingo or Jamaica, he found also one potsherd on St Croix that could have come only from Trinidad, it having the painted red-and-white decor- ation so typical of the earthenware of that southern island. The writer is strongly of the opinion that St Croix and St Thomas were inhab- ited by tribes that made extended voy- ages, either for trading or for w^arfare, practically throughout the West Indies. The finding of some of the so-called ''col- lar-stones" proves that voyages to Porto Rico were commonly undertaken, and the presence of a grotesquely carved "swal- lowing-stick" of bone urges connection with Santo Domingo. That journeys to Jamaica were possibly undertaken is sug- gested by the finding, in a kitchen-midden on St Croix, of a cylindrical stone pen- dant, specimens of this kind being more typical of Jamaican culture than of that of other Antillean islands. Then again, the potsherd above mentioned tends to prove that some communication had been INDIAN NOTES INTERCOMMUNICATION 23 held with either Trinidad or the northern coast of Venezuela. It is hardly likely that the tribes in- habiting St Thomas and St Croix made such voyages for purposes of barter or of peaceful intercourse; it is far more likely that these natives undertook extended journeys like these in order to wage war against the more peaceful Arawak tribes of the other Antillean islands, and that the specimens recovered by our expedi- tion were obtained by force of arms rather than through trade. Had the intercourse with the islands to the westward been of a peaceful nature, it is probable that the Indians would have adopted some of the technique of the potter's art from their neighbors. As it is, the pottery from St Thomas and St Croix, of which thou- sands of specimens were recovered, bears no resemblance to that from Jamaica, Porto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Cuba, in either form, technique, or design. Some slight resemblance may be sus- pected between the pottery of the islands and that of Trinidad; but this resem- AND MONOGRAPHS 24 VIRGIN ISLANDS blance is so remote that it is more a ques- tion of the individual opinion of the writer than of tangible proof. Knowing from early historians that St Croix was inhabited by warlike tribes, and finding that the pottery and other artifacts from St Thomas bear a direct resemblance to those from St Croix, it may reasonably be said that the inhab- itants of St Thomas were of the same warlike and ferocious tribes. MAGEN'S bay village-site, ST THOMAS Crossing the mountain ridge which bi- sects the island of St Thomas, one views the bay called Magen's bay, or some- times North Side bay, which stretches rectangularly on the northern coast of the island. Bordered on the eastern side by Picara point, a rocky peninsula that extends its enormous arm in a north- westerly direction, and on the western side by another, somewhat smaller, par- alleling peninsula of similar formation, the sloping, sandy, southern shore, of the bay is sheltered from all but northerly INDIAN NOTES ST THOMAS SITE 25 and westerly storms (pi. i). From the hills commanding the bay a perfect view may be had of both the northern and the southern coasts of the island, and of many of the cays and passages in the waters surrounding St Thomas. The Indian lookouts in ancient times could have given ample warning of the approach of any marauding tribes and thus enable the inhabitants to seek the shelter in the forests or to prepare themselves for^ at- tack. With a perfect sandy shore emi- nently suitable for beaching canoes, with soil sufficient for the cultivation of cas- sava and other indigenous vegetables, with a sea teeming with fish and shell- food, and with an ample supply of fresh water, the existence of the aborigines of St Thomas could have been little less than ideal. That the Indians selected Mag- en's bay for their village-site, in prefer- ence to even more sheltered bays on the southern coast, was due probably to the fact that their principal diet consisted of sea-food and that this was more easily obtained on the northern coast. Fur- AND MONOGRAPHS 26 VIRGIN ISLANDS thermore, it was probably easier to pro- cure fresh water on the northern coast of the island, considering the primitive appliances the Indians had at their dis- posal for making wells. There are today various paths leading from the shores of Magen's bay to the hills above. The largest of these paths, called the King's Road by the inhabitants of St Thomas, leads from the shores of the bay along its bordering hills to the eastward, toward a property now called Canaan. It was on this road, at a point not more than a hundred meters from the sandy shore of the bay, that the writer was so fortunate as to discover a small mound of aboriginal origin. During the first reconnoissance of the valley lying be- tween the ridges that terminate in the two peninsulas forming the bay, a num- ber of small potsherds were found on the surface. This led to a search of the neighborhood for mounds and other evi- dences of Indian occupancy. It should here be said that the valley between the two ridges is covered with small pools of INDIAN NOTES ST THOMAS SITE 27 fresh water during the rainy season; it is therefore likely that the Indians came to these pools for their water supply and that the sherds on the surface of the little valley were parts of such vessels as were broken while being carried to the pools. Careful search throughout the valley, which is covered with bush and under- growth, was finally rewarded by the dis- covery of the mound above mentioned, the crest of which was not more than ten feet high and which merged into the slope of the hill against which it lay. The mound was found to be semilunar in shape, with a maximum breadth of about 75 feet and a width of about 30 feet. Its western slope was more or less bordered by the King's road, whereas the eastern slope, as before mentioned, was circum- scribed by the contour of the hill. Exam- ination of this hill showed that its sum- mit had also been occupied by Indians, probably as a signal station. A number of small potsherds were found upon the flat crest of the height, but as it is rocky AND MONOGRAPHS 28 VIRGIN ISLANDS and without covering of deep soil, it was considered unprofitable to conduct ex- cavations at this point. The vegetation covering the mound was somewhat dense and consisted prin- FiG. I.—Destructive roots in the aboriginal mound, cipally of genip trees {Melococca hijuga) of varying size, whose penetrating roots had caused more breakage of the arti- facts under the surface than the weight of the soil above, and, incidentally, the INDIAN NOTES DE BOOY -VIRGIN ISLANDS ':%3 SECTION OF THE ABORIGINAL MOUND ST THOMAS SITE 29 roots made the excavation of the diluvial covering a difficult task (fig. i). Directly beneath the diluvial deposit of the mound was found a layer of black earth, plentifully mixed with ashes, char- coal, and shells, and it was in this dark layer (pi. ii) that most of the artifacts were encountered. Directly under this black stratum was found another, though not quite so dark, in which the same kind of debris was found as in the layer di- rectly above it. The mound appeared to represent two different periods of abor- iginal occupancy, although the objects found in the third layer did not differ materially in their types from those found in the second layer. But it may well be that after the formation of the low^er, or third, layer, the village-site was aban- doned for a number of years, but not for such a length of time that the earth of the deposit partook of the lighter, brown, color of the diluvial deposit, yet still ,long enough to have become a trifle less dark than the later deposit on top. As the illustration shows, the original AND MONOGRAPHS 30 VIRGIN ISLANDS sea-sand is found directly under the third layer. By digging two feet in this lower- most deposit, one reaches water, hence excavations were not conducted for more than a foot below the third layer. The depth of the strata varied, of course, with the depth of the mound. At the highest part of the mound the first layer had a depth of two feet, the second a depth of three and a half feet, the third a depth of four feet. No artifacts were found in the diluvial covering, therefore we may concern ourselves solely with layers 2, 3, and 4, the last being the sea-sand, a foot to eighteen inches in depth, in which ex- cavations were made. As the aboriginal objects in the lower layers were not differ- ent, and as the conditions under which they were found were the same through- out, the two layers (2 and 3) may be treated as a single deposit. The illus- tration (pi. 11) affords the means of de- termining the depth of the combined lay- ers at about the highest part of the mound. The layer under the diluvium repre- INDIAN NOTES ST THOMAS SITE 31 sents a typical West Indian kitchen-mid- den, or rubbish-heap, of the same kind as the one in Jamaica described by the writer in a former paper, "^ excepting that no extensive shell layers were found. Fig. 2.—Excavation in the aboriginal mound. Where in the Jamaica middens one finds first a layer of diluvium, next a stratum of shells, then one of ashes, and finally the original surface of limestone marl, at Magen's bay is found first the layer of diluvium, then a layer in which ashes. AND MONOGRAPHS 32 VIRGIN ISLANDS shells, and artifacts are mixed together (representing in its entirety the two in- tervening layers found in Jamaica), and finally the original surface, in this in- stance consisting of sand irlstead of lime- stone marl. Virtually, however, there is no wide difference in the middens, and it is found that, except in a minor w^ay, the kitchen-middensof such other West Indian islands as Cuba, Trinidad, and Santo Do- mingo, as were investigated, did not vary in character from those of St Thomas. Close examination of the component ingredients of the second and third layers of the Magen's Bay deposits revealed the existence of a somewhat indurated mass of loam and clay, plentifully mixed with ashes, charcoal, and other debris of the aboriginal household. It is regretted that none of the wooden artifacts were preservable in the humid soil, for there can be no doubt that the aborigines used a large number of such, judging from the accounts of early historians and from the few. cave specimens that have been recovered from time to time. INDIAN NOTES ST THOMAS SITE A large variety of shells was found in the second and third layers. These have been identified as follows: MARINE SHELLS Fasciolaria tulipa Area occidentalis Slrombus gigas Donax denticidatus Stromhus accipiter Modiola tulipa Stromhus pugilis Tritonium tritonis Turbo pica Nerita peloronta lectarius muricatum Nerita tesselata Codakia orhieularis Miirex brevifrons Cypraea exanthema Murex pomum Cardium. serratum Ostrea folium Cardium muricatum, Mytilus hirundo Pecten zigzag Chama sp. Pecten nodolus LAND SHELLS Pleurodonte incerta Helix bornii It is impossible to say which of these shells predominated in the Magen's Bay kitchen-middens. . From the fact that so many species were recovered, but that of no one of them was a large number en- countered, it would seem to have been the general practice of the Indians to open the shells in the vicinity of the place where they were gathered. This may ac- 33 AND MONOGRAPHS I. N. M., I 2. 34 VIRGIN ISLANDS count for the fairly heavy shell-deposits at Krum bay, on the southern coast of St Thomas, and for the fact that in these shell-deposits practically no artifacts were found. It should be noted that Helix hornii had not been known to occur on St Thomas, its nearest habitat being Porto Rico. The writer found four shells of this species in the Magen's Bay middens, and as all of these were found together and all with perforated lips, it is probable that they were gathered in Porto Rico by some adventurous Indian, who strung and car- ried them home. MAMMALS The writer is indebted to Dr Gerrit S. Miller, Jr.,^ curator of the Division of Mammals of the United States National Museum, for the identification of the bones of mammals and reptiles found in the Magen's Bay deposits. These were found to represent the following: Isolobodon portoricensis Allen. Of this small mammal, now extinct in the Virgin Islands and Porto Rico, and not known to be living else- INDIAN NOTES ST THOMAS SITE 35 where, 92 bones were collected on St Thomas, probabjy representing about 30 individuals. Dasyprocta aguti (Linnaeus). Trichechus manatus Linnaeus. REPTILES Cyclura mattea, new species. Three bones of a probably extinct species of large lizard (iguana) were found. Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus). About forty frag- ments of shells and limbs of turtles were found. All the more complete bones appear to be those of the green turtle. Mr Alexander Wetmore, ^ of the United States Biological Survey, identified the bird-bones found in the kitchen-middens of Magen's bay, finding them to belong to the following: Puffinus Iherminieri Lesson. Shearwater. AEstrelata sp. Petrel. Sula leucogastra (Boddaert). Booby. Fregata magnijicens Matthews. Man-o'-war Bird. Nyctanassa violacea (Linnaeus). Yellow-crowned Night Heron. Gallus gallus (Linnaeus). It is a source of con- siderable mystification how to account for the presence of these remains of a domestic fowl AND MONOGRAPHS 36 VIRGIN ISLANDS in what undoubtedly is a pre-Columbian de- posit. The only logical explanation is that a rat may have carried the remains of a fowl in its burrow in later days. Nestrochis dehooyi, new genus and species (Fam- ily Rallidae). Limb bones of several individ- uals of an extinct rail were found. Anoiis stolidus (Linnaeus). (?). Sterna sp. Possibly of Sterna anaetheta (Scopoli). FISH Air Barton A. Bean, of the United States National Museum, identified the fish-bones in the St Thomas middens as being of the following: Sphyraena, Barracuda. Caranx, Crevalle. Epinephelus, Grouper. Scams, Parrot Fish. Diodon, Porcupine Fish. Tylosurus, Silver Gar. Batistes, Trigger Fish. Lutjanus, Snapper. It will be noted that the food of the aborigines of St Thomas was of consid- erable variety. What with numerous kinds of fish, green turtle, the Isolobodon, all sorts of shell-fish, birds, and the flesh of the iguana, the Indians were well sup- plied with animal food. Their vege- tal food probably comprised the num- INDIAN NOTES ST THOMAS SITE 37 erous indigenous fruits and the all-impor- tant cassava, which is such a constant ad- junct to Indian life in the islands. Num- erous fragments of cassava griddles, of the type .common to the West Indies, were found in the kitchen-middens of Magen's bay. There was no evidence on St Thomas that the island had been densely popu- lated; indeed, only two pre-Columbian sites were found on the island: the site at Magen's bay, and a very small one on the southern coast, on the shore of Krum bay, where somewhat extensive shell- deposits and an occasional sherd indicate that the place was at least visited by Indians. Of course, objects such as celts, chisels, axes, pestles, and mortars are found throughout the island, but discov- eries of this kind do not indicate perma- nent occupancy of a particular locality. There is no way to determine the age of the Magen's Bay deposits. As will be shown, they w^ere covered with two feet of diluvium, but no deductions as to the age of the kitchen-middens can be drawn AND MONOGRAPHS 38 VIRGIN ISLANDS from this. The depth of the diluvial de- posits has been found to be governed en- tirely by such conditions as the nature of the soil, the density of the undergrowth, and the geological formation, hence one frequently finds a very old deposit cov- ered by only about six inches of di- luvium in a region where scant vegeta- tion exists, whereas a comparatively re- cent aboriginal deposit, in a region with a heavy rainfall and dense woods, some- times is covered by four feet or more of diluvium. That the Magen's Bay village-site was abandoned before the coming of the Span- iards to the West Indies is suggested by the fact that no objects of European ori- gin were found. Had the tribe of which the remains were found existed on St Thomas during the period of the con- quest of the West Indies, particularly during the conquest of Porto Rico by Ponce de Leon, it is more than probable that some evidence of barter or of other contact with the Spaniards would have been found, such as beads, hawk-bells, INDIAN NOTES ST THOMAS SITE 39 etc. From the condition of the skeletal remains found under the kitchen-middens at Magen's bay, the writer is of the opinion that the site was occupied sev- eral centuries before the Spanish invasion. Directly beneath the second and third layers of the deposits was found the sur- face of sand that existed before the In- dian occupancy of the site. It was in this sand that nine pre-Columbian burials were found—seven of adults and two of children. It is far from improbable that a much larger number of burials may be found in the vicinity of the kitchen- midden and that the remains buried in the kitchen-midden itself represented but a small number of the inhabitants of the village-site. With three exceptions the burials were accompanied with at least one pottery vessel. We quote the following from Dr Fewkes regarding burial customs in the Lesser Antilles: "As skeletons sometimes occur in these sites, reference to burial customs may be mentioned here. The ancient Antilleans buried their dead AND MONOGRAPHS 40 VIRGIN ISLANDS in a contracted (embryonic) posture, often in the floors of the houses. ... It was customary to deposit mortuary offerings in the graves, which accounts for the pottery and other objects found by the author in the Balliceaux cemetery." ^° Two burials were found by our expe- dition in the Magen's Bay middens in which the bodies had been interred in a recumbent position, but the remains of the other seven burials had been placed in an embryonic posture, and after the dissolution of the flesh, the skeletons, were found to have become a confused mass. The mortuary vessels were found close to the skeletons, but in no prede- termined position. With five of the nine burials but one vessel was found; one burial was accompanied with three ves- sels, while three burials had no vessels whatsoever. It may be mentioned that no axes, amulets, or other artifacts save those of earthenware were found in the graves. Five of the burials were sur- rounded with conch-shells {Stromhus gigas), which in each case seem to have been placed in a circle around the body. INDIAN NOTES DE BOOY VIRGIN ISLANDS SKULL IN SITU IN ABORIGINAL MOUND ST THOMAS SITE 41 It is worthy of mention that the burials appeared to be very old, and that the bones in consequence were so brittle and in such bad condition that their preser- vation was not possible. Two skulls, one of an adult and one of a child, were suffi- ciently hard to enable preservation, and of these the child's skull was sent to the National Museum in Copenhagen. Two of the burials were found in the layer directly above the sand, and these appeared as if deposited at a date latef than those found below^ the third layer. These two skeletons were in especially bad condition, owing to the moisture in the black earth and to the roots of the genip trees (pl.iii). From the fact that the burials in the original sandy surface (the fourth layer) were covered and sur- rounded with more or less kitchen-midden debris, such as potsherds and ashes, and with black loam, etc., which evidently came from the upper layers, it is apparent that the burials were made after the oc- cupancy of the village-site and that graves were dug in the site itself and AND MONOGRAPHS 42 VIRGIN ISLANDS filled with the surrounding soil and ref- use. ABORIGINAL DEPOSITS ON ST CROIX The kitchen-middens at Salt river, on the island of St Croix, did not differ materially from the one at Magen's bay on St Thomas (pi. iv). Salt river in real- ity is more of a sea inlet than a river, and its water is salty and not potable. The mouth of the inlet is bordered by an ex- tensive reef, with two channels, making an ideal shelter for the canoes of the natives. Furthermore, the fishing on the confines of this reef is said to be excel- lent, and there is no reason to believe that it may have been otherwise in aboriginal times. In addition, the man- grove trees with which the inlet is bor- dered are covered with the typical man- grove oysters (Ostrea vtrginica), and the waters north of Salt river abound in conchs {Stromhus gigas). The village-site at Salt river was far more extensive than the Magen's Bay site, and there is every evidence that St INDIAN NOTES o f, O H ^ (/> O 5 CO < a; UJ ^ I o oU ST CROIX SITE 43 Croix supported a far larger pre-Colum- bian population than did the island of St Thomas. The deposits are found in a semicircle around a small hill on the western bank of Salt river, at the mouth of the inlet, as well as on its crest. Some practically effaced ruins on the hilltop, and the remains of a foundation for a flag-pole, indicate that in post-Colum- bian times the hill may have been used for a battery. The deposits are found as far as the edge of the sea and extend thence around the hill to the bank of Salt river. In many places the kitchen-middens are of inconsiderable depth. The excavations were made in a ridge about 24 ft. wide, 120 ft. long, and 5 ft. in height, with sloping sides, extending north and south from the edge of the sea. A cross-sec- tion of this ridge shows a diluvial de- posit from a foot to two and a half feet in thickness. Directly beneath this was a layer, two and a half feet thick, of the usual charcoal, ashes, potsherds, and stone objects, forming a compact mass AND MONOGRAPHS 44 VIRGIN ISLANDS with the original soil. About ninety- five per cent of the shells found in the kitchen-midden consisted of the man- grove oyster {Ostrea virginica), while the remainder were mostly large conch-shells {Stromhiis gigas), together with the spe- cies enumerated below: Triton tritonis. Pleurodonte, new sp. Area deshayesii. Spondylus. Lucina tigerina. Cypraea exanthema Avicula ohliqua. Murex hrevifrons. Mytilus hamatus. Turbinella muricata Chione cancellata. Fasciolaria tulipa. Anomalocardia hrasili- Livona pica. ana. Cassis testicidus. Cassis Jtammea. Murex pomutn. As in the case of the bones found on St Thomas, Dr Miller ^^ identified the mammal remains and those of the rep- tiles, finding them to be the following: MAMMALS Isolobodon portoricensis Allen. Fifty-six speci- mens were found, representing about fifteen individuals. Trichechus manatus (Linnaeus). Dr Miller re- INDIAN NOTES ST CROIX SITE 45 ports that the atlas and axis of one seacow, and three fragments of ribs, probably not from the same individual as the vertebrae, were in- cluded in the material from St Croix. Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus). About two dozen fragments of the shells and limbs of sea turtles were found in the deposits. The bird-bones from the Salt River de- posits were identified by Mr Wetmore^^ and found to belong to the following: Puffinus sp. Shearwater. Sula piscaior (Linnaeus). Redfooted Booby. Nyctanassa violacea (Linnaeus). Yellow-crowned Night-heron. Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus). Gallinule. Nesotrochis dehooyi Wetmore, new genus and sp. (Family Rallidae). The remains of the rail found at Magen's tay on St Thomas were en- countered in these deposits also. Corvus leucognaphalus Daudin. At the present time this crow is not found nearer than the forest regions of Mameyes in Porto Rico. Mr Barton A Bean identified the fish- bones as belonging to the following: AND MONOGRAPHS 46 VIRGIN ISLANDS Scarus, Parrot Fish. Diodon, Porcupine Fish. Ray. Lutjanus, Snapper. Sphyraena, Barracuda. Caranx, Crevalle. Epinephelus, Grouper. Numerous claws of the ordinary West Indian land crab (Cardisoma guanhumi) were found in the deposits. Fig. 3.—Excavation in the aboriginal mound at Salt river, St Croix. Owing to the intensely hot sea-breezes to which the lands around the mouth of Salt river are exposed, the diluvial de- posit covering the kitchen-midden was INDIAN NOTES DE BOOY— VIRGIN ISLANDS BURIAL VESSEL IN SITU PETROGLYPHS 47 extremely hard. The method followed in excavating was first to remove the ab- original deposit under the diluvium and to then break down the overhanging shelf of earth (fig. 3). By these means the artifacts in the lower layers were re- moved without breakage. The sloping contour of the ridge, mentioned above, may be seen in the illustration referred to. A number of burials were found in the kitchen-middens at Salt river. The same method of interring the dead was prac- tised as at the Magen's Bay site. B\' reason of the richness of the soil and its dampness, there was no possibility of pre- serving the skeletal material. As at Magen's bay, a number of burials were accompanied with pottery vessels, one of which is illustrated in pi. v. PETROGLYPHS OF ST JOHN AND OF CONGO CAY On the southern coast of the island of St John is an inlet named Reef bay on modern charts. This inlet may be seen also on older charts under the names Kip AND MONOGRAPHS 48 VIRGIN ISLANDS bay and Rif bay, but the appellation in common use is Reef bay, and it probably originated from the fact that this body of water is bordered by a coral reef. In former days the Reef Bay estate seems to have been of considerable importance as a sugar factory, but with the abolition of slavery and the decline in price of sugar, the estate suffered a serious de- cline, as did numerous other sugar plan- tations on the island. The writer is indebted to Mrs L. Marsh, present owner of the Reef Bay estate, and to her son, Mr E. Marsh, for permission to make photographs of the property, and special thanks are due Mr Marsh for his courtesy in acting as guide to the writer during his visit to the estate. Following the road between Lamesure, another bay on the southern coast of St John, situated more easterly than Reef bay, one views from a considerable dis- tance the waterfalls under which the rock- carvings are found. The falls lie between the ridges of two hills, and in reality con- sist of two cataracts, the upper one al- INDIAN NOTES PETROGLYPHS 49 most 60 ft. high, and the lower, under which the carvings are found, 45 ft. in height. As the crow flies the falls are not more than a mile and a quarter from the sea. In order to visit the site, it is necessary to follow the dry bed of a stream and then to cut one's way through a somewhat dense thicket. Before the hurricane of October 9, 1916, a foot-path followed the watercourse, hence the ascent to the falls was far easier than it is today. The lower fall is not of considerable volume in ordinary times, but during heavy rains the quantity of water that passes over the rocks must be quite large. It appears that in the present times, even during extended periods of drought, the falls are active, therefore it may be said that in Indian days, w^hen the island was more heavily wooded than it is now, they never ceased. The lower waterfall discharges into a pool about 5 ft. deep and 12 ft. in diam- eter, which in turn empties into a second pool about seven feet lower. This lat- AND MONOGRAPHS 50 VIRGIN ISLANDS ter pool, in which the water is quite tranquil, is about 63^2 ^t. deep, 14 ft. wide, and 9 ft. broad. The water, filtered during its long course through the hills, is excellent for drinking purposes, and doubtless the Indians visiting the south- ern coast of St John must have come here for their supply. It is on the rocks surrounding the lower pool that the petroglyphs are found. Fig. 4 illustrates the carvings on the up- per part of the large rock above this pool, which are not very remarkable. The fig- ure at the extreme left is 19 in. long, while its largest circle is 10 in. in diameter. This glyph probably represents a con- ventionalized human figure. The size of the other etchings shown in this illustra- tion may be determined from the dimen- sions of the one described. Another con- ventionalized human figure is shown at the middle of the photograph, directly above which may be seen (one of them rather faintly) two human faces, each outlined by a circle, with two pits for the eyes and a line for the mouth. The sig- INDIAN NOTES PETROGLYPHS 51 nificance of the intricate figure between the two conventionalized human heads is not known, and the same may be said Fig. 4.—Petroglyphs on a large rock above the second pool. of the carving at the extreme right-hand side of the illustration. On the surface of the lower part of the same rock, shown in fig. 5, there are other carvings, and unless the Indians AND MONOGRAPHS 52 VIRGIN ISLANDS stood in the pool while making them, they must have been produced while the workers lay prone upon the rock. The presence of the line of pits is noteworthy, especially as it is directly above the nor- FiG. 5.—Petroglyphs on the lower" part of the large rock above the second pool. mal water-line of the pool, which it al- most parallels. At the extreme left of the photograph we find the usual con- ventional face, consisting of a circle, two pits, and a line. A similar carving may be seen a little to the right and somewhat INDIAN NOTES PETROGLYPHS 53 higher, directly under which is a carving of the same character, excepting that the eyes are shown somewhat more elabor- ately by pits surrounded by semicircular lines. The large figure above, beneath the bush, cannot be explained. Under this device, a little to the right, are two scroll-like carvings which more than likely were designed to represent two pairs of human eyes. To the right of these is a conventionalized human figure, the large circle outlining the face, with inner lines for eyes and mouth, the four lines under the circle representing arms and legs. Above this carving, to the right, is what probably was another hu- man figure, of which the lines represent- ing the left hand, arms, and legs have been obliterated by the elements. In the picture writings at the extreme right, conventionalized eyes are again repre- sented. In order to afford an idea of the size of these carvings, it may be said that the distance from the human face at the extreme left side of the picture to the carvings on the extreme right is lo ft.. AND MONOGRAPHS 54 VIRGIN ISLANDS 4 in. The distance from the top of the large figure below the bush to the water- line is 2 ft., 3 in. Only three figures are found on the rocks at the western side of the pool under Fig. 6.—Petroglyphs on western side of the lower pool. the second waterfall (fig. 6). The lower- most of these is a cross, the height of which is 17 in. and the width 11 in. It cannot be urged that the Indians inhab- iting or visiting St John derived this conception from the Christian teachings of INDIAN NOTES PETROGLYPHS 55 the discoverers of the New World, as the petroglyphs probably existed many years before the coming of the Spaniards. This carving may have represented a conventional swastika symbol for desig- nating the four cardinal points. The in- tricate carving directly above is beyond explanation, as is the one shown at the extreme left. All carvings at Reef bay are of about the same depth, namely, about a quarter of an inch. Other petroglyphs existed on these rocks in pre-Columbian times, but they have been almost, and in some cases entirely, obliterated by weathering. A series of small cays and islets lies be- tween St Thomas and St John. One of the larger of these is called Lovango cay, and directly north of it is a rocky cay called Congo cay. The farm is owned in part by Mr Andersen, to whom the writer is indebted for permission to visit Congo cay, which is leased by the owner as a fishing station. Congo cay, with its single landing- place accessible only by rowboat, con- AND MONOGRAPHS 56 VIRGIN ISLANDS sists of a rocky ridge, in shape somewhat resembling the fin of a shark. The cay is practically devoid of vegetation, and its only advantage is that it seems to be the best station for line-fishing in the waters surrounding St Thomas and St John. There is no place on the cay that would have afforded facilities for beach- ing Indian canoes, hence such visitors as may have come to the cay must have been taken there by their tribesmen who were obliged to return later to carry them away. The petroglyphs of Congo cay are on the rock at the extreme eastern part (fig. 7, 8). It will be noted that the rock is almost horizontal and that it faces the islet known as Caravel rock, to the east- ward. The cavity in the middle of the rock is not artificial, as some have sup- posed, but was caused by the decompo- sition of the stone. Several rocks on Congo cay have similar cavities. The petroglyphs here, shown in detail in fig. 8, are the only ones to be seen on Congo cay, and are singularly uninter- INDIAN NOTES PETROGLYPHS 57 esting. The figure at the upper left of the illustration represents a convention- alized human face. To the right of this may be seen an even cruder pecking of a human face, consisting simply of a circle, n Fig. 7.—Petroglyphs on flat bowlder at eastern extrem- ity of Congo cay two pits, and a line. A little to the right of this are three circles with central pits. Judging by the arrangement of these lat- ter circles, the two that are in conjunction probably represent the eyes and the third one the mouth, so that together the group AND MONOGRAPHS 58 VIRGIN ISLANDS was designed to represent a human face. In the lower center of the picture is a circle enclosing two conjoined circles with the usual pits. The largest circle in this case has an appendage of four lines and Fig. 8.—Petroglyphs on bowlder, and cavity in the stone. a dot, and the entire carving probably represents a conventionalized human fig- ure. Above and to the right of this are two concentric circles with a central pit. As on Reef bay, it is likely that a much I INDIAN NOTES PETROGLYPHS 59 greater number of petroglyphs existed upon this rock in pre-Columbian times and that the action of wind and water has obliterated many of them. The carvings are about a quarter of an inch deep. As an indication of the size of the petro- glyphs, it may be said that the width of the cavity shown in the illustration is 13 in., the depth 33^ in., and the length 44 in. From the figure at the extreme left of fig. 8 to that on the extreme right is 3iJ^ in. The rock itself is about 35 ft. above sea level. Evidence was discovered on Lovango cay that it had been inhabited in pre- Columbian times, hence it is probable that members of the tribe came to Congo cay to fish. What appears to be an arti- ficial mortar hole, about 5 in. in diameter and 4 in. deep, exists in one of the rocks near that on which the carvings are found. It is possible that this depression was used by the Indians for pounding the salt used for curing the fish caught during their stay on the cay. AND MONOGRAPHS 60 VIRGIN ISLANDS THE ARTIFACTS As the artifacts found on St Thomas and St Croix pertain to the same culture, it is permissible to discuss them as a whole, regardless of the particular is- lands from which they respectively came. EARTHENWARE BURIAL VESSELS Without exception, the vessels that ac- companied the burials are severely plain, being devoid of painted, incised, or im- pressed decoration. The receptacles vary Fig. 9.— Burial vessel from Magen's bay, St Thomas. in size and form from a small, shallow, oval bowl (fig. 9), 9 in. long and 734 in. wide, to a large, deep vessel (fig. 10) of which the diameter at the rim is 143^ in. INDIAN NOTES DE BOOY— VIRGIN ISLANDS BURIAL VESSELS FROM SALT RIVER, ST CROIX BURIAL VESSELS 61 Most of the mortuary vessels are glob- ular, with large mouth, outcurving rim, and rounded or flattened base (pi. vi, a). Receptacles of this type vary in size from one with a rim diameter of 33^ in. to an- other with a diameter of 8H in. In ad- r~"~ -^« ., ,, """""^ 1 -"^^gpilBBi^"^^ Fig. 10.—Burial vessel from Magen's bay, St Thomas. dition to the mortuary vessels of the form mentioned, the graves revealed two with similar bodies but with mouths pro- portionately much smaller than in the specimens referred to. One of these, in situ, is shown in pi. v and in detail in pi. VI, b. The diameter of this vessel at the mouth is only 5}^ in., while that of AND MONOGRAPHS 1 62 VIRGIN ISLANDS the body is ii^ in. One shallow bowl was found, identical to the oval bowl il- lustrated in fig. 9, excepting that it is rounded instead of oval. Finally, there was recovered a vessel the bottom of which is rounded while the upper part curves regularly inward until it meets the slightly flaring rim (fig. ii). The shallow, oval bowl shown in fig. 9 is of well-fired, yellow clay; it stands 2^2 in. high and has an inside depth of 2j^ in., the thickness of the ware thus being a quarter of an inch. The rim has a slight inward curve. The diameters of the vessel are 9 in. and 7H in., and the rim at the longer ends is slightly higher than at the middle. ' This vessel was found on St Thomas in the Magen's Bay mound. The largest vessel found (fig. 10) has a maximum diameter of I73^ in. and a rim diameter of 14H in.; it is loYi in. in height, and is of well-fired, dark-brown ware, three-eighths of an inch thick. This receptacle also is from the Magen's Bay mound. INDIAN NOTES BURIAL VESSELS The vessel illustrated in pi. vi, a, from the Salt River deposits on St Croix, is an example of several found on both St Croix and St Thomas. The one here shown is 7^ in. in height; it has a globu- lar body with a diameter of ()}/2 in., while its mouth, with a slightly outcurving rim, is 83^ in. in diameter. The base is rounded. This vessel is of light-brown clay, well-fired, with a thickness of a quarter of an inch. The jar shown in pi. vi, h, resembles the type last described, excepting that the diameter of the mouth is small in pro- portion to that of the body. The rim is missing, but it was probably only half an inch high, and its lower part has a gentle outward curve. The boomtt of the ves- sel is slightly flattened. This receptacle, w^hich was found in the Salt River deposits on St Croix, is of hard-fired, reddish ware; it stands yj^ in. high, and its walls are three-eighths of an inch thick. A simi- lar vessel was found on St Thomas. Only one vessel of the type illustrated in fig. II was found. This jar has a 63 AND MONOGRAPHS 64 VIRGIN ISLANDS somewhat flattened base and stands 83^ in. high. Midway of its height, at the maximum diameter of loj/^ in., the sides flare steadily inward to the rim, which is Fig. II.— Burial vessel from Magen's bay, St Thomas. low and outcurving. The mouth has a diameter of 6 in. The vessel is reddish- brown in color, a quarter of an inch in thickness, and is fairly well fired. This jar is from the Magen's Bay deposits on St Thomas. INDIAN NOTES EARTHENWARE 65 OTHER POTTERY RECEPTACLES Pottery vessels from St Thomas and St Croix may be segregated into two classes: those having painted decoration and those having none. Of both varie- ties representative specimens have been selected for description. It would be im- practicable to describe and illustrate the thousands of earthenware objects recov- ered from St Thomas and St Croix, but the comparatively few descriptions given may be taken as illustrative of the ceramic art of the two islands. Generally speaking, the plain pottery from the two islands is the crudest found in the Antilles. The elaborate incised and impressed decorations so common to the vessels from the Greater Antilles are entirely lacking here, as are the grotesque but well-modeled heads so typical of both the Greater and the Lesser Antilles. On the other hand, there are types that bear no resemblance to those of other West Indian islands. The boat-shaped vessel shown in fig. 12 is not unusual, for this form occurs on AND MONOGRAPHS 1 66 VIRGIN ISLANDS practically every island in the Caribbean, and the sherds of many similar recep- FiG. 12.—Boat-shaped vessel from Magen's bay, St Thomas. Fig. 13.—Shallow bowl from Magen's bay, St Thomas. tacles are found on both St Thomas and St Croix. The vessel illustrated, which INDIAN NOTES EARTHENWARE 67 has a flattish base, stands 4 in. high at the middle, while the ends, which are slightly pointed, reach a height of 53^ in. The longer axis is 9 in. and the shorter 8J^ in. The ware is a quarter of an inch thick, and is of well-fired, dark-brown clay. This specimen w^as found in the Magen's Bay middens of St Thomas, and doubtless served for culinary purposes. Another simple and not uncommon West Indian type of bowl is shown in fig. 13. This little vessel, which has a flat- tish base, stands 3 in. high; it has a slightly incurving rim, a diameter at the mouth of 63^ in., while that of the body is 73^ in. The ware is three-eighths of an inch in thickness. The vessel is of poorly fired, reddish clay, and probably served as a food-bowl. Countless sherds of vessels of this type, in all sizes, were found in both the Magen's Bay and the Salt River deposits. The specimen illus- trated is from the former locality. Small, shallow, rounded bowls, with plain rims or with two handle-like pro- jections from the rim, such as are shown AND MONOGRAPHS VIRGIN ISLANDS in the specimen illustrated in fig. 14, were common in the Virgin Island de- posits, but are not typical of other is- lands. The vessel illustrated stands 2Y2 in. high, and has a diameter of 5^^ in.; it is of well-fired, light-brown clay, a Fig. 14.—Shallow bowl with nodes, from ]Magen's bay, St Thomas. quarter of an inch in thickness. This specimen was found in the Magen's Bay deposits of St Thomas. The platter shown in fig. 15 is of a type not hitherto found in the Antilles. It resembles the familiar cassava griddles found on practically every island from the Bahamas to Trinidad, but is too small INDIAN NOTES EARTHENWARE 69 to have been used for the same purpose. Alany sherds of platters of this kind were found on both St Thomas and St Croix. Fig. 15.—Platter from Salt river, St Croix. The one illustrated, from the Salt River deposits on the latter island, has a diam- eter of 8^ in.; it is slightly concave, and Fig. 16.— Boat-shaped vessel from Salt river, St Croix. the ware, which is of well-fired, brown clay, is three-eighths of an inch thick. The large vessel illustrated in fig. 16, from the Salt River deposits of St Croix, AND MONOGRAPHS 70 VIRGIN ISLANDS may also be considered representative of the culture of the Virgin Islands, as it is not found on any other islands of the West Indies, so far as known. Practically a third of the sherds of household vessels found on St Thomas and St Croix belong to receptacles of this character. It is boat-shaped, and the ends of the longer axis terminate in double nodes evidently modeled with the thumbs. The length of the vessel is 19 in., its width 15^ in.; it stands 5 in. high. The ware is three- eighths of an inch thick, and is of fairly well fired, dark-brown clay. The rim is slightly incurving and the base is rounded. Sherds of small, globular vessels with loop handles, of which a typical example is shown in pi. vii, were also found in abundance on the \argin Islands, but have not been noted heretofore on other islands of the Antilles. When complete, the vessel illustrated w^as globular in shape, with a slightly incurving rim. The diameter of the mouth is 3^ in., and of the body 5^ in. This little receptacle stands 5 in. high, is made of well-fired, INDIAN NOTES DE BOOY— VIRGIN ISLANDS SHERD OF GLOBULAR BOWL WITH LOOP HANDLE, FROM MAGEN'S BAY, ST THOMAS EARTHENWARE 71 reddish-brown clay, the walls being one- quarter of an inch thick. Only one han- dle is shown on the sherd illustrated, but there can be no doubt that the receptacle had been provided with a similar handle on the side now missing. The specimen illustrated was found in the Magen's Bay deposits of St Thomas. A fragment of a utensil was found in the Salt River deposits on St Croix which indicates that the aborigines of the Vir- gin Islands were familiar with the use of double vessels. This sherd (pi. viii, a) shows two elliptical, flattish bases on the under side. A partition, one inch high with rounded edge, dividing the bowl in two parts, extends perpendicularly from the inside. It may be conjectured that the height of the bowl, when entire, did not exceed i3^ in., while the diameter of the mouth was probably about 4}^ in. Another unusual sherd was found in the Salt River deposits of St Croix w^hich recalls one collected by Mr M. R. Har- rington in eastern Cuba and another by the writer in western Porto Rico. This AND MONOGRAPHS 72 VIRGIN ISLANDS fragment, shown in pi. viii, 6, evidently belonged to a round bowl provided with a double, parallel rim, possibly for the pur- pose of accommodating a convex lid, al- though no sherds of such a lid were found. The inner rim of the sherd, which is slightly incurving, follows the contour of the bowl, while the outer rim, which is slightly lower than the inner one and is separated therefrom by a space of i^/g in., has an outward flare. Of vessels and sherds ornamented with incised or impressed designs, compara- tively few were found in the Virgin Island deposits, nor do such specimicns as are decorated in this manner compare favor- ably with the elaborately ornamented vessels from Porto Rico and Santo Do- mingo. The incised lines are invariably crude, and the patterns simple and poorly executed. The specimen illustrated in fig. 17 is typical of the examples found. This small, globular bowl, from the Salt River deposits of St Croix, has a diameter of 43^ in. at the mouth, and stands 2>H in. high. The ware is a quarter of an INDIAN NOTES DE BOOY VIRGIN ISLANDS a. Potsherd of a double vessel. h. Potsherd with a double rim. SHERDS OF UNUSUAL VESSELS, FROM SALT RIVER, ST CROIX INCISED POTTERY 73 inch thick, and is of poorly fired, dark- brown clay. The base is rounded. A shallow, incised line parallels the rim. At a distance of from half an inch to an inch below the upper incised line is a Fig. 17.—Bowl with incised decoration, from Salt river, St Croix. similar encircling line. At intervals these two lines are connected with vertical in- cised lines, but there is no symmetry in the spacing, and little attempt was made to produce a pattern. In one or two places a horizontal incised line is seen AND MONOGRAPHS 74 VIRGIN ISLANDS between the upper and the lower en- circling lines. Half of another small bowl with in- cised decoration is shown in fig. i8. The Fig. i8.—Bowl with incised decoration, from Salt river, St Croix. entire vessel had a maximum diameter of 63^ in., with a diameter of 4^ in. at the mouth. The rim has a decided inward curve; the base is flattened This bowl INDIAN NOTES PAINTED POTTERY 75 is of well-fired, yellow clay, and the ware is a quarter of an inch thick. The in- cised ornamentation is crude. A line en- circles the rim, and from this other in- cised lines extend downward. The speci- FiG. 19.- -Vessel with red-painted decoration on outside, from Salt river, St Croix. men was found in the Salt River deposits of St Croix. A large proportion of the pottery found on the Virgin Islands is provided with painted decoration. With few excep- tions, vessels so ornamented consist of AND MONOGRAPHS 76 VIRGIN ISLANDS either rounded or boat-shaped shallow bowls. Only a few examples of painted bowls of the type illustrated in fig. 19 were found. This fragment has an in Fig. 20.—Bowl with painted decoration, from Magen's bay, St Thomas. curving rim, which in the entire vessel had a diameter of jlA in., while the maxi- mum diameter of the body was 9)^ in. The bowl stands 3^^ in. high, and has a flattened base. The ware is a quarter of INDIAN NOTES PAINTED POTTERY 77 an inch thick, and is of well-fired, brown clay. A red slip covers the outside and continues over the rim for a depth of 1J/2 in. on the inside. This receptacle was found in the Salt River deposits of St Croix. Of the simpler forms of painted pot- tery from the Virgin Islands, the example illustrated in fig. 20 may be considered typical. This sherd is part of a round, very shallow dish, which had a diameter of about 13 in. and a height of only 2^ in. The rim is rounded at the top and has a slight inward curve. The outside of this platter, which has a flattened base, is of the natural light-brown color of the clay from which it was fashioned, only the inside and the rim having been given the red slip. The ware is a quarter of an inch thick. This utensil was found in the Magen's Bay deposits of St Thomas. Of the same type as the foregoing, but with a more elaborate painted decoration, is the large, circular, shallow bowl illus- trated in fig. 21. This utensil has a flat- AND MONOGRAPHS 78 VIRGIN ISLANDS tish base, a diameter of iSj^ in., and stands 5 in. high. From the rim, which is rounded and has been painted red, emanate two pairs of elongate, scroll-like r Fig. 21.—Bowl with painted decoration, from Magen's bay, St Thomas. figures in red, disposed in such manner that each scroll turns in a direction oppo- site to that of the next. The surface of the inside of the bowl not covered with INDIAN NOTES PAINTED POTTERY 79 the red design is painted black. The outside is in the original reddish-brown color of the clay of which it is made. The receptacle is well-fired and is three-eighths of an inch thick. This specimen was found in the Magen's Bay deposits of St Thomas, but hundreds of sherds of sim- ilar vessels were found on both islands. Still another type of vessel with painted decoration, found abundantly, is illus- trated by the fragmentary example shown in fig. 22. This is a boat-shaped, shal- low dish or platter, of which the oppo- site terminals are provided with double nodes. This specimen has a length of 12 in. and a width of iij^ ill.; it stands 33^ in. high, and has a flattened base. The platter is fashioned from well-fired, red- dish clay, three-eighths of an inch thick, and the outside retains its natural color. The rim of the bowl has been painted red, and the inside is covered with red discs, arranged in two circles between the rim and the red bottom. This specimen was found in the Salt River deposits on St Croix AND MONOGRAPHS 80 VIRGIN ISLANDS The Salt River deposits of St Croix produced one small bowl with painted decoration that differs somewhat from the vessels usually found. This speci- Fig. 22.—Bowl with painted decoration, from Salt river, St Croix. men, illustrated in fig. 23, Is part of a deep, circular receptacle which evidently had been provided with two convention- alized animal-head handles, one of which INDIAN NOTES PAINTED POTTERY 81 remains. The outside of the bowl, which has a rounded base, a diameter of 53^2 in., and stands 234 in. high, has been washed with a light-brow^n slip, while the inside Fig. 23.—Small bowl with painted decoration, from Salt river, St Croix. has been painted dark-brown, upon which a series of red bands radiate from the bottom toward the rim. The clay from which the vessel was made is fairly well AND MONOGRAPHS 82 VIRGIN ISLANDS fired; the walls are a quarter of an inch thick. A sherd typical of Porto Rican pottery is shown* in fig. 24. This specimen was found in the Magen's Bay deposits of St Fig. 24.—Painted sherd with animal head, from Magen's bay, St Thomas. Thomas, but there is no doubt that it was derived from Porto Rico. The sherd is part of a very large, shallow dish of which the terminals were provided w ith grotesque animal - head handles. The INDIAN NOTES PAINTED POTTERY 83 vessel was given a heavy, bright-red slip. It is not possible to determine the size of the bowl of which this is a part; the. sherd itself is 1 1 3^ in. long, hence the bowl, when entire, must have been of unusual Fig. 25.—Painted sherd from Salt river, St Croix. Another interesting sherd, illustrated in fig. 25, shows a striking resemblance to some of the painted ware found on the island of Trinidad, such as has been illustrated in a former paper. ^^ Not only does the decoration consist of white- painted lines applied on the red slip that covered the original ware, but the unu- AND MONOGRAPHS 84 VIRGIN ISLANDS sually hard-fired clay resembles that of the painted ware from Trinidad. It is impossible to determine the shape of the vessel to which the sherd belonged, but it probably originated in Trinidad, as no similar specimens were recovered from the Salt River deposits of St Croix, nor are they known from contiguous is- lands. Pottery heads, such as are found in all other West Indian islands, were almost totally absent from the deposits on St Thomas and St Croix. The few recov- ered bear no resemblance to the typical heads from Porto Rico and Santo Do- mingo or to those found on the Lesser Antilles. What undoubtedly was an at- tempt on the part of the potter to repre- sent an animal gnawing at an object which it clutches between its paws, is shown in fig. 26. This handle, which has been luted to the rim of a vessel, was found in the Magen's Bay deposits on St Thomas. INDIAN NOTES VESSEL HANDLES 85 \'essels from the Virgin Islands seem occasionally to have been provided with loop handles of the type illustrated in Fig, 26.—Handle with animal figure, from Magen's bay, St Thomas. fig. 27. The larger of these two was found in the Magen's Bay midden on St Thomas, while the smaller came from the Salt River deposits on St Croix. The AND MONOGRAPHS 86 VIRGIN ISLANDS larger sherd is provided with an incised ridge which terminates in a circular head, of which the eyes are shown, where the handle joined the vessel to w^hich it be- longed. The smaller sherd is covered with a red slip on the decorated side, the reverse being undecorated and un- FiG. 27.—Loop handles with heads, a, Magen's bay, St Thomas ; b, Salt river, St Croix. painted. A notched ridge extends over the middle of the handle, and the edges also are notched. More of the head is shown than in the larger sherd; the eyes and nose are in high relief, while a banded line depicts the outline of the face. INDIAN NOTES S P I N D L E - W H O R L S 87 SPINDLE-WHORLS Numerous spindle-whorls were found in the deposits on St Thomas and St Croix, made of potsherds ground to the form of discs, w4th a perforation through Fig. 28.—Spindle-whorls from Magen's bay, St Thomas. the middle. Occasionally a painted sherd was used for making a disc, but most of the specimens found were fashioned from plain pottery fragments. The size of the perforation varies greatly, in some in- AND MONOGRAPHS VIRGIN ISLANDS stances having a diameter of an eighth of an inch, while in other examples the diameter is as much as half an inch. Four specimens are shown in fig. 28, of which the largest has a diameter of 3 in. and the smallest a diameter of 2}/^ in. All are from the Magen's Bay deposits on St Thomas. It may be stated that spin- dle-whorls have seldom been found in other West Indian islands, hence the abundance of specimens of this kind in the Virgin Islands is rather unusual and would indicate that the aborigines here wove textiles to a considerable extent. CASSAVA GRIDDLES Hundreds of fragments of cassava grid- dles were found on both St Croix and St Thomas. These in no way differ from like specimens found on other West In- dian islands, such as have been described by the writer in previous papers. ^'^ It is interesting to note the wide distribution of specimens of this type throughout the West Indies. Even where other arti- facts obtained on the Wigin Islands are INDIAN NOTES STONEWORK 89 so totally distinct in type from those of the adjoining areas, the aborigines of St Thomas and St Croix appear to have used the same kind of griddles for the preparation of their cassava bread as did the inhabitants of the other islands. STONE OBJECTS In general, the axes and celts found on St Thomas and St Croix are cruder than Fig. 29.—Stone axe from St Croix. those from other islands. The petaloid celts, of which, as well as of the axes, large numbers were acquired by purchase, lack the excellent finish so frequently AND MONOGRAPHS 90 VIRGIN ISLANDS found on such objects from the Greater Antilles. The axes also are crudely fash- ioned, and generally resemble those from St Vincent, Grenada, and other of the smaller islands to the southward. A few axes were found which clearly belong to the Carib area of St Lucia and St Vin- cent. One of these, from St Croix, which measures 63^ in. in length, is shown in fig. 29. Fig. 30.—Three-pointed stones of coral, a. Salt river, St Croix; h, Magen's bay, St Thomas. Two highly interesting objects made of coral stone (fig. 30) were found, one on St Thomas and one on St Croix. So far as known this is the first time that three- pointed stones made of coral have been INDIAN NOTES STONEWORK 91 discovered in aboriginal deposits in the West Indies. The larger and better fin- ished specimen was found in the Salt River deposits on St Croix, the other in the Magen's Bay deposits of St Thomas. The length of the St Croix specimen is 334 iri- and the height 2^ in., while the specimen from St Thomas has a length of 3^ in. and a height of i]/g in. These objects bear a typical resemblance to what Dr Fewkes has classified as the "fourth type" of three-pointed stones from Porto Rico. ^^ ''This type," says Dr Fewkes, ''includes those specimens that are destitute of face, head, or limbs, and without superficial ornamentation. To it belong some of the smallest known specimens, one of which is barely an inch in length." Not only do the St Croix and St Thomas examples have these char- acteristics, but the St Croix specimen pos- sesses also to a high degree the other fea- ture to which Dr Fewkes likewise calls attention, while the St Thomas example also has this, only not to such a marked extent. Dr Fewkes says: "One charac- AND MONOGRAPHS 92 VIRGIN ISLANDS teristic feature can not be passed with- out notice, as it seems to prove them iden- tical in character with decorated three- pointed stones, to which they closely approximate in form. The apex of the conical projection tips slightly forward, or rather, when seen in profile, one side is more curved than the other." The St Croix specimen is well fashioned and smoothly finished; the under side is con- vex, as if designed to be fastened to an- other object. The St Thomas example has a flat under surface and either has not been well finished or shows the effects of weathering. Fig. 31.—Coral stone pestle from Salt river, St Croix. Various other artifacts made of coral stone were found in both the St Thomas and the St Croix middens. Four pestles of this material were collected, of which INDIAN NOTES STONEWORK one is illustrated in fig. 31. This pestle, which is 1 1 in. in length, was found in the deposits at Salt river on St Croix. A small, flat, coral mortar was also found. During his archeological work on St Croix, the writer was presented by Mr Hamilton Jackson, of Christiansted, with a collar-stone that was found on the is- land. This object, illustrated in fig. 32, is 17}/^ in. in length and ii3^ in. w4de; it is of the slender type and is "right- shouldered," according to the classifica- tion suggested by the late Professor Ma- son, ^^ as the rounded knob or projection with which it is provided would be on the right side if the object were placed over the head. The St Croix specimen is de- void of incised decoration, such as circles, triangles, or parallel lines, with which most of the slender collars from Porto Rico are provided. A rounded projec- tion with an encircling ridge below is plainly shown on the outer edge below the curved shoulder. The diameter becomes gradually larger directly below the pro- jection until it merges into a large panel. AND MONOGRAPHS 94 VIRGIN ISLANDS the outside of which is flattened, while the inside conforms with the rounded sur- face of the entire inner face of the collar- stone. The outside of the panel is pro- vided with an elongate, shallow depres-o Fig. 32.—Stone collar from St Croix. sion with a rough surface, suggesting that it was hidden or covered when the ob- ject was in use. It is possible that an in- lay of shell or bone was originally pro- vided for this depression. The panel in which the depression is found is sur- I INDIAN NOTES BONE OBJECTS 95 rounded by a slightly raised ridge, the inner surface of which is marked by an incised line; and another panel meets the right-hand panel at a decided angle. From the second panel, the end of which is indistinctly indicated by a lightly- raised encircling fillet, the shoulder of the collar-stone emerges and retains an even, circular form until it turns over and reaches the rounded projection previously described. The second panel has a rough outer surface and is slightly rounded; it overlaps the first panel at the junction of the two and is rounded off at this point, with an incised line to mark the division more clearly. As in the case of the potsherd illustrated in fig. 24, the writer is of the opinion that this collar- stone was not made on the island of St Croix, but in some manner was acquired from Porto Rico. OBJECTS OF BONE In the course of the excavations made in the deposits at Magen's bay on St Thomas, a swallow-stick—or "swallow- AND MONOGRAPHS 96 VIRGIN ISLANDS ing stick," as it is usually called—was found at a depth of about five feet. This object, illustrated in pi. ix, is 8J4 in. long, and is typical of the culture-area of Porto Rico and Santo Domingo. Un- til the investigations on St Thomas were conducted, no similar specimen had been found, excepting on the two islands men- tioned. The object is slightly curved and flat at the rear, while the outer edge is rounded. The handle represents an extended human figure whose legs taper into the shaft of the stick itself. The arms are folded over the abdomen, with the fingers indicated by incised lines. Between the elbow and the body is found a perforation for the suspension of the object by means of a cord. The head is exceptionally well carved and has perforated ears, from which perhaps originally small shells were pendent. The eyes are represented by two oval shells, with round perforations, sunk into the bone from which the swallow-stick is made and are probably fastened with resinous gum. The nose is well modeled INDIAN NOTES DE BOOY VIRGIN ISLANDS W TWO VIEWS OF A SWALLOW-STICK OF BONE, FROM MA- GEN'S BAY, ST THOMAS BONE OBJECTS 97 in relief. The mouth is represented by an inset of mother-of-pearl upon which incised lines indicate the teeth. The ''stick" itself is made from a rib of the manati, or sea cow, the natural curve of which is followed. According to Gomara, Roman Pane, and other early historians, objects of this character were used by the priests in their ceremonies. ^"^ The sticks were in- troduced into the throat to promote vom- iting, it being the belief that it was neces- sary for the bodies of the priests to be purged before holding communion with the deities. Only one other bone swal- low-stick from the West Indies is known to exist; it was collected by the late Arch- bishop Merino of Santo Domingo on the island of Santo Domingo, and is now in the National Museum at Washington, where also may be seen three wooden swallow-sticks from the vicinity of Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo. The writer knows also of an object of this kind found in Porto Rico, made from the lip of a conch. The St Thomas specimen was AND MONOGRAPHS 98 VIRGIN ISLANDS also probably not manufactured on the island, but came from either Santo Do- mingo or Porto Rico. Another interesting specimen, illus- trated in pi. X, was found in the deposits at Magen's bay on St Thomas. This spade-like object, which has a length of II in. and a width of 33^ in., is fashioned from the carapace of a large turtle. The end has been rounded and smoothed. It is not possible to state for what purpose the object was used. No like specimen is known from the West Indies BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES 1. Knox, Rev. John P., Historical Account of St Thomas, West Indies, New York, 1852, p. 14 et seq. 2. Martyr, Peter, Letter 147, dec. I, lib. 11. 3. Knox, op. cit., p. 18. 4. Martyr, op. cit., dec. I, lib. 11. 5. Irving, Washington, Life and Voyages of Columbus, bk. v, chap. I. 6. Fewkes, J. Walter, Aboriginal Culture in the Lesser Antilles, Bulletin of the Ameri- can Geographical Society, vol. XLVi, Sept. 1914. p. 675. INDIAN NOTES DE BODY VIRGIN ISLANDS BONE OBJECT FROM MAGEN'S BAY, ST THOMAS NOTES 99 7. DE BooY, Theodoor, Certain Kitchen-mid- dens in Jamaica, Amer. Anthropologist, n.s;, vol. XV, no. 3, July-Sept. 1913, p. 429, fig. 114. Reprinted as Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. i, no. 3, 19 13. 8. Miller, Gerrit S., Jr., Mammals and Rep- tiles Collected by Theodoor de Booy in the Virgin Islands, Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. Liv, pi. 81, Washington, 1918. 9. Wetmore, Alexander, Bones of Birds Col- lected bj' Theodoor de Booy from Kitchen- midden Deposits in the Islands of St. Thomas and St. Croix, Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. liv, pp. 513-522, pi. 82, Washington, 1918. 10. Fewkes, op. cit., p. 673. 11. Op. cit. 12. Op. cit. 13. DE Booy, Theodoor, Certain Archeologicai Investigations in Trinidad, British West Indies, Am,er. Anthropologist, n.s., vol. xix, no. 4, pi. viii, a. b, c, Oct.-Dec. 191 7. Re- printed as Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. IV, no. 2, 1917. 14. de Boov, Theodoor, Certain Kitchen-mid- dens in Jamaica, op. cit., p. 434- de Booy, Theodoor, Pottery from Certain AND MONOGRAPHS 100 VIRGIN ISLANDS Caves in Eastern Santo Domingo, Amer. Anthropologist, n.s., vol. xvii, no. i, pp. 94-95. Jan.-Mar. 19 15. Reprinted as Contributions from the Museum of the Am,er-. ican Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. I, no. 9. 1915. DE BooY, Theodoor, Notes on the Ar- cheology of Margarita Island, Venezuela, Contributions from the Museum of the Am,er- ican Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. li, no. 5, pp. 20-21, fig. 8, 1916. 15. Fewkes, J. Walter, The Aborigines of Porto Rico and Neighboring Islands, Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, p. 127, pi. L, c and d, Washington, 1907. 16. Fewkes, ibid., p. 159. 17. Fewkes, ibid., pp. 192-193. INDIAN NOTES No. 5: Note on the Archeology of Chiriqui, By George Grant MacCurdy. Reprinted from Amer. Anthropol.y Vol. 15, 19 13, No. 4. 50C. No. 6: Petroglyphs of Saint Vincent, British West Indies. By Thomas Huckerby. Re- printed from Amer. Anthropol., Vol. 16, 1914. No. 2. 50C. No. 7: Prehistoric Objects from a Shell-heap at Erin Bay, Trinidad. By J . Walter Fewkes. Reprinted from Amer. Anthropol.y Vol. 16, 1914, No. 2. 50C. No. 8 : Relations of Aboriginal Culture and En- vironment in the Lesser Antilles. By J. Walter Fewkes. Reprinted from Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc.y Vol. 46, 1914, No. 9. 50c. No. 9: Pottery from Certain Caves in Eastern Santo Domingo, West Indies. By Theo- door de Booy. Reprinted from Amer. An- thropol.y Vol. 17, 1915, No. i. 50c. Vol. 2 No. I : Exploration of a Munsee Cemetery near Montague, New Jersey. By George G. Heye and George H. Pepper. 1915. $1.00. No. 2 : Engraved Celts from the Antilles. By J. Walter Fewkes. 191 5. 50c. No. 3: Certain West Indian Superstitions Per- taining to Celts. By Theodoor de Booy. Reprinted from Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore^ Vol. 28, No. 107, 1915. 50C. No. 4: The Nanticoke Community of Dela- ware. By Frank G. Speck. 191 5. $1.00. No. 5 : Notes on the Archeology of Margarita Island, Venezuela. By Theodoor de Booy.. 1916. 50C. No. 6: Monolithic Axes and Their Distribution in Ancient Am.erica. By Marshall H. Saville. 19 1 6. 50c. 3 9088 01142 8406 Vol. 3 Physical Anthropology of the Lenape or Dela- wares, and of the Eastern Indians in Gen- eral. By Ales Hrdlicka. {Bur. of Amer. Ethnol.j Bull. 62, 1916, with added title-page and cover.) $1.00. Vol. 4 No. i: The Technique of Porcupine-Quill Decoration among the North American In- dians. By William C. Orchard. 1916. $1.00. No. 2: Certain Archeological Investigations in Trinidad, British West Indies. By Theo- door de Booy. Reprinted from Amer. An- thropoL, Vol. 19, 191 7, No. 4. 50c. No. 3: The Nacoochee Mound in Georgia. By George G. Heye, F. W. Hodge, and George H. Pepper. 1918. $1.50. Vol. 5 No. I : A Letter of Pedro de Alvarado Relating to His Expedition to Ecuador [1534]. By Marshall H. Saville. 1917. 50c. No. 2 : The Diegueiio Ceremony of the Death- Images. By E. H. Davis. 1919. 50c. No. 3: Certain Mounds in Haywood County, North Carolina. By George G. Heye. Re- printed from Holmes Anniversary Volume , 1916. 1919. 50C. No. 4: Exploration of Aboriginal Sites at Throgs Neck and Clasons Point, New York City. By Alanson Skinner. 1919. $1.00. Address: MuSEUxM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN, HeYE Foundation, Broadway at 155TH St., New York City.